ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
ε#5907. one ˡ OED dzǧ ([2025-06-29-1]) ˰³ (prop_word) ȤƤ one λѤˤ롥 MED on (pron.) Ƥߤ
5a ʲθ褽ȤƤˡ뤬θ͡ǤꡤɤΤ褦ʸǶʬФ褤ΤϡʤʤǤ롥ŵŪȤܤΤϡȤ櫓 5b ʲΤΤ5b ǵƤϡѸΤΤǤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥
c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)251: A fair knyȝt a was to see, a iolif on wyþ oute lak.
(a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.519: Thanne hath he redi his aspie..A janglere, an evel mouthed oon, That sche ne mai nowhider gon..That he ne wol it wende and croke.
(c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1552: I haue the mooste stedefast wyf, And eek the mekeste oon that bereth lyf.
c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)40: Þe kyng..was a clerke noble, Þe athelest ane of þe werd.
c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)586: Anoþer barne..I of my blode haue, Ane of my sede.
1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)53/259: Into my chamber I will gonne tyll thys water, soe greate one, bee slaked through thy mighte.
ʸ̮塤ľˤĻ̾Ȥ one ŵŪˡǧǤ롥Ƥ㤫ϡѸȯãȹͤ뤬μϤ⤦ᤤʳ餢äȹͤƤ褤
Ѹλ one ᤰϡ줬¿ͤˡʣ¤ǡҤǤꡤŪĴϤˤ䤳 one ĤƤϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ夵 note ˤ"Do you have a red one?" one ϲǤѤʵ褦2ۡȤƴϢƤΤǡȤ줿
#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ٥ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵΤޤ뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ
The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.
ڵǤطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤեǽƤ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤեͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥
Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.
ε#5366. England English θ츻ꤹ ([2024-01-05-1]) ǿ줿 England ˤĤơŪʰ۷֡ʤ뤤ϰֻˤ OED ˽äƤߤOED ˤȡθΰ۷֤礭3Ĥηʬ롥
α. OE Ænglaland, Anglaland (rare), Englalond, OE-eME Ængleland, Englaland, lOE Englæland, lOE-eME Engleland, eME Aenglelond, Englalande, Englelond, Englelonde.
β. eME Anglenelonde, Engleneloande, Englenelond, Englenelonde.
γ. ME Ægeland, Eangelond, Engelande, Engelond, Engelonde, Enguelonde, Enkelonde, Ingelond, Ingelonde, Inglond, Inglonde, Yngelond, ME-15 Englond, Englonde, Ingeland, Ynglond, ME-16 Englande, Ingland, ME- England, 15 Eingland, Eyngland, Yngellond, 16 Inglant (Irish English), 17 Englone (Irish English); Sc. pre-17 Engelande, Englande, Englonde, Ingland, Inglande, Yngland, Ynglande, Ynglond, pre-17 17- England.
αֻθ츻˺ǤᤤΤǡAngle ʥ͡ˤʣ°ʷǤ Angla land ϡˤ³ʣǤ롥ֻ <l> ʸ2١ŵŪˤ <lala> Τ褦ʷҤǸΤݥȤǤ롥
βϡʣ°ʸ趯Ѳ̾ͽۤ -a ǤϤʤѲ̾ޤڤƤȤܤ -ena ѤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡA. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §610 (7) Ȥ褦ˤȤäΤǻȤƤߤȡ֥ޡͤΡפ̣ Mierċcna (-ena) η֤ǰƬ֤ĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The adoption of g.p. -ena, -na is obscure; once adopted it caused further confusion with the weak nouns (Seaxan, Englan, &c.).
βγϡα <lala> Ϣ³äƽŲæ (haplology) ФֻǤ롥ɸ England ϢʤƤ褤#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ȡ
ʤߤ MED Engelōnd n.[/sic] ˤȡ "Also Eng(e)land, (early) Engle(ne lond, (late) Ing(e)lond." Ȱ۷֤ͿƤ
Τ褦 England Ȥפʹηֻ֡ȤŪˤĹ餯ɤƤΤǤ롥Ϣưʲεȡ
hellog #1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1])
hellog #1436. English England ̾ (2) ([2013-04-02-1])
hellog #2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1])
heldio #16. ⤽ English Ȥñϥʥ餱
heldio #251. ʣ Englishes νи
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
ǥνդϡά䥿ݤ¿ѸǤñξάλϰ̤ǤϤʤξάֻѤ뤫ͽ¬Ǥʤ (nlp) ˤƤϡΤ褦ʾάֻʤɤɬפȤʤꡤʤʤΤ褦
ѸֻΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥֤ϰ̤ǤϤʤֻѤ뤫ϡȤ˴ˤϤΤΡˤͽ¬ǤʤѸɤʬϤݤˤϡ¿ֻͤפɬפꡤʤ
ξԤϡΤ褦ˤȤƤƤ롥"tomorrow" Ȥñֻꥨ˼ꡤӤƤߤ褦ǥ Vajjala ¾ (p. 295) 顤Ѹ MED ä
Ρǥ "tomorrow" ֻ
tmw, tomarrow, 2mrw, tommorw, 2moz, tomorro, tommarrow, tomarro, 2m, tomorrw, tmmrw, tomoz, tommorow, tmrrw, tommarow, 2maro, tmrow, tommoro, tomolo, 2mor, 2moro, 2mara, 2mw, tomaro, tomarow, tomoro, 2morr, 2mro, tmoz, tomo, 2morro, 2mar, 2marrow, tmr, tomz, tmorrow, 2mr, tmo, tmro, tommorrow, tmrw, tmrrow, 2mora, tommrow, tmoro, 2ma, 2morrow, tomrw, tomm, tmrww, 2morow, 2mrrw, tomorow
ΡMED "tomorrow" ֻ
tōmōrn, tomorne, -moroun(e, -morwen, -morwin, -morewen, -morgen, tomor3en, -moregan, -moreuin, -marewene, -marwen, -marhen, -mar3an, -mar3en, -mær3en, temarwen; tōmōrwe, tomorewe, -moreu, -mor(r)owe, -mor(r)ou, -morou, -moru(e, -mor3e, -marewe, temorwe, tomoruwe, -more3e, -mar3e, -mær3e
⤦ݤϤʬǥоݤȤ뼫ѤȯŸϡѸ츦ˤͭѤˤʤФäΤ褦Ǥʤ顤䡤ʤʤ⤷ӤǤϤʤ
Vajjala, Sowmya, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana ˡ滳 ˡؼ --- NLP ץꥱȯΥ٥ȥץ饯ƥ١饤ѥ2022ǯ
ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥϤޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ
Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤäƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲ƤޤʲȤ
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])
515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ
֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)
ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1])ˡ
Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪäȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ
11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)
a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.
Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
ѸäƤեѸˤĤơƥѸȸʬĤʤȤ츻ؾƬˤ꤬롥ˤĤƤϰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥեѸ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
Ǥϡե줫Ѹ줫θʬĤʤȤΤϤեȱѸ°ƤɤۤʤꡤΤ˶̤ϤʤΤǡΤ褦ϹͤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ
ΥեѸȥƥѸξȤϰۤʤ̣礤ǤϤ뤬ȽǤǤʤȤʤʤƤ뱾ȤǤϤʤ餹餫˥եñʤΤθ줬ƤƥȤѸƥȤʤΤեƥȤʤΤʬĤʤˡۤʤ꤬Ƥ롥⤷ʤѸƥȤǤФθϥե줫äƤѸǧꤵʤեƥȤǤФθϽեñǤꡤѸȤ̵طȽǤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥ¤ˤϱʩǤ礤θ줬١ȤʤäƤΤȽȤʤ "macaronic" 2ƥȤʤΤ롥С줿 code-switching Τʤ˽ФƤ롤ȤƤ餫˥ե°ñϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƱѸäΰƤΤʤΤ뤤ϽեñȤѤƤˤʤΤΤʴबʤ¤ꡤȽǤŪˤʤʩΤۤƥؤäƤơ𤬤ˤ䤳ʤ⤢롥ˤĤơTrotter (1790) βʹ
Quantities of medieval documents survive in (often heavily abbreviated) medieval British Latin, into which have been inserted substantial numbers of Anglo-French or Middle English terms, usually of course substantives; analysis of this material is complicated by the abbreviation system, which may even have been designed to ensure that the language of the documents was flexible, and that words could have been read in more than one language . . ., but also by the fact that in the later period (that is, after around 1350) the distinction between Middle English and Anglo-French is increasingly hard to draw. As is apparent from even a cursory perusal of the Middle English Dictionary (MED, Kurath et al. 1952--2001) it is by no means always clear whether a given word, listed as Middle English but first attested in an Anglo-French context, actually is Middle English, or is perceived as an Anglo-French borrowing.
2ƥȤ˸ñ줬θ°Τꤹ뤳ȤϡɬñǤϤʤθäȤϲʤΤƹͤ롥Ϣưʲ⻲Ȥ줿
#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ ([2015-12-18-1])
#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])
#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])
#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])
#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])
#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])
Trotter, David. "English in Contact: Middle English Creolization." Chapter 114 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1781--93.
ε#4076. Dictionary of Old English Dictionary of Old English Corpus ([2020-06-24-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ˤϤʤƤϤʤʤġˤĤơѸ츦ȤСƤ MED ʤФʤʤ (Kurath, Hans, Sherman M. Kuhn, John Reidy, and Robert E. Lewis. Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1952--2001. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/) DOE DOEC δطƱͤˡMED ˤϢ MEC Ȥѥꡤ⤿ؤͭѤǤ (MEC = McSparran, Frances, ed. Middle English Compendium. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2006. Available online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mec/)
MED 1952ǯ˺ǽξǤ졤1991ǯ˺ǸξǤƴθ塤2000ǯ˥饤Ǥ Middle English Compendium Ȥ߹ޤ졤Ȥ꤬˸夷٤ʸǤ뤳ȤϤhyperbibliography ν¿꤬56,000ۤɤθФؤѸμǤ뤳ȤϤˤФѸ츦˾κʪȤ롥2018ǯˤϤۤ20ǯβǤ졤ߤѸ츦äƤ롥
MED ˤϡѤäΤäƤ٤Ĥħ롥Durkin (1150--52) ˵äƻŦƤޤMED ϡ¿դʧȤȤOED ǤϤθ礭ʴȤƵҤʬƤ뤬MED ΥȥκιϸǤ롥̣Ǥϸΰ㤤ʤɤȳڤäơLALME LAEME ˰ѤͤƤȤäǤ롥θͥȤħˤꡤŪʸΤߤʤ餺ʸŪŪʸˤġȤʤäƤȤ¦̤롥
νŻȴϢơMED ϳθͭ̾ȤƤλѤˤդʧäƤ롥ƤǸθȤƸڤ뤬ϸͭ̾츦˸ͭѤǤ롥¿ƥȤ˵ƤѸ̾ʤɤ⽦夲Ƥꡤ¾ʸܿθˤǤ롥
MED ˤ餯ϡ츻ҤʤȤľθűѸѸǤХǤη֤ʤɤƤˤȤɤޤꡤߤʤ
Ǹ˻ŦƤ٤ϡʸդƤǯˤĤơ(1) ܡʾڵˤΤΤǯȡ(2) ƥȤ줿ȤܤǯȤʬƵƤǤʸԤϥåǤƤˡξǯǰƬˤС㤨аۼܴ֤ǤθӤ˺ݤƵŤȽǺȤʤνפʾϡdiplomatic ɤߤɵ᤹ʸŪʴؿƤǽƤ롥
Ϣơ#4016. Ѹ츦ΤδŪʥ饤 ([2020-04-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. "Resources: Lexicographic Resources." Chapter 73 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1149--63.
ɸˤĤơSmith (47--48) λʸɽꤤĤȴФĥäƤߤʸǤ뤳ȤǧѤߡˡܥ֥Ǥϡ¾ƼΥ饤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤȤʤΤ link ȡȤ櫓 Chaucer ϢΥϡ#290. Chaucer ˴ؤ Web resources ([2010-02-11-1]) ɤ
ѹϡIJιǤ롥ˤϡȵIJ褤ˤȤǽǤꡤparliament ȤñΤİյ礭ѸˤˤƤ⥤ɵIJˤϽפǤꡤΤȤϺε#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ǿ줿̤Ǥ롥ޤ#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡparliament ϡꥫѸФƥꥹѸħŤ륭ɤ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
parliament ȤϡAnglo-Norman parlement, parliment, parliament Old French, Middle French parlement 13˱ѸؼѤ줿ΤǤꡤϡä礤ġפǤ (cf. ModF parler (to speak); PDE parley) θȤʤƥǤ parlamentum ȤѤ줿ꥹʸΥƥˤƤϡФ parliamentum ֻԤƤѸǤϼ -e- ʤɤֻŪǤꡤ-ia- ֻѤ褦ˤʤΤ15Ǥ롥MED parlement(e (n.) ˤꡤ¿ֻͤǧ줿
-ia- ȯŸˤĤƤϡΤʤȤϤ狼äƤʤƥư -iare 䡤бե -ier αƶäȤ⤵ (cf. post-classical L maniamentum (manyment), merciamentum (merciament)) ѸǤϡ-ia- ȯ /ə/ б뤳Ȥա
parliament ȤȤλؼоݤŪôϤΤϡHenry III (߰ 1216--72) μˤƤǤ롥OALD8 parliament ιʸ˰ʲεҤä1ˡ˱ѹˤΥåͤޤäƤ뤳Ȥ
The word 'parliament' was first used in the 13th century, when Henry III held meetings with his noblemen to raise money from them for government and wars. Several kings found that they did not have enough money, and so they called together representatives from counties and towns in England to ask them to approve taxes. Over time, the noblemen became the House of Lords and the representatives became the House of Commons. The rise of political parties in the 18th century led to less control and involvement of the sovereign, leaving government in the hands of the cabinet led by the prime minister. Although the UK is still officially governed by Her Majesty's Government, the Queen does not have any real control over what happens in Parliament. Both the House of Lords and the House of Commons meet in the Palace of Westminster, also called the Houses of Parliament, in chambers with several rows of seats facing each other where members of the government sit on one side and members of the Opposition sit on the other. Each period of government, also called a parliament, lasts a maximum of five years and is divided into one-year periods called sessions.
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