ε#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1]) ǡWallis 踫ˤĤƳǧWallis θϤƸŪǤꡤ䤿ˤ´ʤ긫¿㤨С줿褦ˡWallis ϱʸˡƥʸˡˤϤ뤳Ȥ⤤ιͤϼνʸˤ褯ɽƤʰʲƥ츶ʸƲǤꡤѸʸ Crystal ˡ
. . . omnes enim ad Latinae linguae normam hanc nostram Anglicanam nimium exigentes (quo etiam error laborant fere omnes in aliis modernis linguis tradendis) multa inutilia [xxxvi] praecepta de Nominum Casibus, Generibus, et declinationibus, de Nominum item et Verborum Regimine, aliisque similibus tradiderunt, quae a lingua nostra sunt prorsus aliena, adeoque confusionem potius et obscuritatem pariunt, quam explicationi inserviunt. (168)
They all forced English too rigidly into the mould of Latin (a mistake which nearly everyone makes in descriptions of other modern languages too), giving many useless rules about the cases, genders and declensions of nouns, the tenses, moods and conjugations of verbs, the government of nouns and verbs, and other things of that kind, which have no bearing on our language, and which confuse and obscure matters instead of elucidating them. (78)
⤦1ĶäΤϡʸˡؤְյˤĤƤν긫Ǥ롥Ʊʸˤ뤬21κȤʤäƤѤʡֱѸؽδפͥ300ǯʾ˼ĥƤ
Hujusce autem linguae Grammaticam institutionem ideo aggressus sum, quod ipsius cognitionem videam ab exteris non paucis maxime desideratam . . . . omnigenae literaturae scripta, passim exstant Anglicano idiomate edita: adeo ut sine fastu discere liceat, vix quicquam solidioris eruditionis esse, quod non sit nunc dierum etiam in ipsa lingua Anglicana saltem mediocriter traditum; et multa quidem quotidie scripta prodeunt desideratissima. (166--67)
I have undertaken to write a grammar of this language [English] because there is clearly a great demand for it from foreigners, who want to be able to understand the various important works which are written in our tongue. . . . [A]ll kinds of literature are widely available in English editions, and, without boasting, it can be said that there is scarcely any worthwhile body of knowledge which has not been recorded today, adequately at least, in the English language. (106)
⡤Wallis θ춵ԤȤƤ״Ⱥǽΰ̤ΤʸϤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
The English Grammar / Ben Jonson; with explanatory remarks by Kotaro Ishibashi, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue / Alexander Hume; with explanatory remarks by Tokuji Kusakabe, and Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae / John Wallis; with explanatory remarks by Shoichi Watanabe. A Reprint Series of Books Relating to the English Language. Vol. 3. Tokyo: Nan'un Do, 1968.
ε#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1]) ǡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ԥɤϻϼԤ17οؼԡʸˡ John Wallis äȤˤĤˤк۰ƤäҥȤ Wallis Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae ƲǤäƤߤȤ Wallis -> Scott -> Bradley ȹޤäƤä餷
βͿƤˤȡBradley Scott ɾˤϰդä٤ȤȤp. 362, note 20ˡ
δѻ Bradley 'acute remark' ȤۤƤ뤬ѸŪˤʤWamba θ Scott 碌ƤΤǤ뤬ϻŪˤ1᤹ۤˤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥cf. A. C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, p. 223 (note 1).
ΤȤäƤ뤫뤿ˤϡȤƤ Baugh ȡBradley ɬפ롥줾μǤǤбսäƤߤ
Readers of Ivanhoe will remember the acute remark which Scott puts into the mouth of Wamba the jester, that while the living animals---ox, sheep, calf, swine, deer---continued to bear their native names, the flesh of those animals as used for food was denoted by French words, beef, mutton, veal, pork, bacon, venison. The point of the thing is, of course, that 'Saxon' serf had the care of the animals when alive, but when killed they were eaten by his 'French' superiors. (Baugh and Cable 62--63)
The well-known passage in Scott's Ivanhoe in which this distinction is entertainingly introduced into a conversation between Wamba and Gurth (chap. 1) is open to criticism only because the episode occurs about a century too early. Beef is first found in English at about 1300. (Bradley 181, fn. 25)
Ivanhoe 12ΥɤȤ뵳ʪǤ롥̩˸ŪˤС12ˤϤޤ beef ϱñȤƵϿƤ餺ΥԥɤϻǤ롤ȤŦΤ OED MED ˤȡ beef νФ1300ǯΤȤǤꡤλȥ줬Ƥ롥
The English Grammar / Ben Jonson; with explanatory remarks by Kotaro Ishibashi, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue / Alexander Hume; with explanatory remarks by Tokuji Kusakabe, and Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae / John Wallis; with explanatory remarks by Shoichi Watanabe. A Reprint Series of Books Relating to the English Language. Vol. 3. Tokyo: Nan'un Do, 1968.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ѹ˾ͭ̾ʡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) νŵˤĤˤ#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εФơк۰鵮ŤʥȤʤ꤬ȤޤˡƤưʪϸαѸԤǤΥޥͤΤȤФˤʤäȤ W. Scott Ivanhoe ˰Ѥ졤ޤ H. Bradley The Making of Englishp.88ˤˤڤͭ̾ˤʤޤФ϶餯 J. Wallis Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae 裴ǡ1674ǯˤνʸȤƤ褦Ǥ͡
ȤȤǡWallis 1674ǯǤȤƤߤPrefatio ʽʸˤˡθڲսĤ뤳ȤǤ
Nec quidem temerè contigisse puto, quod Animalia viva, nominibus Germanicæ originis vocemus, quorum tamen Carnem in cibum paratam, originis Gallicæ nominibus appellamus, putà, Bovem, Vaccam, Vitulum, Ovem, Porcum, Aprum, Feram, &c, an Ox, a Cow, a Calf, a Sheep, a Hog, a Boar, a Deer, &c; sed Carnem Bubulam, Vitulinam, Ovinam, Porcinam, Aprugnam, Ferinam; Beef, Veal, Mutton, Pork, Brawn, Venison, &c . . . . (Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae)
켣 (17) ƱβˤֱѸ˾ҾƤλŦǡʸ帽ޤǹ졤ꥹ˾ΰˤĤƤΡʷˤƼ˭ʥԥɤȤͭ̾ǤפȤäޤǤפ1699ǯ5Ǥ¾ץȤ1765ǯ6Ǥ˴ŤƲǤDzܤƤβɬɤǤ (p. 352)
ơWallis ˤĤƤϡ#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules ([2010-07-22-1]) Ƿڤ줿ˤʤΤǡ17˳Ūͤȡ路ʸˡħñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦John Wallis (1616--1703) ϡ16Ф Cambridge ؤˤǤ˥ƥ졤ꥷ졤إ֥饤줬褯Ǥ1649ǯˤ Oxford ؤδؤζȤʤꡤʬ߽ФꡤʣǿδŪʤɡ¿ʱƶͿذʳνˤ褯̤ƤꡤˤĴؤʬΤǤ롥ޤ1662ǯ Charles II ˤǧĤ줿 The Royal Society ߥСǤ⤢ä
Wallis ͡ʬˤǽϡ˴ؤƤϡGrammatica Linguae Anglicanae (Oxford: Leon. Lichfield, 1653) ҤȤƸ줿ʸˡ˾塤𤲤Ǥꡤ1653ǯνǰʸ塤βǤ˽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä16ʸ塤Wallis ޤǤαʸˡϡͤ˱ѸȤŪ뤤ϥƥʸˡγؽδäȤƤ䤬ǻǤꡤȯۤκˤϾ˥ƥʸˡäWallis 踫äơʸˡҤΤ˥ƥʸˡϤդ路ʤȤǧäƤѸʬŪʤȥƥŪʤȤΤ˶̤ƤΤǤ롥
αʸˡ˱ƶͿܤ⾯ʤʤ1ϤĴεҤϡ岻ؤλȤäƤ褤ʸΤ˶̤ΤΤδѻҤŰ٤ϡ H. C. Wyld ι⤤ɾޤʸˡ̤Ǥ⡤Ҥ shall will λȤʬΤۤˤ⡤ưʬࡤ䡤ط̾ˡʤʻ˰Ĺ롥ߤ˻ޤǸԤĤƤޤʤħ (sound symbolism) ˺ǽ˼ȤΤ⡤Wallis ä
餷ƥǽ줿ʸˡʤΤǸŵɤˤϼ궯ĩ路Ƥߤ
ʸ嵭2013/10/26(Sat)Wallis ˤĤơJean-Pierre Niceron (Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des hommes illustres dans la république des lettres. Vol. 43. Genève: Slatkine Reprints, 1971. 247--51.) ȡ
켣 ԡˡʸˡI١ұѸʸꡡ4ҡ2010ǯ
The English Grammar / Ben Jonson; with explanatory remarks by Kotaro Ishibashi, Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue / Alexander Hume; with explanatory remarks by Tokuji Kusakabe, and Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae / John Wallis; with explanatory remarks by Shoichi Watanabe. A Reprint Series of Books Relating to the English Language. Vol. 3. Tokyo: Nan'un Do, 1968.
ѸνưˡΤʤǤȤ櫓ݤʤΤ shall will Ǥ롥ʸˡǤϤνưλȤʬƤꡤʸˡŵŪʹܤȤ롥Υ롼ꤷΤ17εʸˡ John Wallis Ǥ롥Wallis ( 1616--1703 ) ϡ1653ǯ˽Ǥƥˤʸˡ Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae ΤʤǡΤ褦ʻȤʬ꼰˻ޤDZƶϤݤ³Ƥ뤳Υ롼 The Wallis Rules ȸƤФƤ ( Brinton and Arnovick, p. 370--71 )
| to promise: | to question determination/obligation: | ||
| I will (go) | We will (go) | Shall I (go)? | Shall we (go)? |
| You shall (go) | You shall (go) | Will you (go)? | Will you (go)? |
| He/she/it shall (go) | They shall (go) | Shall he/she/it (go)? | Shall they (go)? |
| to predict: | to question prediction: | ||
| I shall (go) | We shall (go) | Will I (go)? | Will we (go)? |
| You will (go) | You will (go) | Shall you (go)? | Shall you (go)? |
| He/she/it will (go) | They will (go) | Will he/she/it (go)? | Will they (go)? |
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