hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 1 (4)

phoneme - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-03-07 Sat

#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ [grammatology][terminology][writing][alphabet][phoneme]


categories_of_writing_by_powell.png



嵭ϡPowell ʸܤ礭޼Ƥ "THE CATEGORIES OF WRITING" Ǥ롥ʸʬ1Ĥιͤʬβϡp. 52 ˤޤȤƤ롥

1 Semasiography: Writing in which the signs are not attached to necessary forms of speech. Sematograms, the elements of semasiography, may be arranged in any conventional way.
2 Lexigoraphy: Writing in which the signs are attached to necessary forms of speech. They are (usually) arranged in a linear sequence corresponding to sounds in speech. There are two divisions.
   (i) Logography: the signs represent words (but not sounds), significant segments of speech. A logography would be a system in which logograms, the elements of logography, predominate (sometimes logograms do not follow the same order as words in speech).
   (ii) Phonography: the signs represent sounds. Such sounds are ordinarily nonsignificant elements of speech. There are two kinds of phonographic systems.
      Syllabography: the signs represent syllables, the smallest apprehensible elements of speech. A Syllabography would be a system in which syllabograms predominate.
      Alphabetic writing: the signs represent elements of speech smaller than syllables, although such sounds do not exist in nature as separable elements of speech. In alphabetic writing letters predominate.


ǸΥե٥åȡñʸˤβˤơñʤɤȤñ̤ϼˤ¸ߤʤΤפȤ˥ϥäȤ줿ñʸפȤϡֲʸפªۤ褤Τ (phoneme) Ͽʹ֤ˤݲλʪǤꡤʸƤȤȤˡե٥åȤκθŪʰյȲͤΤȻפ

Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-08-1] [2026-03-08-1]

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2025-05-18 Sun

#5865. ֤פŪ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal]

ε#5863. ֤פˡ ([2025-05-16-1]) ǡפŪʵҤǧƱܸظŵ٤ꡤܸ˴ؤ̸ؤδΡפε (p. 103--04) ɤǤߤ

ڲ۲̾ʸΡ֥פ˳벻ǤꡤϤͤ벻Ȥ⤤˳벻ȽиĶˤĤƤϡ̩ɸȴάɸˤ⤢뤬ά[ɴ]첻Ⱦ첻ڤ໤ [s][ʃ]ľ[ŋ][ŋ][ɡ][k]ľ[ɳ]Ÿ[ɳ]ľ[n]Բ[n][d][dz][dʒ][t][ts][tʃ][ɾ]ľ[m]ξ[m][b][p]ľ˰֤ʬۤʤƤȤ롥Ƥβϡ̣ŪΩ˴ͿɡȤǶ̤ƤꡤľλҲˤĶƱʤ[ɴ]ʳƤľλҲδĶƱˤĴۤˤƤȲǤ뤳Ȥ顤ƱβǤ˳۲ǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥βϡľ첻ȼ˥⡼硤ߤΩ̲ǡ㤨С[ŋ[n][m]ϳ/ŋ//n//m/ˤ˳롥βҲľȤĶΩ򼺤Ȥ顤Ǥϡ²ǤǤȤȤǤ롥²ǤϡȤơɽŪ۲ˤ벻Υե٥åȾʸʸ̥ޥޡͤ礭ǵȤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ顤ξϡĶƱαƶʤ[ɴ]ɽȤơ/N/ɸΤŪǤ롥ʤ⡼Ȳλߤȡ̥ޥޡ͡ϡ¥ƱͤˡñȤΩ⡼ʤ⡤ñȤǤϲǤʤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ñȤDzǤ뼫Ω⡼ʼΩˤФơü⡼üˤȸƤФ졤/N/ϡü첻ǤȸƤФ롥


²ǡפȤƲ᤹ϰ츫񤷤ΤܸüԤȤǧƤ֤פΤ򡤲Ū˸ʤΤȹͤȡȤԻ׵Ĥʵ롥̵ռ򤷤Ƥ뤳ȤŪ褦ȤȡʤˤɬפʤΤȻפǤ롥ؤ⥷񤷤Τϡդ˥ݥȤΤ

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2025-05-16 Fri

#5863. ֤פ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal][romaji][hiragana]

ܸΡ֤פɽϡܸˤǤȯβǤ롥ܸظŵ٤Ρפι (p. 355) ꡤӲؤδ֤פüƤߤ褦

ڲ֤ۡϤͤ벻פȤ⤤Ť˿ȯܸ첻ΰġ¥ȤȤ˻ҲǤΤߤǥ⡼Ȥܸ첻ˤϤʤäդä⡼ɽˤ /N/ Ѥ롥ɥʥɥ[doki]/doki/ˤФɥ󥭡ʥɥ󥭡[doŋki]/doNki/ˤΤ褦ˡ⡼ /N/ 뤫ʤˤꡤΰ̣μ̡ŪħˤʤȤΩġ̤Ǥϡִʸ [kambuN]סִ [kan(d)zi]סִ [kaŋŋo]פΤ褦˸³λҲˤۤʤ벻Ȥʤ뤬ʬۤʤƱ첻Ȳ򤵤ơ⡼ /N/ ΩġͤפȤϡ봶ˤȤ⡤λҲ̾ˤѷȤȤˤ˴ŤȤ롥ˤϡؤȴλΤ [m][n][ŋ] 첻֤줿ˤȤ롥ʸɻ򸫤ȡɽ͡Ǥꡤä˴ˤƸǤ롥m ˤϡ̵ɽõסɽִסɽӸűפʤɤn ˤϡ̵ɽסɽðסɽۥסɽִסüɽפʤɤѤƤ롥ں٤ˤ⡤ŷפ֤Ƥסޤ֤ƤפȵƤ㤬롥Ūˤϡm ϥࡤn ̵ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ m n ȤκƱϰȸ졤ΥɽȾˤϸ褦ˤʤ롥


ˡθβ꤬Ƥ롥

ڲ۴ʸɻ˸褦ˡɽä˴ˤʣ̯ʻѤ褷ɽظˤ롤μ¼뤳ȤʤΤȤƤ롥ܸ첻Ȥ夷ƤˤĤƤ⡤ʬ餫ˤʤäȤϸؤι͵椬ɬפǤ롥


֤פ뤳Ȥʤ졥ʤǤ롥

ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-05-18-1]

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2025-05-15 Thu

#5862. ֤פ¥֤áפ첻Ū [japanese][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][consonant][vowel][hiragana][romaji][syllable][mora][nasal]

ε#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ ([2025-05-13-1]) ³ܸ֤פˤޤĤꡥ碌¥֤áפˤĤƤͤ롥
ܸɴŵ٤ˡܸ첻פꤹ᤬ (pp. 251--52) ǡ¥˴ؤ붽̣ͻ롥޻ɽǤϻҲɽΤǻҲŪȲ򤵤뤳Ȥ¿ष첻ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤƶ252ǤѤ롥

ʤ¥ϰ츫ҲβȤԼΤ褦ˤפ뤬ϡ̣첻1ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤȤ¥ϡ³ĺ䶹λ³ˤǤmnŋ ptk ǡֲִ뤤Ϥ˽ऺΡˤȰۤʤꡤष첻ʳλ³ˤ˻Ƥ롥ֻʥ١ʥáöפʤɸ治¥ϡ³ȼ褦¥°Ǥʤ³Ҳʥɤ d 䥿 tˤ°ȸ롥
ФѸ "bat" ʤɤ t ϡĺξԤޤ椨ܿͤˤϡ֥Хåȡפǡʹ롥̣¥ϡҲ nt ʤɤȶ̤줾 NTʤ뤤 QˤǡɽΤǤ̡ġ͡


ϲؤǤ⤢ꡤǤ⤢롥Ѹޤ᤿¿θλ٤ȡܸΡü첻ǡפϳΤüǤϤ롥

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

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2025-05-13 Tue

#5860. ֤פȯμ¸ [japanese][phoneme][phonology][phonetics][consonant][nasal][romaji][hiragana]

ܸǡ֤פɽ벻μ¸¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥϡ褯ΤƤ롥ĶǡŪˤɬƤʤ͡ʲ֤פμ¸ΤѤƤΤüԤˤĿͺ⤢ΤΡ̤ˤϼΤ褦˸Ƥ롥ܸɴŵ٤Ρפι (pp. 246--47) ꡥ

֤פϸ֤ˤäƲۤʤꡤɡҲˤʤɡ첻ˤʤȤʰʲ˼ɽϤʤάʤΤǤˡ
i) ɡĺή
[m] 3 [sammai]
3ա [sambai]
[n] ֽ [onna]
ֲ١ [ondo]
[honrai]
[ŋ] ֶ [kiŋŋjo]
ii) ԻҲ첻Ⱦ첻
[i᷈] ñ̡ [tai᷈i][᷈] [i] 꾯ɡ
ż֡ [de᷈ʃa]
[ɯ᷈] ֺǡ [koɯ᷈wakɯ]
[roɯ᷈soː]
iii) ڤ
ȤС֥ѥפñȤȯˤ [paɴ] ɽ롥[ɴ] ϸɡǤ뤬ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻Ǥʤʤ򲻱ɽǤ /ɴ/ ɽ魯 /ɴ/ Ȳɽ /ɴ/ Ȥϰ̣ۤʤˡ


֤ϲδܸˤδ⤪⤷ޤ֤פϥ޻ɽȤɤʤΤȤˤĤơѸֻΥȥԥå˴ϢŤƤߤΤ⤪⤷Ϣơʲε򻲾ȡ

#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) ([2019-11-13-1])
#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) ([2019-11-14-1])
#3854. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (3) ([2019-11-15-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤ󤳤ˤΥ޻ɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-05-15-1]

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2024-09-27 Fri

#5632. ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ7 [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][phonology][phoneme][stress][prosody][rhyme][alliteration][me][rsr][gsr]


furansu_202410.png

  *

925Ҥηؤդ󤹡10ԤޤΡؤդ󤹡٤ˤơǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פ񤫤ƤƤޤϢܤ7Ǥ֥ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤפꤷƵɮޤʲФȤ󤷤ޤ

1. Ҳȯؤαƶ
ե󥹸줫μѸ줬ѸȯͿƶˤĤƳƤޤä /v/ γΩ䡤/f/ /v/ βΩηˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
2. 첻ȯؤαƶ
ե󥹸ͳ첻2첻ѸβηϤͿƶƤޤ/ɔɪ/ Ƴʤɡ󤲤ʤβǤ
3. Ȥؤαƶ
ե󥹸ѸˤäƱѸζѥ󤬤ɤΤ褦ѲƤޤۤʤ붯ѥζ¸ʤɡѸˤδ鶽̣󶡤ޤ
4. Ѹ餷η
Ѹϥե󥹸αƶĤĤ⡤ȼβηϤȯãƤޤβǷƤȯΡֱѸ餷פˤĤȽŪ˹ͻޤ

εǤϡե󥹸줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤȯͿƶ򡤶򤨤ʤ⤷Ƥޤե󥹸θŪʱƶˤĤƤΤäƤȤ⡤ȯؤαƶˤĤƤϰճʹȤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦̾٥ԤѸˤȤʤäƤޤ
ҡؤդ󤹡10˼äƤФȻפޤ6Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ

#5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. ե󥹼Ѹή --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
#5566. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸäͿ׷ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ5ơ ([2024-07-23-1])
#5600. ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ6ơ ([2024-08-26-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡7󡡥ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ10桤ҡ2024ǯ92554--55ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-09-30-1]

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2023-02-10 Fri

#5037. ɡβǤȤƤðۤ2 [consonant][phoneme][allophone][phonology][phonemicisation][syllable][h]

Ѹˤͭɡ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ȥ1ĤβǤǧƤ롥[ŋ] ̤β /n/ ΰ۲ȤƤδġѸβηϤˤ [ŋ] /ŋ/ Ⱦüʰ֤ŤͿƤ롥βǡˤΰ֤Ťˤϡ줬ѸˤŪʳdzΩȤȴط롥δϢ뵭Ȥưʲ󤲤Ƥ

#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])
#3482. ƬλҲϢñ㲽Ƥˡ ([2018-11-08-1])
#3855. ʤֿסʤ󤳤ˤΥ޻ɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ ([2019-11-16-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])

Minkova (138) ˤȡ /ŋ/ ˤ2Ĥð롥1ĤϡβǤ coda ˤʤȡ2Ĥˤϡ˲ä domain-final ˤʤȤǤ롥Ԥϲ١ǡԤϷ֡å١ȹͤƤ褤ԤͭΤˤСñ줴Ȥ˼¸ /ŋ/ /ŋg/ ۤʤΤաȽҤ٤ƤΤƱǤ롥

   The distribution of contrastive /ŋ/ prompts some interesting phonological questions. Like PDF /h-/, which can appear only in onsets, /ŋ/ is a 'defectively distributed' phoneme: it can be distinctive only in coda position. The restriction reflects its historical origin since it is only through the loss of the voiced velar stop in the coda that /ŋ/ became contrastive: kin--king, ban--bang, run--rung. Before /k/, as in plank, sink, hunk, [-ŋ] remains a positional allophone followed by the voiceless stop. Thus, we get a three-way opposition in pin [pɪn]--ping [pɪŋ]--pink [pɪŋk], sin, sing, sink, and so on.
   Another peculiarity of contrastive /ŋ/ is that it has to be domain-final, that is, the [-g-] is preserved stem-internally, rendering [-ŋ-] allophonic, as in Bangor, bingo, tango, single, hungry, Hungary, all with [-ŋg-]. Note that the preservation of [-g-] does not depend only on syllabification, because in forms derived with -ing or the agentive suffix -er, the [-g-] of the stem is not realised, and the derived form copies the shape of the base form: singing, singer with just [-ŋ-]. In addition to the most frequent -ing and -er, the majority of the native suffixes such as -y, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ish, -less, -ling, also -let (OFr), preserve the shape of the base: slangy, kingdom, thinghood, youngness, strongish, fangless, kingling, ringlet have [-ŋ-]. The addition of a comparative suffix, -er or -est, as in longer, strongest, youngly, however, results in heterosyllabic [ŋ].[g]. The addition of Latinate suffixes generally preserves the [g], as in fungation, diphthongal, but not always, as in ringette, nothingism. Then there is vacillation with some derivatives: prolong and prolonging are always just [-ŋ], prolongation varies between [-ŋ-] and [-ŋg-], and prolongate is always [-ŋg-]. There are some idiosyncrasies: dinghy, hangar allow both pronunciations, and so do English and England. The behaviour of [-ŋ] in clitic groups and phrases is also variable; the variability of [-ŋ] is of continuous theoretical interest. In our diachronic context, the deletion of the [g] and the possibility of phonemic [ŋ] in narrowly defined contexts in late ME and EModE is most notable as an addition to the inventory of contrastive sounds in English.


Ѹʹ [ŋ] ϲDz (phonemicisation) ФˤʬۤŰ줵椨ˡŪʰϺ˻ޤǾ񤷤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2022-12-03 Sat

#4968. put, butcher, full, cuckoo, Beowulf [vowel][pronunciation][spelling][centralisation][phoneme]

첻 <u> ֻû첻 /ʊ/ ȯбΤϰ츫ľѸǤû첻˴ؤ¤ <u> /ʌ/ бΤ̤ۤǤ (ex. but, hundred, much, run, sung)
ǤϡɤǤ <u> /ʊ/ 򼨤ˤϤɤΤ褦ñ줬ΤǤɸ˵󤲤ΤޤơĶȤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦ñˤäƤ /ʊ/ ʳ첻ȯ⤢ˡCarney (145--46) 򻲾Ȥ롥

/ʃ/ ֡push, bush, cushion, bushel, ambush, cushy
/tʃ/ ֡butcher
/s/ ֡pussy, brusque
/z/ ֡hussar
/f/ ֡buffet
/l/ ֡full (and suffix -ful), pull, bull, bullet, bulletin, bully, pulley, pullet, bullion

Ķ̤ˤơ¾ put, cuckoo, pudding ʤɤ롥ޤŤ뤤ϳθͭ̾Ǥ Beowulf, Ethelwulf; Bruckner, Budda, Gluck, Grundig, Innsbruck, Irkutsk, Kuwait, Krupp, Lund, Mogul, Muslim, Mustapha, Uppsala ʤɤǤ /ʊ/ 򼨤ʤ뤤ϼˡ
ʤߤ˺ˤʤäƤû첻 /ʊ/ ϸɸѸˤƺǤ٤㤤ǤǤ뤳ȤդäƤsee #1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1])ˡû첻˴ؤȤơε⻲ȡ

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤס ([2019-10-14-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2022-10-29 Sat

#4933. wh ȯ [pronunciation][spelling][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][ame_bre][digraph][consonant]

<wh> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ϵΤ褦ʹٸ˸Τ߿2ŻбȯˤĤƤ褯򤷤ƤѸؽԤ¿ʤ
what, which ֥ۥåȡס֥եåפȥʽ񤭤ȯꤹͤ¿⤷ʤꥹɸѸˤƤϡ֥åȡס֥åפǤ롥ĤޤꡤWatt, witch ȤޤäƱȯȤʤ롥Ūˤ̵ [ʍ] ǤϤʤޤͭ [w] ȤȤ
嵭ϥꥹɸѸäǤꡤꥫѸϤθ¤ǤϤʤ what, which ϳơ [ʍɑt], [ʍɪtʃ] ŪȤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ºݾͭ [w] ǤȯޤäƤƤ褦
<wh> ɽ魯ҲθˤĤ Cruttenden 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦

In CGB (= Conspicuous General British) and in GB speech in a more formal style (e.g. in verse-speaking), words such as when are pronounced with the voiceless labial-velar fricative [ʍ]. In such speech, which contains oppositions of the kind wine, whine, . . . /ʍ/ has phonemic status. Among GB speakers the use of /ʍ/ as a phoneme has declined rapidly. Even if /ʍ/ does occur distinctively in any idiolect, it may nevertheless be interpreted phonemically as /h/ + /w/ . . . . (Cruttenden 233)


ʤߤ˾嵭ʸ "CGB (= Conspicuous General British)" Cruttenden (81) ˤȡ"that type of GB which is commonly considered to be 'posh', to be associated with upper-class families, with public schools and with professions which have traditionally recruited from such families, e.g. officers in the navy and in some army regiments" Ȥ롥 "RP" (= Received Pronunciation) ˶ᤤΤªƤ褤͡ͳ RP ȸƤ֤٤ǤʤȤΩ줬ꡤΤ褦Ѹ츯򤷤ƤΤǤ롥
¾ѼˤĤƤϡΰѤͤˤʤ

The only regional variation concerns the more regular use of [ʍ] in words with <wh> in the spelling. This happens in Standard Scottish English, in most varieties of Irish English and is often presented as the norm in the U.S., although the change from [ʍ] to /w/ seems to be more common than is thought by some. (Cruttenden 234)


긵ˤä Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.) "wh Spelling-to-sound" Ƥߤ

Where the spelling is the digraph wh, the pronunciation in most cases is w, as in white waɪt. An alternative pronunciation, depending on regional, social and stylistic factors, is hw, thus hwaɪt. This h pronunciation is usual in Scottish and Irish English, and decreasingly so in AmE, but not otherwise. (Among those who pronounce simple w, the pronunciation with hw tends to be considered 'better', and so is used by some people in formal styles only.) Learners of EFL are recommended to use plain w.


ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤ䤿ѸؽԤϰ̤ <wh> /w/ 򤷤ƤƤĤʤ
<wh> ȴϢơ#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2022-10-22 Sat

#4926. yacht <ch> [dutch][loan_word][silent_letter][consonant][spelling_pronunciation][metathesis][phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][eebo]

<ch> ۻ (silent_letter) Ȥʤñ줬4ĤȤȤ򶵤ƤäʵŤʾ򤢤꤬Ȥˡdrachm /dræm/, fuchsia /ˈfjuːʃə/, schism /sɪzm/, yacht /jɑt/ Ǥ롥ŵϡ#2518. Ҳۻ ([2016-03-19-1]) Ǽ夲 (7) Ǥ롥
yacht ܤƤߤθ16Υ jaght(e) ѤΤǡOED ˤȽϰʲʸǤcf. #4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]t λҲߤʤΤˤʤȤǤϤ롥

a1584 S. Borough in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 330 A barke which was of Dronton, and three or foure Norway yeaghes, belonging to Northbarne.


ѸǤνֻʤ餯ȯˤϡ gh ȯɤΤ褦ˤƼफɤ줬ä餷͡ä褦OED βˤȡ

Owing to the presence in the Dutch word of the unfamiliar guttural spirant denoted by g(h), the English spellings have been various and erratic; how far they represent varieties of pronunciation it is difficult to say. That a pronunciation /jɔtʃ/ or /jatʃ/, denoted by yatch, once existed seems to be indicated by the plural yatches; it may have been suggested by catch, ketch.


<t> <ch> ȿž yatch Ȥʣֻ EEBO ǸƤߤȡ1670ǯ夫1690ǯޤǤ50ۤɾ夬äƤʤߤˡΤ褦ֻȿžѸǤʤȤ櫓 "guttural spirant" ؤˤϤ褯줿Τạ̇̄ǤϤʤѸˤޤǤϤ߽ФƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
yatch ȯֻˤĤƤϡDobson (371) Τ褦˸ڤƤ롥

Yawt or yatch 'yacht' are two variant pronunciations which are well evidenced by OED; the former is due to the identification of the Dutch spirant [χ] with ME [χ], of which traces still remained when yacht was adopted in the sixteenth century, so that it was accommodated to the model of, for example, fraught and developed with it, while OED suggests that the latter is due to analogy with catch and ketch---it is certainly due to some sort of corrupt spelling-pronunciation, in the attempt to accommodate the word to native models.


<t> <ch> ֻȿžȡ³ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) η߽Ф줿 yacht ̯ʰ۷ȤȤˤʤ롥

Silent Consonant Letter ʬϡä˱Ѹˤδ鸫濴Ȥơסʡؿʸѡ51, 1973ǯ117--45ǡ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2022-09-10 Sat

#4884. Ѹ2첻3첻 [diphthong][triphthong][vowel][phoneme][phonology][sound_change]

Ѹ2첻 (diphthong) 3첻 (triphthong) ϡˤΤʤǼࡦȤѲ³Ƥ͡Ѳ뤲Ƥ̡ѸɸѼˤǤϷ13郎ǧƤ롥ŪʴȡʲΤ褦ηŪʿޤȤʤ롥οޤ Crystal (251) οޤѤΤǤSVG⤢ˡ

diphthong

2첻ϡ2⡼첻 (1) ۣ첻 /ə/ ǽ뤫(2) 첻 /ɪ/, /ʊ/ ǽ뤫η3˸¤Ȥħ롥
3첻ϡ嵭ι첻ǽ2첻θˡ3⡼Ȥۣ첻 /ə/ դ5˸¤롥
Ūˤߤȡ2첻3첻Τߤʤ餺ñ첻 (monophthong) ⤪ѲƤѸΤȤ첻㤷󤷤ƤȤаޤ롥ɤΤ褦ѲƤΤʤۤѲƤΤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2181. űѸ첻ηϡ ([2015-04-17-1])
#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])
#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪʡ ([2020-07-26-1])
#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ ([2021-09-12-1])

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2021-09-19 Sun

#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][h][r][rhotic][vowel][centralisation][phonology][phonetics][phoneme][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cockney]

ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥ󥰥ɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥ󥰥ɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻ󤲤Ƥ

(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ򤵤17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ򼨤褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥

(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ

(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥

Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2021-09-06 Mon

#4515. <gn> ȯ [phonetics][consonant][spelling][phoneme][nasal][etymological_respelling][analogy][silent_letter]

Ѹֻ <gn> ˤĤơƬ˸륱ˤĤƤ <kn> Ȥδط#3675. kn k æ벻Ѳβ ([2019-05-20-1]) εǴñ˿줿16--17 [gn] > [n] βȤȤäǤϡƬǤϤʤ <gn> ֻġ˥ե󥹸졦ƥͳθˤĤơֻȯδط˴ؤƤʤбCarney (247, 325) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦
ޤ <gn(e)> ˤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦arraign, assign, benign, campaign, champagne, cologne, deign, design, ensign, impugn, malign, reign, resign, sign ʤɤ󤬤äƤ롥θˤƤ <g> ۻȤƵǽƤꡤ̤Ȥ <gn(e)> /n/ δطȤʤäƤ롥ʤߤ foreign sovereign Ūֻǡ㤤ޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 뤤 (analogy) λʪȤ롥
嵭ñ췲ˤƤ <g> <n> δ֤˲ᶭȯ /g/ /n/ ̡ȯ뤳Ȥ¿assignation, benignant, designate, malignant, regnant, resignation, signature, significant, signify ̤ꡥ
嵭ñ췲ΥȤʤϤƤե󥹸Ǥ롥ե󥹸Ǥ <gn> ϹŸɡ [ɲ] б뤬ѸǤ [ɲ] ΩǤǤϤʤᡤѸ˼ޤݤˤϡɡ [n] Ѥ줿[ɲ] ˶ᤤȤƱѸˤ [nj] ⤢ΤŪ˸ˤϸʤ§ʤΤǡŪ [n] ˽夷Ȥˤʤ롥ʤǤʤ /nj/ Ǽޤ줿⤢롥㤨Сcognac, lorgnette, mignonette, vignette ʤɤǤ롥ꥢ줫 Bologna, Campagna Ʊ͡poignant ˤĤƤϡ/nj/ Τۤ /n/ ȯ⤢롥
ֻˤĤ̯ʤȤäΤϡե󥹸 ligne ͳ褹 line Ǥ롥ǤХե󥹸 signe Ѹ˼ޤ <sign> /saɪn/ Ȥ夷褦ˡligne ѸǤ <lign> /laɪn/ ۤɤ夷ƤϤ롥ԤˤĤƤϱѸŪֻ§§ä <line> ֤ؤƸߤ˻롥ƬĤưˤäƤ <align> ֻ̤ʤ aline ʤǤϤʤˤǤ뤷̤ sign/assign Ȥڥ⸫ˡ<line> ϤʤȤ̯Ǥ롥
line/align Ȥ촴ֻͭΥϥϡۤˤ deign/disdain feign/feint ˸ (Upward and Davidson 140)

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2021-06-21 Mon

#4438. űѸ첻η [oe][vowel][monophthong][diphthong][phonetics][phonology][phoneme]

űѸ첻ʣηϤʤƤû첻Ĺ첻û2첻Ĺ2첻η󤬤ꡤűѸȾλˤäƤˤäƤ첻μȿϰۤʤäƤᡤűѸ첻ʲǡ˰ȤǤ롥ޤĹ2첻ηˤäɤäơ#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" ([2020-02-24-1])#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) ([2020-03-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʷ㤷⤢ꡤǤϤʤ
Ǥ Prins (51--52) ˰͵򤷤ơűѸθȥ첻ηϤ򼨤Ȥˤ롥

Short Vowels
iüu
eö ( e )o
æ, a
Long Vowels
i:ü:u:
e:ö: ( e: )o:
æ:
ɑ:
Short Diphthongs
ie( i )
eo
ea
Long Diphthongs
i:e( ü )
e:o
e:a


Ƥ٤ϡ

(1) û첻 ö Ĺ첻 ö ϡ߿
(2) û첻 æ a Ʊ첻Ǥΰְ۲Ĺ첻 æ: ɑ: ϰۤʤ벻ǤǤ
(3) û2첻 ie ϡ i Ѳ
(4) Ĺ2첻 i:e ϡ ü: Ѳ

Ȥʤ롥
ƼѲ첻ηϤˤƷ󤴤Ȥ˲Ǥȡû첻6ǡĹ첻7ǡû2첻2ǡĹ2첻2ǤȤʤꡤʤѤäƤ17Ĥ첻ǤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ첻Ǥ20ĤۤɤʣűѸ餱Ƥʤcf. #1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])#1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰӡ ([2013-09-14-1])ˡѸǤʣ¤줿ΤΤȤƤߤˤ̤ƱѸ첻ηϤϹäƤȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2021-01-30 Sat

#4296. ǤȤϲ --- Crystal Ѹ켭ŵ [sobokunagimon][phoneme][phonetics][phonology][terminology][history_of_linguistics][linguistics]

(phoneme) ϡؤǤɬ夲δŪñ̤ǤȤʤ顤¤͡ˤꡤؾäȤޤߤγǰѸ1ĤǤ롥ػ˾褬䤨ڡΩ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤ롥ؤǤϡˤƤΤ褦ޤߤε롥㤨С (word) ȤŪñ̤顤ؤǤϤޤФͿƤʤ (cf. ָʤ񤷤פεå)
ǤȤΤäԤʤʤˤʤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤΤǡޤѸ켭ŵεҤäƤߤ褦ĤäƤߤΤΤ䤳ȿǤƤɤ⵭Ҥȥ졼ȤǤʤΤʤǤʬ䤹äΤ Crystal Ѹ켭ŵäΤǡóݤȤĹȰѤȤŪʬ䤹Ȥе䡥줯餤鿴Ԥˤϡʼ¤Ȥˤ˼äĤˤѸ졦ǰ

phoneme (n.) The minimal unit in the sound SYSTEM of a LANGUAGE, according to traditional PHONOLOGICAL theories. The original motivation for the concept stemmed from the concern to establish patterns of organization within the indefinitely large range of sounds heard in languages. The PHONETIC specifications of the sounds (or PHONES) heard in speech, it was realized, contain far more detail than is needed to identify the way languages make CONTRASTS in MEANINGS. The notion of the phoneme allowed linguists to group together sets of phonetically similar phones as VARIANTS, or 'members', of the same underlying unit. The phones were said to be REALIZATIONS of the phonemes, and the variants were referred to as allophones of the phonemes . . . . Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes; some languages have as few as fifteen phonemes; othes as many as eighty. An analysis in these terms will display a language's phonemic inventory/structure/system. No two languages have the same phonemic system.
   Sounds are considered to be members of the same phoneme if they are phonetically similar, and do not occur in the same ENVIRONMENT (i.e. they are in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION) --- or, if they do, the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change in meaning (i.e. they are in FREE VARIATION). A sound is considered 'phonemic', on the other hand, if its substitution in a word does cause a change in meaning. In a phonemic transcription, only the phonemes are given symbols (compared with phonetic TRANSCRIPTIONS, where different degrees of allophonic detail are introduced, depending on one's purpose). Phonemic symbols are written between oblique brackets, compared with square brackets used for phonetic transcriptions; e.g. the phoneme /d/ has the allophones [d] (i.e. an ALVEOLAR VOICED variant), [d̥] (i.e. an alveolar devoiced variant), [d̪] (i.e. a DENTAL variant) in various complementary positions in English words. Putting this another way, it is not possible to find a pair of words in English which contrast in meaning solely on account of the difference between these features (though such contrasts may exist in other languages). The emphasis on transcription found in early phonemic studies is summarized in the subtitle of one book on the subject: 'a technique for reducing languages to writing'. The extent to which the relationship between the phonemes and the GRAPHEMES of a language is regular is called the 'phoneme-grapheme correspondence'.
   On this general basis, several approaches to phonemic analysis, or phonemics, have developed. The PRAGUE SCHOOL defined the phoneme as a BUNDLE of abstract DISTINCTIVE FEATURES, or OPPOSITIONS between sounds (such as VOICING, NASALITY), and approach which was developed later by Jakobson and Halle . . . , and GENERATIVE phonology. The approach of the British phonetician Daniel Jones (1881--1967) viewed the phoneme as a 'family' of related sounds, and not as oppositions. American linguists in the 1940s also emphasized the phonetic reality of phonemes, in their concern to devise PROCEDURES of analysis, paying particular attention to the DISTRIBUTION of sounds in an UTTERANCE. Apart from the question of definition, if the view is taken that all aspects of the sound system of a language can be analysed in terms of phonemes --- that is, the SUPRASEGMENTAL as well as the SEGMENTAL features --- then phonemics becomes equivalent to phonology (= phonemic phonology). This view was particularly common in later developments of the American STRUCTURALIST tradition of linguistic analysis, where linguists adopting this 'phonemic principle' were called phonemicists. Many phonologists, however (particularly in the British tradition), prefer not to analyse suprasegmental features in terms of phonemes, and have developed approaches which do without the phoneme altogether ('non-phonemic phonology', as in PROSODIC and DISTINCTIVE FEATURE theories).


Ǹ˽ɤθάҤƤ뤬䡤¤
(phone) Ȳ (phoneme) Ȥΰ㤤ˤĤơޤǤ˼Τ褦ʵ񤤤ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#3717. ؤȲϤɤ㤦ΤǤ ([2019-07-01-1])
#4232. ؤȲϡ֤ι¤ȥ ([2020-11-27-1])

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2020-07-27 Mon

#4109. boil, loin, point --- Ѹ ui ֻȯ [diphthong][vowel][centralisation][phoneme][french][anglo-norman][spelling_pronunciation]

ε#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪʡ ([2020-07-26-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ2첻 /ɔɪ/ Ūܤ٤طʤͭƤ롥ˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤ
Ѹ /ɔɪ/ ϢʤѸǤμ¸ϡ [oi] 뤤 [ui] ä餬Ū˸ /ɔɪ/ ذܲƤä櫓äѸ [ui] ˤĤƤϥڥ󥰤ȤδطǤⶽ̣Ūطʤ롥Minkova (269--70) Ѥ褦

The original [ui] has an unusual history in that, like the more recent history of /h-/ . . . , it is one of the rare well-documented instances of a sound change in progress inhibited and partially reversed by the influence of spelling. Many of the words with PDE <oi> --- loin, boil, coy, oil, join, point, choice, poison --- had variant pronunciations with [oi] and [ui], the latter commonly from Anglo-Norman. The 'normal' development of [ui], involving lowering and centralisation of the first element of the diphthong . . . , was towards [əi], which in the seventeenth and into the eighteenth century was also a possible realisation of historical [iː]. That the two etymologically distinct entities were treated as identical is shown by rhymes like loin: line, boil: bile, point: pint as late as the second half of the eighteenth century. In spelling the [ui] > [əi] words alternated between <ui> and <oi>. Eventually the centralised pronunciation [əi] for historical [ui] was abandoned in favour of [ɔi], no doubt supported by the spelling and pronunciation of the majority of the loanwords in that group.


Ѹ [ui] ̾βѲΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤСǤ [əi] ȤʤäƤϤǤꡤºݤˤʤäƤΤʹߡֻ <oi> ȤݤƤȡ <oi> [ɔi] ¿ñˤƳΩƤȤ顤οͰŪ [əi] > [ɔi] ȤѲ߽Ф줿Ȥפˡֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ǥ롥

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2020-07-26 Sun

#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪ [diphthong][vowel][phoneme][phonology][loan_word]

ɸñ˴ޤޤ2첻 /ɔɪ/ ϡѸǤϤʤޥʡ첻Ǥ롥#1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1]) dzǧ뤫ꡤ첻ǤȤƤ /ʊə/ ˤĤ٤βǤǤ롥boy, choice, enjoy, join, poison ʤɤ˸뤿ᡤޤ´Ϥʤ⤷ʤ׾ϥޥʡǤ롥
ΥޥʡŪطʤȤƤϡβǤ⤽⳰ΤΤǤŦǤ롥choice, employ, loin, moist, turmoil, soil, join, poison Τ褦˥ե󥹸̤ΤŪ¿ۤ˥줫 buoy, foist, loiter ʤɤ⤢롥ꥷ hoi polloi٥󥬥 poisha hoisin줫鵼 ahoy, boink, oink ⤢롥εˤޤĤ̤ȤơŪˤϥ롼Ĥ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤΤǤʤǤʤΤǤ롥
ŪˤߤƤ⡤βǤϥޥʡäƤ롥Minkova (270) ϡVachek Lass ˸ڤĤġμ򼡤Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

The incorporation of the new diphthong in boy, join, coin into the English phonological system is commonly described as incomplete. Vachek (1976: 162--7, 265--8) argued that lack of parallelism with the other diphthongs ([eɪ-oʊ], [aɪ-aʊ], but not *[ɛɪ-ɔɪ]) and lack of morphophonemic alternations involving [ɔɪ] in the PDE system, makes [ɔɪ] a 'peripheral' phoneme in SSBE. He hypothesised that the survival of [ɔɪ] is associated with its pragmatic function of differentiating synchronically foreign words from native words, especially polysyllabic words. Lass (1992a: 53) also emphasises the 'foreignness' of [ɔɪ] and its structural isolation, and concludes that it . . . 'has just sat there for its whole history as a kind of non-integrated "excrescence" on the English vowel system'.


Τ˼ŪϤΤΡѸηϤ˼ޤƤ뤳ȤϳΤȤ⤢롥(1) ¾2첻Ʊͤ˲¸Ѱۤ򼨤 (ex. [ɔɪ], [oi], [ui])(2) -oid Ϥ2δ֡⤤ؤ롤(3) 20äƤ¤Ȥ oik (1917), oink (1935), boing (1952), boink (1963); droid (1952), roid (1978) ʤɤƤƤ롤ʤɤλ¤
ʴ鶽̣򤽤2첻ǤȤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Vachek, Joseph. Selected Writings in English and General Linguistics. Prague: Academia and the Hague: Mouton, 1976.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1] [2020-07-27-1]

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2020-05-09 Sat

#4030. -ant -ent (3) [spelling][suffix][phoneme][statistics]

2֤ε ([2020-05-07-1], [2020-05-08-1]) ɸˤĤƹͤƤξʬۤ뤳ȤϡŪˤ̻ŪˤⴰˤϤǤʤ褦Upward and Davidson (423) ϡͿ754˴ŤĴ̤η򸫽Фɤ뤫ľβǤˤäƤ褽ͽۤǤȤޤdzΨŪʻŦºŪΩ

Phonemes/p//b//t//d//k//g//ʧ//ʤ//m//n//l//r//f//v//s//z//ʃ//w//eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//aʊ//ɪ//ʊ/
Letters<pbtdcgchg(e)mnlrfvs/csti(q)uaioyowiu>
<-ant/ce>4162261392464024624141013--21161166
<-ent/ce>853362---421244827-46641517----4913


γΨɽŪ˲᤹СUpward and Davidson (423) ʲ˽Ҥ٤̤Ȥʤ롥

   Positive cues for <a> spellings are accordingly a stem-final /k, g, ʧ, f/ or any of the diphthongs /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ/. The only positive cue for <e> spellings is a previous /kw/. Stems ending in <-ul-> tend to have <-ent>: corpulent, flatulent, flocculent, fraudulent, opulent, succulent, truculent, turbulent, virulent. Exceptions are: ambulance, petulant, stimulant.
   The spelling is therefore predictable in words such as: significance, elegance, trenchant, infant, abeyance, reliance, annoyance, allowance, eloquent, consequent.


Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2020-02-19 Wed

#3950. ǥåüԤΥꥫܽѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [yiddish][loan_word][phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][phonotactics][contact][borrowing][phonaestheme]

ε#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1]) ˰³褦 Minkova (148--149) 󶡤εǡŪʸݤȤƸƬ [ts-] ȤҲΩļѸҲ𤷤˺Ƕܤ٤ƬλҲȤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] 󤲤롥Ѹ˵ĤȤѸŪʻҲϢǤϤ뤬͡ʸ򥽡Ȥ [ts-] Ȥϰۤʤꡤۤꤵ롥ΥϤο͡ѤƤ륤ǥå (yiddish) Ǥ롥ǥåϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) ΥޥɤηޤǼ褦ˡȤޥ췲°Ǥ롥
2塤ꥫ罰ϤȤѸ˹ܽǥåüԤθäȤȤˡ嵭ħŪʻҲϢѸ˻ơüԽĤʸŪʱƶϤ椨ˡλҲϢѸΤʤǡֻ̱פƤȤǤ롥Ρֻ̱פ䡤褦ʡɤ褦äδߤĤġŪ̥ϤäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ schmaltz ʲ٤δ, schmooze (٤, schmuck , shtetl ʾʥĮ, shtick ʤäʾ̡, shtum ۤä, shtup ʥåˤʤɡschm- [ʃm-] ˻äƤϡäβ (phonaesthesia) 򼨤ŪǤȤʤäƤ롥
Minkova (148--149) βѤ褦

After World War II, Yiddish is spoken by more people in English-speaking countries --- US, Canada, Australia and Great Britain together --- than in Continental Europe or Israel. Large Yiddish communities in New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and Montreal have contributed to the recognition and integration of new vocabulary and new consonant clusters: [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-], which have become productive phonaesthemes in PDE. With at least a quarter of a million Yiddish speakers in North America, and a strong presence of Yiddish culture in film, TV and literature, familiarity with these clusters is to be expected and there is no attempt to assimilate them to some native sequence. What is more, the onset <schm-> [ʃm-], treated as a 'combining form' since 1929 by the OED, is clearly productive in playful reduplication, generating mildly disparaging or comic attention-getters: madam-shmadam, able-shmable, holy-shmoly, the Libros Shmibros lending library in Los Angeles.


夲 [ts-] ˤƤ⡤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] ˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬͡ʸܿäƱˡտ魯äʲǤаޤ褯ʬ롥ܿ (contact) ε¿СŪʷDzηϤˤ⤽αƶڤ֤Ȥ򼨤Ȥ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-18 Tue

#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][japanese][loan_word]

ѸǤ [ts] ȯⲿȤʤcats, hits, let's, nights, watts ʤɡt ǽΤʣ3ñ -s ղäС˸벻Ϣ˻2ĤηǤޤ֤뤿ᡤŪˤϤޤDz /t/ Ȳ /s/ ơΩΩǡν¤ΤȲᤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ[ts] βɽϤޤ /ts/ Ǥꡤ/t͡s/ ǤϤʤ
ѸޤǻȡǶޤ櫓ǤϤʤ [ts] ⸽¸ߤ롥줫μѸ tsar/czar ʹˤ [zɑː] Ȥȯ뤬[tsɑː] Ȥȯ롥ܸ줫μѸ tsunami [ts] ȯ롥¿ʤʳ [ts] Ѹ϶ʹƤƤꡤ/ts/ ǤϤʤ /t͡s/ ΰռƤƤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⤷ǤкǿβDz (phonemicisation) λȤʤꡤѸ첻˾ΰյġ Minkova (148) εͤˤʤ롥

. . . /ts/ is phonotactically non-native but not universally unattested. The earliest <ts->-initial borrowing in English is from Slavic: tsar (1555); the voiceless alveolar affricate onset [t͡s-] in this word and its many derived forms is most commonly assimilated to a singly articulated [z-], though the affricate [t͡s-] pronunciation is also recorded. Only three more [t͡s-] words were added in the sixteenth to seventeenth century, nine in the eighteenth century, and twenty-three between 1901 and 1975, with sources from languages from all over the world: Burmese, Chinese, German, Greek and Japanese. All of the most recent borrowing preserve the [t͡s-]; apparently the phonotactic constraint which generated the [z-] in tsar is no longer part of the system: no one would say [t͡s-] or [zuːˈnɑmi]. In other words, [t͡s-], although of more recent lineage, is likely to join [ʒ] ... as an addition to the consonantal inventory. The still marginal acceptability of a [t͡s-] onset can be related to its relative complexity and lower frequency of occurrence, though tsunami is hardly a rare item in English after 2011.


[t͡s-] ǻϤޤñ줬ޤʤƤ٤㤤Τǡ/t͡s/ βDzäƤȤϤޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤȤѤκǸˤ褦 tsunami Ϸ褷ƥ쥢ñǤϤʤҳ䵤ݤʤϵĶѲ˷ǰƤ븽¿ο͡ܤ륭ɤ1ĤǤ롥ñ줬ٲȤΤϻ䤿ˤȤä˾ޤʤȤѸβηϤ¦ߤ /t͡s/ ¤ʲDz˹׸ƤȤ⤤롥
κǿβDzȤСѤˤ⿨Ƥ褦 /ʒ/ 󤲤뤷/ŋ/ ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) (2) 򡤸ԤˤĤƤϡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-17-1] [2020-02-19-1]

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