hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 2 (4)

phoneme - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-11-16 Sat

#3855. ʤֿסʤ󤳤ˤΥ޻ɽ *Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺 Shinkoiwa ȤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][spelling][orthography][digraph][phonemicisation]

ɸϡǤˡѤʵפΰĶƤꡤषïʤǤ礦ޤǤ3Ĥε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1], [2019-11-15-1]) ǡʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m Ѥ뤫ȤˤĤƵƤޤ΢֤ˤ褦ʵȤʤäƤޤʤʤΤǡε󤴰ɤˡ
[ŋ] ȯ ng ʸ2ʸ1Ȥֻˤɽ魯ȤϸѸǤϰŪǤꡤϲŪ /ŋ/ βǤȤΩƤ¤бƤȹͤޤƱɡҲǤäƤ [n] [m] Τ˶̤٤ΤȤ [ŋ] ¸ߤ餳 n m ֤ΤǤϤʤng Ȥȼ֤ĤΤǤޤȤСȯ [ɕiŋkoiwa] Ǥ顤Ѹʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ˤDzŪ˸̩ɽܻؤΤǤ *Shingkoiwa դ路ȤǤ礦ƱͤͳǡѸ ink, monk, sync, thank *ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk ʤɤ֤Ƥ٤ȤǤ⤽ʤäƤޤ
ͳϡ/ŋ/ ˤĤƤ /n/ /m/ ȰۤʤꡤΩǤȤƤδפ夤ˤꤽǤŪˤС/ŋ/ ΩǤȤʤäΤϸѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤޤcf. #1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])ˡ/n/ /m/ ĸοǯˤؤͤβǤȤС/ŋ/ ֤˷βǤȤȤˤʤޤ/ŋ/ ѸޤǤϤޤDz /n/ ξ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤꡤηϾ夵ƽפǤϤʤ椨ֻä n ȶ̤٤ȤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤС[k] [g] ֤ˤ [ŋ] Ͼ۲ȤƸΤ褦˼¸Ƥޤ /ŋ/ ȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤ񤭸վñ n ֤ƤȤȤǤ
Ѹ kingk (king), dringke (drink), thingke (think) ʤɤֻȯŪˤߤ줿ȤΤǤṲ̄äΤ king, drink, think פΤۤǤʹߡŪˤ /ŋ/ βDzʹԤȤϤֻŪˤ夫 ng, nk ΤޤɸಽʹԤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˻ޤ
ɸεޤ礦ֿפΡ֤פϲŪˤϾ۲ [ŋ] ȤƼ¸ޤѸǤϾ۲ [ŋ] ֻ ng Ȥɽ뽬ǤʤäŪаޤޤΤᡤѸɽӤ˴Ťإܥ󼰥޻Ǥϡ*Shingkoiwa Ȥʤ餺n Ѥ Shinkoiwa ­ƤΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-13-1] [2023-02-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-15 Fri

#3854. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (3) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][spelling][orthography][digraph]

2֤ε ([2019-11-13-1], [2019-11-14-1]) ɸѤʵˤĤƹͤƤޤɽŪˤߤȡܸǤϡ֤󤸤夯ס֤ФפȤɽǡ֤פʬʤѸʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ˤǤ Shinjuku Shimbashi ʬƤΤǤ顤Ѹɽȯΰ㤤˼¤Ҵȿ븷̩ɽʤΤʡȻפ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤n m νʬΤߤ夲ơѸɽŪ˸̩ǤǸΤϾǤ¾ͻƤɬפޤ
n m ȤҲΰ㤤פǤΤϡξȤ˰ǤѸ nap map ΰ㤤פʤΤƱͤˡܸǡ֤ʡ̾ˡ na ȡ֤ޡʴ֡ˡ ma ΰ㤤ϽפǤǤ顤ܸñΥ޻ɽˤ na ma Τ褦˽ʬ뤳ȼΤԻ׵ĤǤⲿǤ⤢ޤ󡥤ɡҲ첻ʤĶĤޤñȤΩľˤܸǤɡҲΰ㤤¤ȤǤʤѸ٤礭ۤʤΤǤ
֤ʻˡפ̾ [saɴ] ȯޤĿͤˤäơ뤤Ͼˤä [san], [saɲ], [saŋ], [sam], [sã] ʤɤȼ¸뤳Ȥ⤢ޤȯǤ⡤ܸʸ̮ǤϽʬˡ֤פȤƲᤵޤȤѸǤ sun [sʌn], some [sʌm], sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡĤɡҲñȤΩĴĶǤΤ˶̤ʤФʤޤ󡥱ѸϤΤ褦ܸ٤ɡҲζ̤Ū˸θˡˤȿǤƤ뤿ˡShinjuku Shimbashi νʬƤȹͤޤ
äϤǽޤ󡥾˵󤲤 sung [sʌŋ] Τ褦ˡng Ȥֻ [ŋ] ȯñͤƤߤޤ礦. sing, sang, song Ϥ king, long, ring, thing, young ʤɤ󤢤ޤ͡ѸǤ [ŋ] [n] [m] Τ˶̤ʤФʤʤΤǡΤ褦 ng Ȥ ȼʸ2ʸ1ȤֻˤѰդƤ櫓ǤȤСn m ˽ʬΤƱˡ ng ˽ʬƤ뤫ȤС㤤ޤ㤨 ink, monk, sync, thank ϳơ [ɪŋk], [mʌŋk], [sɪŋk], [θæŋk] ȯ졤ʶʤ [ŋ] ɡҲäƤޤʤΤˡ*ingk, *mongk, *syngc, *thangk Τ褦ˤ֤ޤn m ξȤϻ𤬰ۤʤΤǤ
Ѹ [n], [m], [ŋ] Τ˶̤٤ȯȤߤʤƤޤֻ夽ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤޤn m ʬ뤳ȤˤĤƤϾҴǤ ng ΰ㤤˽ʬۤҴʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤܸδ鸫ȡѸɽϤȤǤϳΤ˲Ūˤ긷̩Ȥޤ̤ΤȤǤɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤܸɽΡ֤פ˶ᤤȤޤ⤷٤Ƥξ˸̩äȤ顤ֿסʤ󤳤 [ɕiŋkoiwa] αѸɽʤ뤤ϥإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤϡԤ Shinkoiwa ǤϤʤ *Shingkoiwa ȤʤϤǤ
ɸεޤ礦ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ礦εФơֱѸܸⲻŪ˸̩ɽѤƤ뤫פñǤԽʬǤֿפΡ֤פǤξĤƤꡤ餳 m ɽΤǤĴؤǤ­ޤ󡥤ϡ˴ְäƤȤϤޤ󤬡Shinkoiwa 褦ȤʤˤʤäþޤǤΤǡɸεФΤϡҤ٤褦ˡֱѸˡ׵᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi פȤʤޤäϪˤäƤޤСShimbashi ֤ΤϡѸǤϤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤ뤫פȤȤˤʤޤѤʵФȤƤϿȤդʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡Ūʴ餤ȹͻ̡䤬äȰƤɤĤ̤ηǤ̻ŪʴϤޤ̤˵Ǥޤˡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-05-13-1] [2019-11-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-14 Thu

#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][vowel][spelling][spelling][orthography]

ε ([2019-11-13-1]) ǡܸΡ֤פĶ˱ƿΰۤʤȯǼ¸뤳Ȥ˿ޤλ¤ˤĤơ⤦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
ƣ (49) ˤȡ֤פ͡ʲŪ¸ˤĤơΤ褦ޤ

³ҲƱĴɡְФȤ벻Ǥ롥³ҲɡΤȤϡ[p] [b] [m] [m], [t] [ts] [d] [dz] [n] [n], [tɕ] [dʑ], [ɲ] [ɲ], [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ŋ] ˤʤ롥
ǤθꡤĤޤٻߤľǤϡɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ롥ĿͤޤϾ̤ˤꡤ[m] [n] [ŋ]ޤɡ첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥֤󤤡ʿաˡס֤ʿˡפΤ褦ʡ첻ܶ᲻Υ⡤ɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤϤۤǫĴʤ¤ĺ[ɕiĩi] Τ褦 [i] ɡ첻 [ĩ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿
³ҲԤϹԤʤɤ໤ΤȤ⡤ƱǡƱĴͭ໤ɡΤȤʤ뤬첻αƶ뤿ᵭ沽񤷤άɽǤϳά[h] [s] [ɸ] [ɯ̃], [ɕ] [ç] [ĩ] Τ褦ɡ첻ȤʤȹͤƤФ褤


ܸΡ֤פϤʤʤʣʤ͡ȯƤ뤳ȤʬǤ礦̾٤вŪ˸̩ȤäƤ褤Ѹɽʤ뤤Ϥ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤǤΡ֤פ񤳤ȤʤС1ν˼ޤʤΤƻǤ̤ȤơShinjuku Ǥʤ Shimbashi Τ褦ֻФƤ櫓Ǥ
̾ӤФ긷̩ʲɽȤȤˤѸʤ޻ɽˤˤƤ⡤ n m ʬ뤯餤ǡ¤ϡָ̩פʤɤǤϤޤ󡥱Ѹˡ׵᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi ȹͤƤɬפޤ
ʤθɡ [ɴ] ˤĤơܸɴŵ (247) ­ȡ֤ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻פȤȤǤ

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-11-13 Wed

#3852. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (1) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][language_planning][spelling][orthography]

ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפ򰷤äΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤ򤷤ȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯Ĥܵ񤤤ȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ򶲤줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ

夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ޻ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥ󼰥޻ɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥ󼰥޻ɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ򤹤뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫Ȼפޤϥ޹ԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ󤸤夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥ󼰥޻ˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸ򡤸Ԥˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
޻ǽ񤯤ȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ󡥤¸ƤΤἰ޻Ǥˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥ󼰡ʤ˥޻ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-07-14 Sun

#3730. Ūʣ [terminology][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone]

ˤơ̾Ωʬۤ򼨤ä2Ĥΰۤʤ벻ǤǧꤵƤ2ĤββĶˤƤϡΩ򼺤ȤȤꤦ롥ϲ (neutralisation)뤤Ūʣ (phonemic overlap) ȸƤФ롥ë (15--17) 򻲾ȤܸˤäƤβݤˤĤ򤷤Ƥ
ܸΥԻҲȥԻҲͤ롥[s] [ʃ] ˤϡֲ [onsɑ] vs ָҡ [onʃɑ]֥ [kɑsɯ] vs ֲμ [kɑʃɯ]١ [seːdo] vs ֥ɡ [ʃeːdo]֤ [soɾi] vs ֽ [ʃoɾi] ʤɤκǾ (minimal_pair) 򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤΩʬۤǧǤΤǡ̡β /s/ /ʃ/ ǧꤹ뤳ȤǤ롥
ԤȥԤγƲɽǽ񤭽ФƤߤ褦Բ [ʃɑ], [ʃi], [ʃɯ], [ʃe], [ʃo] ľ˽ɽ碌뤬Բ [sɑ], [ʃi], [sɯ], [se], [so] Ȥʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ첻 [i] ³ˤϡԤȥԤβϹ줷ƤޤºݤȯȤƤ [ʃi] Ǥ [si] Ǥ졤ܸȤƤ϶̤ʤ֥פȤƲᤵΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̾ /s/ /ʃ/ ϰۤʤ2ĤΩ벻ǤȤȤ館Ƥ褤 [i] ³˸¤äƤϡΩ̵̣Ȥʤ롤ʤȹͤ櫓[ʃ] Ω줫ߤСΤ褦ʴĶˤƤϥԲ⥷Բô뤳ȤˤʤΤǡŪʣäƤɽǤ롥

ë ɿ͡1ϡηϤʬ׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ1--29ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-07-04 Thu

#3720. ʤѸ make ܸ˼Ѥȸ첻 /u/ ΤĤ meiku /meiku/ ȤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][japanese][syllable][phonetics][phoneme][sonority][loan_word][sonority]

ε#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ᥿פȤߤȡܸȱѸоŪʸǤѸϻҲǽIJ (closed syllable) 򼨤줬¿ޤܸǤϵǤΤᡤIJıñܸ˼ƤäơIJ˲餫ĴäƳ (open syllable) ؤѴΤԹǤȤ櫓ϳѴȤǤΤ褦ĴΤǤñˡ1ĤϡҲ첻ä뤳ȤǤǸIJϡƤܸμʲ᥿פȤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ɸǹͤƤߤޤ礦Ѹ make /meɪk/ ϻҲ /k/ ǽIJθǤܸȤˤϡ /k/ ΤȤ첻1źƤФ褤ΤǤŪˤ /u/ äơ֥ᥤ /meiku/ Ȥޤ̤Ȥ /mei.ku/ 23⡼ˤȤʤޤ̵˳Ȥʤޤ
ϡʤ첻 /u/ Ǥ뤫ȤǤmap ʥޥåס, lobe ʥ֡, dog ʥɥå, tough ʥա, love ʥ֡, rice ʥ饤, rose ʥ, dish ʥǥå, cool ʥ, game ʥ, sing ʥ󥰡 ʤɤǤ⡤б륫ʸͤƤߤȡ٤Ƹ /u/ ղäƤޤ
ŪŤμѸǤ cake ʥˤ brush ʥ֥饷ˤΤ褦 /i/ ղäߤޤwatch ʥå, badge ʥХåˡgarage ʥ졼ˤʤɤƱͤǤĴŪˤϡȯ˴ޤޤƤŸ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ 첻 /i/ ȤϿ⤤뤳ȤϤǤȤϻפޤ
/u/ /i/ ȤϻĤޤʤ¾첻ǤϤʤ2ĤΤƤΤǤ礦ϡξԤȤ첻Ȥʹ (sonority) Ǥ㤯û첻ȹͤƤޤۡpp. 55--56ˡˤϤʤ첻ΤǤ顤ƤäѷäȤϤʤ٤ΩʤѹˤȤɤƤȤǤDzŪ˱Ƥ /u/ /i/ 򤵤ȤȤΤ褦Ǥ
פ㳰ޤñβ˸ /t/ /d/ ˤĤƤϡܸ첽 /i/, /u/ ǤϤʤ /o/ äΤŪǤcat ʥåȡˡbed ʥ٥åɡˤतǤϡ⤷ /u/ /i/ ղäȡܸβȤƵƤʤ [tu, ti, du, di] Ƥޤᡤ/u/ μ˹⤤ /o/ ѤΤȤޤܸ첽 [tsu, tʃi, dzu, dʒi] ȤƻȤƤϤ⤷ޤ󤬡ˡϺΤޤǤ
֥ᥤפ֥פ֥åȡפ⡤ܸ첻˰Ĥ̤βȤȤä櫓Ǥ

Ĥ2ϡȥ⡼׿ ҡԡˡزīоȸإ꡼ 3īҽŹ2014ǯ30--57ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-11-07 Wed

#3481. ܸΥɡα [phonology][phoneme][phonaesthesia][language_myth][sociolinguistics][phonetics][consonant][nasal]

112俷ʹīˡɡͤαФפꤹ뵭ǺܤƤܥΥƥȤ¼Ϻˤ֤äʤ켭ŵפεǤ롥

〽ͼƤޥååȤӤؤΡͼƤȤӡפǡҶκ˻Ĥäᡥ֤ȤӤפΡ֤פ֥󥬡פȤ˶᤯ɡκμϤʤäɡäդȰ㤤ΤǤϴŤݤ줬ʡȻפäƤ
ɡɡȴȱͤΰݤǤɡα˹ƶ롥̤ȯĤǼ򡤽餫ԤΤ벻ˡˮڤ侼¤βضʤʤɤǤɬܤɡܻۤѤäɡФΤϰεΥʤͤʤޤȱϲդޤĤʼĥˤϤ줬İˤҤ뤬Τޤޤサޤɡ̤⤢뵤롥
ݥȥDzΤܥΥɡϤȤ롥ݥ켫ΤħǤ뤬ʾˡδꤲĤ褦̵褵ȤжˤΤȯġġ祢󡦥٥ȤİȤ˻פ
ɡȤϿΤθˤ򹭤ΤǽˡξԤȯȱϾζѤ롥äĤƤɽˤؤ֤Ȥ¿Ȼפ


Υ֤ͤ /ŋ/ ȲĤޤҶäݤ /g/ Ȥ椬⤷ɡɡִŤݤפȤΤ⡤Ի׵ĤȶǤ롥ɡݥƥʥ᡼ϡͭΤ⤷ʤ
ؤ䲻Ω줫餤С󥬹ɡ1Ҳˤʤܸʶ̸ˤǤ /g/ ΰ۲ѸǤΩǤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬Ƹ1ˤǽŪˤ¾ΰ۲䲻ǤѤȤʤ˲餫Υ᡼տ路ƤȤС嵭Τ褦İпŪʲ (phonaesthesia) ꤫뤤ϼҲŪ
Ѹ /ŋ/ ҲŪʴ鰷äȤƤϡ-ing ˴ؤΤΤƤʡ#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1])#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ̩ˤ /ŋ/ ΤΤȤ⡤/ŋ/ ޤǤΰ۷֤Ȥ٤εɤǤ館ʬ褦ˡտ魯륤᡼ϡŪʤΤȤ⡤¿ʬ˸춦ƱΤ˰¸ҲŪʤΤ⤷ʤɸΡܸΥɡαפ⡤ʤΤȤ⡤ҲŪʤΤʤΤ⤷ʤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-07-26 Thu

#3377. Ѳθ2ȷ3 [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][merger][terminology][phoneme][phonemicisation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

(48) ϡѲ (phonological change) θȤ礭2̤Ƥ롥

(1) ŪưŤˤ (endogenous or internal motivations): ȤƲŪŪװ
(2) 쳰ŪưŤˤ (exogenous or external motivations): ¾졦¾ȤܿҲŪʸŪʤɤμҲŪװ

򤷤䤹ʬǤ롥 (2) θ쳰Ūװڻ뤵Ƥ¤ŦƤ¿βѲϡΤ (1) θŪװˤäƥޡȤƤ⤽ɤ餫Ȥ (1) ϡäѲ WHY ǤϤʤHOW εҤˤȤɤޤ뤳Ȥ¿βѲλξǵΤϤʤȤֻư (actuation problem) ˤ­ǤꡤWHY ˤϤɤƤ (2) 餶ʤ
ѲѲη̤ȤƲηϤɤΤ褦˱ƶȤʬहСʲ3ʬpp. 47--48ˡ

(1) ͻ (merger): ʣβǤΩ򼺤1ĤβǤ˹Τ롥
(2) ʬ (split): ñβǤʣβǤʬ뤳ȡ⤷ʬ̤β¾βǤͻ礷ǤѤʤˤϡ켡ʬ (primary split) ȸƤ֡ʬη̡ʲǤˤϡʬ (secondary split) ȸƤ֡
(3) (shift): ʬ᲻Ѳ̡ηϤ԰Ȥʤäˡ경٤̤ʬ᲻ϢŪ˲Ѳ뤳ȡ

դΤϡ(1) (2) ϲηϤ˱ƶͿѲǤ뤬(3) ǤѲDzηϤΤΤѤ餺ƲǤΤΤʤǺʬ̤ۤˤʤȤȤػҼꥲȤС(1) (2) ǤϰػҤμѤꡤ(3) ǤϰػҤɤŪʰ֤ѤȤȤˤʤ롥

3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-14-1] [2019-11-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-03-22 Thu

#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ [digraph][h][phoneme][arbitrariness][alphabet][grammatology][grapheme][graphemics][spelling][consonant][diacritical_mark][sobokunagimon]

ꥢοɸ֥磻 CHIANTI ʥƥˤߤĤġꥢ <chi> = /ki/ ˻פڤ<ch> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) ˴ؤơ衼åѤνϤƤ⡤ŵŪб벻ϤޤޤǤ롥첻 <i> դ <chi> ˤĤƹͤƤߤ褦פʸɽСѸǤ chill, chin Τ褦 /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ Chine, chique Τ褦 /ʃi/ꥢǤ chianti, chimera Τ褦 /ki/ɥĸǤ China, Chinin Τ褦 /çi/ Ǥ롥Ʊ <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤäƤʤ顤б벻ХХʤΤϤäʤ
򤯤ˤϡʸ (arbitrariness) ȡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤ򤹤ɬפ롥ޤʸ顥ե٥åȤˤȤȡ<a> Ȥʸ /a/ ȤȷӤĤϤȹͤΤϡĹȽˤΤˤºݤˤξԤδ֤ɬŪʴطϤʤбطե٥åȤѤ¿θǸΤϡΥե٥åηϤѤˤäơѸ˸줿ηդδطѤˤʤ̤ʻ𤬤ʤꤤطѤΤݤȤȤ⤢ΤʸȲȤδط塹Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿餫̤ʻ𤬤СȤСб벻ʬθˤ¸ߤʤΤǤʸȤ줺;äƤޤ硽<a> Ѥˤ뤳ȤǤ뤷ޤäۤʤ¾βˤƤȤäƤǤ롥ȤС춦ƱΤ <a> = /t/ ȷꤷƱդСθˤƤϤǤ褤ΤǤ롥ʸϸŪʤΤǤ뤫顤ʬդС¾ͤ˴Ĥڹ礤ϤʤΤǤ롥<ch> ñǤϤʤ2ŻǤȤüϤ뤬2ʸη1ĤʸȤߤʤСʸƸϻ˱ƹʤ褦ѤƤ褤θ¸ߤɤʻҲ˳ƤƤ褤üʤȤ򤤤첻˳ƤƤ⡤̵˳ƤƤ褤Ĥޤꡤ<ch(i)> ɤߤϡޤäŪɬŪ˷ޤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򤹤뤳ȤοǤ롥
ˡƸβηϤȤˤΩˤĤơޤǤʤȤƱθǤʤ줾ȼβηϤäƤ롥Ѹˤ /f, l, θ, ð, v/ ʤɤβǤ뤬ܸˤϤʤȤä褦ˡ줴ȤͭβǥåȤΤǤ롥ƸβηϤȯŸˤ⡤§ȤΩŪǤ롥μѤʤɤäǤ⡤αƶϸŪäơۤʤˤϰۤʤ벻ǥåȤꡤǥåȴ֤Ǹߤб褦ȤƤäƤΤ顤줤·ȤȤ˾ʤϤǤ롥ɽʸ륢ե٥åȤϸ§ȤƲǤ̤Τ顤ǥåȴ֤ǤޤбʤΤʸåȴ֤ˤб褦ȤȤǡϤɬ⤭줤ˤ·ʤϤǤ롥
ǵ󤲤衼åѤμפʸϡˤηаޤȤ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƤϤȤʤƥˤ <ch> Ȥ2ŻѤƤ뤳ȤΤäƤޤ§ȤƤΩȤĤĤ⡤ߤθܤǸƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǡ2Ż <ch> Ѥ褦ȤǥΤϡθ⼫ƤΤ<ch> ɤβˤƤˤĤƤϡƸ˰ѤͤƤǡƸǤ <c> ŵŪɽ蘆벻ȶŪ̻Ū˴طο̤βбʸȤ <ch> 򤢤ƤȤˤȤ櫓ĤޤꡤѸǤ /ʧi/ե󥹸Ǥ /ʃi/ꥢǤ /ki/ɥĸǤ /çi/ Ǥ롥Ƥξ硤ƸˤˤơȤȤ /k/ ɽ魯Τ <ch> ѤƤ롥
ޤȤСθ⡤Ū <ch> Ȥ2ŻȤ³뤳ȤˤĤƤ϶̤ƤƸŪ˰ۤʤ벻ѲƤˡ<ch> ɽ蘆벻ϡߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ <ch> = /ʧ/ ˴ؤˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1893. إܥ󼰥޻ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])
#2393. <Crist> <Christ> ([2015-11-15-1])
#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-12-05 Tue

#3144. Ѹ첻ˤˤ long ash 1 long ash 2 [vowel][diphthong][oe][germanic][phonetics][i-mutation][oe_dialect][pronunciation][phoneme]

Ѹ첻ˤǤϴȤơűѸ West-Saxon ˤ <æ> ֤Ĺ첻ϡε˱2˶̤롥줾Ū ǣ1 ǣ2 ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿ʤʤȤ˸ԤˤäƤ 1 2 źžڤߤˡ2ϡѸʹߤˤˤƤˤäƤФж̤뤳Ȥ顤ƱѤʤɡѸ˸塤פôäƤ롥
(75--76) ˤСޥӸؾ塤ǣ1 ǣ2 εϰۤʤäƤ롥ǣ1 ޥʳǤ *[aː]- ɡ֤ West-Saxon ˤ岽Τǡnon-West-Saxon ǤϤ˾夲Ф [eː] Ȥʤä (ex. dǣd "deed", lǣtan "let", þǣr "there") ǣ2 ޥ *[aɪ] űѸޤǤ [ɑː] ѲΤ i-mutation ФϤǤ (ex. lǣran "teach", dǣlan "deal") ϡWest-Saxon Τߤʤ餺 Anglian Ǥݤ줿Kentish ǤϾ夲ˤ [eː] Ȥʤääơǣ1 ǣ2 βδطϡWest-Saxon Ǥ [æː] : [æː]Anglian Ǥ [eː] : [æː]Kentish Ǥ [eː] : [eː] Ȥʤ롥ޤȤСʲ̤ꡥ

PGmcaː > OEWS æː
  NWS æː > eː
WGmcaɪ > OE ɑː > (i-mutation)WS, Angl æː
  K æː > eː


סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-14 Tue

#2878. comfort m ȯ [phonetics][phoneme][assimilation][allophone][prefix]

228դηǼĤǡcomfort(able) m ˤĤƼ䤬󤻤줿ƥͳ褹Ƭ com- Ҳϡp, b, m Ǥ computer, combine, communicate ˸褦 m ݤ뤬ʳξǤϸ³˱ n, l, r ʤɤѲꡤȤ˼줿ꤹΤ̤Ǥ롥com- f Ǥ con- ȤʤΤǤꡤconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤ˸̤Ǥ롥comfort Ǥ f m Ƥ롥ϡɤȤѸǤбեñ confort(able) n ֤Ƥ櫓ʤΤǡޤޤ䤬ޤ롥碌ơñ m Ϥ褦ȯΤȤ
ѸǤʤ m ΤˤĤƤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǼ褦ʲƤʤǤϡȤꤢ m ȯˤĤ˲⤷ƤѸǤϡ<m> ʸϤۤ11δط /m/ βǤб롥 /m/ κǤŵŪʼ¸ͭξɡ [m] ĶˤäƤϤʳΰ۲ (allophone) ȤƤ¸롥ľ [f] [v] Τ褦ʿ³ˤϡ/m/ ĴεչƱ (assimilation) ˤͭɡ [ɱ] ȤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥פˡ[f] ȯιɡ©ȴƤФ褤βñȤĴ뤳ȤϤʤȻפ뤬[f] [v] ³֤Ǥ̵ռΤ [ɱ] ĴȤʤäƤϤǤ롥comfort m Ϥޤˤΰ۲Ǽ¸롥
ʲˡJespersen Cruttenden 顤۲ [ɱ] ˤĤƿƤʬѤ褦

Before [f, v], as in nymph, pamphlet, comfort, triumph, triumvir, circumvent [nimf, pæmflit, kʌmfət, traiəmf, traiˈʌmvə, səkəmˈvent], the [m]-closure is frequently formed not by means of both lips, but of the lower lip alone, which is applied to the lower edge of the upper front teeth. (Jespersen 395)


When followed by a labiodental sound /f,v/, the front closure may be labiodental [ɱ] rather than bilabial, e.g. in nymph, comfort, triumph, come first, circumvent, warm vest. Additionally pronunciations of infant, enforce, unforced, etc. with assimilation of [n] to [ɱ] can be regarded as having an allophone of /m/. (Cruttenden 212)


In connected speech /m/ frequently results from a final /n/ of the citation form before a following bilabial, e.g. one mile /wʌm ˈmaɪl/, more and more /mɔːr əm ˈmɔː/, ten pairs /tem ˈpeəz/, gone back /gɒm ˈbak/; sometimes /m/ is a realisation of word-final /ən/ or /n/ following /p/ or /b/, e.g. happen /ˈhapm/, ribbon /ˈrɪbm/, or, in context, cap and gown /kap m ˈgaʊn/ . . . . (Cruttenden 212)


դΤϡconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤˤƤϡտȯǤϡ [f] [v] ³ȤϤäɡ [n] ȯΤ̤ȤȤˤ衤comfort(able) ϤϤѤäñǤ롥
ʤܸǤ̾ [f] [v] ȯʤΤǡޤƤ [ɱ] ʤɸ뤳Ȥʤ褦˻פ뤬ü˲˳֤ǥ޹ԤȯȡƤ [ɱ] Ȥʤ롥˥äȺ˳̤ξФߤǡֽޤơפȤȤΡ֤פȡ֤ޡפλҲݱʤ [ɱ] ȤʤäƤޤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-21 Thu

#2642. ѲμȻȤߤν [terminology][language_change][causation][phonemicisation][phoneme][how_and_why]

Ϣ Hockett ˸Ѹ˴ؤʸѡȤƤ뤬ƱʸѲμ (kinds) ȻȤ (mechanism) ζ̤ˤĤ Hockett θ󤷤
ŪʸѲλȤơ[f] [v] ΩβDz夲褦űѸǤξ1Ĥβ /f/ ΰ۲ˤʤäѸǤϸƬʤɤ [v] ĥեñμѤʤɤ̤ /f/ /v/ ǤȤƤΩ򼨤褦ˤʤä
ѲˤĤơɤΤ褦ȤŪʲˤϰڿ줺ˡλ¤٤СϡֲѲפǤɽǤ롥֤ѲǤʤСѲäѲǤʤѲǤȤ롥ϡѲμ (kind) ˤĤƤθȤ֡졤äʤɤ̤1Ĥθ˴ŤʬǤ뤫顤θ˰¸ĤߤȤäƤ褤ȤѤС˱ѲμʬѤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѲλȤ (mechanism) Ȥϡ[v] βDzǤСŪˤɤΤ褦ʲơ۲ [v] /f/ Ω /v/ βǤϰ̤ΤȤξܺ٤ΤȤǤ롥ΥޥäơѸ줬 [v] Ƭʤɤˤĥեñܿ˵ڤǡƬ [f] ĸȤκǾФΩ[v] βDzΩȤȤǤʤβDzμºݤξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡˡȤߤˤ͡ʤΤ̤뤬㤨вѲ (sound change) (analogy) (borrowing) 3Ĥζ̤ꤹȤΥǼȤƴͿƤȤߤϡѤȤʤĤλȤߤꤹ뤫ˤĤƤŪ¿ͤΩ줬ꤦΤǡ¸αĤߤǤϤ롥
ѲμȻȤߤ̤٤ǤȤ Hockett μĥϡѲΥӥեȥե2üδطʬह뤳Ȥȡ2üδ֤ǺѤᥫ˥餫ˤ뤳ȤȤۤʤĤߤǤȤȤơαĤߤˤĤưȤγǰѸΥåȤƤ٤Ǥꡤ2ĤΤΤƱƤϤʤʤHockett (72) ۩

My last terminological recommendation, then, is that any individual scholar who has occasion to talk about historical linguistics, be it in an elementary class or textbook or in a more advanced class or book about some specific language, distinguish clearly between kinds and mechanisms. We must allow for differences of opinion as to how many kinds there are, and as to how many mechanisms there are---this is an issue which will work itself out in the future. But we can at least insist on the main point made here.


ϢơHockett (73) ϡѲλȤ (mechanism) ȸ (cause) ȤѸˤĤƤ⡤դ򴭵Ƥ롥

'Mechanism' and 'cause' should not be confused. The term 'cause' is perhaps best used of specific sequences of historical events; a mechanism is then, so to speak, a kind of cause. One might wish to say that the 'cause' of the phonologization of the voiced-voiceless opposition for English spirants was the Norman invasion, or the failure of the British to repel it, or the drives which led the Normans to invade, or the like. We can speak with some sureness about the mechanism called borrowing; discussion of causes is fraught with peril.


Hockett εϡѲ what (= kind) how (= mechanism) why (= cause) Ѹ츯ˤĤƲƹͤƤ뵡Ȥʤä

Hockett, Charles F. "The Terminology of Historical Linguistics." Studies in Linguistics 12.3--4 (1957): 57--73.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-09-1] [2018-01-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-05-22 Sun

#2582. 2첻ȾΧ [vowel][diphthong][phonetics][phonology][phoneme]

2첻 (diphthong) ϡñ첻 (monophthong) 䤽¾Ρ첻פ̾ΤĤñ̤ȤȤˡ1Ĥ첻ηϤʤҲηϤΩΤȹͤ뤬ǡñ첻ȤҲȤۤʤ3ηϤʤȤͤ⤢褦Samuels (32) ۩

. . . it is uncertain whether diphthongs should be regarded as constituting a third system, distinct from those of vowels or consonants. They evidently perform the same function as vowels in structure, and in some systems it would be misleading to separate them since they patently complete a vowel-pattern that would otherwise be incomplete. At the same time, the degree of phonetic distinctiveness from neighbouring vowels that is achieved by the gliding property of diphthongs is often greater than might be expected, and they are therefore better regarded as a partly autonomous section of the vowel system as a whole; they possess an extra feature that enables them to remain close to, yet distinct from, vowels in the total vocalic space available, and their function can be important. It is probably for this reason that where, by simplificatory change, diphthongs merge with monophthongs (e.g. OE ēo > ME /e:/, ēa > /ɛ:/) a new series of diphthongs arises, as seen in ME dai, sauȝ . . .; or, conversely, where extra diphthongs are created, other diphthongs are monophthongised . . . .


ʤۤɡ¤줿 (phonological space) ¤˳Ѥ뤿ˤϡñ첻ǤϤʤƱεǽñ̤Ȥ2첻ʤΤФȤǤͭΤ褦˹ͤȡñ첻2첻ͭ¤β֤Ȥʤ˶ƱƤ뤫Τ褦˸Ƥ롥ƱǤȤȤϡߤ֤ǤϤ뤬ĤȤƤΩƤȤȤǤ⤢ꡤȾΧŪȤȤˤʤ롥
ΰѤκǸǿƤ뤬ѸβˤҤȤȡ2첻礤ƤϤʤǤϤʤΤ褦ʻĹ³䤬ƿ2첻߽Фơñ첻ȤζƱƳƤ (#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) ɽˤ OE--ME 12th c. 򻲾) 2첻¸ߤȾе̳Ǥ뤫Τ褦˴벻ˤǤ롥
ϲˤϤޤܤʤΤ褦2첻θϸߤβȿǤƤΤ (cf. #1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1])#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1])) ϢơĹ첻3첻ʤɤϤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤƤΤ2첻ƱͤȾΧŪηϤʤΤ뤤ñ첻ηϤ2첻ηϤβ̶ʬˤʤΤ̻ŪʲѲδŪäƤߤǤ롥

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-03-19 Sat

#2518. Ҳۻ [silent_letter][phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics][haplology][spelling_pronunciation]

(118) Ĵ٤ˤȡѸˡˤƻҲۻ (silent_letter) ޤϡ޷ޤ420줢ȤҲ̤򼨤Ȱʲ̤ꡥ<b> (24 words), <c> (11), <ch> (4), <d> (17), <f> (2), <g> (41), <gh> (41), <h> (57), <k> (11), <l> (67), <m> (1), <n> (14), <s> (22), <p> (31), <ph> (2), <r> (1), <t> (37), <th> (2), <w> (33), <x> (2) ʸǤϡζ㤬Ҥ󤲤ƤꡤԴѤǤ롥ʲɤǤƤ⤷äճäʤɤǤиȴФҲ𤷤

(1) <mb> <b> ۻȤʤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1]), #724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1]), #1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1])#1917. numb ([2014-07-27-1]) ʤɤǵ󤲤Ƥ⤦ɲäǤ롥űѸѸ <b> (= /b/) Ϥʤä <b> 줿ΤȤ limb, crumb, numb, thumb 롥ĤƤϼ¸Ƥ <b> = /b/ ̵Ȥơclimb, bomb, lamb, comb, dumb, plumb, succumb 롥<mb> Ȥ߹碌Ǥ⡤rhomb ɩ, zimb ʥ֤ΰ, iamb ʼ嶯ʡˤʤɤѸǤ <b> ȯ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
(2) #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ¾Ȥơmineralogy < mineralology, pacifism < pacificism, stipend < stipi-pendium, tragicomedy < tragic comedy
(3) perhaps ϤȯǤ /præps/ Ȥʤꡤ<h> ۻȤʤ롥
(4) iron ˤơꥫѸǤ <r> ȯ뤬ꥹѸǤ <r> ̵ /ˈaɪən/ Ȥʤ롥
(5) kiln
ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) /kɪln/ ̤Ѹ <n> ̵ȤʤäŪȯ /kɪl/ ⤢롥Ʊͤ Milne /mɪln/ ̤Jones ȯŵ (1967) Ǥ /mɪl/ ΤߤǧƤȤ顤ֻȯϤĤǶΤȤΤ褦
(6) Christmas տȯǤ /ˈkrɪstməs/ Ȥʤ <t> ۻȤʤʤΤ褦ʻҲ˶ޤ줿ĶǤϡŪ <t> ̵ȤʤΤ̾ä (see #379. often spelling pronunciation ([2010-05-11-1]))
(7) ҳѸȤƤ southeast, northeast Ǥ <th> ̵Ȥʤ롥/saʊ ˈiːst/, /nɔːr ˈiːst/

ʸɤȡۻΥץˤʤ롪

Silent Consonant Letter ʬϡä˱Ѹˤδ鸫濴Ȥơסʡؿʸѡ51, 1973ǯ117--45ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-03-17 Thu

#2516. ҲǤȻҲʸǤбɽ [phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][consonant][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics]

ε#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) ˰³ (19--21) 򻲾ȤơҲʻˤбɽǤ롥

 consonantal phonemeconsonantal grapheme
1/p/p, gh, pp, ph, pe5
2/b/b, bh, bb, pb, be5
3/t/t, th, pt, ct, ed, tt, bt7
4/d/d, bd, dh, dd, ed, ddh6
5/k/k, c, kh, ch, que, qu, cque, cqu, q, cch, cc, ck, che, ke, x, gh, cu17
6/q/g, gu, gh, gg, gue5
7/ʧ/ch, tch, t, c, cz, te, ti7
8/ʤ/j, g, dg, gi, ge, dj, g, di, d, dge, gg, ch12
9/f/f, ph, gh, ff, v, pph, u, fe8
10/v/v, f, ph, vv, v5
11/θ/th1
12/ð/th1
13/s/s, sci, c, sch, ce, ps, ss, sw, se9
14/z/z, se, x, ss, cz, zz, sc7
15/ʃ/sh, shi, sch, s, si, ss, ssi, ti, ch, ci, ce, sci, chsi, se, c, psh, t17
16/ʒ/s, z, si, zi, ti, ge6
17/h/h, wh, x3
18/m/m, mb, mn, mm, mpd, gm, me7
19/n/n, mn, ne, pn, kn, gn, nn, mpt, ln, dn10
20/ŋ/ng, n, ngue, nd, ngh5
21/l/l, ll, le3
22/r/r, rh, rrh, rr, wr5
23/j/y, j, i, ll4
24/w/w, o, ou, u4
  159


Ǹȡ24βǤФƷ159ʸǡdigraph ޤˤбƤ롥ʿѤ1ǤɽΤ6.625ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥
夲첻ȺλҲȤ绻ȡ44βǤФƷ400Ĥʸǡdigraph ޤˤǧ뤳ȤˤʤꡤʿѤ1ǤɽΤ9.09ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥
ȯֻȤ߹碌¿ͲƤŪװˤĤƤϡ#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1]) ǿ줿̤ˤƤ褯ޤʣƤΤ

ָѸñ spelling sound discrepancy ˤĤơä˱Ѹˤδ鸫 orthography phonology δطˤĤơסʡؿʸѡ81, 1976ǯ49--75ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-03-16 Wed

#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ [phoneme][grapheme][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][vowel][phonology][orthography][digraph][statistics]

ѸβǤʸǤбˤĤƾܺ٤˵Ҥʸꤷø󤵤įƤȡϳΤʤ褦ٿդʧĤ򽸤ᡤŪ褦ȤȤλäƤ롥ϡ (18--19) ˷ǤƤ첻˴ؤ벻ǤʸǤбɽƸơбޤºݤθˤĤƤϡľʸäƤ

 vocalic phonemevocalic grapheme
1/i/ee, ea, e, e...e, ei, ie. eo, i, ae, oe, ay, ey, eau, e, ui15
2/ɪ/i, ie, e, y, o, ui, ee, u, ay, ea, ei, ia, ai, a, ey, eight16
3/e/e, ea, ai, ay, eo, ie, ei, u, eh, ey, ae, egm, a, oe15
4/æ/a, ai2
5/ʌ/u, o, ou, oo, oe, ow6
6/ɑ/are, ah, al, ar, a, er, au, aa, ear, aar, ir11
7/ɐ/o, a, ow, ou, au, ach6
8/ɔ/aw, a, al, au, ough, oa, or, our, oo, ore, oar, as, o, augh15
9/ʊ/oo, o, ou, oul, oe, or7
10/uː/oo, o, o...e, u, wo, oe, ou, uh, ough, ow, ui, eux, ioux, eu, ew, ieu, ue, oeu18
11/ɜ/ur, urr, ear, ir, err, er, or, olo, our, eur, yr, yrrh12
12/ə/a, u, ar, o, e, ia, i, ough, gh, ou, er, o(u)r, or, ei, ure, eon, oi, or, oar19
13/eɪ/a...e, a, ea, ai, ei, ay, ao, eh, ey, eigh, ag, aig, e, alf, aa, au, ae, oi, e, et20
14/ɑɪ/i, i...e, eye, ay, ie, y, igh, uy, y...e, ign, ye, eigh, is, ui, oi, ey, ei, ais19
15/ɔɪ/oi, oy, eu, uoy4
16/əʊ/o...e, ol, ow, oh, owe, o, ou, oa, oe, eo, ew, ough, eau, au, ogn16
17/aʊ/ow, aou, ou, eo, au, ough, iaour7
18/ɪə/ear, eer, ia, ere, eir, ier, a, ea, eu, iu, e, eou, eor, iou, io, ir16
19/eə/are, air, ear, eir, ere, aire, ar, ayor8
20/ʊə/uo, oer, oor, ure, our, ua, ue, we, uou9
  241


ȯʬǤ϶̵ζ̤θƤ餺դפϤ뤬ޤǤˤߤƤбɽΤʤǤŪȤäƤ
ǤС20βǤФƷ241ʸǡdigraph ޤˤбƤ롥ʿѤ1ǤɽΤ12.05ĤʸǤѤ줦ȤȤˤʤ롥

ָѸñ spelling sound discrepancy ˤĤơä˱Ѹˤδ鸫 orthography phonology δطˤĤơסʡؿʸѡ81, 1976ǯ49--75ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-12-17 Thu

#2425. 񤭸դˤ첻Ĺûζ̤μʤ줳 [writing][digraph][grapheme][orthography][phoneme][ipa][katakana][hiragana][diacritical_mark][punctuation][final_e]

ε#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1]) ǤϡŻ (digraph) 뤤ʣʸ (compound grapheme) ȤƤ <th> ȤƼ夲2ʸ <h> ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ȤѤƤȤҲ𤷤ޤŪˡܸե󥹸Υ夲ξǡ䥢󤬤ޤǸɤŪǤΤФơѸ <h> Ϥ켫ΤñʸǤȤƤѤȤۤŦ󡤤줫ˡȤƤ櫓Ǥ񤷤Ƥ櫓Ǥʤ񵭸ˤäơ褦ȯ̵ǽ̤٤ۤʤʤѰդƤΤȤȤĥäǤ롥
ˤĤ󤲤ʤƹͤƤߤû첻 /e/ Ĺ첻 /eː/ ̤ˡ񵭾ɤΤ褦ˡ뤫˼ޤ⤽񵭾ζ̤򤷤ʤȤ褬롥ƥû첻 edo (I eat) Ĺ첻 edo (I give out) Ǥ롥ƥʤɤǤϡؼԤȽ䤹褦Ԥ edōԤ ēdō ɽ뤳ȤϤ뤬¤θŵƥƥȤˤƤϤΤ褦Ĺ (macron) ϸʤ첻ĹûƤñǤ뤫ϡʸ̮ȽǤΤƥήäƱͤˡܸΡֱסʤˤȡֱʼסʤؤˤˤֱҡפˤƤ⡤첻ĹûŪ˼Ƥʤ
ˡȯѤơĹǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ȥˡ롥ҤΥƥؼѤĹ椬ޤˤѸʤɤǤ첻ξ˥դȤǡĹ򼨤ȤԤƤޤѸ Richard Hodges ˤ붵Ūֻˤ⥦饦ȵ椬ƳƤ (see #2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ ([2014-10-20-1])) Ȼ褦ȤơҲ̾ˤ֥פФ֥פ˸Ĺʲˤ󤲤롥֡פϡ֥פƱͤˤä1ʸʬΥڡȤǡʤȤ⸫ɤϥƥĹ䥢ۤŪǤϤʤǤϡIPA International Phonetic Alphabet; ݲɸʸˤĹ /ː/ ֡פ˻ƤȤ롥ǵ󤲤ƼϡñȤǤϰ̣ʤɬǽŪ˥ᥤʸ˽°뤫ѤƤ뤳Ȥդ
³ơʿ̾Ρ֤פΤ褦ˡƱʸ򷫤֤Ȥˡ롥ѸǤѸǤ met /met/ Ф meet /meːt/ ʤɤʸ򷫤֤Ȥ̤˸줿
ޤ#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1]) Ǥ夲褦ʡϢ³ʣʸ (discontinuous compound grapheme) λѤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƹԤ줿red /red/ rede /reːd/ Τ褦ʽ񵭾ΩǤ롥rede 2ܤ <e> 1ܤ <e> ĹˤƷꤷƤ롥
ǸˡꥷǤϤޤäۤʤʸѤû첻 ǡĹ첻 ɽ魯
Τ褦ˡ񵭸ˤäƼʤۤʤ졤ۤƱǽ餫ˡǼƤʤ뤤ϡʤˤΤǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-12-16 Wed

#2424. digraph (2) [alphabet][grammatology][writing][digraph][spelling][grapheme][orthography][phoneme][diacritical_mark][punctuation]

ε ([2015-12-15-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸŻ (digraph) 뤤ʣʸ (compound grapheme) Τ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> Τ褦2ĤʸǤ <h> ǤΤϾʤʤ٤ƤˤƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤäơ <h> εǽϡ1ʸǤɽ魯ŵŪʻҲǤΤIJ餫ħ (distinctive feature) ѲȤΤ岽˻ꡤ໤ꡤꡤꡤ̵ѲΤϰꤷƤʤ1ʸǤб벻Ǥˤ֤׵ǽäƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ겼Υ٥ħƯ뵡ǽäƤȤ̣ˤƤϡ<h> ϵǽŪˤΩʸȤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ˶ᤤΤ褦˵ǽȤƤŪǤʤ顤κۤȤƤΩʸ <h> ٤äƤȤʤɤʤ
ܸβ̾դȯǤͤ褦ᥤʸǡ֤פαˡۤΩʤ褦äȡ֤פȤʤ롥ϡͭˤȤħƯƤꡤǽȤƤϾҤ <h> Ƥ롥Ʊͤˡե󥹸ˡˤ <é>, <è>, <ê> ʤɤΥ⡤ᥤȤʤʸ <e> ŪղäơĤĴ䳫ĴĹĴʤɤɸ뤳Ȥ롥Ĥޤꡤᥤβμ̤ˤäȤѤäȤŪʵǽ̤Ƥ롥ܸե󥹸ΥϡΤ褦ˡǽŪǤΤƱͤˡɤˤƤ⤢ޤŪǡޤΤǤ롥
Ȥʣʸ <th> ˤ <h> ϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥<h> ϡñȤǤʸǤȤƵǽ롥<h> ϥᥤ⥵֤̳ΤФ䥢ñȤǥᥤ̳뤳ȤϤǤʤСܸե󥹸Ǥϡ֤ܤŰȯȤ٥ñ̤¸ߤ뤬ѸǤϤ줬¸ߤޤǻŪΩ <h> Ȥ1ʸǽŪˤϥᥤΤߤʤ餺֤ˤѤȤȤǤ롥˰³ƶĴ뤬Τ褦˱ѸˡǤϡǽŪ˥٥ΰۤʤΤ̤ʤѤƤȤʤΤǤ롥
ʤ2Ĥΰۤʤ٥ʬȤơ (ligature) 롥<ae>, <oe> 2ĤñʸǤ¤Ӥ <æ>, <œ> 1ĤʣʸǤб롥䡤ξ硤ϤǤʣʸǤǤ뤳ȤơñʸǤˤʤäƤȸ٤ (see #2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1])#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> ([2015-12-11-1]))

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-12-15 Tue

#2423. digraph (1) [alphabet][grammatology][writing][digraph][spelling][grapheme][terminology][orthography][final_e][vowel][consonant][diphthong][phoneme][diacritical_mark][punctuation]

Ѹˤ <ai>, <ea>, <ie>, <oo>, <ou>, <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <qu>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> 2ʸǤ1ñ̤ȤʤäβǤɽ魯Ż (digraph) ¸ߤ롥#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1])#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> ([2015-12-11-1]) ۤεǼ夲ƤϤΤ褦 digraph ˤĤbeautiful ˤ <eau> ʤɤλŻ (trigraph) 䤽ʾȤ߹碌⤢뤬ǽҤ٤ digraph ε trigraph ʤɤˤƤϤޤϤǤ롥
⤽⡤ƥΤˡ̤Хꥷ䥻ϤθΤȯãƤ alphabet ȤϲŪˤ礭ۤʤǤѸˡΤޤޤޤŬѤȤȤϡ褦ʤޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƼ줿űѸꡤǤοʸοϰפʤäΤǤ롥ǤΤۤ¿äΤǡ̤ʸɽ褦ȤСɤƤʣʸȤ߹碌1ĤβǤбȤ褦ˡɬפȤʤ롥㤨 /æːa/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/ ϳơ <ea>, <cg>, <sc> digraph ɽ줿 (see #17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1])) ĤޤꡤѸ줬ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤǽɽ뤳Ȥˤʤäǽʳ顤digraph Τ褦ʸȤ߹碌뤳ȤϡȾԲäȹͤ롥Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤϡ餫ѤĤġ¿ͤʲѤäʤѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸؤȯŸƤä
"digraph" ȤѸˤĤƤǤ롥θƾΤϤɤ餫ȤʸǤ2Ȥ߹蘆äȤŪ¦̤˾ƤƤ뤬2Ĥ1ĤβǤбȤǽŪ¦̤Ĵ硤"compound grapheme" (Robert 14) ȤѸ줬ŬڤRobert (14) ˼򷹤褦

We term ai in French faire or th in English thither, compound graphemes, because they function as units in representing single phonemes, but are further divisible into units (a, i, t, h) which are significant within their respective graphemic systems.


compound grapheme ʣʸǡˤϢ³2ʸǤɬפʤ"[d]iscontinuous compound grapheme" Ϣ³ʣʸǡˤ⤢ꤦ롥ѸΡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) Ǥꡤ<name> <site> ˤơ<a .. e> <i .. e> Ϣ³Ȥ߹碌ˤ2첻 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
ʣʸǤˡϡˤ롥Robert ΰѤǼƤ褦ˡ<th> ȤʣʸǤϡñʸ <t> <h> Ȥ߹蘆äκۤ򤷤Ƥʤ顤ñʸǤ뵡ǽ̤ƤȤ¤롥<t> <h> ñΤʸǤȤ1Ǥɽ魯ǽͭ뤬ƱˡΤˤϡͽۤ2ǤǤϤʤ̤1ǤˤбΤλŦϡʣʸǤȤϡΤΤΤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤǶĴΤϡʸ󤬲˥եåȤɽ븽ԤαѸ񵭤ˤƤϡ<th> Ȥʸ򸫤Ȥˡ(1) 2Ĥñʸ <t>, <h> ̤λʤǤν¤ΤʤΤ뤤 (2) 1Ĥʣʸ <th> ƤΤȽǤǤʤȤȤ(1) (2) ʸΥ٥뤬ۤʤäƤꡤ餫νʬäƤ褵ʤΤեåȤ th ɽ롥㤨С<catham> <catholic> ˤơƱɤ <th> ǤԤ (1)Ԥ (2) ȤƵǽƤ롥(*)<cat-ham>, *<ca(th)olic> ʤɤȡǫ˶̤ˡäƤ褵ŪˤϹԤƤʤʤɤʬɤ߼ϡʸŪȽǤ򲼤ˡǤζڤ꤬ɤǤ뤫ȤȽǡ뤤ϸȤƤǧΤ˺ѤޤƤΤǤ롥СѸ켰ʣʸǤλѤϡʬŪǤ졤ֻɽäƤ뤳ȤξںǤ롥
ΡʣʸǤפϤۤˤ櫓ǤʤŪˤϤ礭ǤϤʤ⤷ʤκۤƱ <th> ˸ʤ⡤2Ĥΰۤʤ٥ǵǽƤǽȤȤϡʸαդ٤Ǥ뤳ȤǧʤФʤʤǽŪ˥٥ΰۤʤΤ̤ʤ˥եåȤ¤٤ȤפǤ롥

Hall, Robert A., Jr. "A Theory of Graphemics." Acta Linguistica 8 (1960): 13--20.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-11-23 Mon

#2401. Ǥʸ [phonology][phoneme][grammatology][grapheme][writing][double_articulation][sign][semiotics][terminology]

Ф餯δ֡ʸ (grapheme) ȤϲȤͤƤ롥ˤ벻 (phoneme) ˤʤ館ơʸˤʸǤꤹȤȤϡ٤θˤ롥ΤξԤˤʿŪ˹ͤ⾯ʤʤΤȽ񵭸ϺŪΰۤʤȤꡤȤʤƤᤤʳǤĤޤΤǤ롥
ΥϡǤ2ʬ (double_articulation) §񵭸Ǥ1ʬᤳǧΤΡ2ʬǤդǤȤˤȹͤƤ롥1ʬǤȤɤɽʸʤ뤤ɽʸˤȤʤꡤʿŪ2ʬޤǿʤɽʸñʸˤȤʤ롥
դλϺ夸äͤƤȤơ̤ϲǤʸǤˤĤʿԤȤƤߤPulgram ʰäƤƤΤǡƸʲP(honeme) G(rapheme) оȤǤ롥

P1The smallest distinctive audible units of a dialect are its phonemes.G1The smallest distinctive visual units of an alphabet are its graphemes.
P2A phoneme is a class of articulated speech sounds pertaining to one dialect.G2A grapheme is a class of written characters pertaining to one alphabet.
P3The hic et nunc spoken realization of a phoneme is an articulated speech sound or phone.G3The hic et nunc written realization of a grapheme is a written alphabet character or graph.
P4The number of phonemes in each dialect must be limited, the number of phones cannot be.G4The number of graphemes in each alphabet must be limited, the number graphs cannot be.
P5By definition, all phones identifiable as members of one phoneme are its allophones.G5By definition, all graphs identifiable as members of one grapheme are its allographs.
P6The phonetic shape of an allophone is dependent on its producer and on its phonetic surroundings.G6The graphic shape of an allograph is dependent on its producer and on its graphic surroundings.
P7Phones which are not immediately and correctly identifiable as belonging to a certain phoneme when occurring in isolation, may be identified through their meaning position in a context.G7Graphs which are not immediately and correctly identifiable as belonging to a certain grapheme when occurring in isolation, may be identified through their meaningful position in a context.
P8Dialects are subject to phonemic change and substitution.G8Alphabets are subject to graphemic change and substitution.
P9The number, kind, and distribution of phonemes varies from dialect to dialect.G9The number, kind, and distribution of graphemes varies from alphabet to alphabet.


Pulgram ʸϲǤʸǤʿ򰷤äΤǤ롥ϡ¤ϤäƤʿ򼨤餫ˤʤΤǤϤʤȤԤäơʸɤǤߤΤԳäͣݤ˻ĤäΤϡp. 19 μ1ʸΤߤǤ롥

If today we distinguish between letter (or better grapheme) and speech sound (or better phoneme), the reason is that there has hardly ever existed in any language with some tradition of writing a strictly one to one ratio between the two.


Pulgram ϡǤʸǤʿ˵ŤƤʤ⡤̤鰷Ȥ򤱤ΤǤϤʤȤʤǤʤ

Pulgram, Ernst. "Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel." Word 7 (1951): 15--20.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-21-1] [2015-11-30-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow