crocodile θֻ --- ˥˥ѥ˥å --- ϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ФĤǤ롥ϢϢϡʲɤȤǤ롥
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ C (crew-crocodile)2025ǯ727
lacolaco ֡helwaƥ2025 crocodileθѲˤĤƤĴ~˥˥ѥ˥å~2025ǯ821
hellog #5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1])
hellog #5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ ([2025-08-12-1])
hellog #5952. crocodile αѸ --- MED ֻǧ ([2025-08-13-1])
heldio #1527. crocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤʥץѸ˥饤 from ͡2025ǯ84
heldio #1583. alligator ǥ˥˥ѥ˥å --- khelf ߷ȸ2025ǯ929
Ȥ櫓 crocodile ΰ۷Ȥ cocodril ȤֻäȤˤʤäƤʤȤˡإåץѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥդ crocodile ƤߤȤcocodril ФҥȤȤʤ뵭ҤĤϡѤơͿƤ
crocodile [krάkədàil] 롤ˡ
θϥꥷ krokodeilos ʥˡ̸ͺ㪤ȥˤ츻Ǥ롥Υꥷϡإɥȥ (Herodotus, 484?--425?B.C.) 衤ʥ˻Ȥ褦ˤʤä Historiaeˡ (II, 69) ˤϡгδ֤ˤȥ˻ƤȤ饤˥ͤ̾ŤȤ롥crocodile ˤϤ֤꤬ꡤΰ cockadrill ϡˤũȤ줿ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ȺƱ줿Ȥ⤢롥
ȤǡˤĤäȥꥹʪ郎हȤȣ˻䤨cockatrice ϡꥷ ikhnos ߡסˤư ikhneuein פ롤פɤˤФΩ ikhneumon ʥץȥޥ --- ichneumon ̥ץȥޥͤȤƱѸ˼ ---ˤȤƤΥƥ calcatrix 츻ǤꡤϡּļԡסԡפǤäưʪϺΥˤõФƿ٤ȥץȿͤ˿Ƥƥ calcatrix calx, calc- ˤư calcare פˤ¤Ǥά͡ԥץ˥ (Gaius Pliny, 23--79) Ρʪ (VIII, 37) ǤϡˤɤƿƤ֤˥ȥꥹϤΤɤʢӹߡ¡Ȥ롥
ޤȥꥹϥʥɥ (trochilus) ȺƱ줿θ츻 trekhein ˤꥷ trokhilos ʾˤƥ첽դǡϡΡפǤά͡crocodile bird ʥ˥ɥˤȤƤФ뤳Ļˤϡˤλδ֤Ҥ俩ʪΤͤȤ롥ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ǤĻáƺǸˤȤ졤ߥإӤȤݤˤϡѸ cock ʥ˥ȥˤȤ䤫˥ȥޤ줿ʪХꥹ (basilisk) άͤƱȸʤ줿ϥ˥ȥΤȤΤˡإӤǤ©ҤȤˤߤǿͤȤ줿
ҤȤˤߤǻȤХꥹ (basilisk) ϡɽǤϡäⵤʽ˻Ȥ졤ΤȤ cockatrice ˤƱɽޤ줿㤨Сꥹηȥǥå (Thomas Dekker, 1572?--1632) The Guls HornebookeؤԤ١1609ǯˤˤϡַˤ»Τοפˡ֡ĤΩƤ˼뤿ˤ⡤ī (cockatrice) ֤ˤפäʿդβȤᡤȤ롥ơʪ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬νϤ (crocodile tearsˤޡˤήΡ֤ޡפˤۤȡֱ¿פˤʤäƤޤȤ⤢롥
ᤷߤɽ crocodile tears ϡˤ¿Ͷ뤿ᤷȤ¿߹ߤʤޤήȹͤ줿Ȥޤ줿ɽǤ롥
о줷Τưʪ cockatrice ʥȥꥹˤإӤȥ˥ȥ꤬ΤưʪȤ⡤ˤ©ǤƿͤإӤȤ롥줬 cocodril θֻ˴طƤȤΤϡꤽä
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ롤note ΥֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ crew crocodile ޤǤζ̣츻꤬夲Ƥ롥
Τʤ crocodile ܤƤ뵭Ҥθȥڥδˤ⤭ĦˤƤꡤؤ̣줿1ľ lacolaco ȡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פˤƤ̤뵡Τǡheldio ۿΥǤheldio ΥۿȤƸƤΤǡcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤꤪİС
ۿǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡcrocodile طʤˤϡꥷ졤ƥ졤ե졤ꥢ졤ڥʤɤؤäƤ롥Ѹ˾ֻȤƤϸɸŪ crocodile ϤΤۤcocodril Ϥ̤˻Ȥ줿夬äѸǤ16ʹߤ˥ƥֻαƶ crocodile Ϥˡפ줿Ȥаޤꡤޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥r ΰ֤ͤȡˤž (metathesis) हⵯäƤ뤫Τ褦˸롥r ΰư2ȤĹΥ˵ڤǤꡤñʤ벻žȸˤΤΤǤꡤָ̤̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴ؤȤƵ뤳ȤǤcf. #5840. --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1])ˡ
ˤ衤crocodile θȥڥϡʤʤޤߤǤꡤ˱Ѹ˸太⤷ȥԥåȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤lacolaco ˸ŪȤ˴դĤġʤ KDEE ɼԡˡꤷƤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
ɸ̤ꡤDzΩĤϤȤơǯǤ줿2αѸʸܡرѸζܡ٤ȡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤ꡤ˸ФȤƼ夲Ƥ륭ɤ䥭ե졼ȴФưƤʳƽˤĤƤϡ#4825. ƻάǯɽ --- رѸζܡ٤ ([2022-07-13-1]) ȡ#4826. صǤɤѸɽŵ٤ܼ ([2022-07-14-1]) ǿ줿Τǡȡˡ
ޤرѸζܡ٤337ܤ롥
Celtic Migration, Roman Rule of Britain, Viking Invasion, the Norman Conquest, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, the Black Death, Defeat of the Spanish Armada, the Pilgrim Fathers, American War of Independence, the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Movement, Apache, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Hopi, Iroquois, Navaho, Sioux, tepee, wigwam, pueblo, totem pole, Lent, Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, New Year's Day, Saint Valentine's Day, carnival, Easter, Saint Patrick's Day, April Fools' Day, May Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, the Twelve Olympians, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, Athena, Apollon, Artemis, Ares, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Venus, Hermes, Dionysus, Atlas, Eros, Pan, Prometheus, Hercules, Perseus, Achilles, the Trojan War, Chimera, Griffin, Pegasus, Centaur, Gorgons, Siren, mermaid, Hydra, the Bible, Adam and Eva, Cain and Abel, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, Moses, Ten Commandments, Samson and Deliah, David and Solomon, the golden calf, the patience of Job, Spare the rod and spoil the child., Pride goes [comes] before a fall., a lamb to the slaughter, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth., Jesus Christ, the Annunciation, the Nativity, John the Baptist, the Temptation, the Sermon on the Mount, You are the salt of the earth., No one can serve two masters., Do (to others) as you would be done by., Do not throw your pearls before swine., Enter by the narrow gate., a mote in one's (own) eye, Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Thaddeus, Simon, Judas, prodigal sun, good Samaritan, the Last Supper, the Passion, the Resurrection, the Ascension, Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, Protestant Church, the Anglican Church, angel, Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Baptism, Cathedral, Church, Cross, Devil, Mass, Monastery, Pope, Saint, Virgin Mary, Arthur, Cinderella, Dragon, Fairy, banshee, brownie, elf, gnome, goblin, leprechaun, Oberon, pixy, pixie, Puck, Titania, Mother Goose, Robin Hood, Santa Clause, Sphinx, Unicorn, Witch, bar, bed, beef, beer, bell, biscuit, bread, cake, candle, candy, cereal, chair, cheese, chocolate, closet, coffee, cup, doughnut, egg, garden, yard, hamburger, hat, cap, hot dog, jeans, jewelry, key, pancake, pie, pork, pub, pudding, salad, salt, sandwich, shoe, tea, tie, whiskey, whisky, window, wine, American football, Baseball, Basketball, Boxing, Golf, Horse Racing, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Alice, Dracula, Frankenstein, Gulliver, Huckleberry Finn, Humpty Dumpty, Peter Pan, Peter Rabbit, Robinson Crusoe, Sherlock Holmes, Uncle Tom, Winnie-the-Pooh, the Wizard of Oz, Superman, Batman, Tarzan, King Kong, Popeye, Mickey Mouse, Al Capone, Johnny Appleseed, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Davy Crockett, Paul Bunyan, alligator, crocodile, bat, bear, bee, buffalo, butterfly, camel, canary, cardinal, carp, cat, cattle, chicken, cod, crow, cuckoo, deer, dog, dolphin, donkey, dove, pigeon, duck, eagle, elephant, fox, frog, goat, goose, hawk, herring, horse, jay, kangaroo, lark, leopard, lion, locust, mackerel, tuna, marlin, monkey, mouse, nightingale, octopus, owl, parrot, peacock, hog, rabbit, rat, robin, salmon, trout, shark, sheep, snake, spider, squirrel, swallow, swan, turkey, turtle, vulture, whale, wolf, acacia, anemone, apple, banana, bean, pea, berry, cabbage, carnation, cedar, cherry, clover, corn, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, grape, grass, iris, ivy, laurel, lilac, lily, mistletoe, nut, oak, olive, orange, palm, poppy, potato, pumpkin, rice, rose, tomato, tulip, wheat, yew
ˡصǤɤѸɽŵ٤286ñ졦ɽ褦
Autonomy, Citizen, Construct, Domain, Economy, Electricity, Execution, Icon, Medicine, Monopoly, Ocean (the Ocean), Pacific, Paper, Politics, Public, Bible, Diamond, Exodus, Flesh, Greed, Lord, Love, Scapegoat, Tiara, Tower, Aristocracy, Class, Crown, Dignity, Duke, Dynasty, Emperor, Empire, Might, Noble, Order, Prince, Proletariat, Royal, Status, School, Grammar school, Public school, College, University, Principal, President, Dean, Provost, Academy, Bachelor, Master, Doctor, Professor, Lecturer, Amulet, Baptism, Cathedral, Chapel, Church, God, Heaven, Holy, Minister, Miracle, Paradise, Priest, Sacred, Synagogue, Talisman, Admiral, Arms, Arsenal, Battle, Bomb, Bullet, Captain, Colonel, General, Gun, Missile, Officer, Soldier, War, Weapon, Bicameral, Cabinet, Coalition, Democracy, Diet, Government, Judge, Jury, Ministry, Monarchy, Parliament, Prime Minister, Prosecutor, Buy, Convenience store, Deficit, Deflation, Inflation, Market, Sale, Sell, Share, Stock, Shop, Store, Supermarket, Trade, Transport, Agreement, Borrow, Calculate, Contract, Cost, Count, Credit, Deal, Debt, Figure, Negotiation, Owe, Price, Sum, Title, ATM, Bank, Bill, Bond, Collateral, Deposit, Endorse, Exchange, Finance, Fund, Guarantee, Hedge, Interest, Loan, Customs, Dock, Export, Freight, Harbor, Import, Insurance, Invoice, Port, Post, Railway, Ship, Tax, Truck, Wharf, Barber, Butcher, Carpenter, Farm, Foundry, Hospital, Hotel, Mint, Nurse, Physician, Plumber, Potter, Restaurant, Smith, Veterinarian, Job, Labo(u)r, Occupation, Profession, Vocation, Work, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Rugby, Soccer, Tennis, Game, Hobby, Leisure, Head, Body, Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Beef, Fish, Beer, Whisky/Whiskey, Wine, Knife, Pen, Pencil, Airplane, Bicycle, Car, Train, Cat, Dog, Horse, Forest, Grave, Mountain, Peninsula, Prairie, River, Sea, Tomb, Angel, Devil, Elf, Halloween, Monster, Phantom, Witch, Drizzle, Drought, Flood, Hurricane, Rain, Snow, Storm, Typhoon, Weather, Wind, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Fall, Winter, Air, Atmosphere, Aurora, Cloud, Cosmos, Sky, Space, Star, Sun, Universe, Calendar, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, Clock, a.m., A.D., Alma Mater, Bona fide, Candle, Confidence, De facto, e.g., etc./et cetera, i.e., Mile, per, per cent/percent, v.v/vice versa, Verse, Attaché Connoisseur, Gourmet, Novice, Vogue, Chocolate, Kindergarten, Magazine, Pyjamas/Pajamas, Tea
ƱݤεġȤơ#1809. American Heritage Dictionary Notes ([2014-04-10-1])#1819. AHD Word History Note Search ([2014-04-20-1]) ⻲ȡμΰϡ긵֤ƤȡʾʤȤˤϡˤʤŪΩĤΤǤ
δرѸζܡ١٥ǡ2021ǯ
ʡƻ 㥵صǤɤѸɽŵ١ǡ2021ǯ
ƸʸˤơưʪȼξħỤ̄äƤ롥Ѹξ硤á̱äʤɤ̤ưޤƤŪϢŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ줬üԤδ֤ǹͭƤ뤿ˡʸءȤ虜ͷӤʤɤˤƤ¿Ѥ롥ưʪ̾ڤȡΤ褦ˡΥۤɤˡʸ˿դƤΤǤ롥رѸŵ (pp. 177-78) ꡤŵŪʤΤ褦
| ưʪ̾ | ħỤ̄ |
|---|---|
| ant | cooperation ϡpatience Ǧ |
| bear | maternal protection ǽstrength |
| butterfly ij | beauty balance ѹ |
| cat ǭ | independence Ωagility Ҿ |
| deer | gentleness ¡peace ʿ |
| dog | royalty love |
| dove ȷ | peace ʿ¡innocence ̵ |
| elephant | wisdom ηástrength |
| fox | camouflage ֡cunning Ѥ |
| giraffe | intuition ľϡforesight 踫 |
| horse | friendship ͧpower |
| lion 饤 | courage ͦstrength |
| mule | stubbornness ǡindependence Ω |
| owl ե | wisdom ηáclairvoyance Ʃǽ |
| serpent, snake | temptation Ͷǡwisdom η |
| turtle | longevity Ĺlove |
رѸŵ (178--79) ꡤƻܤ¤˴ؤɽǤ褦̾ˤĤƤϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
| Signs of the Zodiac ʲƻܡ | |||
| (house) | (zodiacal constellations) | ̲᤹ۤ | |
| spring signs ʽդµܡ | |||
| Aries ӵܡ | *the Ram ʤҤĤ¡ | 321?420 | energetic, ambitious, generous, aggressive |
| Taurus ʶܡ | *the Bull ʤ¡ | 421?522 | charming, witty, kind, restless |
| Gemini лҵܡ | *the Twins ʤդ¡ | 523?621 | strong, loyal, determined, quiet |
| summer signs ʲƤµܡ | |||
| Cancer ʵܡ | *the Crab ʤ˺¡ | 622?722 | sensitive, materialistic, careful, humorous |
| Leo ʻҵܡ | the Lion ʤ¡ | 723?822 | dignified, honest, vain |
| Virgo ʽܡ | the Virgin ʤȤ¡ | 823?922 | perfectionist, dependable, gentle, efficient |
| autumn signs ʽµܡ | |||
| Libra ŷܡ | the Balance [*Scales] ʤƤӤ¡ | 923?1022 | gracious, harmonious, logical, fair |
| Scorpio ŷ긵ܡ | the Scorpion ʤ¡ | 1023?1121 | courageous, intense, secretive, intelligent |
| Sagittarius ʿϵܡ | the Archer ʤƺ¡ | 1122?1222 | truthful, friendly, optimistic, adventurous |
| winter signs ߤµܡ | |||
| Capricorn 滵ܡ | *the Goat ʤ䤮¡ | 1223?120 | hardworking, kind, determined, disciplined |
| Aquarius ӵܡ | *the Water Bearer [Carrier] ʤߤ¡ | 121?219 | loyal, wise, creative, aloof |
| Pisces еܡ | *the Fish ʤ¡ | 220?320 | kind, quiet, romantic, easygoing |

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εǡͭ̾ʸäΩ calf/veal, deer/venison, fowl/poultry, sheep/mutton, swine (pig)/pork (bacon), ox/beef ˤĤơΥͤDenison and Hogg (16) ⡤̤γ٤֥פŦƤ롥
. . . the introduction of French loans for food, such as beef, pork and mutton, is sometimes held to demonstrate a considerable degree of bilingualism. This view owes a great deal to Scott's Ivanhoe, which claims that animals on the hoof were called by their English names, but by French names when cooked. The initial reaction is to believe that; it is only when we recall terms such as English lamb (alongside mutton) or Anglo-Norman cattle alongside English cow that its plausibility diminishes. It is more likely, although less romantically appealing, to suggest that French loans were most probable in administration and learning, and that by and large 'ordinary' words were only borrowed in the few areas where there was constant interaction between English and French speakers. This neither demonstrates extensive bilingualism nor even that there was extensive borrowing beyond a few specific areas.
ʤۤɡΤ lamb ϡ#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]) ǸűѸǤüʶޤȤƿ줿褦ˡޥϤǤ롥θϡߡưʪȤƤλӤɽΤߤʤ餺ɽ魯줬ΰ̣ѤȤȤϡ֡פ鳰ƤȤȤǤ롥ʤOED ˤȡlamb λΰ̣17ˤʤäƽȯãȤ뤬MED ˤȡa1399 ΡפθǤ㤬Τˤ롥
ޤcattle ⡤#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤNorman French ͳñ˰㤤ʤܤΰ̣ΤߤǤꡤեѸȤƤդ路Ϥΰ̣Ϥʤ
֡פοäϡΤ˲ʤäƤ롥
Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.
ε#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1]) ǡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ԥɤϻϼԤ17οؼԡʸˡ John Wallis äȤˤĤˤк۰ƤäҥȤ Wallis Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae ƲǤäƤߤȤ Wallis -> Scott -> Bradley ȹޤäƤä餷
βͿƤˤȡBradley Scott ɾˤϰդä٤ȤȤp. 362, note 20ˡ
δѻ Bradley 'acute remark' ȤۤƤ뤬ѸŪˤʤWamba θ Scott 碌ƤΤǤ뤬ϻŪˤ1᤹ۤˤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥cf. A. C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, p. 223 (note 1).
ΤȤäƤ뤫뤿ˤϡȤƤ Baugh ȡBradley ɬפ롥줾μǤǤбսäƤߤ
Readers of Ivanhoe will remember the acute remark which Scott puts into the mouth of Wamba the jester, that while the living animals---ox, sheep, calf, swine, deer---continued to bear their native names, the flesh of those animals as used for food was denoted by French words, beef, mutton, veal, pork, bacon, venison. The point of the thing is, of course, that 'Saxon' serf had the care of the animals when alive, but when killed they were eaten by his 'French' superiors. (Baugh and Cable 62--63)
The well-known passage in Scott's Ivanhoe in which this distinction is entertainingly introduced into a conversation between Wamba and Gurth (chap. 1) is open to criticism only because the episode occurs about a century too early. Beef is first found in English at about 1300. (Bradley 181, fn. 25)
Ivanhoe 12ΥɤȤ뵳ʪǤ롥̩˸ŪˤС12ˤϤޤ beef ϱñȤƵϿƤ餺ΥԥɤϻǤ롤ȤŦΤ OED MED ˤȡ beef νФ1300ǯΤȤǤꡤλȥ줬Ƥ롥
The English Grammar / Ben Jonson; with explanatory remarks by Kotaro Ishibashi, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue / Alexander Hume; with explanatory remarks by Tokuji Kusakabe, and Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae / John Wallis; with explanatory remarks by Shoichi Watanabe. A Reprint Series of Books Relating to the English Language. Vol. 3. Tokyo: Nan'un Do, 1968.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ѹ˾ͭ̾ʡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) νŵˤĤˤ#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εФơк۰鵮ŤʥȤʤ꤬ȤޤˡƤưʪϸαѸԤǤΥޥͤΤȤФˤʤäȤ W. Scott Ivanhoe ˰Ѥ졤ޤ H. Bradley The Making of Englishp.88ˤˤڤͭ̾ˤʤޤФ϶餯 J. Wallis Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae 裴ǡ1674ǯˤνʸȤƤ褦Ǥ͡
ȤȤǡWallis 1674ǯǤȤƤߤPrefatio ʽʸˤˡθڲսĤ뤳ȤǤ
Nec quidem temerè contigisse puto, quod Animalia viva, nominibus Germanicæ originis vocemus, quorum tamen Carnem in cibum paratam, originis Gallicæ nominibus appellamus, putà, Bovem, Vaccam, Vitulum, Ovem, Porcum, Aprum, Feram, &c, an Ox, a Cow, a Calf, a Sheep, a Hog, a Boar, a Deer, &c; sed Carnem Bubulam, Vitulinam, Ovinam, Porcinam, Aprugnam, Ferinam; Beef, Veal, Mutton, Pork, Brawn, Venison, &c . . . . (Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae)
켣 (17) ƱβˤֱѸ˾ҾƤλŦǡʸ帽ޤǹ졤ꥹ˾ΰˤĤƤΡʷˤƼ˭ʥԥɤȤͭ̾ǤפȤäޤǤפ1699ǯ5Ǥ¾ץȤ1765ǯ6Ǥ˴ŤƲǤDzܤƤβɬɤǤ (p. 352)
ơWallis ˤĤƤϡ#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules ([2010-07-22-1]) Ƿڤ줿ˤʤΤǡ17˳Ūͤȡ路ʸˡħñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦John Wallis (1616--1703) ϡ16Ф Cambridge ؤˤǤ˥ƥ졤ꥷ졤إ֥饤줬褯Ǥ1649ǯˤ Oxford ؤδؤζȤʤꡤʬ߽ФꡤʣǿδŪʤɡ¿ʱƶͿذʳνˤ褯̤ƤꡤˤĴؤʬΤǤ롥ޤ1662ǯ Charles II ˤǧĤ줿 The Royal Society ߥСǤ⤢ä
Wallis ͡ʬˤǽϡ˴ؤƤϡGrammatica Linguae Anglicanae (Oxford: Leon. Lichfield, 1653) ҤȤƸ줿ʸˡ˾塤𤲤Ǥꡤ1653ǯνǰʸ塤βǤ˽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä16ʸ塤Wallis ޤǤαʸˡϡͤ˱ѸȤŪ뤤ϥƥʸˡγؽδäȤƤ䤬ǻǤꡤȯۤκˤϾ˥ƥʸˡäWallis 踫äơʸˡҤΤ˥ƥʸˡϤդ路ʤȤǧäƤѸʬŪʤȥƥŪʤȤΤ˶̤ƤΤǤ롥
αʸˡ˱ƶͿܤ⾯ʤʤ1ϤĴεҤϡ岻ؤλȤäƤ褤ʸΤ˶̤ΤΤδѻҤŰ٤ϡ H. C. Wyld ι⤤ɾޤʸˡ̤Ǥ⡤Ҥ shall will λȤʬΤۤˤ⡤ưʬࡤ䡤ط̾ˡʤʻ˰Ĺ롥ߤ˻ޤǸԤĤƤޤʤħ (sound symbolism) ˺ǽ˼ȤΤ⡤Wallis ä
餷ƥǽ줿ʸˡʤΤǸŵɤˤϼ궯ĩ路Ƥߤ
ʸ嵭2013/10/26(Sat)Wallis ˤĤơJean-Pierre Niceron (Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des hommes illustres dans la république des lettres. Vol. 43. Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1971. 247--51.) ȡ
켣 ԡˡʸˡI١ұѸʸꡡ4ҡ2010ǯ
The English Grammar / Ben Jonson; with explanatory remarks by Kotaro Ishibashi, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue / Alexander Hume; with explanatory remarks by Tokuji Kusakabe, and Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae / John Wallis; with explanatory remarks by Shoichi Watanabe. A Reprint Series of Books Relating to the English Language. Vol. 3. Tokyo: Nan'un Do, 1968.
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) εǡѸˤͭ̾ calf vs veal, deer vs venison, fowl vs poultry, sheep vs mutton, swine (pig) vs pork, bacon, ox vs beef θޤˤ줤ʡֱѸ vs եѸפȤʤäƤꡤʤۤɤεǰˤκ뤳Ȥϡ#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1]) ǤߤȤܤä줿եäȤŪʸճؤιޤȤƤβͤѤʤʱѸäع¤εȡˡ
[2010-03-24-1]εǤ줿Ȥꡤưʪθͭ̾ˤΤ Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) Ǥ롥Scott ϡ1819ǯ˾ Ivanhoe Τʤоʪ˼Τ褦˸餻Ƥ롥
"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth; "expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed, to read riddles."
"Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on their four legs?" demanded Wamba.
"Swine, fool, swine," said the herd, "every fool knows that."
"And swine is good Saxon," said the Jester; "but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor?"
"Pork," answered the swine-herd.
"I am very glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman-French; and so when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?"
"It is but too true doctrine, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool's pate."
"Nay, I can tell you more," said Wamba, in the same tone; "there is old Alderman Ox continues to hold his Saxon epithet, while he is under the charge of serfs and bondsmen such as thou, but becomes Beef, a fiery French gallant, when he arrives before the worshipful jaws that are destined to consume him. Mynheer Calf, too, becomes Monsieur de Veau in the like manner; he is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name when he becomes matter of enjoyment."
ʩóؤϡѸʻˡˤ˴ؿΤ¿ο͡˥ԡ뤹뤬䤬˴ؿƤΤϡȤ櫓ҲŪ diglossia ȸŪ register δؤ礤εˤƤǤ롥#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ڤӡ#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1]) 褦ˡѸ diglossia ˴ŤҲŪʾ岼طκפŪ register ξ岼طȤüԤθ (lexicon) ΤʤȿǤƤ̣ҲŪʡʤ쳰ŪΩɤΤ褦ˤηŪʡʤŪΩžΤϡ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) Ǽ夲ޥҲ (macro-sociolinguistics or sociology of language) ȥߥҲ (micro-sociolinguistics) Ȥˤ̤롥Ҳ¤ȸηϤϤɤΤ褦Ϣ³ƤΤ뤤ϤɤΤ褦䤷ƤΤ
Scott λŦ swine vs pork Ω켫ΤϡŪʺۤȤϰ̣ŪʡʻؼоݤΡ˺ۤŪʾ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤ롥
OED2, MED Ȥ˴Ť츻ŵˤȡưʪפ̣ƥ졤եͳ̾ animal νФϡ14 The Auchinleck Manuscript ˽ Breton lay ޥ Sir Orfeo (l. 364) ȤƤ롥MED animal (n.) Ƥߤȡ"Þe vousour was anow[rn]ed al Of ich maner diuers animal." ȰѤƤ롥
OED Online ϡβս animal ȤɤߤϸǤꡤ amel (enamel) ΰ۷ǤȤΩȤäƤ롥
Middle Eng. Dict. at animāl n. records an earlier example from the Auchinleck manuscript copy of Sir Orfeo, but more recent editors read this as aumal, hence showing AMEL n., an interpretation which is supported by the context and by the equivalent passage in other manuscripts.
Sir Orfeo ɤǤƤ˽Ф路Bliss ǤǤ ll. 363--64 ϼ̤ꡥ
Þe vousour was auowed al Of ich maner diuers aumal.
͡ʵޤȤȡȤ OED Online θȹͤ롥ޤܤǤθ2Ĥ a δ֤ minim 5ܤʤˡ152ܤǤбȡAshmole Ǥ amellHarley Ǥ metalle ȤʤäƤ롥Ԥϰ̣äưۤʤѤƤ뤬ưʪפɤߤǤʤȤ餫ޤBliss Ǥɾ D'Ardenne (58) ⡤aumal θʩθ amail, ēmail Ȥʤ顤ʬˤȹͤƤ롥
⤦1ĴϢϡanimal θŪʬۤǤ롥D'Ardenne (58) ϡβս animal αѸǤν16ǤꡤѸȹͤեˤƤ12ϤΤ16ޤǤϵǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥 D'Ardenne εϺǤɬϤϤʤȤΤϡOED Online Ǥ MED Ǥ⡤animal ϡβսȤƤ⡤14꤫餤ĤƤ뤫ޤǤεˤꡤSir Orfeo (l. 364) animal νвսǤϤʤȤȤϸ
νǯϡθθˤˤߥȻפ줬Ū˸äΰƤ¤ˤƸûˤǤ⤢롥㤨Сϡ#127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1]) Ǽ夲̣ξȤˤ㴳δŪʱƶ뤫⤷ʤ
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
Wrenn, C. L. "The Value of Spelling as Evidence." TPS 42 (1943): 14--39.
D'Ardenne, S. R. T. O. "Sir Orfeo by A. Bliss." RES NS 8 (1957): 57--59.
ʿβϿ̤ˤƤʤäƤޤä褳νդ˥֥쥤ϤäΤϡưʪ˿äƤѥȥǤ롥䡤ºݤ˾˽Фȡλ⥢䲣Ĥϥѥ쿧Ǥ롥
panda θ츻ϥͥѡбưʪ̾ǡեͳ19Ⱦ˱ѸäƤ餳ñϥѥʥåѥ° (Ailurus fulgens) ưʪʤ lesser panda ֥åѥפ̣ƤΤ褦ʥѥʥ㥤ȥѥ° (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) ưʪʤ giant panda ֥㥤ȥѥפؼ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED Ǥ1901ǯǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ19ˤ panda ȤåѥΤȤؤƤ20˥㥤ȥѥˤäơξԤ̤뤿ˡ줾 lesser panda giant panda Ȥ̾ΤƤ줿ΤǤ롥ˡʹߡñ panda ȤХ㥤ȥѥؼ褦ˤʤäˤϡpanda ΰ̣Ѳȡۣ椵νΤηƻղäȤѲƼ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ȥƻפ⤫֤Τ Great Britain ȤƾΤǤ롥 Britain ȤСѹμפڤǤ֥ƥؤϡȷϸ̱ Briton ֥֥ȥ͡פˤʤ̾Ǥ롥5ʹߡ֥ƥ˰ܽƤ the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes ޥ²ɤ ([2010-05-21-1])ꥹۤƥեϤä֥ȥͤ夤Ϥ֥֥ƥפȸƤФ뤳ȤʤäᡤϤ2ĤΡ֥֥ƥפ¸褦ˤʤä̱²Υ롼Ĥ1ĤȤϤۤʤϤƱƾΤǤؤäᡤŷϤǤեȾӡʤߤ Brittany ʥե Bretagneܸǡ֥֥륿˥סˤ Little Britain Britain the less ʤɤȾΤ졤̤褦ˤʤäζǤ֥ƥ1707ǯ England Scotland Ϣ粦Ȥ Great Britain ̿̾줿ʰʾηаޤˤĤƤ߷ pp. 26--28 ȡˡpanda ξƱ͡ˤ Britain λؼоݤγȼۣ椵ŪǤηƻղäȤƼ롥ʰʲϿޤϡإϥѸ켭ŵ٤ꡥ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ιꥹ---4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
Ѹ˸¤餺ˤ٤ι⤤̯ʿ ([2009-09-20-1]) ѸǤϡưβʬ졤̾ʣƻ졦ӵ顦ǾԵ§ʿΤˤϡٸ줬Τ¿̾ʣäʤȡѸ̤ˤǹͤ men, children, feet, teeth ʤɤ˻פ⤫֡geese, mice, oxen, sheep ʤɤϤϤƤۤɹٸȤ[2010-03-01-1]ǾҲ𤷤ٸꥹȤ BNC lemma į¤ꡤgoose ox ʤɤϾ6318äƤʤ oxen ˤĤƤ[2010-08-22-1]ȡ
geese oxen ⤫ĤƤϸȶưʪǤꡤ٤⤫äȻפ롥줬ȶǤʤʤäƤˤԵ§ݻƤΤȹͤ夢뤤ϲˤ٤ˡԵ§ʸݤηŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤ٤ȵ§δط̵뤷ʤȤϳΤǤ롥Ϣ McMahon (73) Ѥ롥
It has been suggested that residual words are often the most frequently occurring, which will be heard and learned earliest by the child and which are furthermore most susceptible to correction if the child does produce a regularised form like **foots. Some objections can be raised; for instance, ox is not a particularly common noun in modern English - although it probably occurred rather frequently in Middle English. Ox might have been expected to regularise as it became less common, but this decrease in frequency probably overlapped with the rise of literacy, which tends to slow down analogical change. In general, the connection of resistance to analogy with frequency seems to hold.
̾ʣθƤȡŤѸäѸˤΥƥȤ˸ưʪ̾ҴȿƤޤ Kyng Alisaunder ɤǤơΤ褦ʸϤ˽Ф路ޥɥ˥Alisaunder Philippe Τ Bulcifal ԤѤȤ뤳Ȥᡤζ˿ʪȤ̤Ǥ롥ε[2011-03-21-1]Ʊ͡Smithers Ǥ B (MS. Laud Misc. 622 of the Bodleian Library, Oxford) L (MS. 150 of the Library of Lincoln's Inn, London) 2СӤʤѤưʪʣֻ̾Ȥˡ
Oxen, sheep, and ek ken, many on he dude slen, And after he bad his goddes feyre He most wyte of his eyre, Of Alisaunder and Philippoun, Who shulde haue þe regioun. (B 759--64) Oxen schep and eke kuyn
Monyon he dude slen
And after he bad his godus faire
He moste y witen of his aire
Of Alisaundre or of Philipoun
Whiche schold haue þe regioun (L 756--61)
⤦1ĤϡAlexander Darius 臘˽Ƥ̡
Hij charged many a selcouþe beeste
Of olifauntz, and ek camayles,
Wiþ armure and ek vitayles,
Longe cartes wiþ pauylounes,
Hors and oxen wiþ venisounes,
Assen and mulen wiþ her stouers; (B 1860--65)
Y chargid mony a selcouþ beste
Olifauns and eke camailes
Wiþ armure and eke vitailes
Long cartes wiþ pauelouns
Hors and oxen wiþ vensounes
Assen and muylyn wiþ heore stoueris (L 1854--59)
ˤ⤦1ġDarius οʷξ̤ꡥ
Ycharged olifauntz and camaile,
Dromedarien, and ek oxen,
Mo þan ȝe connen asken. (B 3402--04)
And charged olifans and camailes
Dromedaries assen and oxen
Mo þan ȝe can askyn (L 3385--87)
Τ褦ưʪ̾줬ȡѸˤϤưʪʾʤȤʪˤơˤ˿ȶǤäǧǤȤȤˡε§ʣιԵ§ʣݻμŪİ뤳ȤǤ롥
McMahon, April M. S. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
Ѹˤϡ̾бƻäǤȤ롥ˤϡƻ줬˥ե졤ƥ졤ꥷ줫μѸˤäƤޤʤƤȤ𤬤롥ˤ3Ĥ¦̤褦˻פ롥
(1) ̾бƻϼѸǤˡ֤ǧʤfather Ф paternalking Ф royal, regal ʤɡŪͽ¬ԲǽǤꡤؽԤϰĤҤȤİŵۤʤfather -- paternal Τ褦ʥڥϵŪˤƱ츻 ( see [2009-08-07-1] ) ΤˤŪμɬפǤ롥[2010-04-18-1]ε褦ˡưʪ̾бƻϤɽ魯ŵŪǤ롥
(2) (1) Τ褦ʥڥˤƻ줬¸礬ꡤξ硤ʣηƻδ֤˰̣ʬ롥father ФƻȤƤ paternal Τۤ fatherly ¸ߤ롥Ʊͤˡking ФƤ royal regal Τۤ kingly ¸ߤ ( see [2010-03-27-1] ) ηƻδ֤ˤϰ̣Ѱ ( register ) κꡤؽԤϤϤĤҤȤİ㤤ؤФʤФʤʤ
(3) ̾켫ΤѸξ硤̾бƻƱ츻μѸʤΤǡ츫ͽ¬ǽ⤽ղäƻʣढΤǤɤ줬ƻ줫ʬʤ㤨Сlabyrinth µܡפ˼θϥꥷ줫ƥФƱѸ˼Ѥ졤ѸǤν1387ǯȤʤäƤ롥ơ16ʹߡηƻѸѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤФ뤳ȽФ뤳ȡ17濴ˤƤʤ7ηƻ줬ϿƤ롥OED ǤνǯȤȤ˷֤
| Adjective | Year |
|---|---|
| labyrinthial (obsolete) | a1550 |
| labyrinthian | 1588 |
| labyrinthical (rare) | 1628 |
| labyrinthine | 1632 |
| labyrinthic | 1641 |
| labyrinthal (rare) | 1669 |
| labyrinthiform | 1835 |
[2010-03-24-1], [2010-03-25-1]εǡưʪȤɽ̾θˤĤˤϤ¿ʤȤϢưʪ̾ȤηƻθˤĤƼꤢ롥
ưʪ̾줫餽ƻˤϡĤˡ롥ǤŪʤΤ -like ȤƤĤˡǡ¾塤ɤưʪ̾ˤŬѤǤ ( ex. doglike, squirrel-like )ޤǤ -like ˤϵڤФʤ -ish -y ղäŪ褯 ( ex. apish, sheepish; lousy, snaky )夲Τ -ine Ȥޤƥͳ褹ưʪƻǤ롥ưʪ̾¿ϱѸǤꡤƥͳ -ine ƻȤΥڥߤȡߤ˷Ū˴ϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤ롥
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| bear | ursine |
| bull | taurine |
| cat | feline |
| cow | bovine |
| crow | corvine |
| deer | cervine |
| dog | canine |
| fox | vulpine |
| horse | equine |
| pig | porcine |
| wasp | vespine |
| wolf | lupine |
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| ass | asinine |
| eagle | aquiline |
| elephant | elephantine |
| falcon | falconine |
| giraffe | giraffine |
| gorilla | gorilline |
| hy(a)ena | hy(a)enine |
| lion | leonine |
| panther | pantherine |
| serpent | serpentine |
| viper | viperine |
| vulture | vulturine |
| zebra | zebrine |
ε[2010-03-24-1]˴ϢꡥѸˤɬȤäƤ褤ۤɼꤢưʪϱѸ졤ϥեפȤʬϡѤƤäǤȤĥ롥OED Խ紴̳ Burchfield ˤȡ"[an] enduring myth about French loanwords of the medieval period" ȤĹѤ (18)
The culinary revolution, and the importation of French vocabulary into English society, scarcely preceded the eighteenth century, and consolidated itself in the nineteenth. The words veal, beef, venison, pork, and mutton, all of French origin, entered the English language in the early Middle Ages, and would all have been known to Chaucer. But they meant not only the flesh of a calf, of an ox, of a deer, etc., but also the animals themselves. . . . The restriction of these French words to the sense 'flesh of an animal eaten as food' did not become general before the eighteenth century.
beef OED MED dzǧƤߤȡΤưʪΤΤθǧ롥ʣʸįƤߤȡưʪΤȴϢڤƤ륱¿褦Ǥ롥㤨СθǤνȤξȤ14ȾμʸǤƤ롥
Hit mot boþe drink and ete .. Beues flesch and drinke þe broþt.
Ǥ⡤Burchfield μĥ褦ˡưʪϱѸ졤ϥեפȤʬŪˤʤäΤ18ˤʤäƤȤȤȤʤСϤʤ18ˤطθ줬ե줫̤äƤȤ¤⤢ꡤ줬طƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ưʪλȤʬλϤޤ꤬ǤǤ졤ѸüԤΰռˡֹ⤭ϥե졤㤭ϱѸפȤݤŪ夷ƤȤϳΤ
Burchfield, Robert, ed. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
Ѹ濴ȤեäμѤȤˡϳʤѤΤưʪƤΤϥꥹΰ̱̽Ǥ뤿ᡤưʪɽϥϤθѤ롥ǡ줿ܤˤΤϡ̾ήΥե²Ǥ뤿ᡤɽϥեϤθѤ롥˴ؤƤϡSir Walter Scott ξ Ivanhoe (38) μΰͭ̾Ǥ롥
. . . when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles . . . .
ŪȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| Animal in English | Meat in English | French |
|---|---|---|
| calf | veal | veau |
| deer | venison | venaison |
| fowl | poultry | poulet |
| sheep | mutton | mouton |
| swine ( pig ) | pork, bacon | porc, bacon |
| ox, cow | beef | boeuf |
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