hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

language_planning - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2016-08-23 Tue

#2675. ͹ȸѲ [language_change][artificial_language][esperanto][linguistics][sociolinguistics][language_planning]

Esperanto ɽ͹ (artificial_language) ήɤθؤˤƿ˵뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ⤽ΤϤǤ롥ؤδؿϡħηϡSaussure "langue" 뤤 Chomsky "competence"ˤ餫ˤ뤳ȤˤꡤͰŪˤǤäˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤѲΩ줫⡤͹ϾʤȤ¤Ф줿ˤüԤ⤤ʤ̾ߤϤθѲˤ˳뤿ᡤޤȤ˰٤ͳʤȰ콳롥
˼ҲŪʴѲ Johns and Singh ϡ1Ϥ䤤 Language invention ˴ؤͤƤ롥ͳ˼򷹤褦

We have . . . included select discussion of such [invented] systems here primarily because invention constitutes part of the natural and normal spectrum of human linguistic ability and behaviour and, as such, merits acknowledgement in our general discussion of language use and language change. At the most obvious level, linguistic inventions are, despite their tag of artificiality, ultimately products of the human linguistic competence and, indeed, creativity, that produces their natural counterparts. In many cases, they are also often born of the arguably human impulse to influence and change linguistic behaviour, an impulse which . . . fundamentally underlies strategies of natural language planning. Thus . . . languages may be invented to reflect particular world views, promote and foster solidarity among certain groups or even potentially for the purpose of preserving natural linguistic obsolescence as a result of the domination of one particular language. It is in such real-life purposes that our interest in linguistic invention lies . . . .


ˤϸǽϤؤθڤ⤢뤬ȤƼҲŪʴؿˤռȤäƤ褤͹ȯѡηϤѻưŤͻ뤳Ȥǡ͡ȤΤ˲ƤΤΤɤʬ򴶤ƤΤʤʹưˤѤ褦ȤΤʤΤȤŪʸФҥȤ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓ѲȤδϢǤϡʤײȤäͰŪʸѲߤƤΤȤˤĤʤ롥ĤޤȤ͹ϡεǽȤϲʤ͡ϸѲѰۤΤȤˤˤĤƹͻݤˡ1Ĥκ׸ǤȤȤѲˤ񤹤Ȥ
Jones and Singh (182) ϡξ "as a linguistic exercise, the processes of invention, as well as its concomitant problems and issues, have the potential to complement our general understanding of how human language functions as successfully as it does" ȸڤƤ롥츫Τ褦˻פʤºݤ˱꤫⤷ʤˤŪ꤫ϤŪʵäƤ椯礬⤷Ϣơ#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ ([2011-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ۤˡ͹ȤƤϡ#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1])#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1])#961. ͹ ([2011-12-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-29-1]

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2016-08-04 Thu

#2656. 奢ꥫΤǤΰ [timeline][history][language_planning]

#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1])#2649. 奤ꥹäǤΰ ([2016-07-28-1]) ˰³Τΰ򼨤Ȥ櫓ǽΤϡΩμͤˤФи줿褦ˡAmerican English British English ȤΩ䡤Ϣפ˴ؿ󤻤ƤäơѸˤˤƤˤΤܤ̾Ĥ롥
奢ꥫΤˤĤơܤ TheUSAonline.com --- All Presidents of the United States, whitehouse.gov --- The Presidents Presidents of the United States (POTUS) 򻲾ȡ

̾ǯ--ǯпȽ°̾Ǥ
1George Washington (1732--99)VirginiaFederalist1789--97
2John Adams (1735--1826)MassachusettsFederalist1797--1801
3Thomas Jefferson (1743--1826)VirginiaRepublican1801--09
4James Madison (1751--1836)VirginiaRepublican1809--17
5James Monroe (1758--1831)VirginiaRepublican1817--25
6John Quincy Adams (1767--1848)MassachusettsRepublican1825--29
7Andrew Jackson (1767--1845)South CarolinaDemocrat1829--37
8Martin Van Buren (1782--1862)New YorkDemocrat1837--41
9William Henry Harrison (1773--1841) ʺǤ˻˴VirginiaWhig1841
10John Tyler (1790--1862) Τ龺ʡVirginiaWhig1841--45
11James Knox Polk (1795--1849)North CarolinaDemocrat1845--49
12Zachary Taylor (1784--1850) ʺǤ˻˴VirginiaWhig1849--50
13Millard Fillmore (1800--74) Τ龺ʡNew YorkWhig1850--53
14Franklin Pierce (1804--69)New HampshireDemocrat1853--57
15James Buchanan (1791--1868)PennsylvaniaDemocrat1857--61
16Abraham Lincoln (1809--65) ʺǤ˻˴KentuckyRepublican1861--65
17Andrew Johnson (1808--75) Τ龺ʡ Democrat Ǥä Republican ̾ Lincoln θȤʤäNorth CarolinaRepublican1865--69
18Ulysses Simpson Grant (1822--85)OhioRepublican1869--77
19Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822--93)OhioRepublican1877--81
20James Abram Garfield (1831--81) ʺǤ˰ŻOhioRepublican1881
21Chester Alan Arthur (1830--86) Τ龺ʡVermontRepublican1881--85
22Grover Cleveland (1837--1908)New JerseyDemocrat1885--89
23Benjamin Harrison (1833--1901)OhioRepublican1889--93
24Grover Cleveland (1837--1908)New JerseyDemocrat1893--97
25William McKinley (1843--1901) ʺǤ˰ŻOhioRepublican1897--1901
26Theodore Roosevelt (1858--1919) Τ龺ʡNew YorkRepublican1901--09
27William Howard Taft (18S7-1930)OhioRepublican1909--13
28(Thomas) Woodrow Wilson (1856--1924) ʺǤ˻˴VirginiaDemocrat1913--21
29Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865--1923) Τ龺ʡOhioRepublican1921--23
30Calvin Coolidge (1872--1933)VermontRepublican1923--29
31Herbert Clark Hoover (1874--1964)IowaRepublican1929--33
32Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882--1945) 1940ǯ1151944ǯ117˺Ǥ˻˴New YorkDemocrat1933--45
33Harry S. Truman (1884--1972) Τ龺ʡMissouriDemocrat1945--53
34Dwight David Eisenhower (1890--1969)TexasRepublican1953--61
35John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917--63) ʺǤ˰ŻMassachusettsDemocrat1961--63
36Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908--73) Τ龺ʡTexasDemocrat1963--69
37Richard Milhous Nixon (1913--94) ʺǤ˼ǤCaliforniaRepublican1969--74
38Gerald Rudolph Ford (1913--2006) ʷˡ25ˤΤ龺ʡNebraskaRepublican1974--77
39James Earl Carter ("Jimmy") (1924--)GeorgiaDemocrat1977--81
40Ronald Wilson Reagan (1911--2004)IllinoisRepublican1981--89
41George Herbert Walker Bush (1924--)MassachusettsRepublican1989--93
42William Jefferson Clinton (1946--)ArkansasDemocrat1993--2001
43George Walker Bush (1946--)ConnecticutRepublican2001--09
44Barack Hussein Obama (1961--)HawaiiDemocrat2009--16
45Donald John Trump (1946--)New YorkRepublican2016--

Referrer (Inside): [2017-01-20-1]

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2016-08-03 Wed

#2655. PCפμԤ [political_correctness][language_change][prescriptivism][gender_difference][semantic_change][language_planning][speed_of_change]

Ū˸ʸ ("politically correct" language reform) ϡ1970ǯʹߡѸ͡ʵƤӡºݤ˿͡θոѤƤβ "political_correctness" Ȥɽ˼깤ĤƤơ21äƤϡ̤Ĥɽ蘆ʤȸ򤵤ۤɤޤǤˤʤäƤƤ롥"PC" ȤѸϰ̣ΰ (semantic pejoration) ФȤȤǤꡤθפؤϤؼΤȤƤǤϤʤޤ˿м̵ѤʸոؤΤȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤäƤޤäѸȤƤϡ˴ؤ¤ꡤ"nonsexist language reform" ȤɽѤƤΤ⤷ʤ
"PC" ޤоݤˤޤ侮줿Τϡ¿ο͡βפΡָפ˸ջ򴶤Ǥꡤθܴ٤˼ͳ򶼤򴶤Curzan (114) ϡPCפ㤯ɾƤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơطʤ򼡤Τ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Politically correct language and the efforts to promote it are regularly ridiculed in the public arena. Fabricated language reforms such as personhole cover for manhole cover and vertically challenged for short are held up as symptomatic of the movement's excesses. I call these fabricated because I have never actually heard any advocate of nonsexist language reform seriously propose personhole cover or anyone proposing any kind of language reform make a serious case for vertically challenged. Yet they can show up side by side with more common, even at this point mainstream reforms such as Native American for Indian, African American for Black. If Urban Dictionary provides a snapshot of attitudes about the term political correctness, the term's negative connotations have gone beyond silly and unnecessary and now include manipulative, harmful, and silencing. The first definition in Urban Dictionary in Fall 2012 (which means it had the best ratio of thumbs up to thumbs down) read: "Organized Orwellian intolerance and stupidity, disguised as compassionate liberalism." It goes on to note: "Political correctness is most well known as an institutional excuse for the harassment and exclusion of people with differing political views." Subsequent definitions link politically correct language to censorship and "the death of comedy."


PCפιޤˤäƸո˴ؤƲѤäȤСʸ礬ޤ줿ȤȰʾˡĿͤΤ褦ʸո֤Ȥ԰٤ΤΤṲ̄ˤޤʤʤäȤȤ󤲤롥졹θѤˤơPC term non-PC term ΤѤ뤫ȤϤ򴶤ʤˤʤäƤޤäĿͤΩ򼨤ˡ򼺤äƤޤäȤäƤ褤Curzan (115) ۩"Politically correct language efforts force speakers to confront the fact that words are not neutral conveyors of intended meaning; words in and of themselves carry information about speaker attitudes and much more. Politically correct language asks speakers to use care in avoiding bias in their language choices and to respect the preferences of underrepresented groups in terms of the language used to refer to them."
ʾηаޤPCפμҲŪɾäƤΤϻ¤Ѳ뤤ϸѤѲȤ餤СƿͰŪѲˤ⤫餺οǯΤƤʻȤ롥̤ˡˡβפäβפʤɸ˴ؤտŪʲϡƵǤ롥ʤǤϡ褽͡δ֤˲פٻʷϵƤ롥¦餫ηǥХååפɿ魯뤳ȤǡפʤǤΤǤ롥ŪפϡʤȤŪʽ񤭸դȤ쥸ˤʬŪǤϤȤոû֤ǿ͡θոѤƤΤȼΤϡܤĥ̤ɾƤ褤Τ⤷ʤCurzan (116) ⤳®٤ˤĤơ"The speed with which some politically responsive language efforts have changed Modern English usage is remarkable." ɾƤ롥

Curzan, Anne. Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-06-16-1]

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2016-06-27 Mon

#2618. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ (2) [world_languages][writing][statistics][language_planning][language_myth][medium]

#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1]) ǡμפ뤳Ȥ񤷤˿줿ϡ̱²ɴʻŵ٤ˡ̵ʸפȤ򸫤ĤΤǡƤ󤷤
̵ʸ (unwritten language) Ȥϡ֤ʸ˽񤫤뤳ȤʤȤȤǤϤʤԤʤɤˤäƽ񤫤뤳ȤȤƤҲ夷Ƥ餺줬̿䵭ϿΤȤƵǽƤʤפǤ롥̵ʸοˤĤƤϡܹ񤤤Ƥ (186) ΤʤȤϸʤ褦ǡEthnologue ˤθοפ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ȡʸ줿ϡˤ餯%ʤΤǤϤʤºŪΤۤȤɤʸ̵ʸʤΤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
εǤ⿨줿̵ʸüԤʸΤʤȤɬ⤤ʤȤդǶʸƤǽϤ뤫ºݤˡ¿ο͡Τ褦ʾˤƤ롥դ˸Сǡʤ뤤ǡ˶ȤΤϡʤΤǤ롥
ȥꥢ̵ʸä̱²ʸ̵ʸȤݸ褦Ȥ뱿ưʤɡΤĤϰǾݻλߤʤƤϤ롥Τ褦ʸ (language_planning) ϤޤŪȤϤ¿θ줬ϰζʸ줫ΰϤ亹̤ˤ餵ƤΤ֤
(187) ϡ̵ʸ˴ؤο (language_myth) ˸ڤĤġ̵ʸҲˤߤƬ礭ŦƤ롥

ʸʤɽ̡ˤʤΤǤϤʤȹͤ⤢뤬ϤषդǤ뤳Ȥ¿ʸʤ餳ɽ˰ηͿߥ˥ΤʤΤˤ褦ȤռƯʤ䥢եꥫθ̱äȤꡤޤ2,0003,000⤢ΤͤƤߤ褦㤨иȤΤϡҲαΤ򥳥ѥȤɽΤǤ뤬ˤϱƧжѤȤޤޤʷƳƤ롥
άʸϡޤޤʤΤʸѤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨С̾̾ϽεϿΤȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ¿ϰǤߤ롥㤨СեꥫʤɤǤϡ򼰡פȤ̾ϡ²ӤƤȤޤ줿Ҷפ襤äȤλҶƻפƤʤ˵ޤΤ֤˹鷺ƻǻҶȤäǤ롥̾ϸĿͤ¾θĿͤȶ̤ǤʤƱ̿̾ԡʤϼȤƻҶοơˤˤȤäƽפʽ򡤻Ҷ̾˵ϿƤΤǤ롥ޤٿͤФơ񤯤褦˥åҶ̾Τ¿
Τ褦ˡ̵ʸ줽̵ʸҲˤƤϡʸʤ餳˭ʸʸݤȯãƤΤǤ롥ʸ䤬礭ʤФʤۤɡʸݤषƤȤϺ桹ܤˤƤȤǤ롥


Ϣơ#1685. ƬΤĵϤȰҿ ([2013-12-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ

м̵ʸס̱²ɴʻŵ١Ω̱²ʪۡԡˡǡ2014ǯ186--87ǡ

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2016-05-21 Sat

#2581. ҲؼԤˤŪˤĤ [sociolinguistics][language_planning][language_death][language_myth][linguistic_imperialism]

#1381. "interventionist" sociolinguistics ([2013-02-06-1])#1518. ([2013-06-23-1])#2039. դ˴ؤ¯⡦äȸŪ ([2014-11-26-1]) εǸ褦ˡ (language_planning) ϤȤŪᤰäƤϡҲؼԤδ֤ˤ礭ʰոγ֤꤬롥ȤƤαѸʤ褦ʲȼƤ椯ν򲿤Ȥ̿ݸ褦Ȥɸꤷ褦ȤѤ夹Ҳؼ Wardhaugh ϡȸؼԤβˤĤϤκǸˡΤ褦ʿŤΩɽƤ롥

There is a paradox here: linguists are sometimes told that they save languages best by not acting at all; certainly they should do nothing to promote English in the world, or to standardize a language, or possibly to help in any kind of language planning anywhere. Yet, there is no assurance that they will save a single language by not acting. An alternative possibility is that intervention actually slows down decline and loss. However, there is really no hard evidence for either position. Each is essentially ideologically driven: if you believe this you do one thing and if you believe that you do another. We do well to remember that because we are involved in socio-linguistic matters, ideology is likely to be at least as potent a factor as scientific findings in determining any approach we may adopt. We will also have to confront issues of identity and power. We might be well advised to tread cautiously.


ͰŪʸŪ䡤˴ؤɽϡ켫ΤҲؤΥ᥿ŪǤꡤоݤȤʤΤǤ롥ҲؼԤϡ˼ʾʻԤʤʤФʤʤΩˤȤȤˤʤ

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2016-05-12 Thu

#2572. Momma and Matto ԡˤαѸǯɽ [timeline][history][language_planning][linguistic_right]

ǶΡ#2562. Mugglestone ԡˤαѸǯɽ ([2016-05-02-1]) ˰³Ѹǯɽ꡼Momma and Matto αѸ˥ѥ˥ pp. xxix--xxxiii ˷ǤƤǯɽƸ롥ѸˤĤơ춵顤츢 (linguistic_right)ײ (linguistic_planning) ʤɤαѼҲŪʹܤ¿ΩƤƤˡǯɽħ롥

1000 BCEIndo-European languages spread throughout Europe and southern Asia, some already attested in writing for hundreds of years.
ca. 1000--1 BCEGradual sound shifts (Grimm's Law) take place in Germanic languages.
55--54 BCEJulius Caesar invades Britain.
43 CERomans under Claudius conquer Britain; the "Roman Britain" period begins.
ca. 50--100Scandinavian Runic inscriptions are produced, which remain the oldest attestations of a Germanic language.
ca. 98Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus writes ''Germania''.
ca. 350Bishop Wulfila translates the Bible into Gothic, an East Germanic language.
410roman troops withdraw from Britain as Visigoths sack Rome; the "Roman Britain" period ends.
449According to tradition,Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) begin invasion and settlement of Britain, bringing their West Germanic dialects to the islands.
597Pope Gregory sends Augustine to Kent where he converts King Æthelberht and 10,000 other Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.
793--ca. 900Vikings (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes) raid England periodically and establish settlements.
878King Alfred's victory over Guthrum's Danish army at Edington paves the way for the creation of the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons.
886King Alfred and Guthrum sign a treaty establishing the "Dane law" north and east of London, heavily settled by the Norse-speaking vikings.
890sKing Alfred translates Pope Gregory's ''Regula pastoralis'' into English.
ca. 900Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' is translated from Latin into Old English.
ca. 975--1025The four great manuscripts containing Old English poetry (Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript, Vercelli Book, and ''Beowulf'' Manuscript) are compiled, though many of the texts they contain were likely composed over the previous 300 years.
993--5Aelfric composes his Latin-Old English ''Glossary''.
1066William the Conqueror leads the Norman conquest of England, solidifying French as the language of the nobility.
1171Henry II leads the Cambro-Norman invasion of Ireland, bringing French and English speakers to the island.
1204King John of England loses Normandy to France.
ca. 1245Walter of Bibbesworth compiles his ''Tretiz de Langage'' to improve the French of English-speaking Landowners.
1282Wales is conquered by King Edward I of England.
1348--50The Black Plague kills about one-third of the English population.
1362Statute of Pleading requires English be spoken in law courts.
1366Statutes of Kilkenny outlaw (among other Irish customs) speaking Irish by Englishmen in Ireland.
1370--1400Chaucer writes his major works.
1380sJohn Wycliffe and his followers illegally translate the Latin Vulgate Bible into English.
1380--1450Chancery standard written English is developed.
ca. 1450Johannes Gutenberg establishes the printing press in Germany.
1476William Caxton sets up the first printing press in England.
1492Christopher Columbus explores the Caribbean and Central America.
1497Italian navigator John Cabot explores Newfoundland.
1500--1650Great Vowel Shift takes place.
1525William Tyndale prints an English translation of the New Testament.
1534The first complete English translation of the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew is produced.
1536 and 1543Acts of Union (Laws in Wales Acts) annex Wales to England.
1542Crown of Ireland Act makes the English king also the Irish king.
1558--1603Queen Elizabeth I reigns.
ca. 1575--1600English becomes an important trade language in West Africa.
1580s--1612Shakespeare composes his plays.
1583--1607British attempt unsuccessfully to establish colonies in America.
1588The Bible is translated into Welsh.
1589George Puttenham publishes his ''Art of English Poesy''.
1600British East India Company receives its charter, facilitating economic expansion into India.
1600sAtlantic slave trade begins, bringing Africans to America.
1603Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England and Scotland, accelerating the Anglicization of Scots-English.
1604Robert Cawdrey compiles ''A Table Alphabeticall'', the first monolingual English dictionary.
1607The Virginia Company of London successfully establishes a colony in America at Jamestown, Virginia.
1610British establish fishing outposts in Newfoundland.
1611The King James Bible is published.
1620Pilgrims establish a colony at Plymouth Rock.
1623--ca. 1660British establish colonies throughout Caribbean.
1642--51English Civil Wars are ongoing.
1660The Restoration: Charles II returns to the throne.
1663The Royal Society is founded.
1689British establish the three administrative districts of Bengal, Bombay (now Mumbai), Madras (now Chennai) on the Indian subcontinent.
1694French publish a national dictionary.
1695The Licensing Act expires, giving anyone the freedom to publish without government permission.
1707Acts of Union unite governments of England and Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1712Jonathan Swift writes his "Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue.".
1755Samuel Johnson's ''Dictionary of the English Language'' is published.
 French-speaking Acadians are expelled from Canada by British, settle in Louisiana and are called Cajuns.
1773British establish a Governor Generalship in India.
1776Thomas Jefferson drafts American Declaration of Independence.
1780sBritish begin to settle in Australia.
1783Treaty of Paris recognizes an independent United States of America; Noah Webster's "blue-back" spelling book is published.
1786William Jones suggests a common root for Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, promoting comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies.
1787English speakers of African origin are repatriated to Africa in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
1789--99The French Revolution takes place.
1795Lindley Murray's ''English Grammar'' is published.
1800Act of Union unites governments of Ireland and Great Britain, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and requiring that Irish politicians speak English in British government.
1803The Louisiana Purchase allows US to expand westward.
1811--18Jane Austen's novels and published.
1819The British government passes the Six Acts, aimed to suppress the publication of radical newspapers.
1820Freed English-speaking slaves repatriated from America to the newly created West African nation of Liberia.
1828Noah Webster's ''Dictionary of American English'' is published.
1831A system of Primary School Education is introduced in Ireland, with English as the medium of instruction.
1835Lord Macaulay's Minute initiates the introduction of English language education into South Asia.
1836The phrase "standard English" first appears in a philological sketch on the history of the language in the ''Quarterly Review''.
1837--1901Queen Victoria reigns.
1840sBritish begin to settle in New Zealand.
1845--9Many monoglot Irish speakers die as a result of the Great Famine in Ireland.
1852''Roget's Thesaurus'' is first published.
1858Act for the Better Government of India results in the British governing India directly.
1859''Proposal for the Publication of a New English Dictionary'' initiates work on what will be the ''Oxford English Dictionary''.
1873Harvard University introduces the first American college program in English composition for native speakers.
1898Americans take over control of the Philippines from Spain, beginning America's colonial period.
1914--39James Joyce's major works are published.
1922Ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty recognizes an independent Irish Free State, which will become the Republic of Ireland.
1925The Phelps-Stokes Commission recommends teaching both English and native languages in Africa.
1926--62William Faulkner's major works are published.
1928''Oxford English Dictionary'' is completed.
1946The Philippines achieve independence from the United States.
1947India achieves independence from Britain; Pakistan splits from India.
1953English made a compulsory subject in national examinations in elementary schools throughout Anglophone Africa.
1957--68Most of Britain's African colonies achieve independence.
1967The Official languages Act makes English and Hindi India's two official languages.
 Tanzania launches a "Swahilization" program.
1970-Toni Morrison's major works are published.
1875--Salman Rushdie's major works are published.
1979Lawsuit (''Martin Luther King Jr Elementary School Children vs. Ann Arbor School District Board'') sets precedent for requiring teachers to study AAVE.
 Urdu replaces English as the language of instruction in schools in Pakistan.
1991Helsinki corpus of English words from the Old English period through 1720 is completed.
1993Welsh Language Act makes Welsh an official language in Wales alongside English.
1996--7The "Ebonics" debates begin in Oakland, California.
1998The Good Friday Agreement grants "parity of esteem" to the Irish language and to Ulster Scots (Ullans) in Northern Ireland.


Momma, Haruko and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

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2016-01-24 Sun

#2463. ֹʸ粸͡Ͼä [language_planning][japanese][history]

#2459. ͭȥۥåȥˡ ([2016-01-20-1])#2460. William Dwight Whitney ([2016-01-21-1]) ǡͭˤܤαѸ첽ˤĤƤε夲οͭε޿ŪʱѸ첽˴йͤμͤϾä (1850--88) Ǥ롥
ϾϡͻΤλҤȤޤ졥ʡ͡ȤΤȷıΤ˳ؤӡ˥ꥹαؤˡؤ򽤤᤿δǽʱѸϤȤܤŪǧΤ뤳ȤܻؤȤȤˡܤˤα˳ؤۤƳ褦ȿϤ˥ꥫϤꡤեǥե٤¤ǵһह롥
Ͼϡ̤ˤϤۤΤƤʤȤܸʸˡˤˤܤ٤ An Elementary Grammar of the Japanese Language ̾Ρܸʸŵ١ˤ1873ǯ路Ƥ롥ͭ餬ܤαѸ첽λ򥢥ꥫȯɽΤФϾϤɥǴԤ뤳ȤˤäƤȿΤ˻Ĺͺ򤷤ơֹʸ粸͡פȸ碌᤿
Ͼ (212--23) ϡνˤơͭξܤαѸ첽ϡ(1) ̵̤ʻ֤䤹Ȥˤʤ롤(2) ֳʺ̱ΰ롤2ˤƿ꤬ꡤΤ櫓ˤϤʤ⤹롥ȤȤϱѸǽ񤫤줿ΤˤѤ褦

ѸϸΤʤǤäȤऺΤҤȤĤǤꡤ郎θդȤϤޤäۼΤΤǤ顤̱¿ʬΤΤȤˤϤؤĹ֤פ¿εŤʻ̵֤̤䤵Ǥˤ椤Ƥߤޤȡ¾ι񤫤Τ줿㤬¿ĤΤϻ¤ǤƤξϡ줿̡ݱʤˤΤǤäơΤˤǺΤ줿ΤǤϤޤ󡥤Ǥ顤䤽¾ν̱ܤǹԤ󾧤ƤΤȤϡ𤬤ޤäۤʤޤȤԤΰϤ˶ƸκѤ;ʤǤ⡤ι񤬡ɴǯΤȤ졤椨äȤǤѴ뤳ȤϤʤäΤǤΤȤϡ륺ɡåȥɤι̱˸ޤιǤϡߡ󤫹ؤǤꡤŤʻ̵֤̤ˤƤޤǡƤιִμ»ܤϤؤǤ뤳Ȥ狼ˤʤǤ礦
ΤȤǤ͵ι̱ϡϤ̱ؤ«ƤλŻƤޤ顤η̡ԤϸԤ¿λ֤γؽˤƤ뤳ȤǤޤ⤷˼Ҹ򤹤٤ƤѸǹԤ뤳ȤˤʤСسϹΤˤ꤫ĤФǤ礦ϡޤε² jus sacrum ʿˡˡComitia ̱ʿ̱ͤΤƱȤʤΤǤη̡سȲسϴʬΥξΤˤ϶̤봶𤬤ʤʤäƤޤޤơ̱ϰΤȤƹư뤳Ȥ˸졤ΤȤϤޤäƤޤǤ礦


νηӤȤơϾ (214) ϼΤ褦Ǹ롥

Ǥˤξˤꡤ椨줹٤ƤΤäƤΤ˭ǴʤΤˤ٤ؤۤΤƤ礭ʴƤޤäۼθΤ̤ΤѤ˾ޤȤͤΤǤޤ


ϾϡʾʤʤΤǤ롥#2458. ܸˡرѸ첽϶̱٤첽Τ ([2016-01-19-1]) Ǽ夲ܤ⡤Ͼθ򤬡ָܤ鸫ƤϤΤΡ (p. 78) ǤꡤָαѸ첽ɤؤȿȤƤ⽽ʬѤܼŪʻŦǤ (p. 79) ȤƤ롥

Ͼ ä Ĺˡܸ֡ʸŵٽʸסϾä1١ȽŹ1987ǯ209--14ǡ
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ

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2016-01-20 Wed

#2459. ͭȥۥåȥˡ [japanese][language_planning][history][elt]

αѸѸ첽ε˯ȤСʸä̳᤿ͭ (1847--89) ̾夬롥1870ǯ塤ܤ󶯤Τ褦˶岽뤿ˤϱѸǹŤꤷʤФʤʤȿƤפжüʻۤ˻פ뤬ܸ˲ƤŪʳǰɽ魯ä礱ƤȤ򿿷ͫƤΤǤ롥
ϡܤαѸѸ첽Τθ褦ȡƤμͤ˼ꡤѸδʰײȤȤ˻⤤ƲäȲ񤷤μͤΰͤˡΥꥫزνäǥؤζǤ William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) Ȥ⤷ȤˡWhitney Ͽͦ­ݤ褦ʲ֤Ƥ롥 (71--72) ꡤ׻ݤѤ롥

ۥåȥˡϡ褽Τ褦ʤΤä
ơˤ岽ޤäΤʤɡۤȤɤʤ⡤ʰײ줿ѸѤȤΤǤϡѸҲ񡤤뤤ʸؤʤɤʸ̤ʤȤƳ«ʤ⤽⡤ѸܤΡֹפȤƺѤСޤդФ줫򤹤뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ֤;͵Τʤ¿ο͡¼Ū˳򤹤뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤäƤޤη̡Ѹ˳䤯֤Τդˤ뾯ø٤Ƥʸꤹ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ罰Ȥδ֤礭ʳʺ䤬Ƥޤ
ޤˡۥåȥˡǰΤϡϤǸƥ줫פؤμΡפϤ̤ƥ衼åѤν̱ŪʿؤƻܿͤĤƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤäΤ
ˡۥåȥˡϼΤ褦˽Ҥ١ܸͭˤ岽򴫤Ƥ롥

֤Ȥä̱ηϤäƤƤ⡤¿ι̱˿ʸ򶵤⤤Ū٥ˤޤǰ夲ˤĹ֤פǤ礦⤷罰ؤ褦ȤΤǤСȤ̤ƹԤʤФʤޤ

ƥۥåȥˡϡʸΡֿפΤʤˤϡ˭ˤפȤޤޤʤФʤʤ⤤˭ˤʤäֹפܤʸʤʤǤꡤ줬罰ʸŪ˹뤳ȤˤĤʤȤΤǤ롥


ػ˾ϰ̤ Whitney Τ褦ʷܤαѸѸ첽˴ؤäƤȤΤʤä
ʤ϶üʲԤȤߤʤ졤˹ԤˤŻƤޤä

رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-24-1] [2016-01-21-1]

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2016-01-19 Tue

#2458. ܸˡرѸ첽϶̱٤첽Τ [review][linguistic_imperialism][hel][japanese][language_planning][language_myth][hel_education][elt][bible]

#2306. ʰ鹧ˡرѸγǡ٤ȱѸȽ ([2015-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤνǤȤ褽ƱˡܸˡرѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ٤Ȥ⤦1ĤαѸȽν񤬸ƤϡѸȽΤΤȤܤαѸ첽ؤηپ֤Ƥ롥ʬνҤϳ줺ĩȯŪʥȥԤؤ䶵ؤȪǤϤʤؼԤǤȤǡˤȤäơ줿θƶ¿ä
ܤΥХ벽ȱѸ첽λϡˤɤäƤή˵չԤƤꡤषȤԤϼĥ롥ζϡޤǰǤäƥ줬ͭƤŪŪøͤѸ졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ե󥹸졤ɥĸʤϰ̤뤳Ȥˤäơ͡δ֤ʬ֤ƤʤμԤϤ餻뤳Ȥǽˤ̤͡˭ʾܤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤ̤ȤƳ֤γʺʤä줬岽θưϤȤŪˤϡγؤθ̤礭ä
⤷ǿʹԤƤѸ첽䤬ƴλĤƤΥƥΤ褦ø褦ˤʤСѸ򤷤ʤѸüԤϾؤΥεå졤ҲΤ¦̤פĤޤꡤ¿ο͡β̱Τ褦ϰ̡Ĥޤֶ̱פϰ̤ؤƤȤΤˡܿͤˤȤäơܸȤ졦̤ƾ˥Τʪ򡦵ۼΤˤϺǤΨ褤ϤǤꡤΤѸ˼äƤޤСǽΨϳʤϤ
Ԥϡܻؤ٤ϱѸ첽ǤϤʤष첽ǤȤžȯۤ򲡤ФƤ롥ǤϡDZѸ䤽¾θˤȯͤϡɤΤ褦˾ò뤳ȤǤκɤˡϡؤǤȤܤμͤä٤ϤȤơ¿βͤθäܸ˿Ʃ뤳Ȥ褦ˡܿͤ⡤䤨֤ʤϤˤäơѸϤȤ볰줿ܸȤΤꤢ碌忴٤Ǥ롤 (see #1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]))
Ѹ줬̵ΤǤȤäѸ첽Ȥο̢䤷Ƥ롥ŪǰŪʱѸѤˤϡѸˤؤ֤ΤᤤȹͤƤ롥 (215) μμĥⷹİͤ롥

ѸδΰϡΤܤСꥹƥꥫο̱ϻۤˤˤ롥ޤ塤ꥹ䥢ꥫ̱Ϥݡ쿢̱Ϥˤ¼ŪϤӥͥͭĤᡤάΰüȤƱѸƸŪϰ̤ݤʤ褦ؤƤ̡פǤ⤢롥


رѸ첽϶̱٤ꥭɤ򽦤äΤǡ˼ƤѸ춵סѸѸ첽롦󥰥å塤Х벽˴ѡؼͳʳкѡ¡ܡˡTPPܡ쥹٥롦ʥʥꥺࡤˡ§

رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ

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2015-06-18 Thu

#2243. ʥѸȤϲ [variety][canadian_english][bilingualism][language_planning][sociolinguistics][history][sobokunagimon]

ε#2242. ʥѸβŪħ ([2015-06-17-1]) ǥʥѸħΰü˿줿ʥѸȤϲȤϡѼ (variety) ܼŪޤǤ (cf. #415. All linguistic varieties are fictions ([2010-06-16-1])#1373. variety Ȥϲ ([2013-01-29-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1])#2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])) Brinton and Fee (439) ϡʥѸγܤϤκǸǡʥѸȤϲȤ䤤ˤĤơΤ褦ʲͿƤ롥

Canadian English is the outcome of a number of factors. Canadian English was initially determined in large part by Canada's settlement by immigrants from the northern United States. Because of the geographical proximity of the two countries and the intertwining of their histories, economic systems, international policies, and print and especially television media, Canadian English continues to be shaped by American English. However, because of the colonial and postcolonial history of the British Empire, Canadian English is also strongly marked by British English. The presence of a long-standing and large French-speaking minority has also had an effect on Canadian English. Finally, social conditions, such as governmental policies of bilingualism, immigration, and multiculturalism and the politics of Quebec nationalism, have also played an important part in shaping this national variety of English.


ǤΥʥѸϡŪħ˴ŤΤǤϤʤʥ֤ƤҲŪĶŪаޤƧޤΤǤ롥ʥѸ̤ꤦΤǤСꥫѸαƶϤϳμ¤ǡҲŪ¿ѤȤƤʸȤΰռοƩˤꡤʥѸ¾μפʱѸѼ٤ƽѲƤ椯ǽ⤤
ޤǤ˥ߤǻƳƤ´ʸߤƤ⡤ܿͱѸؽԤΤʤˤϡʥѸʤơȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸˤ˴ؿļԤʤʤƤ2Ѽ˰­ʤȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤܿͤϤι񤬴Ū˹ʤΤȻפΤˤϡǤϤαѸѼθ椬ʤCanadian English ϡҲŪˤäȤäܤƤ褤ѸѼǤ롥

Brinton, Laurel J. and Margery Fee. "Canadian English." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 422--40 .

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2015-06-03 Wed

#2228. ޥ륿αѸ (1) [esl][new_englishes][bilingualism][diglossia][language_planning][sociolinguistics][history][maltese][maltese_english]

ޥ륿¹ (Republic of Malta) ϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ衼åǤ ESL (English as a Second Language) ιǤ롥Ʊ衼åѤǤϢˮ˽°ƤǤ⤢ (cf. #1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1])ˡ˥衼åѤͣȤäƤ褤ѼαѸ줬äƤǤ⤢롥ޥ륿ȱѸȤζ̩ʴؤˤϡ1814ǯʻ礵줿ȤŪطʤ (cf. #777. Ѹάǯɽ ([2011-06-13-1])ˡŪˤŪˤ⡤¾ ESL ϰȤϰۤʤäƤȤܤͤ뤬ޥ륿αѸˤĤƤξܤϤޤ긫ʤϢʸ1ɤൡ񤬤äΤǡ˴Ťƥޥ륿αѸάҤ

Map of the Mediterranean Map of Malta

ޥ륿泤⤫ٹǡ¿ʸ̤ƻǤꡤŪˤ׾פǤäEthnologue Malta ˤȡ̱42ͤΤۤȤɤȤƥޥ륿 (Maltese) äĤ⤦1ĤθѸǤѸȤʤ2ѼԤǤ롥ޥ륿ϡӥΥåѼפȤ뤬ꥢѸȤܿˤ̤ơäμѤ䲻äƤѲħŤ롥ˤȤäơۤʤʣθ¸ˤ̤̾ΤȤǤꡤߤΥޥ륿ȱѸȤι2Ѿ⤽Τ褦Ūʸ̮Τʤ˰֤Ťɬפ롥
1814ǯ˥ꥹ˳ϡιˤƼҲŪ˰ҿϡˤ錄ꥤꥢäˡΧʤɸŪʾѤֹ̤Ρ׸ (H[igh Variety]) ϥꥢǤꡤʳŪӤѤ̤Ρ׸ (L[ow Variety]) ȤƤΥޥ륿ΩƤҲŪˤϡŪ diglossia ߤƤȤ롥19˹̤θ줬ꥢ줫ѸؤȽڤؤʤǡ triglossia ξ褷θ塤Ѹȥޥ륿 diglossia ι¤ؤȰܹԤ20ˤƥޥ륿줬ҲŪǽߤޤǤ diglossia ϲä줿ߤ2ѤϡŪ diglossia ǤϤʤҲŪ˾դ줿 bilingualism ؤȰܹԤȤdiglossia βä˴ؤŪˤĤƤϡ#1487. diglossia ФȽ ([2013-05-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ߡޥ륿ΰ̱ϡѸؤοƶᴶˡʥ䥪ȥꥢʤɤظΤ¿ήΥ꡼ؤϡήΥ꡼ؤʸȤƥꥢؤΰ򼨤ΤФơѸλѤ򹥤ࡥޥ륿켫ΤβͤŪ徺ȥʸȤƤαѸΰ֤Ťˤꡤޥ륿θˤϿʳäȤ롥Mazzon (598) ϡΤ褦˸Υޥ륿θ礹롥

[S]ince the year 1950, the most important steps in language policy have been in the direction of the promotion of Maltese and of the extension of its use to a number of domains, while English has been more and more widely learnt and used for its importance and prestige as an international language, but also as a "fashionable, chic" language used in social gatherings and as a status symbol . . . .


Mazzon, Gabriella. "A Chapter in the Worldwide Spread of English: Malta." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 592--601.

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2015-05-01 Fri

#2195. Toubon ˡΡƱ [french][language_planning][sociolinguistics][loan_word][synonym]

ε#2194. ե󥹸쵬ϼѸŨ롤̱Ūե󥹸 ([2015-04-30-1]) ǡե󥹤1994ǯꤵ줿 Toubon ˡ (Loi Toubon) ˿줿Toubon ˡȤ¯Τϡʸե󥳥եˡ (Le ministre de la culture et de la francophonie) Jacques Toubon ˡƳȤˤʤࡥŪʾǤΥե󥹸λѤˡʤȤ櫓Ѹռơ˳λѤ¤ˡȤäƤ褤ե󥹤θڤӸؤλθˡȸ뤳ȤǤ롥
Toubon ˡϡŪϼʤɤμҲŪʴΤ˶̣ǤϤ뤬ŪʴȤ뤳ȤϾʤʸΤʤ˸Ū˹θ٤1Ĥ롥Article 5 ˼Τ褦ˤ롥

Quels qu'en soient l'objet et les formes, les contrats auxquels une personne morale de droit public ou une personne privée exécutant une mission de service public sont parties sont rédigés en langue française. Ils ne peuvent contenir ni expression ni terme étrangers lorsqu'il existe une expression ou un terme français de même sens approuvés dans les conditions prévues par les dispositions réglementaires relatives à l'enrichissement de la langue française.


ŪʷǤϡƱ̣ ("même sens") Υե󥹸ɽ礬ˡб볰ѤƤϤʤȤʸǤ롥ǤƱ̣פȤɽϡ̣ŪޤǤ롥#1498. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (3) ([2013-06-03-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褯ΤƤȤꡤ˸̩ʰ̣ǤƱ¸ߤˤθȰ츫ƱȤܤ¾θ礬Ѥ¸ȤƤ⡤ξԤ̯˵ǽ㤨Τ̤Ǥ롥ǡֵǽפȸƤΤϡdenotation connotation ޤƤΡְ̣פƱΤǤ롥ʸ "sens" denotation ΤߤؤƤ褦 "sens" ζλüԤȤѸȤ򤹤ˤϡdenotation Τߤʤ餺 connotation θ򤷤ƤΤǤꡤξԤϸߤ˴ƱǤϤʤ
1Ĥ signifié б signifiant 2ĤꡤʸϤǤդ˸ؤȤΤϡΤˤ˸򾷤ǽǡŪʸˤդ路ʤ1Ĥ signifié б signifiant 2ĤפȤϡҤΤ褦˵Ǥ롥ǤϤ뤬ˤϤȤΤȤǤηǰƤΤǤС֤˸򾷤ȤΤʤ褦ˡפʤɤȤʸʸ˴ޤФ褤ΤˡƺԤδؿϡľܤΤ褦ʴˤȤϡ¤ "l'enrichissement de la langue française" ˤ褦Ǥ롥
ξʸϡ"même sens" ȤѸѤƼݤ褦ȤƤ뤬ǸˤϸŪȤϸŪȤ٤ "l'enrichissement de la langue française" ǽƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥դˤ󤯤򴶤롥

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2015-04-30 Thu

#2194. ե󥹸쵬ϼѸŨ롤̱Ūե󥹸 [french][prescriptive_grammar][standardisation][academy][linguistic_imperialism][language_planning][language_myth][world_englishes]

ե󥹸˵ŪʸǤȤ롥ϼϱѸˤ⤢뤬ե󥹸ˤϱѸ붯Ϥ롥⤷쵬ϼŪʸȤ뤫⤷ʤΥե󥹸εϼγΩȡȼο (language_myth) ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ

#626. ֥ե󥹸ŪʸǤפȤá ([2011-01-13-1])
#1077. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (1) ([2012-04-08-1])
#1078. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (2) ([2012-04-09-1])
#1079. Rivarol Υե󥹸ͥº (3) ([2012-04-10-1])

Perret (70--71) ˽äƥե󥹸쵬ϼȯŸˤ⤹ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥15--16ե󥹲ϥƥäƥե󥹸θȤƽѤϥե󥹸ɸಽή¥ʤ17ˤ Academie française Ω1635ǯ˵ڤӵŪʸˡ伭νǤ꼡18Υե󥹸ݲνפФȤʤä18γ̿ˤե󥹸ϿȤΥܥ˻Ωƾ夲졤ե󥹸ʳθɸŪʥե󥹸ѼˡŪӽ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤɸե󥹸м20ޤ³20ʹߤϡѸŨĬήǻ1994ǯ Toubon ˡǤϡѸɽθŪʻѤ¤褦Ȥаޤ롥ˤ La Francophonie ([2015-04-28-1], [2015-04-29-1]) 20ȾˤȯŸϡΤ褦ʱѸŨδ֤Ť뤳ȤǤե󥹸ŪȻȼɸŪŪʥե󥹸줬θҤɬݻǤʤʤäƤȤ¤Ǥ롥ϰ褴Ȥι̱Ūե󥹸Ѽ (français nationaux) ¸ߴ򶯤ƤƤ롥 (World) Englishes (world_englishes) Υե󥹸ǤȤ
ե󥹸εϼβȥե󥹳̿δطˤĤƤϡ4ϡ֥ե󥹳̿ȸפɤߤ䤹٤ࡥ

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹ1981ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-07-02-1] [2015-05-01-1]

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2015-01-13 Tue

#2087. ֻפؤοŪ [spelling_reform][language_planning][orthography][orthoepy]

ѸˤǤϡȤ櫓Ѹ¿ֻפȤƤ16Ⱦ˸¤äƤ⡤#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦͡ʸɽ뤤̾ΤȤˡ (orthography) ˡ (orthoepy) ֻװƤ󵯤Ǥ Hart Bullokar ʤɤε޿ɤϺǽŪˤ졤ۤɤǤ⹽˱ƶäɾ줦Τ Mulcaster ʤɤβɤäƱͤˡѸǤ#602. 19ʹߤαѸֻפ෿ ([2010-12-20-1])#634. ǯֻ (1) ([2011-01-21-1])#635. ǯֻ (2) ([2011-01-22-1])#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿βפΩ夬äʤǡʬŪȤΤϲʲפǤ롥
ֻ̤פˤͳϡ#606. ѸֻפԤͳ ([2010-12-24-1]) ǹͻ̤Ȥ櫓޿ŪʲפۤȤɤĤ⼺Ԥ˽ͳƹͤƤߤȡǤŪֻηϤˡȤˤĤƤԤˤȤäơɽŪˤޤ˰ۤʤֻϡŪ˼줬ΤǤϤʤκݡֻפˤʤȤϡɤۤʤäƤ뤳ȤФ뤢ǽŪ񹳴ȤʤΤǤϤʤ㤨С <the> <dhe> ֤ʤפˤäƤϡ̤θɤ礭Ѥ롥줷ޤʤȤΤϳΤˤֻפˤȤäƤǤפϡƤޤޤǤλ֡ĤޤڤβˤΤǤ롥
֥륷⡤ֻפˤȤäƺξɤȤʤΤϡԤˡ˴줿͡Ū񹳡ֿ͡ۼʤΤˤܼŪȿ (213)Ǥȼ롥ǤϡǽŪȤ⤤񹳴ϤɤΤ֥륷 (203--04) ۩

ʤĤˡϰĤδ̣Ƥ롥ǤϤʤˡϲˤϤäƽ˷Ƥ¿νˡѤ󤹤ΤǤꡤĤθ춦ƱΤ˸ͭΤΤǤ롥ˡüԤˤȤäʸΤΤǤ롥̤ͤǡֵ§ѸפǥͤιͰƤΤǤ뤳ȤפФƤ餤ϺݸȤߤʤƤѸΤˡʬ󾧤ηϤ;Ȥʤ񤭽ФθȿλαѸοʹ֤ΤΤȤϰۤʤäƤΤΤᡤײ˴ؤʤɼŪפȤäơüԤλƱμ¤̤ͤ櫓ǤϤʤäϸ¤¨ǿŤ򱿤ˤؤ餺Ȥʤ⤷ϤۤȤˤǰŪˡ« (contrat) ϤäƤ褦ʰݤ¿ʤȤ⤢Ƥ롥ɴͤοʹ֤α̿ˤƤˡαƶ礭ϡʬβפ̤͡͡˼뤫ɤä¬ȤϤʤä


ʸβ׼Ԥ¿⤳ξɤ礭˵ŤƤʤ櫓ǤϤʤäϤ٤Ǥäơο䤷ʤֻפϤФɽ츻ȸƤФΤ椷Ƥξɤν㤯ѤäƤˤϰ㤤ʤֻפŬѤڤʤˤʤɬĤƲ͡οŪ񹳤򡤷ɤΤȤ׼Ԥ¿ϸӤäƤȤȤˤ̤ˤ⡤ֻפˤϡ̤Ƥʤ郎ݤƤ롥
⤦1ᡤ֥륷 (183) Ѥƽ褦

äơͻ̤ΤʤѴĤޤϴά뵭ѴŸ˾ꤷʤȤפǤ롥줬ʬŪ¦̡ˤDZƶϤä͡Ʊդ褦ϤƻǤꡤŤ˹׸ǤޤηϤ줵뤳Ȥ˹׸ǤƻǤ롥νǤݻ٤Ǥꡤ罰ä˶Ԥε»ͤꤹΤǤäƤϤʤʤˡνϸ̤礭ʤƤϤʤʤȤΤ⡤⤷줬ŪʲǻŪʸ§ΤˤʤСԤϤΤȡ̿ͤˤ䤵ƤޤǤ顥


른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ

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2014-07-02 Wed

#1892. ֥޻ΤĤŤ [alphabet][japanese][writing][grammatology][orthography][romaji][language_planning]

#1879. ܸˤ޻ˡ ([2014-06-19-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡܸˤ޻ѤδѤϡ 1954ǯܤȤƹ𼨤֥޻ΤĤŤ˵äƤ롥͡ʵ˾29ǯ12˹𼨤줿ΤǤꡤޤǤδѤ⴪Ƥơɽʡᷱἰˤɽʡإܥ󼰤ɽˤ줿ܼˤޤ᤿ŪƤä֤ޤפˤСɽȤʤ⡤Ūط䴷ˤäƲ񤤾ˤɽˤäƤ褤ȤƤ롥ʲˡ2ĤɽǤ褦

ʷἰaiueo   
   
kakikukekokyakyukyo
sasisusesosyasyusyo
tatitutetotyatyutyo
naninunenonyanyunyo
˥˥˥
hahihuhehohyahyuhyo
ҥҥҥ
mamimumemomyamyumyo
ߥߥߥ
ya(i)yu(e)yo   
   
rarirureroryaryuryo
wa(i)(u)(e)(o)   
   
gagigugegogyagyugyo
zazizuzezozyazyuzyo
da(zi)(zu)dedo(zya)(zyu)(zyo)
babibubebobyabyubyo
ӥӥӥ
papipupepopyapyupyo
ԥԥԥ

ɸ༰ˡҥإܥ󼰡shashishusho 
 
  tsu  
    
chachichucho 
 
  fu  
    
jajijujo 
 
ܼdidudyadyudyo
¥¥¥
kwa    
    
gwa    
    
    wo
    


֥޻ΤĤŤפι𼨤˻ޤǤΥ޻ˡäθ⡤줾λٻԤϼĥ³ƤꡤβмϺ⤯֤äƤ롥򺣤ϡԥ塼Υ޻Ѵڡܸιݲ#1612. ƻϩɸ޻Ѹɽء ([2013-09-25-1]) Τ褦ưߤ뤳Ȥ顤޻˴ؤdzǽ롥
ơǤϤΤ٤Ȥγ˿ˤळȤϤˡѸˡ˶ᤤȤإܥ󼰤ΤɤѸŪʤΤǧˤȤɤ褦ἰӤȤˤ狼뤬إܥ󼰤ηŪ˱ѸȤΤϡԡԡԤǤ롥ἰ <sya>, <syu>, <syo>, <tya>, <tyu>, <tyo>, <zya>, <zyu>, <zyo> ϡإܥ󼰤Ǥ <sha>, <shu>, <sho>, <cha>, <chu>, <cho>, <ja>, <ju>, <jo> б롥ޤȴϢơηŪȤϸŪἰ <si>, <ti>, <zi> ϡإܥ <shi>, <chi>, <ji> б롥ۤ˥إܥ󼰤ˤ <fu> <tsu> ⤢뤬إܥ󼰤ηŪĸʡֱѸפϡȤ櫓 <sh>, <ch>, <j> 3ֻȤäƤ褤¤ϡֱֻѸפǧΤϡޤǶḽȯۤǤ롥ѸˤδߤȡɬŵŪˡֱѸפȤΤǤϤʤˤĤƤϡεǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-06-23 Mon

#1883. ˤγ [gender][gender_difference][category][agreement][personal_pronoun][title][address_term][political_correctness][sociolinguistics][language_planning]

(gender) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ gender gender_difference εǹͻƤΤʤˤϡʸˡ (grammatical gender) Ȥ (category) ΰ (agreement) ;̾ (personal_pronoun) λؼоݤʤɡŪŪ⤢С˴ؤ political_correctnessMiss/Mrs./Ms. ʤɤξι (title) ä˽θѲؤδͿʤɡʸŪҲŪ⤢롥ˤϤΤ褦˹ΰʤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹Ƹ̤ʤʬȤݤäƤΤHellinger and Bussmann Gender across Languages νϤɤǡƬꥢˤʤäΩ (1) įǤ⡤ΰʤϰϤ褽Ǥ褦ʡ줿ȤʤäƤ롥

1. Aims and scope of "Gender across languages"
2. Gender classes as a special case of noun classes
   2.1 Classifier languages
   2.2 Noun class languages
3. Categories of gender
   3.1 Grammatical gender
   3.2 Lexical gender
   3.3 Referential gender
   3.4 "False generics": Generic masculines and male generics
   3.5 Social gender
4. Gender-related structures
   4.1 Word-formation
   4.2 Agreement
   4.3 Pronominalization
   4.4 Coordination
5. Gender-related messages
   5.1 Address terms
   5.2 Idiomatic expressions and proverbs
   5.3 Female and male discourse
6. Language change and language reform
7. Conclusion


"Gender across languages" ꤹ븦ץȤΰĤȤƽǤ줿ΤΥץȤμ礿ؿ5ˤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ (Hellinger and Bussmann 2)

(1) ܤʸˡäƤ뤫äƤʤСס̡̾첽ʤɤˤηŪħϲ
(2) ʸˡʤʤСꡤꡤ뤤οʪؼΤˤɤΤ褦ˡ뤫
(3) ΩŪʸ̮ǿͤؤȤǥեȤǤ褦ɽѤʤɤо뤫
(4) ˴ؤҲʸŪʳؤ䥹ƥ쥪פɽ魯Ѷ硤ȡȤ虜ʤɤ뤫
(5) ȸѰۡѲϤɤΤ褦˴ؤäƤ뤫פˤĤƤϤɤ

ԼԤϡˤϡؾˤȤɤޤ餺ҲŪʴްդΤǤ뤳Ȥ򶯤ĥƤ롥礭ʻͿƤɽɤ

Hellinger, Marlis and Hadumod Bussmann, eds. Gender across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

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2014-06-19 Thu

#1879. ܸˤ޻ [alphabet][japanese][writing][grammatology][orthography][romaji][language_planning]

ޥ󡦥ե٥åˤˤĤƤϡե٥åȤ򰷤ä#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])#1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1]) εdzѤƤƥɽȯŸޥ󡦥ե٥åȤϡθ塤衼åѤ濴˹ꡤˤηаޤȤȤ˥衼åѳسȻ#1861. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤñ㤵 ([2014-06-01-1]) ޤäơߤǤƤʴϢơ#1838. ʸ ([2014-05-09-1]) 򻲹͡ˡܸˤ޻λѤϼĮ̤뤬ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤŪȻˤΰ쥳ޤǤ롥ʲܸˤ޻ˤ򡤸ƣ (118--24) ˵ä󤷤褦
ܤ˽ƥ޻줿Τϡ16ȾĮǤ롥ꥹȶ붵դȤȤˤ⤿餵줿1590ǯŷ18ǯˡꥢͤΥ˥㡼 (1539--1609) 縶˳⤿餷ǥ޻ˤνإȥθȤȴ񤭡 (1591) 򴩹Ԥ³ơĹꡤŷ𡤵Ԥʤɤǿ¿Υ޻񤭤Ρ֥ꥷפǤ뤳Ȥˤʤäإɥʡꥷʵðˡ (1592) ʤɤǤϡݥȥȯ˴Ťܸ줬ɽƤꡤܸȯΤǵŤʻȤʤäƤ롥
³ͻˤϺ񤬹Ԥ졤޻ڤ˸뤳ȤȤʤäδ֤ˡ (1657--1725) 1708ǯ5ǯˤ˲ɺή޿붵եɥå䤷ƥ޻¾μơθФƽưӤƥʤƤεʹ٤äܤˤ޻ȯŸľܤϹ׸ʤäͻˤؤˤʤȤȤ˥켰Υ޻Ѥ졤䤬ƥɥĸ켰ե󥹸켰⸽줿ݿΤˤϱѸ켰ǤͥȤʤäƤѸ켰޻̲Τϡ1767ǯʷı3ǯˤ˥ꥫδʰ塦붵դΥإܥ (James Curtis Hepburn; 1815--1911) 路ܽ±Ѽŵ±Ѹӽ٤餦Ȥ礭3ǤǺѤ줿޻ɽ֥إܥ󼰡ɸ༰ˡפ̾ǹڤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ˤʤȡ޻ˤ褦ȤưޤäѸɽ˶ᤤإܥ󼰡ɸ༰ˤ褷ȤܸɽòܼפѤ٤۰ (1856--1952) 󾧤˻ꡤξȶΩϤޤäΩϤθĹ³Ȥˤʤꡤˤʸʡ̳ʤʤɤإܥ󼰤Φʤʤɤܼ򤽤줾ٻܤܻؤ׻޻Ĵȿ6ǯε1937ǯܼä˥إܥ󼰤¿줿ַἰפۤ
ϼޤ餺1954ǯˡܤɽʡᷱἰˤɽʡإܥ󼰤ɽˤ줿ܼˤϿ֥޻ΤĤŤȤƹ𼨤뤳ȤˤʤäǤ˱̾ѥݡȤο̾˺ѤƤإܥ󼰤ˤθĤĤŪäθ塤٤ξǧȤϤߤζǤϡ޻Ͼع4ǯdzؤ֤ȤˤʤäƤ롥
ĮδĤ˥޻դʡ#1746. ɽΥ޻ ([2014-02-06-1])ˡԥ塼Υ޻ѴڤܸιݲʤǤ븽ߡʴܸˤ޻ѤƤ褦˻פ롥

ƣ ͧҡܤʸΤդդ١ꥹۡ1997ǯ

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2014-03-21 Fri

#1789. ɥͥθѸĶ̱² [language_planning][map][history]

24ο͸פ񥤥ɥͥϡͭ¿ȤǤ⤢롥#401. ¿κǤ⤤ϰ ([2010-06-02-1]) ǼȤꡤǤ700Ķ줬ѤƤꡤ¿ؿ2̤0.816Ȥ⤤ͤ򼨤ιθѸϥޥ饤 (Malay) äˤɸಽ줿ɥͥ (Bahasa Indonesia) θƱǺǤ¿üԤʤǤϤʤ2300͡ˡüԿĸɤϼȤƥǹä른 (Javanese) ǡ8400ͤˤäѤƤ롥ޥ饤줬ɥͥˤƸѸĶ̱²ȤƵǽƤطʤˤϡʬŪˤϹˤ륤ȥʸͿƤ뤬ȤƼȯƤȤŪиפʰ֤Ƥ롥

Map of Indonesia

ȤƤΥޥ饤ϡܥͥαӡޥȥߡΥ㥫륿ϰʤɤΥﳤ̤ϰäƤ롥ޤٹ񥷥󥬥ݡޥ졼Ǥޥ饤ͤˤäƤꡤٰӤĶ̱²ȤƵǽƤ롥ʬۤϡޥ饤줬פΤ˳ߤγƹȯãƤˤ褯ʪäƤ롥ܤʬϿޤˤĤƤϡEthnologue IndonesiaMaps 򻲾Ȥ줿
(86--89) ˤȡޥ饤줬ɥͥθѸȤƺѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäʥϡ̱²Ʈ1928ǯŪˤ롥Ψ륤ɥ̱ͥޤϡˤΤФΩǤФ˥ޥ饤ɽȤƺѤ뤳ȤꤷȤȤƤΩϤޤ1945ǯΤȤǤꡤ1928ǯηϡŪȤ¿ʬ˾ħŪʤӤӤäΩ塤ϩ˱äƸײ褬塹ȿʤळȤˤʤäҤȤʸؼԤ¿ϤʧäƵʸˡ伭Իɸಽ˿Ϥ̤Ȥơɥͥϡ䡤ʸءޥǥθȤѤͣθȤʤä
üԿǤϤʤޥ饤줬ɥͥθѸĶ̱²ȤƼƤΤˤϡ嵭Τ褦Ωθײ褬礭ͿƤ뤳Ȥϵ褦ʤθײ褳ȥǤϤ뤬Ǥ˥ݤƤޥ饤Ķ̱²Ūʤ褫ȤǤϡαĹˤäŪװʤε#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1]) θդǤŪкŪԻԤװˤĶ̱²ȤƵǽƤΤ򡤿ͰŪƱؤ⤦첡ƤȤȤ
ɥͥϡײȤơ¿֤ˤˤȤäƵŤʻ󶡤Ƥ롥

륤᥸󡦥 Ķ̱²١ҡʸ˥ӡ1996ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-03-20 Thu

#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ [sociolinguistics][geolinguistics][lingua_franca][language_planning][hebrew]

#1521. ޲ȷ ([2013-06-26-1]) εǡˤη (grégaire) ǽ޲ (vehiculaire) ǽˤĤƳѤ޲ŪʵǽȤ櫓ۤŪ˹ϰϤ lingua franca ȤѤ褦ˤʤä򡤥 "langue véhiculaire" ȸƤǤꡤܸǤϡĶ̱²פ뤤ϡ־θפФƤ롥 (33) ˽СĶ̱²ȤϡŪܤƤϤƤƱäƤʤ춦Ʊδ֤ãΤѤƤפǤ롥
ˤϡʬۤιʤɤ˺Ϥ졤Ѹ졤ե󥹸졤ޥǥ졤ո졤ҥ졤奢졤ӥ졤ޥ饤졤ڥȸʤʣĶ̱²줬¸ߤƤ롥ҲؤӸؤδϡ餬ɤΤ褦ʾװˤȯϤ򿭤ФƤΤ礿ؿȤʤ롥Ķ̱²иȤƤϡҲ (1) ¿֤ȡ(2) Ūʼ˱äϳ硤󤲤ʥp. 101ˡơĶ̱²ȯŸ˲װȤơ (82--101) 7Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥伫ȤΥȤäʤ顤롥

(1) Ūװװϡ֤ϳθˤϤʤʤγη֡Ĥޤɤ˹ޤäƹԤꤹ롥֤褦ʸϼƻ˽ξ㳲򤱤Ƥ椯Τס84) Ūʾ郎ѶŪĶ̱²ȯŸ˹׸ȹͤʤǤϤʤcf. #927. ޥζޤοء ([2011-11-10-1]
(2) кŪװ־ȾηդǤȡãʤȤƲ餫θ줬о줹뤳Ȥˤʤ櫓ɤΤ褦ʸ줬Ķ̱²ˤʤ뵡ˤäȤäޤƤ뤫ϡкŪӤΰ֡ԲȤεサϡΥסʤɡˤŪ⾦̤ƻ褤Ǥϡ줬äƤ뤫ˤδطǡǤޤ (85)
(3) Ūװ㤨Сɥͥǡ1928ǯȯŪĶ̱²ȤƤǤ˵ǽƤޥ饤򡤹ϰ̤˾ʤ뤳Ȥɥ̱ͥޤˤꤵ줿Ūϡˤऱƥޥ饤줬Ķ̱²ȤƤĹƤ椯Ȥ«㤬褦ˡŪäƤΤǤϤˡȤʤ뤿ɬפĶ̱²Ȥϰ̤Ϳ뤳ȤϤǤʤŪװñȤǸϤȯ뤳ȤϤꤨʤΤǤ롥Ǥ¾װˤäƤ⤿餵줿ϰ̤򤵤˶Ȥ¾װȶϤƯȤǤʤΤ (90) ϢơˤŪؤοˤĤƤϡ#1518. ([2013-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(4) Ūװ衼åѤˤ뽡θǤƥ䡤̱θǤإ֥饤ϡĶ̱²ȤƵǽƤҲǤν䤬ƤƤ뺣ˤơŪװϡĶ̱²νиˤơäȤ٤㤤װ (92) ֶˤϡϤʤϤϤʤɤ⡤θϡԤˤʤαƶڤܤȤ (93) #1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(5) Ūҿ줬üԶƱΤβ᤮ꤷɲڤ򴭵礬롥ֲͳ褹뤳ΰҿϡäηǡϳװɤ餻פ (94) ְҿϡ͡ƬΤʤˤˡפޤ졤Ȥ˷ˡפΤʤʡ礭ʤäƤ (95)
(6) ԻװԻԤˤ͡ʸüԤƤꡤĶ̱²ɬפ䤹ĶǤ롥ԻԤϡǤĶ̱²Ṳ̄ƤΡĶ̱²ȤƤϰ̤򤵤˶ꡤ¾Ķ̱²Ū֤νиƻ򳫤ꤹ (97)
(7) ŪװϡŪװĶ̱²νи˴ؤǽˤĤƤŪʸ򼨤Ƥ뤬٤Ūװˤꤢ줬Ķ̱²ˤʤΤǤϤʤȤȤϡ첽ĤĤѸλ夲ʤ顤#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1]) #1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1]) ǡ֤ⷫƤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(100--01) ϡ᤯ȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ޤʤĶ̱²ʤΤ¸ߤʤȷ򤨤ʤŪ¤򺬵ˤơĶ̱²ŬƤȤʤ¸ߤʤȤȤʤ¸ߤƤΤϡĶ̱²νиȤĶ̱²ؤγʾ夲ȤɬפȤʤΤǤ롥ƤĶ̱²Ūǽ̤餫θ줬и뤫ɤϡۤɼޤޤװߤ˽ŤʤꤢäưĤˤʤ뤫ɤˤäƤΤ


ܤ٤ϡ嵭װ¿#1543. ء ([2013-07-18-1]) εβ˷Ǻܤ֥ˡΰŪħפοޤȤ߹ޤƤΤǤ롥Ķ̱²ȯŸϡؤǰ٤ǤȤȤ狼

륤᥸󡦥 Ķ̱²١ҡʸ˥ӡ1996ǯ

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2014-03-16 Sun

#1784. [sociolinguistics][language_planning][japanese][linguistic_imperialism][dialect][language_shift][language_death][linguistic_right]

#1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1]) εDz夲ǡëز٤ɤεˤε˿줿ϤʤðۤΤ褦ǡëˤڿƤʤΰʸؼԤ䲭ο͡δ֤ǤϡΤϤäꤷʤֲϳعȯ (170) ꤶƤ褦ëϤ̵ȤڤΤơषˤ뼫ȯ򶯤ĥƤ롥
ëѰդƤ¿̤ˤ錄뤬פ1ĤȤơ־ʤȤɽŪˤϰ٤ȤơȤפʤɤȤ褦ʾ㤬ꤵ줿ꡤãФꤷȤϤʤä (8) Ȥ¤롥20Ƭ60ǯޤDz츩Ѥ줿٤١פȤϤäƤ⡤ײȤäѸ줬ƤϤޤۤɸŪȿ줿ΤǤϷ褷Ƥʤޤ¼٥롤ع٥ǹԤ줿¯˶ᤤȤ
⤦1Ľפϡ֡פΤǤ¼ˡʡִڡפϲȼιʬ̾Ρˤˤȳ١פˤƸŤŪפξΩ٤Ǥ (8) Ȥëϡ2礿˿ơμȯ򷫤֤⤤Ƥ椯ܽΤʤǡԤμݤǤ褯Ƥȹͤ󤲤褦

Ҥ褦ˡϡפ򶯸Ūȼμĥ䡤̱ϼŪƱ顤ޤƤָפξħȤİ뤳ȤˤȽŪΩΩĤΤǤ롥ñ˸äơϹȤΰŪʶǤǤǤϤʤѤ˴ؤƤϡΤ˶ŪʻȤ򤷤̤ȤϤ̤Ǥ뤬ƱͷȾʬ˻Ȥ塦⤢ꤨ¨ŪǤ뤳Ȥϻ°ȤϸڤʤϴطΤʤǻª뤳ȤϡλΤŪʤȡΤޤǺҲ˺ĥꤨΤȤߤʤ롥⡤ϡפ¾ΧŪ identity ξħפȤª٤ȹͤ롥¨ʸꤷʬ¸ߤ¾ʸ¾زȤ岭ҲκߤξħȤªϡȤŦ褦ˡˤǤäΤǤϤʤ˶ޤ줿ΩȤŪ˴פ򤪤ΤǤꡤβˤȤäƤϤ̣ǤԲŪ˶줿ʤǤä (85--86)


ëϡ1940ǯڤμͤȯפ礭򴬤ư衤ϡֲ춵ˤηݤΤҤȤĤΥƥ˶ᤤ (30) ΤȤơ¨θ֤ȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤޤäȤòƤ롥ºݤˤϡڸζǮȳؽǮιޤȤȤ˲ǼȯΤˤʤˤ⤫餺ȡ
糰λˤϲȯˤĤƷ򲼤ȤϤǤʤʤȤëεϡŪ˶Ϥʸ˰Ϥޤ줿微ʸ䤽üԤɤΤ褦ƻ򤿤ɤΤȤŪˤĤƺƹͤ뵡ͿƤ롥ϡλ (language_death) μ (language suicide)λ (dialect death), (language_shift) (linguistic_imperialism)츢 (linguistic_right) ȤäɤƤ롥ϡ줬ʤȯΤǤ졤Ѥ򤹤븢ľ뤹뤳ȤϳΤ
츢ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥϡ#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1])#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵ȡ ([2010-02-01-1])#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1])#1657. ꥫαѸѸ첽ư ([2013-11-09-1]) ʤɤʬŪ˰äƤˤʤεϤܤƤߤ

ë ɧزޤ褨벭θդᤰ͡١ܡ󥯡2006ǯ
ɧؤȤФȹȡ١ȽŹ1981ǯ

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