ε#5682. Low Dutch ȤάΡ ([2024-11-16-1]) ǡ䤽ȴϢѼ狼θüѤ˿줿εǤ⡤Ʊؿ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) ʤɤǵƤ
ѸȥϤȤޥɤϥɥĸ췲°Ƥꡤñ褯Ƥ롥äơñ줬Ū˱ѸʤΤѸʤΤοäȽꤹΤϡФкǤ롥κطʤˤĤơDurkin (356) ⤦ǫ˲⤷ƤΤǡѤ
Normally such certainty is only available in cases where the absence of an English sound change or the presence of a Dutch or Low German one demonstrates borrowing: the situation is similar to that explored with reference to early Scandinavian borrowings . . . , with the added complication that there are fewer sound changes distinguishing English from Dutch and Low German. The same problem even affects some words first attested much later than the Middle English period, especially those found in regional varieties for which earlier evidence is in very short supply.
Ѹ줫Ѹ줫ݤȽˤơѲ̵ͭȤäŪʾڵʤ㤤ȤǺޤǸťΥɼѸȽˤ뺤ȤӤ뤬ťΥɸξˤϡ̥ޥɤ°ʤΤǡ⤦Ūʺۤ뤳ȤǤΤ
ޤ¸Ūڵ˳ϰѼˤäȤʤȡȽ꤬ˤʤȤΤ⤦ʤ롥ġñˤĤơŪʾڵǤʤ쳰Ūʾڵ̩˹θƤʤФʤʤʤǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name ФեδĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥
Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).
Υɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥
(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ
(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬եñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤ΤȤΤϡθϥեθեͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥեͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷ϡƥե줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷
The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.
ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳եδĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ٥ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵΤޤ뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ
The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.
ڵǤطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤեǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤեͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥
Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.
ǯβƤΩ夲̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ̾ (onomastic) ʸɤൡ¿ʤäƤ롥 hellog Ǥ⡤Clark ȤƸűѸ̾ؤ˴ؤϤƤ
Clark ʸκǸǤ롥Ѹ̾ؤ椷褦Ȼפä顤μȳи礬롤ȤΤȡʡḷȡˤߤƤΤäޤɤǤƱѸ̾ؤؤδؿʲĤ줿ɼԤκǸΤܤˤơ֤䡼פȤʤʤȡ餬ҥҥ䤹ۤɤǤ롥
Because lack of context makes name-etymology especially speculative, any opinion proffered in a survey or a name-dictionary must be considered critically, as basis for further investigation rather than as definitive statement. Anyone wishing to pursue historical name-studies of either sort seriously must, in addition to becoming conversant with the philology of the relevant medieval languages, be able to read Medieval Latin as well as modern French and German. Assessing and interpreting the administrative records that form the main course-material is the essential first step in any onomastic study, and requires understanding of palaeographical and diplomatic techniques; competence in numismatics may on occasion also be needed. Onomastic analysis itself involves not only political, social and cultural history but also, when place-names are concerned, a grasp of cartography, geology, archaeology and agrarian development. Any student suitably trained and equipped will find great scope for making original contributions to this field of study.
ΥѡޥǤʤȱѸ̾ؤθ̳ޤʤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Ϣε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1])#5226. ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ ([2023-08-18-1]) ǰѡȤƤ Clark (453) ꡤ⤽űѸ̾ (onomastics) θ (source-materials) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤǧƤ
The sources for early name-forms, of people and of places alike, are, in terms of the conventional disciplines, ones more often associated with 'History' than with 'English Studies': they range from chronicles through Latinised administrative records to inscriptions, monumental and other. Not only that: the aims and therefore also the findings of name-study are at least as often oriented towards socio-cultural or politico-economic history as towards linguistics. This all goes to emphasise how artificial the conventional distinctions are between the various fields of study.
Thus, onomastic sources for the OE period include: chronicles, Latin and vernacular; libri vitae; inscriptions and coin-legends; charters, wills, writs and other business-records; and above all Domesday Book. Not only each type of source but each individual piece demands separate evaluation.
ŪʸűѸʸŪȤϾۤʤǧ졤̣ȤϤʸŪ椫礭Ƥ櫓ǤʤʸؤǤƤ븶ϤפʤΤѤκǸˤ褦 "each individual piece" βͤõȤⶦ̤롥ͭ̾ϰ̤ñƱ꤬ᡤ;פ˿ŤפȤϤꤽ
ᤰˤĤƤϰʲεȡ
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])
#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])
#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])
#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Ѹˤޤ˸ظˤơ־ڵ (evidence) ϡˡȤƤƽפǤ롥ˤ˴ؤ븦ν̿Ȥơˡ־ڵפ뤤 "bad data problem" ȸƤФɾĤƲ뤫
20ʹߤϿ̤ȤС˸츦Υϻ¾ʸ˸¤롥¸ʸϤĤ¸ߤʸΤΰˤʤŪˤΤ¿̤ʤ¤Ǥ롥
Υʾڵ˴ؤرμȤä뵡äֵѤΥȤƥޥɥޥåפΤǸƤʤޤ Ver. 0.7 餤ΤΡˡ

ȤǤϡ־ڵפŪ˷겼ƤäơϢ hellog Ȥʤäåȡ
ʼȤ YouTube 7ƤޤΤαѸˤϼպɽʤä--áդʤääƤȡڰʼδѸظإͥ #7 Ǥ
ɤűѸǤϡּպפȤȯù (speech_act) ʤä뤤Ϥ餷ΤäȤƤΩäҲǤϤʤäȤǤ#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡαѸҲˤȤƤʸδҲˤϤʤäȤȤϡޤǤ𤵤ƤޤΤ⤦1ĤȤơպ (apology) ȤȤǤ
ŵϡѸ˸ʬŪ˸ʤƤ Kohnen κǿʸǤKohnen (169) ¾ԸˤСպȯù٤ϸűѸˤϤߤ줺ѸˤʤäƽȤƤޤպϡؤκιȤꥹȶŪʸ̮˵¯ƵҲءˤήؤȳȤꡤŪʼҲŪǽ˻äȤήǤѸޤǤˤϡպ mea culpa, I am ryght sory, me repenteth Τ褦ʸɽȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
YouTube ˤȤʤޤѸܤμպΤϡʤۤʤޤ͡ϡ嵭̤ѸˤպŪʸ̮üȯƤȤؤäƤ褦˻פޤۤȤǤ碌ʤ˰夵Ȥ̤ڤǤ櫓ǤäƤˤɤɤǥͯƤޤȯޤؤΤʤȼ´Ƥޤ
YouTube Ǥϻ֤Թ塤˥åȤƤʬ⤢ޤΤǡ䤦ĤǺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ʊͤ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
Kohnen, Thomas. "Speech Acts in the History of English: Gaps and Paths of Evolution." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 165--79.
ѸˡѸʸؤ˷ȤԤˤȤäơɸܼŪꡤäȤлǤ⤢롥ˤĤơ (31) űѸȤδطǥݥȤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥
OEȤݤˡοȤ̤ʤ˸ؤǰѤƤǡʸˤ¿ϼܸ桤ʤܤ鹻ԽФƳȤʤä (edition) ʤϡä˺ǶϤǤ˴ŤŻҥѥ˴ŤȤ¿ʸظ¿ʲäơ˸ظ椬ΩäƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤƱˡ (editor) βꥸʥܤĤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ĤκʤˤĤʣμܤäơۤʤܤ˴ŤʣǤԤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡդʤФʤʤƱ褦ˡǤڤܤ狼䤹ꡤ硦ʸζ̤ punctuation ΤʴOEܤˤϤʤԤζڤꡤʸñ̤ζڤʤɤԤȽǤǤʤƤꡤȽǤФǤϤʤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤǤϿꤷʤιܤ˴Ťƺ줿Żҥѥο⤵ȤʤʤȤ⡤˸ؤǻѤǡ˴ؤƤϡŵϼܤȤȤˤʤ뤬ܡˤ뤳ȤԲķǤ롥
ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϡűѸΤߤʤ餺Ѹˤ⡤Ƥ٤϶ѸʹߤθˤƤϤޤ롥ʸؤˤ־ڵפʵ˽פǤ롥
Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1])#2514. Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븽幻ԤΥΰ㤤 ([2016-03-15-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])#2546. ƥȤιȼޡ ([2016-04-16-1])
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ˸ؤˤϻθ³ȤȤ⤷꤬롥̤Ȥ˾ۤɤΤΤĤäƤƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥 (29) ϡ˸ء٤ΤʤΡָűѸαŪŪפȤˤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
˸ؤǤϸ¸ǽפǤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤθоݤȤΤǤСʸϿ˲äơüԤθľѡʤʤɤθ쿴ŪޤƼ¤˭٤ʻȤΤǤ뤬˸ؤǤϤϴñˤʤʤŤλȤȤ¿ʬʤΤǡμθ³Τ褦˻פ뤬ºݤϡʾ˸ΤǧʤФʤʤä˰ŤиŤۤɸΤꡤѸˤǤϡäOEθ³ˤĤƤϤ褯ǧǡʤƤʤƤϤʤʤ
Ūˤɤ줯餤Τָ뤿ˡűѸѸλˤĤƻϤƤս⤷Ƥ
űѸμܤ˴ޤޤ300ǡʸ2000Ǥ롥ʬŪˤϥˤ˲Ǥ롥̤ϥΥޥʹߤ200ǯ֤˽줿Ѹλ⾯ʤ(29)
Ȥ850ǯλǻĤäƤΤϡ4ĤΥƥȤ35ۤɤˡΧʸļʤɤûŪʸȾǤ롥(29)
űѸ9䤬ȥǽ줿Ǥ롥(31)
ɮ (authorial holograph) ѸǤ Ayenbite of Inwit 1340ǯˡ Hoccleve (1370?--1450?) νʪ15Ρեε²μˤʽ Paston Letters 䤽¾ƱνʽۤɤǤ롥(34)
Ѹˤˤ礭ʸ (philology) ʸɾ (textual criticism) Υץʬǽ뤵ʤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
ˤ椹ۤͣˡϡ¸˰͵뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ¸ϼŪˤŪˤФ꤬ꡤѥؤѸǤ "representative" Ǥ "balanced" Ǥʤ
ޤʪŪʾ郎롥ߤ뤿ˤϡĹ֤Ѥ̺ƻǵƤ뤳ȤɬפǤʡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡˡǥδ顤äաŪʸոˤϡĤơߤޤǽ㤤Ȥ餫δϡʸˤϤäѤɤ߽ǽϤΤ륨ؤθո乥ߤ꤬ȿǤ졤ʳؤθưϿ˻Ĥ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤˡƤȤ顤㤨ȿŪʽʪϡˤǽ⤤
¸ʸϡ͡ʱ̿ȴĤäƤȤ̣ˤΡֶפθƤΤϳΤĤ䤹ΤˤϤĤξ郎Ȥ嵭εǰƬ֤ȡΡɬפθƤȤ롥˸ؤʸؤˤơɤΤ褦ʡ־פɬפΤƤȤϽפ
ΤδŪʥҥȤȤơɤΤ褦ʲФפߤޤĤ䤹ͻ벽 (taphonomy) Ȥʬθͤˤ㤨СಽФλĤ䤹ĤˤϡˤäƷޤȹͤåɤϡֿಽеϿζкߡפꤹ (73--75) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ǯ֤⡤ؼԤϡ700?600ǯʹߤ¸οΤͳ褹벽ФƤο¿褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤʬϸߤ˶ᤤǯΤΤǯŪкߤΤۤˤ⡤ಽФˤϤޤޤФ꤬롥Τ褦Ф꤬뵡餫ˤȤϡֲءפȤФ롥䲼ܹ뤤ϻͻ礭ʹϤ褯Ĥ뤬ǹϾסؤιʤɤ̩ưפ»ΤǻĤˤĤޤꡤλĤ䤹礭ȴ椵㤹롥ǹΤ褦ʷڤϱˤή졤Ф˱Ф졤ʤˤιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥ŤƬܹϹή졤δδ֤˰ääơۤΦ緿ưʪιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥
ФλĤ⤦ĤװϡῩưʪΤΤɤʬफǤ롥ҥ祦ϥμΤʤΤǡ⤷ΤǤῩưʪƱäΤʤ顤ಽФμȯ뤳ȤʤϤǤ롥ºݡβФϤޤ껺ФƤ餺ΤοʲˤĤƤϤ褯狼äƤ뤬οʲϤ褯狼äƤʤΤ礭⡤ФĤ뤫ɤ˱ƶ롤Τ礭ʼϲФȤƻĤ䤹ƱǤΤ礭ʸΤϻĤ䤹Τ褦ФϿಽФ⳺롥
ĶǤϡۤ١Фˤʤ䤹ȯ䤹äơǯ䤢ϰͳ褹벽Ф¿Ȥäơǯ夢뤤ϰ¿θΤǤȤϸ¤ʤǯϰξۤ٤ƲвŬƤǽΤƱͤˡǯϰ褫ಽФĤʤƤ⡤˿बǤʤäȤˤϤʤʤ־ڵΤʤΤϡ¸ߤʤڵǤϤʤפȤʸ⤢롥äơΤμϡǸŤβФȯǯǿβФȯǯޤ¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤмεǤǯϼºݤ٤ƾ˹ˤʤ롥
Ʊͤ¤ϲȯפŪʬۤˤƤϤޤ롥ϡФȯפ깭ϰϤ¸ƤϤޤδĶϸߤȤϰäƤϤߤǤϸĶˤϽߤ䤹ä⤷ʤդ⤢롥ˡФȤ¸ƤĶϷ褷¿ϤʤھǤϡä˻ĤʤȤ˿ӴĶǤϡ٤⤯ھʤΤǡФϻĤʤȹͤƤǶǤϡɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäȤϤųؼԤдȿȯȴäƤ⡤ƤϤƤޤд路ȯǤʤΤ롥
ϡνФѸȤʤäʸؾȤϢ˸ˤˤĤƤϡ#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) Ȥ줿ϢơʸȯˤĤƤιͻ⻲ͤˤʤʡ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1)([2015-11-11-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡ
СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ
θԤűѸѸʸɤ硤ܤľɤळȤ⤢뤬Τǡ̾Ϲ줿ǥɤळȤ¿줿ƥȤϡԤˤ¿쾯ʤ꤬äƤꡤʤ餺ȼΡֲפäƤΤǡܤ˵ϿƤʪΥƥȤΤΤǤϤʤäơɼԤϡԤβ줿ǥƥȤֵʤФʤʤȤȤϡɼԤˤƤ⡤ԤˤäǺߤˤ̤ƤʤФʤʤ
ԤǺߤˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge (viii) ˺ݤ른ޤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦
The presentation of medieval text to a modern audience---even leaving aside the question of emending obvious errors or obscurities in the extant manuscripts---inevitably faces the modern editor with a dilemma. The conventions of spelling, punctuation and word-division followed by the scribes have to be modernized to some extent in order to produce a reasonably accessible text for readers accustomed to the different conventions now current---but how much modernization is actually compatible with editorial fidelity to the text as it survives in the manuscripts? For example, neither surviving manuscript of The Owl and the Nightingale provides punctuation of a kind expected by a modern reader (except very occasionally) and units of sense are generally marked quite naturally by the metrical structure. It is only reasonable that modern punctuation should be inserted by the editor of a medieval literary text, but the effect of this is that the edited text often makes syntactic links much more explicit than they are in the medieval copies. Thus, even punctuation is not just a matter of presentation, but also, potentially, an act of interpretation. Recent editors of medieval texts have generally agreed that the editor should be prepared to punctuate, but once intervention has begun, even at this fairly minimal level, it is impossible to claim that the text has been handled wholly "conservatively". The problem is that editorial conservatism is not a matter of a choice between various absolute principles (and fidelity to them), but a scale that stretches from an absolute conservatism at the one end (which could only be achieved in a facsimile---if at all), through changes to word-spacing, capitalization, punctuation, spelling-reforms of various kinds, morphological regularization, alterations in syntax---and so to the point, at the other end, at which the "edition" is not an "edition" at all, but a translation into modern English. The challenge is to determine the point along the scale of editorial intervention that yields the greatest gain, in terms of making the text accessible to a modern readership, in exchange for the smallest loss, in terms of fidelity to the presentation of its medieval copies.
Cartlidge ϪƤΤϡ(1) ꥸʥʷϵݻĤĤ⡤(2) ɼԤΤ˥ƥȤɤߤ䤹ȤȿĶߤˤĤƤǤ롥(1) ΤߤŻ뤷ơޤäʤΤǤСܤΤޤ̿˻äƥեߥȤƸФ褯ǤФ̣Ϥʤޤ(2) ΤߤŻ뤹ΤǤСüʾˤϰʤĶʤ˶ŤǡǤ¸߰յΤǤСԤ (1) (2) ΤʥХȤꡤټ줿ƥȤɬפ롥֤١פ٤ˤäƤϡȤˡ1ĤˤʤȤƤ⡤ϹԤβɼԤ˲Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤΤǤ롥Ԥˤۤܤ٤ƤβʸŪʲκۤ⤿餹ǽޤǤ롥
editing ȤȤϡƥȤ presentation ˤȤɤޤ餺Ǥ interpretation ΰ12Ƨ߹ǤȤȤǤѤɼԤȤƤΤäƤɬפ롥
ȴϢơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) εȡ
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
[2012-10-10-1], [2012-10-11-1]εǡThe LAEME Corpus ɽˤĤƼꤢɾȤƤϡСƤȻȤߤɽ»ʤƤΤΡѤǤѸ쥳ѥȤƤηŪԤޤ줿絬ϤΥѥǤꡤʬդʧäǸ츦˳Ѥ٤ġǤ롥The LAEME Corpus β٤Ϥ뤷¾Υѥˤ䴰ܻؤ٤ȤϹͤ뤬Ū˸椹ݤɬŪˤĤޤȤ³θɾʤȥեǤ롥
˸ؤϡβξ֤ѻȤ˲ݤƤ롥ȤˤϡߤȤˤϸʤ³ĤޤȤMilroy (45) λŦ˸ظ2Ĥθ³ (limitations of historical inquiry)
[P]ast states of language are attested in writing, rather than in speech . . . [W]ritten language tends to be message-oriented and is deprived of the social and situational contexts in which speech events occur.
[H]istorical data have been accidentally preserved and are therefore not equally representative of all aspects of the language of past states . . . . Some styles and varieties may therefore be over-represented in the data, while others are under-represented . . . . For some periods of time there may be a great deal of surviving information: for other periods there may be very little or none at all.
ۤ³ǤϤ뤬Ϥ뤤ϹˤǤŤϤϡˡǤʤƤ롥ΤʤǤ⡤Smith Ϥο (1) դäդδط뤳ȡ(2) ̻ˤȳ̻ˤбܤ뤳ȡ(3) ߤθβؤαѤβǽõ뤳ȡνŦƤ롥
Ȥ櫓 (3) ˤĤƤϡǯҲؤˤѲ®˿ʤߡθβؤαѤˤʤ褦ˤʤäƤLabov ʸɸ "On the Use of the Present to Explain the Past" ˡľ٣ʪäƤ롥
ȴϢˡǤ uniformitarian_principle ưθ§ˤ̤˲Ф˱ѸʸDenison et al. ԽΤȤˡǯǤ줿ȤդäƤ
Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Labov, William. "On the Use of the Present to Explain the Past." Readings in Historical Phonology: Chapters in the Theory of Sound Change. Ed. Philip Baldi and Ronald N. Werth. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1978. 275--312.
Denison, David, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore, eds. Analysing Older English. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
ε[2012-03-13-1]Ǥϡܸ˻μˤơѸ˻μͤȤƣǤϡܸ˻ϿηȤʬषƤ (17) ͱѸˤλˤ⤢ƤϤޤʬȻפΤǡѤ褦
(1) ʸʸ
ʥ˶ʸŪǤƤ٤ʸ
ʥ˽ҡʸŵҡˡʤˤäƤޤޤǤ롥
(2)
ʥ
ʥʪʪʪʤɡ
ʥϿ
ʥˤϡѸˤǤϥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ʸʤɤThe Ruthwell Cross 8ƬThe Dream of the Rood Ҥˤ The Franks Casket (ca. 650--700) ʤɤͭ̾Ǥ롥̤ȤƤɬ¿ʤΩΤΤ¸¿ŤǤ롥Ϣơ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ȡ
ʥˤϡαѸ˻ʬ뤬μܤǤɮԼȤˤ븶 (autograph) ¸ƤΤϵǤꡤ츦λȤѤˤϡʸءءʸȽμ³ФʤɡٿդɬפǤ롥Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1]) εȡ
ˤθλѤꤹʥˤ䡤ʪ˻ĤŸФʥˤϡ줾ݼѤˡɤλθȿǤƤΤɬ餫Ǥʤ礬ꡤʥˤȤѤ٤
ʥˤϿϡϿ郎ȯưʹߤλ˸¤뤬ȯȤƤΤۤûȤƤͤ롥
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
Ѹ˸ΤλȤСǤϼܡʹߤǤϰܤȤΤŪʥμˤ͡ʤΤꤦ롥Ѹ˸оݤȤʤμʬˤĤ¿복並ϡʹˤΤʤ
ܸˤγƤߤȡƣ (16) ˡܿʵȤμܸ츦оݤȤʤμȤΤƤˤ6Ƥ뤬ܸѸɤؤɽĴȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥ܸˤʸ̮ǡܡפȤʤäƤȤϡֱѸҲפɤؤ
(1) Ѹ̤ѸҲ⳰βʸ
(2) ѸҲ⳰ΡѸѻʤεϿ
(3) ¾Ѹɽǽ̤ʸ
(4) ߹ԤʤƤ롤Ƭ줢뤤ʸϸʤɡαѸ
(5) ¾äѸ
(6) ѸƱϤθ
(1) ϡѸ줽ΤΤȤƥޥե٥åȤǽ̤Τǡʬ̤¿濴ŪʻȤʤ롥ˤϡ롼ʸǵ줿Ѹ䡤Ʊޥե٥åȤǤäƤۤʤֻɽ蘆줿Ѹʤɤޤޤ롥ϡʹߤΡܸҲ̾ʤɤɽ蘆줿Ѹ⤳˴ޤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
(2) ϡѸѻƽΤǤ롥(1) ǤϽ줿Ѹ줽ΤΤоݤȤʤΤФơ(2) ǤϽ줿Ƥ̣ۤʤ롥ʸˡȡؼԡԽԤΤ̣ۤǤθѻԤȯ˴ޤޤ롥ޤѸüԤѻƽΤǤ⡤طʤ˱ѸħȿǤƤ褦ʤΤǤС˴ޤޤ롥
(3) ѸֻˤΤäȤä¾Τϡ¾ˤĤƤλ¤ΤƤˤϡȤξȱˤꡤѸб¤ꤹΤΩġ
(4) αѸΤѼϡαѸλѤȿǤƤΤǤꡤѸˤλȤʤꤦ롥äϸƬθŤѤȤɤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ͭѤǤ롥
(5) ¾˼Ѥ줿ѸɽϡŤαѸΤ꤬ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʹߡѸθ˱ƶͿƤƤꡤ֡äñפŪĴѸ˸ǤɬפǤݡ[2012-02-17-1]ε#1026. 18Ѹ줫եäѸפ⤤
(6) ӸŪƱϤȾ줿λ¤䡤Ʒ줿ĸΰ̣֤ѤơĤƤαѸξ֤䤽Ѳβꤹ롥
ܸˤȱѸˤȤǤϡξθŪŪħۤʤ뤿ˡ嵭βվñ֤ǤϺѤޤʤ㤨С(1) (3) DZѸֻȤȤ˸ڤˤäƤϤƱ꼫ΤΤȤʤ롥äˡѸʹߤϥե濴ȤƽαƶƤ뤿ˡѸֻ¾ֻɤޤΤ˶̤Ǥ뤫Ȥ꤬롥ܸˤξ硤ʤȤⲾܸ̾ͭʸηϤǤꡤ¾Ȥζ̤餫ʤΤǡѸˤˤ褦ʤޤ(3) (5) ˤĤƤϡ餫Ϥ˰㤤ʤˤϻפĤʤ
Ѹˤܸˤ椷餫˷äޤƤΤϡ(6) Ǥ롥ѸˤϡӸؤˤ2ˤ錄äѤƤ˭٤μꡤѸ˸ˤ⤪˹Ƥ롥
ϢơѸˤθоݤ˸ꤹεȤƤϡ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1]) ȡ#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ȡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
Ѹ˸¤餺ѤȯΥƥȤϡμ̤ (copying) ˤäãƤ̤μ̤ (recopying) ³ȡΤ褦˸ƥȤκϳƤ椯Τ̤Ǥ롥Ȥ٤μ̤ǤäƤ⡤ʹ֤ˤǤʾ塤ȤƤ븶 (exemplar) ΰæʤޤΰæñʼ̤ (scribal error) Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢СտŪԽ (editing) (translation) ˶ᤤΤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ븶ƥȤν̤ˤäƥȤϡΰʸ䥳ԡʸȤ븷̩ʼ̤ǤϤʤ٤ΰæɬޤǤ롥ʸˤ textual transmission ϡΤ褦ʰæήưħŤƤ롥Boffey (117) ˤȡħ Zumthor ˤ "mouvance" ȸƤФƤȤΤΤǤ롥
̤κݤ˰æ߽Фᥫ˥ȤƤäȤ䤹Τϡ̻ (scribe) ˤ̤ (error) Ǥ롥ˤϡʸؤ롤̤ʸʸȤԤְ㤨 (eyeskip) ʤɤ롥μ䥿ԥˤбΤΤ䤹ƥȤܡɤǤݤ˹Ԥְ㤨ʤɡӻǤ롥
ñʼ̤ǤϤʤտŪʼΰæȤƤϡɤɤߤͿȤȽǤǤʤ֤롥ޤоݤȤʤɼԤİԤռƤβѤȤȤ⤢롥㤨СⶵǤСפΤ֤ǤȤȥåΤ˸ؤꤹʤɤͤ롥ؤΤĤꡤˡѤȤȤ⤢롥ʸǽ줿ƥȤƱθ˥åץǡȤȤѤ⤢ˡ̻ܤʬˡפȤ⤢롥ΡפäɸѸ¸ߤʤѸˤäƤϤ̤˹ԤʤƤꡤƥȤθΤߤʤ餺ƥȤμ礭ѤƤޤǽϤǤ롥
ʸϡǽ餫鴰ǤǸƤᡤδǤԡۤ뤳ȤȤƤ롥ǡʸϡǽ餫ǸޤǴǤȤΤϤʤǤ̤βѤ줿ǤȤƼƤ椯ȤȤƤäơԤΥƥãǤϡƥȤɬŪ dynamic, flexible, unfixed äΤǤ롥
¸ѸƥȤ version ͤݤˤϡ嵭Τ褦ʡȤϰۤʤʸ textual transmission λǰƬ֤Ƥɬפ롥
ѸޥȯŸ⡤ʸ textual transmission ħŤ "mouvance" ˻٤ƤˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-06-1]εRomanceפȡ
Boffey, Julia. "From Manuscript to Modern Text." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 107--22.
ε[2011-03-09-1]˰³ּܤزפꡥεǵ Lass and Laing (7--8) ˤܲ6ĤͳΤʤˡեߥǤԽʬʾ礬ȤŦäη˴ؤƤ⡤Lass and Laing (9--10) ž̤θ줫ŪƤΤǾҲ𤷤褦5ĤƤ롥
(1) ɤˤʸǤ̤γ٤į뤳ȤˤäȽιޤ뤳Ȥ롥ʪܤˤƤ̤γ٤į뤳ȤǤ뤬1Ĥγ٤黣Ƥ줿̿ǤϤμʤϻȤʤ
(2) ¿ΥեߥܤǤϿĤʸ⾯ʤʤʸοѲս̻θؤ餫ˤƤ뤳Ȥ뤬Ǥ϶̤ĤʤȤ롥
(3) ܺȤʤɤˤꡤܤˤäꡤƥȤüڤȤ줿ꤹ硤̿ǤϱƤˤʤäƤޤȽ롥
(4) ܤ»Ƥ硤̿ǤϤ»礷ɽ뤳Ȥ¿
(5) Ť̿ԥȤιäƤʤ̿⤢롥
¤˸餷ŪʻŦǤ⤷伫ȤΤиäƤ⡤ʪܤȤ̣礭ܤʪŪ ( figura ) εҤʸϤDz⤵Ƥ褯ʬʤܤиȤƤ뤳ȤȤȤ롥̿Ǥ϶Τ褦˸Ƥ⡤ܤǤߤʪŪʾʷäȤȤ⤢롥ޤԼԤȽɤˤȵҤƤܤǻȤƤߤ顤¤ȽɤˤʤäȤȤ⤢ä
ǡLass and Laing (9) ϡ̿ΤۤȽɤ䤹⤢ȤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ롥ƥӴΤۤξ褯ʬ롤ȤȤ˻Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Overview." Chapter 3 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap3.pdf .
Ѹθ츦ǤϡФСּܤزפ롥ܤѤǤܤ˺¤¤ʡ diplomatic edition Ȥפȸ ( diplomatic θ츻ˤĤƤ[2011-02-07-1]ȡˡEETSȤ˱ѸƥȤΥǥ¿ϡΥƥȤȸ̤ʸؼԤˤ빻ФƴԤ줿ΤǤŪˤϿ⤤ȹͤ뤬Ǥ츦ˤϼܥƥȤλȤܤȤ롥
伫ȤʬŪ˼ܤȤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ܤ˴ŤȤۤɤηиϤʤܲʹȼˤΤܤǤʤܤȤ٤ͳϲ͡ͳܤ鴩ܤؤȽƤ ( transcribe ) 줫夬äƤǤ⻲ͤˤʤǡLAEME νȤθ줫夬äƤʹƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥LAEME ϽѸμܥƥȤǤ¤¤˽Ȥ§ȤơƱƥȤŻҥѥߤƤ뤬츦ΤˤϴܤΤǤϤʤȤܤȤʤФʤʤͳ6ĤȤʲ Lass and Laing (7--8) ⤹롥
(1) ¿δԼԤϼܤξάʸ̵ "expand" 롥expand λʣβǽˤ⡤פʤΤѤƺѤޤ뷹롥̩ˤС expand 줿֤٤ʬۤ˱ƶͿͤʤ
(2) ܤǤԼԤ "normalising" "modernising" βǡܤˤä littera ([2011-02-20-1]) ζ̤뤳Ȥ롥'þ' ( "thorn" ) 'ð' ( "eth" ) <th> Ȥž̤ԼԤϺǤϾʤ'ƿ' ( "wynn" ) <w> Ȥž̤뤳ȤδȤʤäƤ롥'ƿ' 'w' ϰۤʤ littera ǤꡤۤʤˤäƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤ
(3) ʣǤˤʸ줿ƥ ( critical edition or "best text" ) Ǥϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤäη֤פƤꡤ츦ˤѤǤʤ
(4) ˤּ̻ΰտޤƤǤ֡פ뤬̻˲տޤƽƤȤ̻ñ˴ְ㤨Ȥǽˤ롥βǽǤ⤢ʾ塤ˤ֤Ͼ˸¤ΰæǤ롥
(5) ʾ4ֻ˴ؤǤˤϴطʤȤ뤫⤷ʤ¿ԼԤ϶ι modernisation Ƥ롥ϼܥƥȤ˸ŪʸѤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤβˤƶڤܤ롥
(6) LAEME ϡƼ̻ΩŪθɽ¸ߤǤȤΩäƤꡤƼ̻ˤʸƥȤǤʤԴޤ٤ʹºŤ롥̻ˤʤɤκ٤ʾڵΤ˸ȴˤϡեߥʼ̿ˤǤԽʬʾ礬ꡤϤʪܤɬפ롥
ƥȤθ椹ݤˤϼܤ˲뤳ȤפǤȤǤ뤬ºݾϼܤȤǤĶˤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ּܤزפˤơ֥եߥǤȤ褦˿סִܤȤݤˤϾ嵭դפ餤Τ褤⤷ʤ
Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Overview." Chapter 3 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction.'' Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme1/pdf/Introchap3.pdf .
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