
354Ѹ (hel_ogiri) XdzŤޤϡž (metathesis) ƤȤǤ¤Ӥ2Ĥβְ㤤η̤Ҥä֤äƤޤäΤΡ¤ӤɸŪˤʤäƤޤäȤֱФפΤ褦ʻǤְ㤤Ȥʹ֤ˤäƿʸޤƤޤȤΤϡͶΤΤѲΤʤǤ͵ΤȥԥåǤ
Ȥä㡤ꤤ㤬äƤ뤫ȤСñʤǤ⤢ޤŵŪǶʽŪϤĤäƤޤθ夬³ʤΤǤ˻äΤǤ³ޤ¿λüԤ⤬ʤõץ饤ѥݥȤ̤ƤƤäǡ⤷Τ³ȴƤޤʲˡޤȤƤȻפޤ
aks/ask
beorht bright
brand/burn
brid bird
cocodrile crocodile
fersc fresh
forst frost (cf. freeze)
gærs grass
hros horse
iern(an), yrn(an) run
mansk Manx
nutrition, nutriment/nurture
patron pattern
purpose/propose
tax/task
three/third
thirl thrill
þurh through
wæps wasp
wal (whale) + ros (horse)
worht(e) wrought (cf. work)
crocodile ˴ؤƤϡ#5999. crocodile αѸ --- إåץѸ츻ŵ٤ΰճƶ ([2025-09-29-1]) ȤƤ
ʤǽ˴줿Ƥϡ~ߤˤʲʣʻǤ
lamella (ƥ)
la lemelle (ե)
ʬ
l'alemelle
(ؾ)θ
l'alemette
ž
l'amelette
첻Ѳ
l'omelette
omelette (Ѹ)
ܵƱݤǡ314 heldio ˤ#1749. ž --- ޤäƤޤϤޤΤǡҤ⤪İС

2026ǯ2ϡμͭץåȥե mond ˴줿10䤤˲ޤѸˤαԤ䤬¤ӡ¦ȤƤŪʻɷ¿1Ȥʤޤ
2β֤äƤߤȡʬ¿ˤ錄äƤޤ䤤¾ȤоȤ졤¿ͤǻɷŪȤʤޤȤ櫓ȷؤ꤬¿ä褦˻פޤ
ʲ2ʬ10䤤ȡб mond βؤΥǼޤ̤ɤΤΤޤ顤ѸˤɤʪȤƳڤǤС
1. foremost, hindmost most Ϥʤˤ椨ˤĤƤΤǤ礦23
2. 2;̾οƾ thou ȷɾ ye λȤʬޤߤǤäαѸǤϡꥹȶο˸ڤȤˤ thou ye ΤɤѤޤ25
3. ֤ͤפ֤ͤ͡פˤʤ褦Ƭ12꤫פ̾ϱѸˤϤޤ28
4. ҡرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤơdusk ֲפιȡME duskʲž < OE dox < Gmc *duskaz ȽƤޤäƤĤޤꡤŤ˲žäơҤä֤äΤ˸äȤȤʤΤǤ礦1βžϤ褯ʹޤ2Ϣ³ȤΤϤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦213
5. ѸǤϸ -ng, -mb g, b ȯ줺ɡˤʤäƤޤ-nd ⤤ä [n] ˤʤɤǤ215
6. ɥĸǤ̾ + -ig ˤƻ -en Ĥư첽뤳ȤǤޤѸ̾ + -y ǤϤǤޤϥɥĸ줬ŪǤΤѸΤۤѤ줿ΤɤʤΤǤ礦217
7. ʤѸǤľˡˡ餤ˡפȤĤΤʤΤǤ礦219
8. ma'am 2Ĥ a δ֤ d æǤѸ첻δ֤ d ƤȯΤϤǤ d æ§ˤĤŪ˲ꤤޤ221
9. Say say that SV say "~" Τ褦ȯƤŪˤȤ뤳ȤǤޤsay me Τ褦˿ͤŪˤȤ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơͤˤư֤ʸϺʤȤˤʤޤ~ȸƤפȤ̣ǡS is said to V ȤɽϵƤƤޤ㡧She is said to be a nurse. ϴǸդȸƤ롥סϤʤǤ礦223
10. people person ʣñʤѤˤʤäΤϤĤǤ225
Ȥ櫓ŪäΤϡ4ܤ dusk ˤ2Ťβž (metathesis) ˴ؤǤޥĸ *duskaz űѸޤǤ dox ȲžѸʹߤ˺Ƥ dusk ؤȲžץϡ츫ȸä褦ǡȹͤ뤫⤷ޤǤϡºݤˤϤۤȤǤϤʤȤ䡤ѲѰۤʣˤڤӤޤºݡҲ𤷤 X 10ΤʤǺǤ¿ȿޤϡѲε˴ؤȯŸheldio ˤ#1731. ϼΤǤϤʤߤ롤κؤ١#1730. ABפȤѲΤʤȡ̥Τä˻ޤҤ⤪İ
ޤ2ܤοФ thou ye ΤѤΤȤ⡤Ѹˤˤ̾οƾΡɾΤˤͤǷ礫ʤǡؿޤޤ
7ܤΡѸˤˡפξʤ˴ؤܤޤ¾δѸߤȡäƤ⤷Ǥ͡
űѸ sc ɽ蘆벻ŵŪˤ /ʃ/ Ȥ롥ʳ /sk/ (palatalisation) ȻΤΤŪǤ롥ñˤäƤϤβѲФ/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäƤΤ⤢СξΤɤΤ⤢롥/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäΤϡž (metathesis) ˤ /ks/ Τ⤢ꡤñˤäƤʣʰ۷֤Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤơʲε濴˵Ƥ
#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) ([2024-09-21-1])
ϡˤĤ Lass (58--59) θ˲äƤߤ
A different sort of palatalization contributes further to the new series: a change of */sk/ > /ʃ/. The mechanics are not clear, but one reasonable suggestion would be something like [sk] > [sc] > [sç], with a later 'compromise' articulation /ʃ/ emerging from the back-to-back alveolar and palatal. Or, the [k] may have weakened first to [x], as in modern Dutch, without palatalizing; in this case we could see at least three of the stages mirrored in modern Germanic, in the verbs meaning 'to write': Swedish skriva /skri:va/ representing the original, Dutch schrijven /sxrɛivə(n)/ a further development, and German schreiben /ʃraebən/ the final stage (cf. English shrive).
The reason for this palatalization is obscure; it occurs in both front and back environments, and before consonants, so it is not obviously assimilatory like the ones discussed above. The OE spelling <sh> for instance appears to represent /ʃ/ not only in scīnan 'shine' (cf. OIc skína), sc(i)eran 'shear' (OIc skera), but also in scofl 'shovel' (OSw skofl), scanca 'shank' (Dutch skank), scūr 'shower' (Go skūra).
There is however occasional failure in back environments, as shown by the spelling <x> = /ks/, which is due to metathesis (/sk/ > /ks/), in places where <sc> would be expected. This must have occurred while the cluster was still /sk/. Palatalized and nonpalatalized variants of one lexeme may even occur in the same text: the poem Andreas has for 'fish' (Go fisks) both gen sg fisces and dat pl fixum. Failures of palatalization (or dialectal variants: see below) also lead to doublets in later periods, even including ModE: hence ask (OE āscian, ācsian), now frequently with the nonstandard doublet ax (which was the norm in many pre-modern standard varieties). Another example is tusk (OE tūsc, pl tūscas, tūcas), where the nonpalatalized form has come down in most standard varieties, but there are so many dialects with tush.
žȤŪڵˤꡤäƤʤ֤뤳ȤǤȤΤ⤷۷ (variants) ϡ¿ʸŪˤĤƵŤʻǤ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
crocodile θֻ --- ˥˥ѥ˥å --- ϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ lacolaco ФĤǤ롥ϢϢϡʲɤȤǤ롥
lacolaco ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡ C (crew-crocodile)2025ǯ727
lacolaco ֡helwaƥ2025 crocodileθѲˤĤƤĴ~˥˥ѥ˥å~2025ǯ821
hellog #5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1])
hellog #5951. crocodile αѸ --- OED Ǹ츻ֻǧ ([2025-08-12-1])
hellog #5952. crocodile αѸ --- MED ֻǧ ([2025-08-13-1])
heldio #1527. crocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤʥץѸ˥饤 from ͡2025ǯ84
heldio #1583. alligator ǥ˥˥ѥ˥å --- khelf ߷ȸ2025ǯ929
Ȥ櫓 crocodile ΰ۷Ȥ cocodril ȤֻäȤˤʤäƤʤȤˡإåץѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥդ crocodile ƤߤȤcocodril ФҥȤȤʤ뵭ҤĤϡѤơͿƤ
crocodile [krάkədàil] 롤ˡ
θϥꥷ krokodeilos ʥˡ̸ͺ㪤ȥˤ츻Ǥ롥Υꥷϡإɥȥ (Herodotus, 484?--425?B.C.) 衤ʥ˻Ȥ褦ˤʤä Historiaeˡ (II, 69) ˤϡгδ֤ˤȥ˻ƤȤ饤˥ͤ̾ŤȤ롥crocodile ˤϤ֤꤬ꡤΰ cockadrill ϡˤũȤ줿ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ȺƱ줿Ȥ⤢롥
ȤǡˤĤäȥꥹʪ郎हȤȣ˻䤨cockatrice ϡꥷ ikhnos ߡסˤư ikhneuein פ롤פɤˤФΩ ikhneumon ʥץȥޥ --- ichneumon ̥ץȥޥͤȤƱѸ˼ ---ˤȤƤΥƥ calcatrix 츻ǤꡤϡּļԡסԡפǤäưʪϺΥˤõФƿ٤ȥץȿͤ˿Ƥƥ calcatrix calx, calc- ˤư calcare פˤ¤Ǥά͡ԥץ˥ (Gaius Pliny, 23--79) Ρʪ (VIII, 37) ǤϡˤɤƿƤ֤˥ȥꥹϤΤɤʢӹߡ¡Ȥ롥
ޤȥꥹϥʥɥ (trochilus) ȺƱ줿θ츻 trekhein ˤꥷ trokhilos ʾˤƥ첽դǡϡΡפǤά͡crocodile bird ʥ˥ɥˤȤƤФ뤳Ļˤϡˤλδ֤Ҥ俩ʪΤͤȤ롥ȥꥹ (cockatrice) ǤĻáƺǸˤȤ졤ߥإӤȤݤˤϡѸ cock ʥ˥ȥˤȤ䤫˥ȥޤ줿ʪХꥹ (basilisk) άͤƱȸʤ줿ϥ˥ȥΤȤΤˡإӤǤ©ҤȤˤߤǿͤȤ줿
ҤȤˤߤǻȤХꥹ (basilisk) ϡɽǤϡäⵤʽ˻Ȥ졤ΤȤ cockatrice ˤƱɽޤ줿㤨Сꥹηȥǥå (Thomas Dekker, 1572?--1632) The Guls HornebookeؤԤ١1609ǯˤˤϡַˤ»Τοפˡ֡ĤΩƤ˼뤿ˤ⡤ī (cockatrice) ֤ˤפäʿդβȤᡤȤ롥ơʪ֤Ȥˤʤ뤬νϤ (crocodile tearsˤޡˤήΡ֤ޡפˤۤȡֱ¿פˤʤäƤޤȤ⤢롥
ᤷߤɽ crocodile tears ϡˤ¿Ͷ뤿ᤷȤ¿߹ߤʤޤήȹͤ줿Ȥޤ줿ɽǤ롥
о줷Τưʪ cockatrice ʥȥꥹˤإӤȥ˥ȥ꤬ΤưʪȤ⡤ˤ©ǤƿͤإӤȤ롥줬 cocodril θֻ˴طƤȤΤϡꤽä
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ε ([2025-08-12-1]) ³ crocodile ͤ뵭ϡƱνФѸʤΤ MED Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥MED Ǥ cocodril (n.) ȤƸФΩƤƤcrocodile ǤϤʤȤաˡʲƤ뤹٤ƤƸ롥
(a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.109 : A cokedrille..is comounliche twenty cubite long.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154b/a : Emdros is a litil beste..yif þis litil beste fynde a cocodrill slepyng, he..comeþ in atte þe mowthe in to þe cocodrill and in his wombe, and alto renteþ his guttes inward and sleeþ him, and dyeþ so.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : In Egipt ben ful many cokedrilles.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)281a/b : Cocodrillus haþ þat name of ȝolow colour, as ysidir seiþ..and woneþ boþe in water and in londe..and is y armed wiþ grete teeþ and clawes..and resteþ in water by night and by day in londe, and leiþ eyren..among bestes oonliche þe cocodrille moeueþ þe ouer iowe.
(a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)324a/b : The Cokodrille eiren beþ more þan gees eiren, and þe male and female sitteþ þeron on broode..now þe male and now þe female..and þese eiren beþ venemous..and beþ horrible bothe to smelle and to taste.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5711 : Two heuedes it had..To a cokedrille þat on was liche.
c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6544 : He sleþ ypotames and kokedrille.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/11 : Þat lond..is full of serpentes, of dragouns & of Cokadrilles.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)131/12 : Cocodrilles ben serpentes ȝalowe & rayed abouen, & han iiij feet & schorte thyes..þere ben somme þat han v fadme in lengthe & summe..of x.
?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)192/17 : Cokodrilles..slen men & þei eten hem wepynge.
(?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f.87ra : In þe lond of Egipt also groweth bene, but it is ful of prikelles & therfore cocodrilles shonye it, for dred of prikelyng her eyne.
?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)142/13 : Thurgh oute all Inde es grete plentee of cocodrilles.
(?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.960 : A cocodrillis hide.
c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)70/28 : Þaire bakkes ware harder þan cocadrillez.
˴ؤ¤ꡤ٤Ƥֻ cocodril ϤǤꡤcrocodile ϤϸƤʤ
ֻˤäѤܤƤȤϤѸ줫ʸįƤȡΥ˴Ѥ碌̣臘ȤǤƤʤʤڤ
#5948. crocodile αѸ --- lacolaco Υԥ졼 ([2025-08-09-1]) ³crocodile θֻܤ롥ޤ OED crocodile (n.)θ츻ΤƤߤ롥
Middle English cocodrille, cokadrill, etc. < Old French cocodrille (13--17th cent.) = Provençal cocodrilh, Spanish cocodrilo, Italian coccodrillo, medieval Latin cocodrillus, corruption of Latin crocodīlus (also corcodilus), < Greek κροκόδειλος, found from Herodotus downward. The original form after Greek and Latin was restored in most of the modern languages in the 16--17th cent.: French crocodile (in Paré), Italian crocodillo (in Florio), Spanish crocodilo (in Percival).
ŵΥꥷƥˤƤ crocodīlus ϤθäƥˤƸ cocodrillus ϤȤʤꡤ줬ޥˤƤ夷ѸؤեͳƤηθäƤȤζȾˤơ16--17θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δˤꡤcrocodile ϤزȤΤޤήǤ롥
ñȤƤ crocodile νиϡľܤˤϥե cocodrille Ѹ˼ѤȤ̤롥OED ν1300ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ4
c1300 What best is the cokadrille. (Kyng Alisaunder 6597)
1382 A cokedril..that is a beest of foure feete, hauynge the nether cheke lap vnmeuable, and meuynge the ouere. (Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Leviticus xi. 29)
c1400 In that contre..ben gret plentee of Cokadrilles..Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge. (Mandeville's Travels (1839) xxviii. 288)
1483 The cockadrylle is so stronge and so grete a serpent. (W. Caxton, translation of Caton E viii b)
θ塤16ȾʹߤǤϡ٤ crocodile ֻѤƤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco ˤ롤note ΥֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡǿƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ crew crocodile ޤǤζ̣츻꤬夲Ƥ롥
Τʤ crocodile ܤƤ뵭Ҥθȥڥδˤ⤭ĦˤƤꡤؤ̣줿1ľ lacolaco ȡ֥ץѸ˥饤 from ͡פˤƤ̤뵡Τǡheldio ۿΥǤheldio ΥۿȤƸƤΤǡcrocodile β --- lacolaco ȸ츻ؤꤪİС
ۿǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡcrocodile طʤˤϡꥷ졤ƥ졤ե졤ꥢ졤ڥʤɤؤäƤ롥Ѹ˾ֻȤƤϸɸŪ crocodile ϤΤۤcocodril Ϥ̤˻Ȥ줿夬äѸǤ16ʹߤ˥ƥֻαƶ crocodile Ϥˡפ줿Ȥаޤꡤޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥r ΰ֤ͤȡˤž (metathesis) हⵯäƤ뤫Τ褦˸롥r ΰư2ȤĹΥ˵ڤǤꡤñʤ벻žȸˤΤΤǤꡤָ̤̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴ؤȤƵ뤳ȤǤcf. #5840. --- Υߡ*ĥޥᡤĥХᡤĥХ ([2025-04-23-1])ˡ
ˤ衤crocodile θȥڥϡʤʤޤߤǤꡤ˱Ѹ˸太⤷ȥԥåȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤lacolaco ˸ŪȤ˴դĤġʤ KDEE ɼԡˡꤷƤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
īīʹŷž (metathesis) ȤƤܸ줫㤬ĤƤΤǵƤߤ褦
ʻ֡ˢ
饿饷
餬ʤ餷ʤ
ĥťߡݡˢťĥ
ζǷͧͤΡ֥եȥס֥ޥפȤžȯˤĤȤäˤƤ
Ѹⲻžˤϻ礫ʤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) #2809. Ѹβžľ٤礦2˸¤ ([2017-01-04-1]) ޤ metathesis ¿εǻҲ𤷤ƤΤȤ /r/ 첻ž㤬Ū¿ΤħŪǤ롥
Ϥޤ /r/ 첻δؤ벻žȤƼ夲Ƥʤäɤ⡤٤ι⤤פʸȤ bright 뤤ˤҲ𤷤褦캬 *bherəg- "to shine; bright, white" ̤ꡤޥĸǤ *berχtaz ηƷƤ롥űѸǤ beorht ηǡޤǤϰӤơ첻 + /r/פνǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ǥ˸űѸǤⲻžФ breoht ʤɤηʸڤ졤Ѹʹߤϡ/r/ + 첻̲Ƥ
žФƤʤꥸʥΡ첻 + /r/פϡĤο̾˲Ū˻ĤäƤ롥Albert (nobly bright), Bertha (the bright one), Bertrand (bright raven), Herbert (army-bright) ʤɡ
<ch> ۻ (silent_letter) Ȥʤñ줬4ĤȤȤƤäʵŤʾ꤬Ȥˡdrachm /dræm/, fuchsia /ˈfjuːʃə/, schism /sɪzm/, yacht /jɑt/ Ǥ롥ŵϡ#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲 (7) Ǥ롥
4Τ yacht ܤƤߤθ16Υ jaght(e) ѤΤǡOED ˤȽϰʲʸǤcf. #4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1])ˡ t λҲߤʤΤˤʤȤǤϤ롥
a1584 S. Borough in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 330 A barke which was of Dronton, and three or foure Norway yeaghes, belonging to Northbarne.
ѸǤνֻʤ餯ȯˤϡ gh ȯɤΤ褦ˤƼफɤ줬ä餷͡ä褦OED βˤȡ
Owing to the presence in the Dutch word of the unfamiliar guttural spirant denoted by g(h), the English spellings have been various and erratic; how far they represent varieties of pronunciation it is difficult to say. That a pronunciation /jɔtʃ/ or /jatʃ/, denoted by yatch, once existed seems to be indicated by the plural yatches; it may have been suggested by catch, ketch.
<t> <ch> ȿž yatch Ȥʣֻ EEBO ǸƤߤȡ1670ǯ夫1690ǯޤǤ50ۤɾ夬äƤʤߤˡΤ褦ֻȿžѸǤʤȤ櫓 "guttural spirant" ؤˤϤ褯줿Τạ̇̄ǤϤʤѸˤޤǤϤ߽ФƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
yatch ȯֻˤĤƤϡDobson (371) Τ褦˸ڤƤ롥
Yawt or yatch 'yacht' are two variant pronunciations which are well evidenced by OED; the former is due to the identification of the Dutch spirant [χ] with ME [χ], of which traces still remained when yacht was adopted in the sixteenth century, so that it was accommodated to the model of, for example, fraught and developed with it, while OED suggests that the latter is due to analogy with catch and ketch---it is certainly due to some sort of corrupt spelling-pronunciation, in the attempt to accommodate the word to native models.
<t> <ch> ֻȿžȡ³ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) η߽Ф줿 yacht ̯ʰ۷ȤȤˤʤ롥
Silent Consonant Letter ʬϡä˱Ѹˤδ鸫濴Ȥơסʡؿʸѡ51, 1973ǯ117--45ǡ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ2ΥƥȤȯ䤵ޤǯϢΡֱѸΥܥʵפ11ϡ֤ʤ eleven, twelve ȤΡפǤ1319ޤǤ X-teen ȤǡX + 10פȤ狼䤹ΤǤ1112ˤĤƤϴԤ *oneteen, *twoteen ȤϤʤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦

ܥ֥Ǥϡ#3279. ǯٽΡѤʵפ3 ([2018-04-19-1]) ˤơ˴ñ˿ޤ狼ʤȤ¿ΤǤǤĤޤΤϢܵǤǤϡ¾ thirteen fifteen ˤĤƤˤäƤޤʤľ *threeteen *fiveteen ȤʤʤΤȤѤʵǤҥƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ȤΤ˿ȶʸäǤeleven, twelve ˴ؤ餺椬¿췲Ǥ⤢ޤषŪ٤⤹뤫餳쥮顼ʤȤ¿ΤȻפޤԻĤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ numeral γƵǼ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴
62ꡤۿץåȥե Voicy ˤֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸ꤹͥץƤޤ10ʬαѸˤۿƤޤϡthird three + the ѷʤΤǽ൬§ŪפȤ夲ޤcf. #92. third βžϤĵä ([2009-07-28-1])#93. third βžϤĵä (2) ([2009-07-29-1])#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])ˡˤĤŪäȻפޤ
The number 'three', *tréyes (neuter: triha), is also marked by different forms for the different genders and was declined as an -i-stem plural (e.g. OIr trī, Lat trēs, NE three, Lith trỹs, OCS trije [m.], tri [f./nt.], Alb tre [m.], tri [f.], Grk treîs, Arm erek ̔, Hit tēri-, Av θrayō [m./f.], θri [nt.], Skr tráyas [m./f.], trī [nt.], Toch B trai [m.], tarya ([f.]). In some languages we have reflections of a very unusual feminine form, *t(r)is(o)res, i.e. OIr teōir, Av tišrō, Skt tisrás. The underlying derivation of *tréyes is generally sought in either *ter 'further', i.e. the number beyond 'two', or from a *ter- 'middle, top, protruding', i.e. the middle finger, assuming one counted on one's fingers in Proto-Indo-European. Again, the probability that either suggestion is correct is very low. The ordinal number is indicated by a variety of forms similar to *triy-o (e.g. Arm eri 'third', Hit teriyan 'third', tariyanalli- '± third officer'), or *tri-to- (e.g. Alb tretê, Grk trítos, Skt tritá-, Toch B trite), or finally *t(e)r(e)tiyo- (e.g. NWels tryddyd, Lat teritius, NE third, Lith trẽčias, Rus trétij, Av θritiya-, Skt tr̥tíya-) which is presumably a conflation of sorts, in various ways, of the previous two while *tris supplies the multiplicative (e.g. Lat ter, Grk trís, Av θriš, Skt tríṣ; despite its apparent phonetic similarity, NE thrice is of a different origin.
嵭̤ꡤѸ third ƸűѸ tridda ķ *t(e)r(e)tiyo- ˤäꤵ졤θλҲ t äȤˤʤޤλҲϽȯãХˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤ θ ȯãƤϤꤵޤ³ƤƱȯã֥å졤ͥˡ§ (verners_law) ˽äͭ ð Ȥʤꡤ줬æ d ȤʤޤΰϢήϡűѸ fæder (> PDE father) d ǧΤȤޤäƱήǤcf. #480. father ȥͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])ˡˤĤƤ Lass (214) ѤƤޤ礦
3rd. Go þridja, OE þridda, OIc þriþe. This is not entirely suppletive, as it still obviously contains the root for '3'. But the formation is different from that of the other ordinals, involving a suffix */-tjo:-/ (cf. L ter-ti-us). The E, WGmc forms must go back to a variant with an accented suffix, hence the voiced dental from Verner's Law. ModE third is metathesized from þridda (cf. bird < OE bridd, dirt < Osc drit).
ʤĸ٥ǤϡѸ -th Ϣʤ */-to-/ 456νΤߤƤϤޤꡤޥˤ7ʾνˤդ褦ˤʤäΤϡ (analogy) ˤΤǤ (Lass 215) ѸǤ4ʾν -th Ǥ줤·äƤ褦˸ޤȤȤϤǤϤʤäȤˤʤޤ
Mallory, J. P. and D. Q. Adams. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
츻Ū餫˴ϢƤȻפʤΤˡȯֻ̯˰ۤʤäƤȤΤϡ褯äǤthree 3פܤȤơthirteen 13סthirty 30סthird 3ΡפϤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤǤr ΰ֤ۤʤäƤޤܤ three Ǥϡth + r + 첻פȤʤäƤޤǤϡth + 첻 + rפȤʤäƤޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ礦İ
űѸǤϡ3פ þrēo13פ þrēo-tīene30פ þrī-tiġ3Ρפ þridda ȤֻǤ<þ> ϸűѸʸ th ɽ路ޤˡĤޤꡤ٤ơth + r + 첻פäΤǤȤѸѸˤơˤr + 첻פ֤žơ첻 + rפѲƤäΤǤ
ϡ֤ġפ餺ȯ»ͤȤθְ㤤ΤǡźǤФдѻž (metathesis) ȤݤǤ̾Ǥаθְ㤤ǽȤǤɤ櫓ְäȯΤۤȯȤ夷ƤޤȤ⤢ΤǤ
Ѹξ硤Ȥ櫓 r 첻δͿ㤬Ū¿ۤˤ bird, grass, horse ʤɤޤϸűѸǤϳơ brid, gærs, hros Ȥ褦ˡr 첻ΰ֤žֻǸƤޤ
ܸ줫˭٤˵ޤ֤סʻ֡ˤ֤פȤʤäꡤ֤ŤĤߡסݡˤ֤ĤŤߡפȤʤäꡤ֤դסʷϵˤ֤դפȯ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäƤƤΤ⡤žΤʤ뵻Ǥ
žȤ̣ˤĤƤϡ##60,92,93,2809εå¿㤬Ƥޤ
2֤ε ([2020-04-15-1], [2020-04-16-1]) ɸˤĤƾĴ٤Ƥޤ褷Ƥʤǡ1IJΩƤƤߤ
ѸβƬ (onset) ˸ҲϢˤꡤ§ȤΤ麣ޤ /ks/ /gz/ onset ΩĤȤϤǤʤȤϤѸʤɤǤ㳰Ū˲ǽʾ礬ꡤޤ˺ΰϢǰäƤ xenon, Xerses ʤɤ⤹٤ƼѸǤ뤿ᡤ/ks/ /gz/ ȯϤȤФ롥¿ξ硤Ѹ줬ѸƱǡԵ§ȯѸβ§˽ƤΤκݡɤΤ褦˽ƤˤϤĤΥѥ롥
1ĤϡҲϢä뤿1ҲȤƬü (apheresis) ˤˡǤ롥ºݡǤ2֤εǸƤ褦ˡ<x> /z/ <x> /gz/ apheresis Ф̤ȤƤ#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ[kn-], [gn-], [wr-], [wl-], [hr-], [hl-], [hn-], [hw-] 1ҲüϱѸˤǤ⤢դ줿ݤǤꡤ[gz-] Ʊͤ˹ͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡҲϢδ֤첻뤳 (anaptyxis) ǻҲϢäȤˡMinkova (132--33) ˤСȤ̾ʥꥫͥȥޥ Evel Knievel ϥɥĸ̾ȤƸƬ [k] ȯ뤬/kn-/ ϸѸβ§ȿΤǡ[kəˈniːvəl] Τ褦ۣ첻֤뤳ȤǰȿƤ롥ƱͤˡѸǤ knight <kinicht>, <cinth>knife <kinf>kneeled <keneleden> ֤줿 anaptyxis 㤬롥xenon, Xerses ʤɤ [ks-], [gz-] ˡۣ첻 [kəs-], [gəz-] Ȥʤä㤬äɤϳǧǤƤʤʤȤϤȻפ롥ʤʤߤ˾嵭 knight ɽ魯 <cinth> ˤĤƤϡanaptyxis Ȥϲž (metathesis) λȤߤ٤⤷ʤžҲϢФ⤦1ĤβˡǤ롥
3ĤˡλҲϢ첻 (prosthesis) Ȥǡonset Ȥˡ롥#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡեѸǤϻҲϢ줿츻ŪʸƬ e 㤬褯 (ex. especial, escalade) ҲϢ㤫Υ뤬Ҳ /ŋ/ ϸ§Ȥ onset ΩĤȤǤʤΤǡӥβʾñ̤Ǥ ngwee ϸƬۣ첻 [əŋ ˈwiː] ȯΤ̤Ǥ롥ˤä /ŋ/ ϲƬǤϤʤΩĤȤˤʤꡤŪŬʤȤʤ롥
Ĺ֤Ȥʤäβ3βˡ˴ŤΤǤ롥<x> /ks/ ǥեȤȤȡѸθƬ <x> ľ첻줿 [əks-] ȤƼ¸뵡äΤǤϤʤ ngwee ξΤ褦ˡֻˤϤʤʤʤȻפ졤¾ڤ⤷ˤʤȤȯ variant ȤƤϤꤵ롥ʤȡҲϢ³ʿ2Ρ첻Ū˶ĤȤˤʤΤǡΡֱѸˤˤ Verner's LawפˤäơλҲϢͭ[əgz-] ȤʤͭȯȤȤʤꡤξ1βˡǤƬüθ̤ŤʤäΤǤϤʤˤĤ˼ŪʻŦȤơMinkova (139fn) Xavier ȯ˴ؤ륳ȤѤƤ
The initial <x> in Xavier [ˈzeɪvɪə(r)] is sometimes taken to represent [ks-] as in X-ray, triggering prosthetic [ɛ-/ə]: [ɛgˈzeɪvɪə(r)] . . . .
βϡüŪˤ [ks-] [əks-] [əgz-] [gz-] [z-] ȤǤ롥ºݤˤϤβɬǤ줤˿ʤ櫓ǤϤʤФ餯ϰۤʤȯ variants Ȥ¸Ƥ˰㤤ʤޤƬź (prosthesis) ȸƬü (apheresis) ȤȿиβˡƱƤȤˤĤƤ⡤äϤΤ벼٤ɬפΤ褦˻פ롥Ǥ⡤onset ˤλҲϢ뤿ˡʣβˡƱ˻ߤ졤ιäߺѤη̡ɸȯȤ /z-/ Ȥ1Ĥη˽夷ȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ε#3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1]) Ǽ夲ʤǤǾ̤˵Ƥ spec(t) ȤϢ (combining_form) ˤĤơϤ˾ܤߤƤߤ褦
Ϣϰ캬 *spek- ˤΤܤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤δˤְ캬ɽפꡤιѤ褦
spek- to observe. GmcաΤ¾ espionage, spy. L aspect, auspice, conspicuous, despicable, despise, especial, expect, frontispiece, haruspex, inspect, perspective, prospect, respect, respite, species, specimen, specious, spectacle, speculate, suspect. Gk bishop, episcopal, horoscope, sceptic, scope, -scope, -scopy, telescope.
ޤ츻μ갷ξܤ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language δˤϡ"Indo-European Roots" ʤ뾮ŵտ路Ƥ롥ξŵ spek- ιܤƸȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
spek- To observe. Oldest form *spek̂-, becoming *spek- in centum languages.
Derivatives include espionage, spectrum, despise, suspect, despicable, bishop, and telescope.
I. Basic form *spek-. 1a. ESPY, SPY, from Old French espier, to watch; b. ESPIONAGE, from Old Italian spione, spy, from Germanic derivative *speh-ōn-, watcher. Both a and b from Germanic *spehōn. 2. Suffixed form *spek-yo-, SPECIMEN, SPECTACLE, SPECTRUM, SPECULATE, SPECULUM, SPICE; ASPECT, CIRCUMSPECT, CONSPICUOUS, DESPISE, EXPECT, FRONTISPIECE, INSPECT, INTROSPECT, PERSPECTIVE, PERSPICACIOUS, PROSPECT, RESPECT, RESPITE, RETROSPECT, SPIEGELEISEN, SUSPECT, TRANSPICUOUS, from Latin specere, to look at. 3. SPECIES, SPECIOUS; ESPECIAL, from Latin speciēs, a seeing, sight, form. 4. Suffixed form *spek-s, "he who sees," in Latin compounds. a. Latin haruspex . . . ; b. Latin auspex . . . . 5. Suffixed form *spek-ā-. DESPICABLE, from Latin (denominative) dēspicārī, to despise, look down on (dē-), down . . .). 6. Suffixed metathetical form *skep-yo-. SKEPTIC, from Greek skeptesthai, to examine, consider.
II. Extended o-grade form *spoko-. SCOPE, -SCOPE, -SCOPY; BISHOP, EPISCOPAL, HOROSCOPE, TELESCOPE, from metathesized Greek skopos, on who watches, also object of attention, goal, and its denominative skopein (< *skop-eyo-), to see. . . .
2ĤμŵҲ𤷤츻ѤĶ˾ԸѸܥӥΤΥեȤƤɤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
ε#2809. Ѹβžľ٤礦2˸¤ ([2017-01-04-1]) θȾǡܸβž (metathesis) Ǥϡ첻2ĤλҲؤ뤳Ȥ˸ڤ¤ϡ϶ä٤¤Ǥ롥ܸǤϡ̾ȡ֤֤֤㤬ޡפȡ֤֤֤ޤפΤ褦ˡ֤פȡ֤ޡפҤä֤äƤ褦˸Τǡ̾ñ̤뤤ϥ⡼ñ̤ǤθؤȵҤХޡȤΤ褦˻פ롥֤餿פȡ֤ס֤Ĥפȡ֤Ĥ⤴ס֤ŤĤߡפȡ֤ĤŤߡפǤ⡤2⡼ΰ֤ؤäƤȤߤʤΤñǤ롥
Ļθְ㤨Ȥơ֤Ƥߡפȡ֤Ƥޤס֤͡פȡ֤ʤס֤ޤפȡ֤ס֤ޤפȡ֤פʤɤͤȡʸ⡼ؤȤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ餫karada kadarategami temagimegane menagetamago tagamoomake okame Τ褦ˡ2⡼ˤĤ첻Ͽ֤뤬ҲؤäƤȹͤ롥˵֤餿פȡ֤פʤɤǤϡޤ2⡼첻ƱʤΤǡƤ벻žϥ⡼ñ̤Ǥؤȸ뤬ºݤˤϤǤҲؤäƤΤȹͤƤۤŪݤƤ롥֤ (sazaNka) ȡ֤ (saNzaka) Τ褦ˡ⡼ñ̤ǹͤɬפ⸫ΤΡ;嵭εҤͭ
¾͡Ƥȡܸβžϡ3ʾθǡ2ʹߤܤ벻֤פΤǤꡤĸ§ȤơֻҲؤפΤǤ뤳Ȥʬƣp. 6--7, 9ˡʾΤȤϡƣ (9) ȤǤꡤääƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
ܸϥ⡼Ǥꡤ̾ϲʸǤ롥椨Ҳ첻϶̩˷礷ñ̤ȤơžξˤξʬΥ뤳ȤϤʤȻפ뤬ºݤˤϤη«ˤ졤Ҳؤ롥λ¤ʬϤԤäɮԤˤȤäƤ礭ʶäǤä
ѸܸʳΤޤޤʸβžʬϤơġθˤ븶§Фṽ¤ȲžȤδطĴ٤ȡ̣¤ȯǤǤ롥
ƣ ظդΤܤ롡ˤĤ줿Ѹܸ١ҡ2010ǯ
ž (metathesis) ˤĤơ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) ϤȤƤĤεǼ夲ƤžϡĴԹˤ뤢θְ㤤ȤäƤ褤ΤǤꡤ̤ˤߤ븽ݤǤ롥žϡƸβ (phonotactics) Ȥ̩ܤʴط褦Ǥꡤηϸ֤ǰͤǤϤʤ㤨СѸξ硤űѸžߤ¤ꡤɸθ§ӤƤ롥
ƣ (8--9) ϡűѸ˴ѻʲ̤˵Ƥ롥
(a) ܤ r 첻θ
bridd > bird "bird"
drit > dirt "dirt" ʱʪ
frost > forst "frost"
þridda > þirda "third"
(b) ¾θ
æspe > æpse "aspen-tree"
ascian > axian "ask"
botle > bold "house"
cosp > cops "fetter"
frosc > frox "frog"
sedl > seld "seat"
spatl > spald "spittle" ñա
tusc > tux "tusk" ʲ
wlisp > wlips "lisping" 餺ȯ뤳ȡ
ΤɸѸDzžФȯѤƤΤϡ(a) bird, dirt, third ΤߤǤ롥ΤȤ顤ʬβžΤΤäȤ狼롥ɸŪʥǤϡ non-prevocalic r ȯʤʤäƤ뤿ᡤߤǤϡֻαƶ̵뤹ʤС˲žξ֤벻ŪưŤϤʤ
ֱѸβžľ٤礦2˸¤פȤƷǤɬפΤϡ㤨ܸǤϤޤäۤʤ郎ŬѤ뤫ܸβžξ硤षľ٤礦ҲؤϤʤ첻ӱۤƻҲؤΤ̤Ǥ롥֤⤮ߡפȡ֤褴ߡסŤĤߡפȡĤŤߡס֤֤֤㤬ޡפȡ֤֤֤㤬ޡס֤餿פȡ֤ʤˡס֤Сפȡ֤ϡʤФˡס֤Ĥפȡ֤Ĥ⤴פʤɤˤƤϡ̾ǽȾ狼ˤǸǤ tsugomori tsumogori Ȥ褦ˡľ٤äƤʤ첻֤˶ g m 2ҲؤƤ롥
žˤϡ줾θβηȿǤƤǽ⤤
ƣ ظդΤܤ롡ˤĤ줿Ѹܸ١ҡ2010ǯ
Ѹ hoarse ʤ㤬Ρˤˤ r ޤޤƤ뤬űѸǤη hās Ǥꡤr Ϥʤäפʸ츻ŵˤȡ r ѸˤǤȤ̣Ū˴ˤϢѸ harsk (harsh, coarse) ʤɤȤƤ롥
r εϡäȸŤȤˤǽ⤢롥ޥĸǤ *χais(r)az, *χairsaz ƷƤꡤȤ r s ꤵƤ夷ƤΤϲž (metathesis) δͿˤΤȹͤˡºݤˡޥʸڤ֤ϡ(M)HG heiser, MDu heersch, ON háss (< *hārs < *hairsaR) ʤɡr ޤǤ뤫ʤȤʳ r ¸ߤƤȤƤ롥
űѸƱͤ r 礯֤⾯ʤʤOFr hās, OS & MLG hēs, OHG heis ʤɤǤ롥ɤ顤ˤ뤬Ѹˤ餺ʣθѼˤơr ̵ͭɤƤ褦ȤȡűѸ r ޤ֤ʸڤ줺Ѹˤʤäƽʸ˸줿ȤäơűѸ r ޤäȤƤʤäȤϸڤʤʤ롥
ѸǤϡhoos, hos, hors ʤɤ¸Ƥꡤºݤ3Ĥֻ Piers Plowman, B. xvii. 324 ΰۼܴ֤˸롥ֻˤĤƤϡMED hōs (adj.) ⻲ȡ
r ǤϤʤ r ξüȤˤĤƤСѸ˾塤Ȥɤѻ롥㤨С#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü ([2015-10-21-1]) λΤۤarse r 19æ ass Ȥʤä⤢롥Τ褦 r ʤȸ褦ʡȤäƤ褤ʤ#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1])#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) ȡˡ
Rose 뤤 Rosa Ȥ̾鯤̣ΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤThe Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names (200) ˤȸ horse ȷӤĤƤǽ⤤褦
Rose (f)
From the name of the flower. Common long before flower names came into popular use in the 19th century. Probably from Germanic names, based on words meaning 'horse', an important feature of the life of Germanic tribes. However, the English flower name is a more attractive association for most people.
Variant form: Rosa
ḽζŪʴФȤƤϡ̾ϴְ㤤ʤ֤ rose ȷӤĤƤ뤬θ츻ϥޥϤϤɽ魯ñ졤űѸǤȤ hros ˤȤ#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡűѸ hros ϸ˲ž (metathesis) ˤ hors(e) ȷѤޥ̱²ˤȤäƽפưʪ̾μ뤷ȤȤϡˤꤽǤ롥θ¤ Rose ϡˤθ츻˺졤֤ rose Ȥǧ褦ˤʤä֤ rose Τϡ˸츻õΤ褦Ǥ˥ƥ rosa ȤѤƤꡤ줬űѸ rōse ޤᡤޥؤѤ줿
鯤ȤϢۤϡŪʸˤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ19˲֤̤̾˿̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤäаޤȤδϢⵤαƤ¾Ȥ19 Daisy) ˤС19ˤϰ̤̾̾ȤѤĬäˤĤƤϡ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ⻲ȡ
Macleod, Isabail and Terry Freedman. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Firms Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 1995.
ʤɤñ䲻ΰ֤ߤ˸ž (metathesis) βϡѲΥᥫ˥1ĤȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1]) ϤȤơmetathesis εǰäƤѸˤŵŪȤ through βž롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1]) ǵ̤ꡤűѸ þurh u r ֤Ҥä֤Ȥ顤 through θޤ줿ȤƤ롥
Samuels (17) ϡɬʲžǤϤʤǽȻŦ롥
. . . the order of /r/ and a vowel may be reversed, as in L. *turbulare > Fr. troubler, OE þridda > third, OE þurh > through, Sc. dial. /mɔdrən/ 'modern'; this may amount to no more than insertion of a glide-vowel and misinterpretation of the stress (OE worhte > worohte > wrohte 'wrought', þurh > þuruh > ME þorouȝ > through).
ʤۤɡϤߤФⲻžäΤ褦worohte þuruh Τ褦 r ξ¦첻褦ֻʸڤΤǤС1ĤǤϤʤʣβϢ³ȤΤƵ뤳ȤϤǤʤSamuels ϡ r θ첻Ϥ겻Ȥ졤θ˶֤첻ؤȰܤäȤǽͤƤ뤬ϤäüŪˤϡr θ˿첻졤³첻üȤ2ĤϢ³Ȥ
Samuels ϿβǽƤˤä˶ĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤϤ겻ꤷˤűѸ ascian > axian fiscas > fixas Τ褦ˤϡƱŬѤǤʤäơžȤΤΤ褦ʰոǤϤʤǤ⡤Τʸڤֻ¸ߤθơȤϰۤʤ륢ǥǽȤˤϡ롥
through ֻˤĤƤϡ#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1]) ȡwrought ˤĤƤϡ#2117. playwright ([2015-02-12-1]) ȡthree/third ˴ؤƤϡ#92. third βžϤĵä ([2009-07-28-1])#93. third βžϤĵä (2) ([2009-07-29-1]) ȡ
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
Ѹ Wright ̤ˤߤ뤬ϡֿ͡פΰ̣Ǥ롥̾ȤñΤ wright ʿ͡ˤȤѤ뤳ȤϺϤۤȤɤʤ͡ʼοͤɽΤʣΰȤѤ뤳ȤϤ롥Ū褯ߤΤ playwright ʷȡˤǤ롥ϵʤ (write) ͤǤϤʤŪ˺Ф (wright) Ǥ롥⤷ write ʽˤ˴طƤΤǤСټԤɽ (agentive suffix) Ĥ writer ʽˤȤʤϤۤˤ arkwright, boatwright, cartwright, comedywright, housewright, millwright, novelwright, ploughwright, shipwright, timberwright, waggonwright, wainwright, wheelwright, woodwright ʤɤ롥
wright ϵ̤ȡư work ˴ط롥ưθűѸ wyrcan ϡֹԤ롨߽Фפʤɹ̣Ѥ졤θ촴˸ղä줿 wyrhta (< wyrcta) ֿ͡פȤƻȤ줿θ¾Υޥˤ⸫졤ƸŤΤȻפ롥wyrhta ϡ1첻 r Ȥž (metathesis) wryhta ۷Ȥޤ졤 <a> ɽ첻ʿü˵ڤǡˤĤʤ wright 췿Ǥäžϡwork θŤʬ wrought ˤ⸫롥
MED wrigt(e (n.(1)) ˤȡѸǡθ줬ʲΤ褦ʤޤֻʤƤ餯ȯˤǼ¸ƤȤ롥
wright(e (n.(1)) Also wrigt(e, wrigth(e, wrigh, wriȝt(e, wriȝth(e, wriht(e, writ(e, writh(e, writht, wreth(e, (N) wreght, (SWM) wrouhte, whrouhte & (chiefly early) wricht(e, (early) wirhte, (chiefly SW or SWM) wruhte, wruchte, wurhte, wurhta, wurhtæ, wuruhte & (in names) wrightte, wrighthe, wrig, wri(h)tte, wrihgte, wrichgte, wrich(e, wrict(e, wricth(e, wrick, wristh, wrieth, wreghte, wreȝte, wrehte, wrechte, wrecthe, wreit, wreitche, wreut(t)e, wroghte, wrozte, wrouȝte, wrughte, wrushte, wrh(i)te, wirgh, wirchte, wiche, wergh(t)e, werhte, wereste, worght(t)e, worichte, worithte, wort, worth, whrighte, whrit, whreihte, whergte, right, rith; pl. wrightes, etc. & wriȝttis, writtis, (NEM) whrightes & (early) wrihten, wirhten, (SWM) wrohtes, wurhten, (early gen.) wurhtena, (early dat.) wurhtan & (gen. in place names) wrightin(g)-, wri(c)tin-, wrichting-, wrstinc-, uritting-.
ޤѸǤ castlewright, feltwright, glasswright ʤɤ븽ˤϸʤ̾䡤battlewright ΡˡLatinwright ʥƥؼԡˤʤɤѤ⸫줿ʣο̾⡤ޤäƤΤ⤤Ĥ뤬 Basketwricte, Bordwricht, Bowwrighth, Briggwricht, Cartewrychgte, Chesewricte, Waynwryche, Wycchewrichte ʤ¸ߤ
ѸޤǤ wright ʣǤȤݤäƤ褦θϼ˿ꤨƤߤǤϿۤɤĤäƤʤοθȤơѸʹߤ˥եƥ줫鿷ʿȡ̾줬ήƤȡ-er -ist ޤιټˤȯƤȤ뤬̤ĴǤ롥
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