NZE ˤϡޥ줫μѸ줬¿äƤ롥̾̾ʤɤθͭ̾Ϥ̸¿ήƤ롥Ѹʸ̮ǥޥѸɤΤ褦ȯ뤫ȤˤĤơBauer (398--99) ̣Ƥ롥
The proper pronunciation of Maori is currently a controversial issue in New Zealand, and it is a subject on which feelings run high. The issue is at heart a political rather than a linguistic one, since it is clear linguistically that there is no good reason to expect native-like Maori pronunciation in words which are being used in English. None the less, it has the linguistic consequence that there is a good deal of variation in the way in which Maori loanwords are pronounced in English, with variants close to native Maori norms at the formal end of the spectrum, and much more Anglicised versions --- sometimes irregularly Anglicised versions --- at the other. To give some idea of the variation this can lead to, I present below a few place-names with a Maori pronunciation and one extreme English pronunciation. Variants are heard anywhere on the continuum between these two extremes.
ʸϤθ˶㤬ĤƤ뤬ȤХޥǥ˥塼ɤɽ魯 Aotearoa ĹϡˤϡޥȯǤ /aːɔtɛːaɾɔa/ ȤʤꡤȯѸüԤ⤤С鴰˱Ѹ첽 /eɪətiəˈɹəʊə/ ȤȯԤ⤤롥ޤ2ĤξˤȤơŪȯ¿ȤΤ顤ɤη㤷롥
ɤطʤˤϡѸȥޥβηϤκۡޥΥƥ饷ǥؤθޥؤΩ֤פ졤ײ衦Ωʤɡ͡ʸŪƤʤҲŪװѤƤΤȯ1ĤȤäƤ⡤üԤ٤Ω줬ǻȿǤƤǽȤȤ
ʤޥɽݤֻϡ1830ǯȾ1840ǯޤǤˤɸಽƤȤ (Bauer 398) ճᤫäΤʡȤݤ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
1620俷ʹīˤơ֥ϥإܥ礦ʸģ֤ǤספȤǺܤƤˤȡʸģϡܸΥɽˤĤƽΡַἰפѸȯ˶ᤤ֥إܥפܤȤˤžǰƤޤȤ1954ǯչ衤70ǯ֤礭ʸθľȤʤ롥
žطʤˤϡҲˤإܥιϤʿƩȤ֤롥ѥݡȤ̾ƻϩɸʤɡŪʾ̤ˤƥإܥѤƤǡعǤչ˴Ťἰ˻ƳƤꡤΡ֤ͤפĹǯβȤʤäƤ
ξԤμʰ㤤ϡἰ֤פ si֤פ ti֤ġפ tu֤աפ hu ɽΤФإܥǤϤ줾 shi, chi, tsu, fu ȡܸüԤǤϤʤѸ¾ΡüԤˤȤäȯ䤹ֻѤƤˤ롥ǰƤϡμҲŪ֤ǧɽ뤳ȤŪȤƤȤ
Ĺ餯ξʻ¸ƤȤˤĤƲƻפᤰ餻ƤΤ褤ȤΤϡDZѸˤˤֻɸಽ (standardisation) ĹפФ뤫Ѹˤϡ¿δΰ㤤顤1Ĥñ¿ֻthrough 516̤ΰֻäȤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥ̤Ǥcf. through) θ塤Ѥڤ伭ʸˡԻФơֻ경ɸಽƤäβǤϡ츻Ż뤹ΩȯŻ뤹Ωδ֤ǶĥطäΥɽθľ⡤ܸβηϤ¤ʷἰȡŪŻ뤹إܥȤδ֤ΡĹǯˤ錄ĥط1Ĥεȸ뤳ȤǤ
ʤǰƤǤϡĿͤΤĹǯѤƤɽºŤ졤ľѹΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥Ū˿ʤƤˤܤ
hellog ǤϡޤǤɽᤰϷ֤夲Ƥcf. romaji)) ʸģžǡʲβ⻲ͤˤ줿
#1612. ƻϩɸѸɽء ([2013-09-25-1])
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])
#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1])
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#3427. ἰܼإܥΥĤŤоɽ ([2018-09-14-1])
#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1])
#4925. ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ ([2022-10-21-1])
#5034. إܥɽ˱ѸǤƤ롩 ([2023-02-07-1])

ļ̦ءˤˤ롤ɤθ˴ؤҡرѸȤɤκ١ʴȽŹ2016ǯˤˤĤơ#2798. ̦رѸȤɤκ١ȽŹ2016ǯ ([2016-12-24-1])#2803. ɸüԿȻϰ ([2016-12-29-1])#2804. ɤˤߤΤͤ츽ݡ ([2016-12-30-1]) ǻȤƤ
ϡƱγפĤिܼƤ
ޤǤˡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) YouTube ְʼδѸظإ̤ͥơʣˤ錄ءˤɸ (trademark linguistics) ˤĤ̤Ƥޤ
ΡVoicy
#667. ¤Ȥ --- ɸؤȤϲ329
#671. ¤Ȥ --- ɸεŪͻ42
#674. ¤Ȥ --- ɸŪˡ45
ΡYouTube
#112. ɸθ --- ¤о322
#114. ޥƤ뤳ȡƤʤȡƤȤϲ̣뤫 --- ޥμҲỤ̄ --- ¤μȡ329
#116. ǤϤʤɸ¤ؤڤǥץ45
#118 412ͽˤ³ʸ嵭2023/04/12(Wed)#118. ¤ꤹˡءɸ --- ѥˡؤء
ɸθؤȤΤϻˤȤäƤߤäΤǤ¤ŪäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϢʬ¿ΰ褬ȤȤ褯ʬޤ伫ȤδؿϱѸˡ˸ؤǤδͤƤ¿ޤפĤΤվǵƤߤޤ
ΰ̣ѲȤΥᥫ˥ࡥä , metonymy, synecdoche ʤɡ rhetoric Ȥɤ
ͭ̾ (onomastics) ̡̾ (personal_name)̾eponym ʤɡ餬ˤư̾βΤȤꡥ
ΰ̣ѡʲ˴ؤ벾ȤƤ "Onymic Reference Default Principle" (ORDP) ˤĤƤϡ#1184. ͭ̾첽 (1) ([2012-07-24-1]) ȡ
(semiotics) ̤νꡥ
ħ (sound_symbolism) Ȳ (phonaesthesia)
դˤʸʸޥΡåΤ (cf. capitalisation)
ïȥ뤹ΤȤȻۤȸμҲŪꡥ츢 (linguistic_right) ײ (language_planning) Υơޡ
٤Ƥȥ꤬ʤǤ˾ɸθؤ¸ߤǰƬ֤ƤȻפޤ
ε#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1]) Lingua Franca Core (LFC) ƳLFC 줿طʤˤϡѸ (world_englishes) λˤäơαѸؽԡȤ櫓 EFL γؽԤϡŪʱɸѼ䤽¾ϤɸŪȤߤʤƤѼΤǤϤʤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) EIL (= English as an International Language) ȾΤѼؽΥåȤȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤѸ춵Ѥ줹롥αѸüԿΤ餯Ⱦʬʾ EFL üԤǤꡤǤ LFC ºŤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäơ̱Ūפ˸뤫⤷ʤ
LFC ФȽŪʰո⤢롥LFC ⡤ŪʱɸѼƱͤˡñʤɸǤˤȤɤޤ餺ϤȤʤäƤϤʤȡϤμŤΤ鿷ΤؤȤؤȤȤˤʤʤ̱ŪǤȤʤС⤽ؼԤ䶵ԤͰŪˡ֥פȤȤȤ̷ϤĤߤǤϤʤ
Tomlinson (146) ϡLFC Τ褦ʤΤꤷɸѸפŤԤʤȤ٤ "arrogant" ǤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥
But, are we not being rather arrogant in assuming that it is we as applied linguists, language planners, curriculum designers, teachers and materials developers who will determine the characteristics of a World Standard English? Is it not the users of English as a global language who will determine these characteristics as a result of negotiating interaction with each other? We can facilitate the process by making sure that our curricula, our methodology and our examinations do not impose unnecessary and unrealistic standards of correctness on our international learners, and by providing input and guiding output relevant to their needs and wants. But ultimately it is they and not us who will decide. To think otherwise is to be guilty of neo-colonist conceit and to ignore all that we know about how languages develop over time.
ɸफϤ䤳Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) ȡ
Tomlinson, Brian. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Teaching English for the World" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 130--50.
ˤơڥüԿäƤ롥üԿǤС10ǯۤɤδ֤˱Ѹɤȴ˷Ѥ2̤ϰ̤ؤ˻äĶǤcf. #3009. üԿˤȥå252017ǯǡˡ ([2017-07-23-1])ˡڥΤϡڥܹȤƽ礭¸Ƥ롥ޤꥫ罰ǤοĥȤܤͤcf. #256. ƹ Hispanification ([2010-01-08-1])ˡ
ˤ륹ڥοĥϤΤ褦餫ɨΥ衼åѤˤƤϤɤڥϥ衼åѤǤ1ĤȤϸ뤬ζˤΤʤǥեȤƱƶϤȤϤʤäʤȤѸ졤ե졤ɥĸ٤СαƶϤϾ˾Τäߤ⤽Ǥ롥ʤڥϥ衼åѤͭϤʶ̸ȤʤʤäΤ
䤤˴ؤơ˵Ҥ롥ƥ줫ƥȤƹȸϰ̤˽Φؤĥڥˤ֤äǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (27--28)
ڥϤۤˤФƤΤ顤Ȥˤơ衼åѤζ̸Ȥ̾Ƥ褵ʤΤǤϤʤȤºݤˤϤޤϤʤäȤΤ⡤ڥϡˤ̤ơ衼åѤĶ̱Ūʥߥ˥ȤƻȤ줿ȤޤäʤǤ롥ȤСڥƱ餤üԿĸ˥ݡɸ䥦饤ʸ줬ꡤ黰ޡΤҤȤӤȤäƤ뤬ڥϤθ٤ƤϰŪʤҤäƤʤڥĤĤȹβʻ礷ǡڥȤ뷯礿ڥڤۤ뤳ȤȤʤäȤϤǤ롥ɤ⡤ɤϤǤ⥹ڥͥۤϰ̤ʤäݥȥǤ⡤٥ꥢȾγǤ⤽ǤäȤСȬΥڥΥ͡ǥȡ˥ߥΤʥݥ꤬Ǥä⤷ˤνڥΤΤϤ뤫ʤΦ˸碌뤳ȤʤäʤСƽȾФޤǤˡڥäкѡҲΤ¾˸ΤȤϰۼʸڥ˺ꤢƤʤäʤСڥϥ衼åѤζ̸ΤҤȤĤˤʤäƤʤ餪ϤʤäϤȤϤޤ䥢ꥫ罰ǤϡϥץȥꥳϤϥᥭϤˤޤǡƥΤޤޤʥꥫŪѼϰ̤ޤޤ礷Ƥȡڥ̤«Ƥ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤư礹ҤȤΤʤˤϡڥ줬ꥫΦˤޤꤵˤҤڤˡȤƥ衼åѤˤɤäƤΤԤˤƤҤȤˤ衤ޤΤȤڥϡ衼åΦӤĤΥǥȤƤǤ롥
εҤϡΡ֤ʤפ䤤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤˤνפ礤ˤƤˤʤϡȤ櫓ѸեˤӤƤв褹ˤʤӤӤҿ (prestige) ײ (language_planning) ȤӤ⤪⤷
ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
ʸ嵭2021/04/29(Thu)ܵϡѤʵפäΤʤǤȤ櫓¿ȤƤ褦Ǥ켫ΤϤȤƤȤǤܵϡֶʽŪʲפǤϤΤΡɮԤȤƤԽʬʲˤȤɤޤȹͤƤޤषβŦ³ԤܳŪ˵Ƥ椯ĤܵȤаޤޤǤΤǡ³Ԥ3碌ɤǤФȻפޤ줺˸СܵΡֶʽŪʲפǤԽʬǤ
夲㤬ֿפɤ̤ˤƤ⡤֤פ m ֤Ϥ褯ˤΤܤޤ
JRοؤα̾ɽϳΤ Shimbashi ȤʤäƤޤܸɽȤƤϡ֤ФפΤ褦ˡ֤פǤäƤ⡤ѸɽΤˤСJRѤƤȤܤإܥɽ˶ᤤɽˤˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ȤʤޤϤäʤǤ礦ϡ¤ϱѸˤδ뤳ȤΤǤ˥ǥפʤΤǤ϶ʽŪʲܤƤޤ礦
ޤŪǤإܥɽǤϡ֤פȯȸƤФ벻ˤϡb, m, p ֤ˤƤ n ǤϤʤ m ɽ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäơȡסʤʤСˤ Nambaܴ֡סʤۤޡˤ Hommaֻӡסʤڤˤ Sampei ȤʤꡤƱͤ˿ʤФˤ Shimbashi Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤʤΤȤȤǤ
b, m, p ֤ˤ m ɽͳ뤿ˤϡؤμɬפǤܸ֤פü첻ǤȸƤФ졤ܸ첻Ǥ /ɴ/ ɽޤ1ĤβǤꡤܸüԤˤȤäʶʤ1ĤβȤǧƤޤºݾϿΰۤʤȯǼ¸ޤ֤פϤɤΤ褦ʲĶ˸뤫ˤäơۤʤȯȤƼ¸ΤǤ
ȡסܴ֡סֻӡפ3ñȯƤߤȡ֤פʬϤξĤȯȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫ȻפޤϥԻҲ m θˤۤʤޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ֤פȤ n ȯƤĤǤ⡤ξˤϼ¤ m ȯƤΤǤϸ³ m, b, p ƱξǤ뤿ˡľ֤פԲ n ǤϤʤξ m ˶ŤƤۤΤȤƥࡼȯǤ뤫Ǥȯ䤹褦äƸ̡ǥեȤ n 顤ȯꥹࡼ m ؤĴƤȤ櫓Ǥ
̯ѲȤгΤˤǤΤǡܸɽǤϡäȯĴϢưˡ֤פɽΤޤޤǤꤹƤޤϢưʤСȤƤϡ֤դɽȤʤǤ礦ˡΤ褦ȯΰ㤤̵ǤϤʤѸɽʤӡ˶ᤤإܥɽˤˤäƤϡ嵭βĶˤƤϡn 夨ơ긷̩ʲɽǤ m Ѥ櫓Ǥ
ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡֿɡסʤ夯ˤֿסʤФˤƱ֤ײޤΤ顤Ʊ֤ = n ɽѤФ褤ǤϤʤȤǤѸʤإܥˤǤ2ĤΡ֤פ¤ƱȯǤʤȤ¤Ż뤷ơԤˤ n ʸԤˤ m ʸơ̤ɽʤ路ȤȤǤ
ǽȤϤɼԤȤܸüԤǰƬˤΤǤ n ɽۤʬ䤹ΤϤޤǤ⤢ޤ¸ƤΤἰǤˤȡֿפ Sinbasi Ȥʤޤ餯JRʤޤŴƻƼҡˤϡɼԤȤüԡʤ餯ѸɽǤǤȻפ¿γ͡ˤꤷἰǤϤʤإܥʤ˥ɽѤƤΤǤϤʤȹͤޤShimbashi ϡܸȱѸˤޤĤ벻ءֻˤȤɤޤ餺ݲ줿ܤθȤؤΤʤΤǤ
ŵŪʶȤϡǸŪѤͣΡֹפ᤹롥ʣθѸǤ륹٥륮ʥʤɤιȤϾʤ餺¸ߤ뤬ʹߤˤ֤СȤۤȤܻؤ餫ˡ1ȡ1פäȤϡ§Ȥ1ĤθѼֹפȤƤޤĤꤢʤͭƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶḽιȤ˽°Ƥ䤿ΤۤȤɤϡΤȤΤȤȤƤꡤƼ䤹뤳ȤʤƤʤȤͣι᤹ΤʤΤ
ǶᡤѸɸಽˤˤĤƺƹͤ뵡ꡤHaugen θŵŪʸɤľƤߤˡȤܻؤȤϡ"internal cohesion" "external distinction" ǤȤŴͤɤʸߤĤʸ̮⥫СĤġѤ褦
The definition of a nation is a problem for historians and other social scientists; we may accept the idea that it is the effective unit of international political action, as reflected in the organization of the United Nations General Assembly. As a political unit it will presumably be more effective if it is also a social unit, it minimizes internal differences and maximizes external ones. On the individual's personal and local identity it superimposes a national one by identifying his ego with that of all others within the nation and separating it from that of all others outside the nation. In a society that is essentially familial or tribal or regional it stimulates a loyalty beyond the primary groups, but discourages any conflicting loyalty to other nations. The ideal is: internal cohesion--external distinction.
Since the encouragement of such loyalty requires free and rather intense communication within the nation, the national ideal demands that there be a single linguistic code by means of which this communication can take place. . . . On the other hand, a nation feels handicapped if it is required to make use of more than one language for official purposes, as is the case in Switzerland, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Canada, and many other countries. (Haugen 927--28)
ȤŪˤ "internal cohesion" ܻؤгŪˤ "external distinction" 롥ɸ첽ȤδľСȤϡƱ Haugen Τ褦˸Ф "minimum variation in form" "maximum variation in function" ᤹ΤȤȤˤʤ̱ΤŪݤˤϡǻ̩ʥߥ˥ɬפǤꡤäͣζ̸줬ȤΤĤʤ⡤ˤ狼䤹
Ϣơ#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) ȡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.
ѸŪӤȤդ˴ؤξϰճ礭ۤʤ롥ܸΤۤͰŪʴͿäȤħ롥ֽաפǤ뤫顤Ūˤäơäաפ٤аռŪǤꡤäƿͰŪʴͿߤΤʤΤθƤܸˤΤۤѸˤͿٹ礤Ȥ櫓ʹߡĤޤḽˤηǡ¤Ǥ롥ϡܸ˳ѡפǡ2˿Ƥ롥
θȾˤϡޤɮ٤롥¤ڤˤäʸȤȤ뤵줿ȤǤ롥θռˤ֤ȤФʸפȤ⤤٤θʸפδϡάܸˤˤƺǤͥ줿פȤ褦ˤäƿʸɽ뤳ȤȤʤä(14)
2ʹߡܤ礭ƤŪװˤäƼҲŪѳפԤǤ롥ˤäܸ礭ѲޤǹԤƤŪ̾岾̾ؤѹ줿ΤǤ롥ϤιǤ롥ܸ˾塤ϤιŪװˤäƤʤ줿ȤΰյϤ礭Ȥ虜ʤפȤ礭ϤäʤСϼưʤΤǤ롥Ūʶ˴Ťꤵ줿δθ岾̾λܹԤϡܸ˾夭礭ʽȤܤ (14--15)
ѸˤˤơΤ褦ʸΤ䥹ڥιû֤ȤϡΥޥˤ뵬ŪդδȤŪʷСۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤դˤơּΤѲפȤΤϸ̩ˤ̷⤷ǤϤ뤬ܸˤ٤бѸˤǤѲϡּΡפäȤϤײȤǰѸϡƱѸˤܸˤΤۤˤդ路
ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1]) ǸȤꡤܸΥɽϡָԤס֥إܥסɸ༰סܼסַἰפʤɤΤĤΤĤŤδ֤ɤƤ롥
ָԤפϡ1954ǯʾ29ǯ129ܤ֥ΤĤŤפȤƹ1ɽפȡ2ɽפΩƤǤ롥1ɽȤϼ˼ַἰפƱǤꡤ2ɽȤϸ˽Ҥ٤ɸ༰פȡἰϳ줿ʬܼפäΤȤäƤ롥
֥إܥפϡ1885ǯ18ǯˤˡХʤɤˤäȿ줿ϻ٤ȯɽǡҲѸˡ첻ꥢ˽ɽˡǤ롥إܥΡ±Ѹӽ3ǡ1886ǯˤ˺Ѥ줿ᡤ̾Ĥ
ɸ༰פϡֲ̾إܥפȤƤФ褦ˡ1908ǯ41ǯˤˡإܥ kwa, gwa, ye, wo ΤǤ롥Ŵ̾̾ʤɤ˹ѤƤ롥2ɽ˼ޤƤ롥
ܼפϡ1886ǯ19ǯˤ۰̤餬ϻйȯɽǡܸθޤ˴ŤƤ롥2ɽ˼ޤƤ롥
ַἰפϡ1937ǯʾ12ǯ921ˡֹ֥˴إפηǼ줿ܼѼǤꡤΤޤ1ɽȤʤäƤ롥
ʲˡἰȤἰܼإܥоɽܼĻ [ ] θѤΤˤ * դˡإܥֻåΤǼ
| a | i | u | e | o | ||||||
| ka | ki | ku | ke | ko | kya | kyu | kyo | |||
| [kwa]* | ||||||||||
| sa | si | su | se | so | sya | syu | syo | |||
| shi | sha | shu | sho | |||||||
| ta | ti | tu | te | to | tya | tyu | tyo | |||
| chi | tsu | cha | chu | cho | ||||||
| ʹ | na | ni | nu | ne | no | nya | nyu | nyo | ||
| Ϲ | ha | hi | hu | he | ho | hya | hyu | hyo | ||
| fu | ||||||||||
| | ma | mi | mu | me | mo | mya | myu | myo | ||
| ya | yu | yo | ||||||||
| ra | ri | ru | re | ro | rya | ryu | ryo | |||
| wa | [wo]* | |||||||||
| ga | gi | gu | ge | go | gya | gyu | gyo | |||
| [gwa]* | ||||||||||
| za | zi | zu | ze | zo | zya | zyu | zyo | |||
| ji | ja | ju | jo | |||||||
| da | zi | zu | de | do | zya | zyu | zyo | |||
| [di] | [du] | [dya] | [dyu] | [dyo] | ||||||
| ji | ja | ju | jo | |||||||
| й | ba | bi | bu | be | bo | bya | byu | byo | ||
| ѹ | pa | pi | pu | pe | po | pya | pyu | pyo |
#407. եꥫ¹ Afrikaans ([2010-06-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡˤ11θѸ줬¸ߤ롥衼åѿͿ̱Ԥ English, Afrikaans Τۤ Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu ȤäեꥫϽ줬ޤޤ롥1994ǯ˥ޥǥˤꤵ줿ˡ6ǵꤵƤ롥̾ˡǸѸˤϡ1Ĥ2Ĥ˸¤뤳Ȥ¿11θ̾ȤΤϿҾǤϤʤ졤̱²ºŤȤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ줫ʤҲθ¤ȿǤ줷ȤȤ館٤
Ҳθ¤طʤˤϡ2ĤǤ롥1ĤϡŪ˱ƶϤݤäƤݼŪϤȤƤ Afrikaans ϰ̤̱²ζϤȤƤαѸ˲졤ɤۤƤȤϿޤѲǤ롥ˡǤϱѸ Afrikaans ʿѸ§Ƥ줬űѤ줿Ȥˤꡤ2֤Ǥμͳ褬ޤ졤̤ȤƱѸ줬ȴǤƤĤޤꡤθȤŪͥä Afrikaans ֻݾäסʻܡp. 233ˤȤˤ롤ҲŪκεǤ롥̤Ȥҥ륭ϡѸ줬ȥåפΩβ Afrikaans ³β¾9줬Ω¤֤ȤޤǤ롥ˡˤѸǤ11줬եåȤƤꡤҥ륭ʤդˤСޤˤθᤰǺ롥
⤦1ĤǤϡˡ11եåȤ¤٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⼨̤ꡤŪʸ줿ȤǤ롥̡̱ͰͤμŪʸºŤ褦ˤʤäƤ (235) ۩
ܤˤζʤʤäˡܤϴˤǡϰع˶˴ؤȽǤͤƤ롥ΤᡤDz (home language) Ѥ뤫ɤȤʤ鲿ǯֻѤ뤫줫Ѹʤ⤷ϥեꥫˤؤڤؤϲǯܤˤ뤫ʤɤˤĤơü˸СعˤۤʤäƤꡤγع?פȤդˤҤȤ뤳ȤǤʤޤŪեꥫϤγعˤͤؤ褦ˤʤꡤѸˤ붵ơʸŪˤ륢եꥫʡȥȥ֥ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥¿졦¿ʸҲΰĤλѤǤ롥
11θѸפϹ̱θ츢ΤǤ⤢뤬ҲʣħΤǤ⤢롥뤿ˤϡŪطʤޤơ褯Ƥɬפ롥
եꥫ¹αѸˤĤƤϡ#343. եꥫ¹αѸѡ ([2010-04-05-1]) ȡ#1703. եꥫο̱ˤȹ ([2013-12-25-1]) ⻲ȡ
ԡ10ϡեꥫȱѸΤ礤סϸӾˡθ¿Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ225--45ǡ
ε#3289. Swaziland eSwatini ˹̾ѹ ([2018-04-29-1]) ǡܿͤˤȤäߤȻפ륢եꥫ1夲եꥫΤ˹ƤߤƤ⡤ϤߤȤȤǤϤʤܥ֥Ǥ⡤#2472. եꥫαѸ ([2016-02-02-1]) ʤɤƤեꥫΰŪ˼夫äȻפϥեꥫθѸˤĤƾҲ𤹤뤳Ȥˤ
Ethnologue ˤ2000ǯǤĴˤСեꥫˤ2058줬ѤƤȤϡθ6,80930%Ǥʤʤߤ˥32%1̤Ǥꡤ3̰ʲʿϰ19%̥ꥫ15%衼åѤ3%³ˡեꥫϥ衼åѤο̱ϻۤäƤˤη̤ȤƤȤ櫓եѸ줬̤ȤݤäƸ뤬θѸʣǤ롥Ѹ줬ñ줬ʣʣξ硤θϤʤΩˤ뤫¤ˤä͡Ǥ롥⤽ѸˤäɤƤ⤢롥ʲϡ1998ǯΥǡ˴Ť2002ǯλ (218--19) ˤƹϰθѸΰǤ롥Ťǽ⤢Τǡ㤨2011ǯΩäƤʤʤɡˡ̤ϳάȤ줿 * *
[ӥѸϰ衡]
른ꥢ (Algeria)
ץ (Egypt)
ӥ (Libya)
⡼˥ (Mauritania)
å (Morocco)
(Sudan)
˥ (Tunisia)
[ݥȥѸϰ衡]
(Angola)
ܥ٥ (Capo Verde)
˥ӥ (Guinea-Bissau)
⥶ӡ (Mozambique)
ȡᡦץ (São Tom Príncipe)
[ڥѸϰ衡]
ʥ (Canary Islands)
ƻ˥ (Equatorial Guinea)
[եѸϰ衡]
٥˥ (Benin)
֥륭ʥե (Burkina Faso)
¹ (Republic of Congo)
ܥ (Gabon)
˥ (Guinea)
ȥܥ (Côte d'Ivoire)
ޥ (Mali)
ޥå (Mayotte)
˥ (Niger)
˥ (Reunion)
ȡ (Togo)
̱綦¹ (Democratic Republic of Congo)
ͥ (Senegal)
[ѸѸϰ衡]
ӥ (Gambia)
(Ghana)
٥ꥢ (Liberia)
⡼ꥷ㥹 (Mauritius)
ʥߥӥ (Namibia)
ʥꥢ (Nigeria)
쥪 (Sierra Leone)
(Uganda)
ӥ (Zambia)
Х֥ (Zimbabwe)
[եꥫѸϰ衡]
(Seychelles)롦쥪롦ե (Seychelles Creole French)
[ʣѸѸϰʥӥˡ]
ޥꥢ (Somalia)ӥܥޥ (Somali)
ȥꥢ (Eritrea)ӥܱѸܥƥ˥ (Tigrinya)
[ʣѸϰʥեˡ]
֥ (Burundi)եܥ (Rundi)
եꥫ (Central African Republic)եܥ (Sango)
ޥ (Madagascar)եܥޥ饬 (Malagasy)
(Rwanda)եܱѸܥ (Rwanda)
[ʣѸϰʱѸˡ]
ܥĥ (Botswana)Ѹܥĥʸ (Tswana)
ԥ (Ethiopia)Ѹܥϥ (Amharic)14
˥ (Kenya)Ѹܥҥ (Swahili)
쥽 (Lesotho)Ѹܥ쥽ȸ (Sotho)
ޥ饦 (Malawi)Ѹܥ (Chewa)
եꥫ¹ (South Africa)Ѹܥեꥫ (Afrikaans)9Ĥ
兩 (Swaziland)Ѹܥƥ (Swati)
˥ (Tanzania)Ѹܥҥ
[ѸȤޤޤʤʣѸϰ衡]
롼 (Cameroon)Ѹܥե
(Chad)եܥӥ
(Comoros)եܥӥ
֥ (Djibouti)ӥܥե
ſΡ9ϡ2000θ줬äΦեꥫˤѡסϸӾˡθ¾Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ217--24ǡ
ԡˡؿեꥫˡǡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2018ǯ
ǤϥסΤ4ܤޤꡤ³Ÿ뤳ȤޤƤ롥228俷ʹī8̤ˡ¿̱²ΤӤפȤФεǺܤƤס100ʾ̱²ĤˤֹȤΰפȡּҲķפĴƤ뤬μĥŪȿǤȤơȡ̱²ζ̤θȤƤΥʤˤǤФƤ롥֤ƤС̱²θڻ뤹Ǥ롥
ʹǼ夲ƤΤϡ⥹800ۤɡ뻳̮Υܥ륬ή˰֤륿륹¹ˤ륿 (TaTar, Tartar) Ǥ롥ϡ륿²륯ɤ°ǡ衤ϰ˺դƤʡ#1548. 륿² ([2013-07-23-1]) ȡˡŪˤϡή७ץ㥯ϥθȤʤäϥ15--16˱ɤԤΥˤ濴˥ʸֺ餤ͤΩ줫鸫С1237--1480ǯޤǡ֥ΤӤפΤȤDzʻۤθ1552ǯ˥뤬ƤϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ϣˤϥ뼫¹Ȥ¸ߤߤϥϢˮ°̱²¹1ĤȤ¸ߤ롥륹¹θߤο388ͤǡΤäͤ53%ͤ40%ʥΤȤƤ⥿ͤϥͤ˼¿̱²Ǥˡ¹Ǥϥȥ줬ѸȤʤäƤ롥

̳عǤϡɬܤȤƤ뤬ǯɤæɬΰϤƤƤȤȿȯݸԤ佻̱¿ɤΥڻϥͤºĤƤƤ롥춵꤬ҲȤʤäƤǤ롥
ˤĤƤϡEthnologue Ͽ⻲ȡ
[2018-02-24-1]ε˰³Ƥꡥε#3241. 1422ǯɥ¤ȹαѸ첽 ([2018-03-12-1]) ǰѤ Fisher ϡī15ȤƱѸι첽 Chancery Standard γΩڤ˴ͿǽˤĤơѶŪʵŸƤ롥Τ˥īβȤڵϤʤHoccleve Lydgate ˤ⤽λݤľŪʸڤϤʤʬϤľڵϤ Fisher 롥ξڵȤϡ褽 Chancery Standard ĹƤߥ˴ؤΤǤ롥
Hoccleve, no more than Lydgate, ever articulated for the Lancastrian rulers a policy of encouraging the development of English as a national language or of citing Chaucer as the exemplar for such a policy. But we have the documentary and literary evidence of what happened. The linkage of praise for Prince Henry as a model ruler concerned about the use of English and for master Chaucer as the "firste fyndere of our faire langage"; the sudden appearance of manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, Troylus and Criseyde, and other English writings composed earlier but never before published; the conversion to English of the Signet clerks of Henry V, the Chancery clerks, and eventually the guild clerks; and the burgeoning of composition in English and the patronage of literature in English by the Lancastrian court circle are all concurrent historical events. The only question is whether their concurrence was coincidental or deliberate. (34)
ä Chaucer νʤμܤƤΤ14ǤϤʤ15äƤȤ̣Chaucer 1400ǯפθˤ褦䤯ܤƤȤΤ϶ʤΤ뤤ϡֽƱѸǰʺʤȡפ夲뤳ȤˤäơгŪ˥ɤؼ褦ȤŪʤ⤯ߤη̤ȤƤνǤǤϤʤäʴϢơHoccleve ˤ Chaucer ɾ ("firste fyndere of our faire langage") ˤĤơ#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) ȡ
Fisher ϡΤ褦ʸϸźդƤ뤳ȤҤ٤Ĥļ䶯Ƥ롥
All linguistic changes of this sort for which we have documentation---in Norway, India, Canada, Finland, Israel, or elsewhere---have been the result of planning and official policy. There is no reason to suppose that the situation was different in England.
Fisher, John H. "A Language Policy for Lancastrian England." Chapter 2 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 16--35.
ɸಽͤäơ1ȤߤҲ𤷤ƤMilroy and Milroy (27) ˤȤäơstandardisation ȤϸˤǤդѰ۲ǽ뤳Ȥˤۤʤ餺βˤ7ĤʳǧȤselection, acceptance, diffusion, maintenance, elaboration of function, codification, prescription Ǥ롥ϸŵŪʡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ˴Ťơ̩ΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Haugen ϡselection, codification, elaboration, acceptance 4ʳ̤Ƥ
Milroy and Milroy 7ʳȤȤߤѤɸѸηŪʬϡ⤷ΤȤƤϡNevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade ͤͥƤ롥ǤϤäѤ鸽ɸѸȯãˤƤ뤬ƱˡDZѸˤˤ羮͡ʡɸಽפڤ뤳ȤǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥̤ĤΡɸಽפϡ餫ΰ̣ǸĿͤ佸ĤˤͰŪǤǧαĤߤؤƤ롥Ūˤϡ10Υեå粦ˤ줿űѸθŪʺѡʥƥäơˤ䡤Chaucer ʹߤνդȤƤαѸκѡʥեƥäơˤ䡤12 Orm ֻפ䡤19 William Barnes ˤ Dorset dialect Ѥߤ䡤ꥫΩ̿ʹߤ Noah Webster ˤ֥ꥫڤϤʤɤޤ (Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade 273) ߤ˼䵬ϤϰۤʤΤΡΤäȤײ (language_planning) Ȥ٤ΤɸಽפλߤλȤ Milroy and Milroy ήȤߤڤäƤޤȤȯۤϡ¿Ǥ롥
ܸˤǤСɸηȤ濴ŪΤߤʤ餺̾ʸױưѴꡤʤɤ͡ʻ⡤̣ǤɸಽȤƥƥ饤ȤȤˤʤ
Milroy, Lesley and James Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.
ΤȤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤΤߤʤ餺ɸಽˤĤưŪ˹ͤ뵡¿äƤ롥˴ϢѸȳǰ褦ȡҲؤѸ콸 (Trudgill) Ƥߤ齸ĤνѸȤ˺Τ˵Ƥ
ޤϡѸ˴ؤƤФ "Standard English" ȤѸ줫ʡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
Standard English The dialect of English which is normally used in writing, is spoken by educated native speakers, and is taught to non-native speakers studying the language. There is no single accent associated with this dialect, but the lexicon and grammar of the dialect have been subject to codification in numerous dictionaries and grammars of the English language. Standard English is a polycentric standard variety, with English, Scottish, American, Australian and other standard varieties differing somewhat from one another. All other dialects can be referred to collectively as nonstandard English.
ǻȤƤ "polycentric" ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#2384. polycentric language ([2015-11-06-1]) ȡ#2402. polycentric language (2) ([2015-11-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ"standardisation" ȤѸ줫Ť뼰ˤĤѸɤäƤߤ
standardisation The process by which a particular variety of a language is subject to language determination, codification and stabilisation. These processes, which lead to the development of a standard language, may be the result of deliberate language planning activities, as with the standardisation of Indonesia, or not, as with the standardisation of English.
status planning [language determination] In language planning, status planning refers to decisions which have to be taken concerning the selection of particular languages or varieties of language for particular purposes in the society or nation in question. Decisions about which language or languages are to be the national or official languages of particular nation-states are among the more important of status planning issues. Status planning is often contrasted with corpus planning or language development. In the use of most writers, status planning is not significantly different from language determination.
codification The process whereby a variety of a language, often as part of a standardisation process, acquires a publicly recognised and fixed form in which norms are laid down for 'correct' usage as far as grammar, vocabulary, spelling and perhaps pronunciation are concerned. This codification can take place over time without involvement of official bodies, as happened with Standard English, or it can take place quite rapidly, as a result of conscious decisions by governmental or other official planning agencies, as happened with Swahili in Tanzania. The results of codification are usually enshrined in dictionaries and grammar books, as well as, sometimes, in government publications.
stabilisation A process whereby a formerly diffuse language variety that has been in a state of flux undergoes focusing . . . and takes on a more fixed and stable form that is shared by all its speakers. Pidginised jargons become pidgins through the process of stabilisation. Dialect mixtures may become koinés as a result of stabilisation. Stabilisation is also a component of language standardisation.
focused According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, some language communities and thus language varieties are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If only a narrow range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as focused. Focused linguistic communities tend to be those where considerable standardisation and codification have taken place, where there is a high degree of agreement about norms of usage, where speakers tend to show concern for 'purity' and marking their language variety off from other varieties, and where everyone agrees about what the language is called. European language communities tend to be heavily focused. LePage points out that notions such as admixture, code-mixing, code-switching, semilingualism and multilingualism depend on a focused-language-centred point of view of the separate status of language varieties.
diffuse According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, a characteristic of certain language communities, and thus language varieties. Some communities are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If a wide range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as diffuse. Diffuse linguistic communities tend to be those where little standardisation or codification have taken place, where there is relatively little agreement about norms of usage, where speakers show little concern for marking off their language variety from other varieties, and where they may accord relatively little importance even to what their language is called.
Ǹ˵2 "focused" "diffuse" ϸ춦ƱΤѼˤĤѤеηƻǡ¤ʳǰȴȿͤȤȻȤľŪɽǡɸಽ٤ιؤƤ롥Ѹˤʸ̮ǤСѸ a diffuse variety Ǥꡤʶ˸ѸűѸ focused varieties ǤȳɽǤ롥"focused" ΤʤǤ٤ꡤ٤ι⤤Τ "fixed"㤤Τ̣Ǥ "focused" ȤʤСʶ˸ѸԡűѸϸԤɽǤfixed focused ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#929. ѸɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1]) ⻲ȡ
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
̤ if ʲΡˤꡥҲؤǤ "Language is a dialect with an army and a navy." ȤƤ褦ˡζ̤ϤФХХå˹ȤĤƤ뤫ݤǷޤ뤳Ȥ¿ź1ˤʤäѼ郎ŪΩˤä1ؤȡ־ʡפȤȤäεդޤä (cf. #2006. ḽ衼åѤǼΧƤ ([2014-10-24-1])) ⤤ĤܹΩȤʤ뤳ȤȤС餿줬θѸȤʤ
ΥͥϻҲؤιֵʤɤǤ褯夲ΤΩ˺ݤƺѤȸޤײ (language_planning) ˤĤơŪĤޤȤϤʤäۤǥ֥饦Ƥ夬⤷ܤΩ٤ȤܤߤĤ p. 58 ˡ̱θؤɽפθѸޤΥߥ졼⤵Ƥ⤷ΤǰѤ褦
ꥸʥλܺȤơѸפȤݤȯۤޤϰˤäƤϤޤäۤʤȤʤ뤳Ȥ顤ĤƤΡ쥳ȥСפäˤɸȤʤƤޤŷȾΤ줿夫顤٤ƤȥꥢǡﮡʤΤˤ뾦Τı߳˿ʤʤ顤¡פ»ʤȤΤʤߥ˥ġȤƵǽ³Ƥ쥳ȥФħ̱ѤȤǤ
ѸˤܹɸѡΩμҲưࡼ˷³̤ؤθդޤƽϸǿƤޤƤ졦Ÿ졦ʤɤϡƽ֤Υߥ˥ǸͤʤǥåȤθơѸ˽ऺ밷ǧ٥ˤȤɤ뤳Ȥˤޤ
ʤߤˡס쥳ȥСסܹɸפˤդƤ롥
ܸ²Ͻܸɤΰɤ2ʬɤʬƤθԤ¿ϡܤʬۤɡܤʬۤ¸ɡ彣ʬۤɤȲΰɤ4ʬɤʬΩȤäƤ롥פ¸ɤΤʤˤ췲ΤƤ̾Ρ쥳ȥС졤ʤɤ롥 (58)
쥳ȥͻϺ桤ṾξͤޤäܺξԡDZ߳˾ԤˡǫۣʸȤȯãΤ쥳ȥСפȤƤ롥˭Ҥ̾ؤܤ٤̾ȤʤäͷӤˤĹǥ徦ͤɽ֤ܤפʤɤΤ롥(58)
ܹɸܹɸϡȺäޤ줿ϰäˤʤäƤ롥NHKˤڤ(59)
ʤ7ĤνޤȤΤϥϥȻȤȤˤʤäƤ2010ǯνǤȤݥȡˡ
Ωͤԡˡ夬⤷ܤΩ١ޥϥ2010ǯ
[2016-10-29-1]ε˰³ɸಽ (standardisation) βǧ4ʳˤĤơHaugen Ȥ롥ɸಽϡ (1) Selection, (2) Codification, (3) Elaboration, (4) Acceptance νǿʹԤȤ뤬4ĤβȽϡҲȸ졤ӷȵǽȤ2Ĥμ뤳ȤǤ (ޤ Haugen 933 Ȥ˺ˡ
| Form | Function | ||
| Society | (1) Selection | (4) Acceptance | |
| Language | (2) Codification | (3) Elaboration |
ε#2741. ascertaining, refining, fixing ([2016-10-28-1]) ǡ17ޤǤαѸɸಽ18ˤƤαѸ쵬ϲؤ³ή
ǡɸಽ (standardisation) ȤäƤ⡤βˤϤĤζ̤ǧ롥Haugen αƶϤζʸˤСѼ郎ɸಽȤŵŪˤ4ĤʳФȤ롥Hudson (33) ˤҲؤζʽΰѤ̤ơ4ʳ褦
(1) Selection --- somehow or other a particular variety must have been selected as the one to be developed into a standard language. It may be an existing variety, such as the one used in an important political or commercial centre, but it could be an amalgam of various varieties. The choice is a matter of great social and political importance, as the chosen variety necessarily gains prestige and so the people who already speak it share in this prestige. However, in some cases the chosen variety has been one with no native speakers at all --- for instance, Classical Hebrew in Israel and the two modern standards for Norwegian . . . .
(2) Codification --- some agency such as an academy must have written dictionaries and grammar books to 'fix' the variety, so that everyone agrees on what is correct. Once codification has taken place, it becomes necessary for any ambitious citizen to learn the correct forms and not to use in writing any 'incorrect' forms that may exist in their native variety.
(3) Elaboration of function --- it must be possible to use the selected variety in all the functions associated with central government and with writing: for example, in parliament and law courts, in bureaucratic, educational and scientific documents of all kinds and, of course, in various forms of literature. This may require extra linguistic items to be added to the variety, especially technical words, but it is also necessary to develop new conventions for using existing forms --- how to formulate examination questions, how to write formal letters and so on.
(4) Acceptance --- the variety has to be accepted by the relevant population as the variety of the community --- usually, in fact, as the national language. Once this has happened, the standard language serves as a strong unifying force for the state, as a symbol of its independence of other states (assuming that its standard is unique and not shared with others), and as a marker of its difference from other states. It is precisely this symbolic function that makes states go to some lengths to develop one.
ʤ顤ʳˤƤ⡤¿쾯ʤ졤ҲˤտŪǰռŪʴͿޤޤ롥ɸνϤƼҲŪǤꡤ˿ŪŪޤȤĤƤ롥ּҲˤտŪʲפη̤ȤƤɸȤˤĤƤϡΰѤΩʬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Hudson 32)
Whereas one thinks of normal language development as taking place in a rather haphazard way, largely below the threshold of consciousness of the speakers, standard languages are the result of a direct and deliberate intervention by society. This intervention, called 'standardisation', produces a standard language where before there were just 'dialects' . . . .
Ϣơ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ȡ
Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
#2675. ȸѲ ([2016-08-23-1]) ǡJones and Singh μҲŪѲŪʴοؤδؿˤĤƹͤEsperanto Τ褦ʿФȡʿԤ⤢СɡǾФ⤢Сζ̸ʤƲȤʤ⤷ȴؿԤ⤢롥ˤ衤üȿ륱¿褦˻פ롥
ĿͤȤƤϡʤȤᤤ衤͡˼븽ϤʤȻפäƤ뤷δ϶ؿäƤ櫓ǤϤʤJones and Singh εɤʤǡʤʤΡ˿͡ϿƤ˻ΤȤ˴ؿͯƤ鸽ߤˤơϾ˿ФƾƴƤǤ (cf. #958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1])) Jones and Singh (154--55) ϡEco 礤˽Фʤ顤ʤȤ衼åѤˤ뤳δؿˤĤʬϤ褦ȤƤ롥
[F]or many, deliberate creation still smacks of the quasi-academic and the 'geeky'; a fringe and fantasy-based pastime that produces 'eccentricities' such as Klingon and Esperanto. . . .
Yet while deliberate invention has long been nothing more than a game for many, it has also been seriously considered as an ideal solution to what have been characterised by some as (linked) linguistic and social 'problems'. Eco (1995: 1) [= Eco, U. The Search for the Perfect Language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.], for example, argues that the perception of linguistic diversity and difference has long been current in practically every culture, as has been the notion that this 'Babel' can be redeemed through 'the rediscovery or invention of a language common to all humanity'. In European thought, this has prompted various linguistic projects throughout the centuries, such as those listed in 7.2.a (adapted from Eco 1995: 2--3):
7.2.a Typology of 'language projects' in European scholarship
1. The rediscovery of languages postulated as original or as mystically perfect, such as Hebrew, Egyptian or Chinese.
2. The reconstruction of languages postulated, either fancifully or not, as original or mother tongues.
3. Languages constructed artificially for one of thee ends:
(a) Perfection in terms of either function or structure, such as the a-priori philosophical languages of the seventeenth century, designed to express ideas perfectly.
(b) Perfection in terms of universality, such as the a-posteriori international languages of the nineteenth century.
(c) Perfection in terms of practicality, if only presumed, such as the so-called polygraphies.
4. Magic languages, discovered or invented, whose perfection is extolled on account of either their mystic effability or their initiatic secrecy.
Ǥϡ衼åѤǤι̣ǤΡָײ (language_planning) λƤˤʤäƤ뤬 Eco ΥꥹȤˤ⤦1IJäΤ롥ϡʹߡνʵڤܡˤǤɸŪǤ롥19ʹߤοƤϤǤΡֹŪ̸ָΤǤΤФγƹˤɸಽȵϲϤޤǡֹŪ̸κܻؤƤˤʤξԤȯۤϺŪˤ礭ۤʤäƤʤνѼ¿1ĤѼ֤뤳Ȥȡν¿1Ĥθ֤뤳ȤϡϤˤʤȤ⤤뤫ΤˡԤˤϿ줬ؤ뤬ԤϼΤʤǤäǤȤ礭ʰ㤤롥ԤɸѼˤ⾯ʤ̿ͰäƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ʹߡˤɸѼɬ˺ꤷμͤȤγưϡŪ˳ɾƤȤäƤ褤ιǤǤ Esperanto Volapük Ƥ꿮ꤹԤȤγư "geeky" ȤߤΤϡԻĤȤԻĤǤ롥ξȤ "geeky" ǥŪǤȤСɸˤŪ˼ꡤʤɸ餷Ƥ֤⡤ "geeky" ǥŪȤΤ⤷ʤ
Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow