610ʿˡNHKǿرѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ̾Ρؤʤ١ˤȯ䤵졤ޤϤ겹ȿƤޤϡܾ븩̤貰ŹдŹǵ붻ǮʤäˤơѸˤȤʬϰ̤ˤĤƹͤƤߤȻפޤ
ȤλϤޤϡǮʡ֥إᥤȡסʱѸˤưƤ֡ˤ1ͤǤ Grace ȯľƱŹˬ줿ݡľΥåκDzʡêפˤҤä֤ƤΤܷ⤷ȤǤGrace ϤͻҤ note Ƥ졤˴ä䤬 note DZȺ٤ Grace ܽΥӥ塼ˤʤȤήǡ줳ܽΩʤؤȡ־ʡפ̤ȤŪʥɥޤŸޤ
ΰϢΡêξʡפᤰϡñʤ;äԤδäˤȤɤޤʤƾħŪʰ̣ӤӤƤޤҡʲ note ΥʥߥåήľܤФȻפޤ
613 Grace ˤ note ֡ؤʤܷδ
619Ĥˤ note дδסؤʤ٤åκDzʤ־ʡפ
620 Grace ˤ note ֿ˹ߤֱѸˤƤ뤳ȡס
Ρ֥åκDzʡˤ顤ܿê̡ɽˤؤξʡפȤʪŪʰưεפϡΡֱѸˡפȤʬΤΤéäƤƸäƤեΤ褦˻פޤ
ޤDZѸˤȤʬϡѱѸ䵭ʸˡ뤤TOEICкȤäڤ䤫ʡɽפαƤ˱졤нêΡֺDzʡפΤ褦ʰ뤳ȤʤޤǤ֤ʸŤդˤΤäƲˤʤΤסֻ˽ФʤפפȤȤ˲졤ƻޤʤä夬ĹäΤǤ
αѸؽԤ֤ʤ3ñˤ s ĤΤס֤ʤ go β went ˤʤΤפȤäѤʡ֤ʤפˤäȤͿΤϡ¿ξ硤ѸˤθʤΤǤŵμؽԤϤĤγ䡤Ƹˤοܤ뤳γ䤬ĤޤǤDzʤ̲äƤƤ褤ϤʤΤǤ
дǤνϡΡhelסʱѸˤưˤ֤κǮդŹοưĤɽؤȰ夲ƤħǤطʤˤϡ¿αѸ˸Ԥˤ뤿ޤ̸桦顦سưϤäȤ¤Ǥ
ɼԤγȤȤˡαѸˤɽؤоŤ˰ǤĤġȤֱѸˤδ֤ˡƩƤȤ˲Ȼפޤ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

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514罤۽ŹرѸ춵6ȯ䤵ޤǯ١ƱνʼʷضˤȤȤۿƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ١ȤơϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤƤޤ
Ϣ3Ȥʤ뺣ϡ䤬ᥤɮԤȤơֱѸˤ3Ĥ⡧ȤФιͻ̻Ūʼ褵פƤޤΰ夵ˤּҲؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤפؤΤ褦ʷˤʤޤ夵βȤǸդʸϤǤ
εȥϡΰ夵εȥؤΥޡʤ䡤ѥǥȤ٤Ǥ礦ˤȤޤ줿ΤǤ夵ʤ顤ȤƤϡֱѸˤ3Ĥפʤľ˥ȥ뤬ޤޤǤϡ3ĤȤϲϸ夫ͤФȤˤ֤Τۤפ餷饤ִΤ뵭ɮǤ
ǤϡѸˤؤ3ĤȤơӸء ()ʸء (philology)˸ء (historical_linguistics) 夲Ƥޤ1ӸءפǤϡʸ˻ĤʤĸλѤֺƷ ˤȤˡˤä⤫Ӿ夬餻Ĥߤޤ2ʸءפǤϡ1ʸ1˽ɤŪҲŪʸ̮ǫɤ߲Ȥ̣Ҥ٤Ƥޤ3˸ءפǤϡѲ (language_change) Υᥫ˥ηŪɤҲ𤷤ޤ3ԤϤ줾ۤʤʬǤʤּҲȸפȤ줷ƤޤˤäơҲؤȤ夵ȤΥŪʥåȤƻž夲뤳ȤǤʡȴƤޤ
ʤϢܤϷᥤɮԤ夹륹ȤäƤꡤ֤¦ȤźȤäƤޤ夵ϡֱѸˤäƥޥǤ͡פȤդޤ֤ΤۤإͥפΤ뤤饤ִ̤Ǥ⾯θǤƤȤС˾δӤǤ
ϢܵȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1812. Ѹˤ3Ĥ --- رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ3ƤȤƤäޤ碌Ƥİ
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ3Ѹˤ3Ĥ⡧ȤФιͻ̻Ūʼ褵סرѸ춵2026ǯ6桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ51444--45ǡ

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414罤۽ŹرѸ춵5ȯ䤵ޤǯ١ƱˤơƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤƤޤϢ2Ȥʤꡤ夵ᥤȤʤּҲؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤפꤷơҲؤȤʤʸϤƤޤǸˡ⾯ȤƤޤ
41ˤϡȥȤơ֤Τ̷ۤǤϤޤ椫ϸߤ˥ᥤ饤̳Ǥϰ夵ּҲء (sociolinguistics) Υå䤫ڤФƤꡤϻ䤬ֱѸˡפδɮôߤ˿ԤΥȤ礦Ȥޤ YouTube ͥζ̤˺Ƹ褦ʹˤʤäƤޤ
ΰ夵εϡ3ĤפȤڤǤҲؤȤΰʻήβˤС (1) Ѱۡ(2) ʹִط(3) Ȥ3ƤޤͤϤȤС֤פɤȤȤưŪʵҤˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ̤ꡤͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤȤǽưŪѶŪ¦̤ĴƤΤ¤˰夵餷ʤȴޤ
Ȥ櫓1ǤѰۡ (variation) ϡѲ˸ؤѸˤȶˤƿ⤤ΰǤŪ˸СΡѰۡפѤ߽Ťʤꡤ䤬ơѲפؤȷӤĤƤǤˤĤƤϸȻߤޤʤʤΤǤܻ˼äƤФȻפޤ
¤СϢܤ YouTube Ρ֤ΤۤإͥפƱ͡ƥ12ʬηײǤ᤹ʤ褦ˤƤޤޤʹۤϤޤɼԤγȿ䡤νǤʤ顤٥ե쥭֥˥ơޤǤȤ饤ִڤˤ륹ȤäƤޤ夵褿ʤСϻϤ֤ġĤȤ饯Ϣܤ̣ȸȻפޤ6Ǥϻ䤬̳֤Ǥΰ夵Ρ3Ĥפ˿ȯơαѸǤѥǥȤƽƤߤ褦ȻפäƤޤҲؤȱѸˤɤΤ褦˸礦Τޤȯ5ˤơ夵ˤҲؤڤǽƤ
Ϣܤ˴Ϣơheldio Ǥ#1783. رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ2ơȤƤäƤޤ碌ƤİС
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ2Ҳؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤסرѸ춵2026ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41444--45ǡ

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313罤۽ŹرѸ춵4ȯ䤵ޤꡤƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤޤäƤޤ
Ϣܤϡ2ͤۿƤ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥϢܴǤᤤΤ YouTube Ǥγư4ǯĶޤưǤϤƤդΥʥߥڤ٤ϻ̤̤Ƥ⤪ϤȹͤƤޤ
ϢܤμݤȤƤϡѸ춵ϤѸؤ֤٤ƤɼԤγˡҲؤȱѸˤȤ2ĤΥ̤ơѸȤα̥ϤȯƤȤˤޤ2ڡȤѥȤʷǤ2̲ͤ⤢СȥԥåƤ⤦Ȥ⤢ʤɡХ饨ƥ٤ƥĤȤʤäƤͽǤ
1ϡָءѸؤˤ褦פꤷ2ͤμʾҲȤȤܥˤĤƤäƤޤҲؤɤΤ褦˻䤿Υߥ˥˴ؤΤ뤤ϱѸˤˤƸѸΡ֤ʤפ˸ƤΤΥåͤߤޤ
ޤ֤ΤۤץӤˤʪȤƤϡǯ10ظؤǥå衪 ѸΡ֤ʤסʥʥĥҡˤԤƤޤϢܤȹ碌ƤɤߤޤȹǤ
ѸȤñʤŵоݤȤƤǤϤʤʹ֤夲ƤȤʸ֤ȤªľŪϢܤ̤ɼԤγͤȶͭǤФȴäƤޤ
ǯ٤ˤऱơѸʻˡˤƤȤϡ13ΡرѸ춵٤Ϣܤƨʤ
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ1ءѸؤˤ褦סرѸ춵2026ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31342--43ǡ
ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥĥҡ2025ǯ
105ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥǿư褬ۿޤ#377. ٤Ѥȡˤʪˤʤ --- ̵ŪѸˡϡֺפϤޤꤷơ̻̾Ū˽ҤȤϰۤʤ롤ߤؤ̵̤ŪҡפȤˡˤĤơ夵ȵޤܤܤϡѸˤθŵŪ̾1 Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970. ǤܤɤȤܤڤޤ
ˤˡȤơ¿γפ⤫٤ΤϡǤŤ夫˿ؤȿʤߡ˻Ȥǯ絭ҡפǤ礦ʽֵ⡤ۤȤɤϤΥɥåˡѤƤޤStrang ϤξQʤ1970ǯΡָߡפ̤äơ200ǯĤΥ֥åǡֲפؤȵҤʤȤ¿ʥץȤޤܳŪʱѸ˽ǤμˡӤƺѤΤϡStrang ǽǤ礦
̵ŪҤˤϡĤΥåȤޤޤ1ˡ䤿֤ʤʤäƤΤפȤ䤫饹ȤǤ뤳ȤǤռ˲̤뤳ȤǡˤñʤŵܤǤϤʤ˸ȴϢŤȤª䤹ʤޤ
2ˡϲ̤ۤɾʤʤꡤ䤬ƤˤޤƤȤΤ뤳Ȥθ³˴ؤ뼫ʸ¤˹פƤǤ̵ŪʵҤϡΤʤȤۣʬؤȼ˽˾äƤꡤˤԻĤȥޥؤͶäƤޤ
3ˡˤ˻Ϥޤ⽪ʤȤܼɽǤǤεҤǤϡصŪꤵ줿ȽˤäˤȤˤϤƤޤޤºݤˤϱѸȤΡֻϤޤפϤʤʪ̤ؤ "to be continued" ƤΤǤֽפʤΤǤ
̵ŪҤˤϡѲΰ̴طȤǥåȤ¸ߤޤϻŪˤꡤ̤ϸȤָȷ̤ˡ§פɤ뤮ޤ̵ŪʽǤϡ֤ʤʤäΤפȤ䤤ФľŪ˵չԤ뤿ᡤȥ졼ȤʵˤȤޤStrang Ȥ⤳ǧƤꡤ200ǯȤΥ֥åǤǯ˵Ҥʤ뤳Ȥǰ̴ط褦ȻߤƤޤ
ΰѤäߤϡˤθ˿ʻͿƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ޤɥ衼åĸη岼ȿžƤߤǤ⡤礭Ѥ褦ˡˤΡֳ٤ѤפȤϡ䤿뤿νפʰȤʤޤ
Strang αѸ˽ϡѸˤν1ȤƤդ路ȤСޤäդ路ޤǯ絭ҤϤΤ褤Ǥ礦ѸˤˤٴƤȤɤǤߤȡλ¿ˤäȶäȻפޤư̵Ū˵Ҥ˿ƤߤƤۤȻפޤ
Ʊ褦ʵϡޤǤ hellog heldio ǤŸƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
hellog #253. Ѹ˵ҤĤˡ ([2010-01-05-1])
hellog #2720. ˤ̵ŪҤĹû ([2016-10-07-1])
heldio #656. ߤˤΤܤѸˡ
֤ΤۤإͥפȴϢơ1ĤΤ餻ޤ61015ʿˤ֤ΤۤܡФޤܺ٤ϡҡ#5973. ֤ΤۤܡפФޤ --- ʼ δ졡ظؤǥå衪ѸΡ֤ʤס١ʥʥĥҡˡ ([2025-09-03-1]) ε
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
#5965. Ѹȯȡ첻ܡ --- 928ˤθ塤ܲزβإߥʡˤƤäޤ ([2025-08-26-1]) ǤΤ餻Ȥꡤ928ˤĻرؤˤơܲزڰѰŤ35إߥʡˤ첻 (gvs) ˤĤƤäƤޤߥʡԤ³Υå碌3ֶĹǤ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤ¿ˤäˤȤäƤ⤿ؤ¤ȤʤޤüԤγ꤬ȤޤޤزĹκƣڰѰɻȤ櫓Ƶ٤Ǥäˤʤäλɧˤϴտ夲ޤ
ߥʡγפˤĤƤ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡ

åǤ¿μޤ֤¤ˤꡤ٤Ƥˤ뤳ȤǤޤǤ塤ܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ʤɤ̤Ƽ夲ƤȻפޤҺ첻ܡפˤܤ
khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤhel (halkatsu) ŸƤޤ
4ۤˡ#5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1]) ǤҲ𤷤ޤ߷ˤ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ仿³Ǥ123εƤꡤ1ĤҤȤǫ˵ܤƤޤɤ³ƤȡѸˤμμ¤Ƥޤ RSS եϿơɤƤС
⤦1ͤ khelf СˤϢܤϤޤޤرɥij̴ȤHPǻϤǤϢܥȥGrowth and Structure éѸˡǤɥĤ Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language (10th ed.) 1᤺ǫɤߡȤäƤȤǤ8ޤǤεƤꡤ³ΥꥺबǤƤޤϢܤˤ RSS եѰդƤޤΤǡҥեƤС
ɥĤʤϢܤϤ줿ΤˤĤƤϡǽε0. Growth and Structure of the English Language ιɤϤޤ˵ƤΤǡҤɤߤ
hellog Ǥ̾˴ؤʲε2ܽޤ¤ϺɥĤϢܳϤƼɮΤǤ
#5990. Jespersen ˤѸˤ̾ Growth and Structure of the English Language ([2025-09-20-1])
#5991. Jespersen G&S 1ǽ ([2025-09-21-1])
ǤҤ٤ȤꡤG&S ϴְ㤤ʤѸˤ˴ؤ̾1ĤǤɥĤܽɤϤᡤϢϢܤϤƱɤϤ乥ΥǤϢܤɤĤġˤ⤳̣̾äƤФȻפޤ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
#5956. 100ξDZѸˤؤ --- A History of the English Language in 100 Places ([2025-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤѥѥɤǤ뤬ռŪ˾ɳդƱѸˤͤȤѤ餺ʳƤ롥
ܤνʸ (9--10) David Crystal Ƥ롥νʸΤɤޤʸϤȤʤäƤΤ䤬ɤǤȤ櫓ݤ˻Ĥä2Ѥ褦
Some places are included in this book because the people --- in some cases the person --- who lived there played an important role in the development of the standard language. Others are included because they identify the political and social factors that fostered the spread of the language language within the British Isles and around the world. Others are here because they represent the way their communities evolved a linguistic individuality that forms part of the kaleidoscopic mix of varieties we conveniently refer to as 'English'.
It is an exercise in linguistic gazetteering, and one thing that strikes me about it is its highly personal character. It's impossible to say everything relevant about a place --- 100 things must have happened in London or New York that could be said to bear on the development of English. And 100 other places might compete as candidates for a particular theme. Selectivity is inevitable when creating a language's geobiography. No two people's selection for A History of the English Language in 100 Places would ever be the same. The fascination lies in the choices made, and the reasons for them. (9--10)
gazetteering, geobiography ȤѸ줬줤ˤϤޤäƤƵ褤⡤ heldio ۿƤ#1517. etymography ָءפۡȤϢƤǤ롥
ޤѸˤξ100ȤȤĿŪǤȤŦ⡤ޤˤ̤ǤϤ롥ȤȤϡ֤ʤֱѸˤ椫ξ100פʤΩ夲뤳ȤǤ100ѤʤΤ10餤ϤƤ褤⤷ʤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
ܲزڰѰꤪ1ۤɸ92814:00--17:00 ˡ35إߥʡˤɸǤäƤȤˤʤޤѸˤˤƺǤ褯Τ벻Ѳ1ġ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) ڤȤơѸȯᤰ¿ѲˤĤƵͽǤ
ʤñ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ /neɪm/ ȯΤroom Ϥʤ֥פǤϤʤ /ruːm/ ʤΤѸؽʤï⤬٤ѤʵǤ礦ѸֻȯδطϰǤϤԵ§ϳؽԡʤӶԡˤǺޤ礭װȤʤäƤޤΡֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) طʤˤϡ͡ŪװäƤޤΤʤǤϤʱƶڤܤΤѸѸˤȤ첻ܡפǤβѲϢܥ֥Ǥ#205. 첻ܡ ([2009-11-18-1]) Ϥᡤ¿εǼ夲Ƥޤ
첻ܤϡǤСαѸΤ٤ƤĹ첻βϢưƶͤΤ褦ѲݤǤҤ name ˤȤСĤ /naːmə/ ȯƤ첻 /aː/ 徺 /ɛː/ /e;ː/ ȤʤꡤǽŪ2첻 /eɪ/ Ȥʤޤ
βѲϹϤηŪޤ٤Ƥñˡ뤤Ϥ٤ƤϰǰΧŬѤ줿櫓ǤϤޤǤοƩԶѰӤθ̤βѲŪʸ̤ˤꡤѸˤߤȯ¿߽Ф˻ޤߤɸѸɸѸΰ㤤䡤Ѹ֤κۤˡ礭ʱƶڤܤƤΤǤ
ΥߥʡǤϡŪѲγפ⤹ȤȤˡ줬¿ͤʱѸȯˤɤΤ褦ʥѥȤͿƤΤˤƤȹͤƤޤ
ܥơޤϡؤѸˤȤϤΤȡѸܤѸޤؤǤ¿ˤȤäƤⶽ̣ơޤȤʤϤǤȤ櫓γعDZѸƤѸ춵ܻؤγˤȤäơ֤ʤѸ֤ȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿äƤΤפȤ̤κŪ䤤ˡŪʻ1ĤͿҥȤ뵡ˤʤȻפޤ
ܥߥʡϡĻرؤǤ̤ȥ饤 (Zoom) ǤΥϥ֥åɳŤȤʤޤؿΤϡҤäйǤʲˡزȤߥʡΤޤ
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إᥤȤ ari 711ˤȤ note #340ReviewA History of the English Language in 100 Placesꤹ뵭Ƥ롥ari ϡ鵤ˤʤäƤܡפȤƸڤƤˤȤäƤƱǡĤɤ⤦ȻפĤĤê̲餻Ƥֵˤʤܡפä

˥ѥѥɤϤ֤뤪⤷Ρ־פܤƱѸˤȤۤϡѸ˵ҤˡȤۤƤ뤷ºݤ˴ոƤ褦˻פ롥夸äɤ߿ʤƤ٤ʬΤˤܼ100ξƤ
FOREWORD BY DAVID CRYSTAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH
(1) UNDLEY COMMON --- the earliest written English (c.475)
(2) CANTERBURY --- the adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)
(3) HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c.700)
(4) MONKWEARMOUTH --- naming the English language (731)
(5) YORK --- the influence of Danish on the English language (866)
(6) WINCHESTER --- West Saxon English and King Alfred (871)
(7) CERNE --- Classical Old English (c.1000)
(8) HASTINGS --- the influence of French on the English language (1066)
(9) DUNFERMLINE --- the English language in Scotland (1068)
3. MIDDLE ENGLISH
(10) PETERBOROUGH --- the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the end of Old English (1155)
(11) READING --- the English language in popular song (c.1235)
(12) WESTMINSTER --- the recovery of the English language (1362)
(13) KILKENNY --- the English language in Ireland (1366)
(14) ALDGATE --- the development of Middle English (1374)
(15) CHANCERY STREET --- Chancery English (c.1419)
(16) ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD --- the English language and the book trade (1456)
(17) PEMBROKE --- the English language in Wales (1457)
4. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNITY
(18) BRUGES --- the English language and the printing press (1474)
(19) COLOGNE --- the Bible in English (1525)
(20) PARIS --- the beginnings of punctuation in the English language (1530)
(21) CARLETON --- the influence of Latin on the English language (1531)
(22) NORTHOLT --- spelling and the Great Vowel Shift (1551)
(23) ARCHANGEL --- business English (1553)
(24) STRATFORD --- the development of Early Modern English (1564)
(25) CHICHESTER --- English grammar (1586)
(26) HAMPTON COURT --- the English language and the King James Bible (1604)
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF WORLD ENGLISH
(27) JAMESTOWN --- the English language in the Americas (1607)
(28) HAMILTON --- the English language in the West Indies (1609)
(29) THE MERMAID TAVERN --- the refining of English punctuation (1623)
(30) SALISBURY --- the English language and the language of the law (1631)
(31) HOLBORN --- making English the language of science (1660)
(32) TRINITY COLLEGE --- English proverbs (1670)
(33) PHILADELPHIA --- the development of Midland American English (1682)
(34) NÎMES --- using place names to make up new words (1695)
(35) BOSTON --- the development of New England English (1704)
6. THE STANDARDS AGENDA
(36) LICHFIELD --- setting standards for the English language (1709)
(37) TEMPLE --- the idea of an English Language Academy (1712)
(38) CANONGATE --- British spelling (1760)
(39) SMOCK ALLEY --- English elocution (1762)
(40) MONTREAL --- the English language in Canada (1763)
(41) KEW GARDENS --- botanical English (1771)
(42) KOLKATA --- the birth of linguistics and the origins of English (1786)
(43) MARYLEBONE --- the language of sport (1788)
(44) SYDNEY --- the English language in Australia (1788)
(45) ST MARY-LE-BOW --- Cockney English (1803)
(46) COUPVRAY --- the English language in Braille (1809)
(47) MONROVIA --- the English language in West Africa (1822)
7. THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
(48) STOCKTON-ON-TEES --- the English language and the steam engine (1825)
(49) HARTFORD --- establishing an American standard for English (1828)
(50) CHENNAI --- the English language in India (1834)
(51) ST MARTIN-LE-GRAND --- the English language and the Uniform Penny Post (1840)
(52) WAITANGI --- the English language in New Zealand (1840)
(53) THE STRAND --- English as a language of satire (1841)
(54) BALTIMORE --- the English language and the telegram (1844)
(55) SALFORD --- literacy and free libraries (1850)
(56) HANNIBAL --- English comic writing (1851)
(57) HYDE PARK --- industrialization and its impact on English (1851)
(58) TIMES SQUARE --- The New York Times (1851)
(59) MANCHESTER --- the vocabulary of English and the thesaurus (1852)
(60) BERDICHEV --- exophonic English (1857)
(61) CHRISTCHURCH COLLEGE --- English nonsense (1865)
(62) LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLL --- English place names (1868)
(63) EXETER PLACE --- the English language and the telephone (1876)
(64) CAPE TOWN --- the English language in South Africa (1881)
(65) DUBLIN --- extreme English (1882)
(66) GISBORNE --- English slang (1894)
8. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
(67) POLDHU --- the English language and the radio (1901)
(68) NEWGATE --- the English language and prison patter (1902)
(69) NEW ORLEANS --- African American English (1902)
(70) FLEET STREET --- tabloid English (1903)
(71) NEW YORK --- the language of crosswords (1913)
(72) HAYMARKET --- rule English (1914)
(73) GUERNSEY --- modern English usage (1926)
(74) PORTLAND PLACE --- BBC English (1926)
(75) OXFORD --- the Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
(76) BLETCHLEY PARK --- English language and code (1939)
(77) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING --- the language of advertising (1941)
(78) ISLINGTON --- plain English (1946)
(79) ETON --- the English of the English upper class (1956)
(80) LIVERPOOL --- British urban English (1963)
(81) ATLANTIC CITY --- sexist English (1968)
9. THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
(82) SEA OF TRANQUILLITY --- English on the moon (1969)
(83) LOS ANGELES --- the language of e-mail (1969)
(84) BELMOPAN --- the English language in Belize (1970)
(85) ST PANCRAS --- the British Library (1973)
(86) ISLAMABAD --- the English language in Pakistan (1973)
(87) THE BRONX --- language of rap (1973)
(88) SAN JOSE --- the English language and text preservation (1975)
(89) SINGAPORE --- English in Singapore (1987)
(90) GENEVA --- the language of the World Wide Web (1991)
(91) HELSINKI --- the English language and texting (1993)
(92) SWARTHMORE --- the language of the blog (1994)
(93) NICHOLSON STREET --- global reading phenomenon (1995)
(94) WINDRUSH SQUARE --- multicultural London English (1998)
(95) SAN FRANCISCO --- Twitter English (2006)
(96) BEVERLY HILLS --- Teen Speak (2008)
(97) KIGALI --- English as an official language (2008)
(98) NEWCASTLE --- the English language and contemporary regional accents (2011)
(99) BEIJING --- English and Mandarin (2012)
(100) VIENNA --- English as a global lingua franca (2012)
10. AFTERWORD
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
餷줫 hellog Ǥޤ˿ƻȤƤ
Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

ε#5902. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åرѸ츻ŵؤϤƤαѸˡīĹˡ ([2025-06-24-1]) ǡīʹΥŤ3νҤˤĤơֱѸˤõ᤹뤿δŪ3åȡפȤư֤Ťޤϡ3ߴطʬ䤹ˡեեåƤߤޤϡ3åȡפγơΰ֤ŤߴطɽΤǤֱѸõפˤȤơ3νҤ줾ۤʤ٤饢ץƤͻҤƤޤ
3ߤ˻Ȥ뤳ȤǡѸˤΩŪǽˤʤޤ ġñˡʥߥˤȸΤʥޥˤӤĤ ˭ʳؽθ¸ǤΤǤ

#5576. ɸͤ --- ܸˤȱѸˤζ ([2024-08-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ˤܸȴ --- ˡʤդˡ١ʴȿˤꡥʲνϤǤƶϡ¤˷İͤ (6)
ܽˤƤϡܸˡפѲƤʤȡӤƤȻפ뤳Ȥ¦ߤʤȤߤܸˡפǰӤƤ뤳ȡϴˤäܸʸȤäƤ뤳Ȥ
äơܽϡִפȤפꤷܸˡפȼͤƤߤȲƤ뤫Ҥ٤뤳ȤŪȤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ֲƤ뤫פȤȡִפܸˡפǤɤȤƤȤȤѻ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤѻϤäꤹɬפ뤬ѻĶơִפɤΤ褦ܸȤ줽ΤΤꡤܸ˱ƶͿƤȤȤޤǽҤ٤
ʸǤܸȤĤθˤʤ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ줬äȤȤҤ٤ƤȹͤƤ롥
Τ褦˸̸ˤҤݤλ¤Ȥʸܤ˿ȤΤϡꤽǤʤȤǤ롥θؤˤԶѹդʤۤɤ˲Ż뤹뤫
ȸˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤθ֤Τ뤿ΥǥϡۤܤäѤʸäȤդɬפ롥ȤСˤ¬ǵҤäơΡפʸΤϼΤϤѤƤʸ郎ˤ̤ŪꤷƤ褦ʸˤäƤϤȤ櫓ʸ١θˤȤΤϽʬ˹ۤ롥ˤСԤνҤ٤ȤꡤָΤʤʸפȤؤǤϤʤʸߤפȤ⤫鳰ؤƤСƶ˰㤤ʤ
嵭ΰѤΡܸפֱѸפˡִפ֥ڥפɤؤƤ⡤ʤѤΤǤϤʤ
ܸȴ --- ˡʤդˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2024ǯ

ǯ4˽Ǥ줿ܸˤοǤVoicy heldio ۿ#1158. ܸȴ --- ˡʤդˡ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2024ǯǴñ˾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
Ϥפʵ͡ŸƤΤǤǤ pp. 9--10 1Ѥޤ
ޤǤϡɻܸˤĤơֲסָáסʸˡˡסʸɽΤ褦ˡʬʬƵҤʿ»塤һƱͤ˵ҤƤȤ꤫ȤƤɻ塤ʿ»ϤˤäƤΤǡ줾̤Ρֶ֡פȤߤ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ĤʤƤȤ館ƤɤϤ狼ʤȤ⤤롥ʤʤСɤȵԤǤϡ֤ۤʤ뤫ĤޤɻܸȻפäƤܸϤСפǤꡤʿ»ܸȻפäƤܸϤСֵפǤꡤۤʤʤΤ㤦ΤȤǽˤӽƤʤԹȤޤǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤˤܤۤɬפ롥ޤꤽθϤʤƤƤʤȻפ롥
λŦܸˤΤߤʤ餺Ѹˤˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤǡܤͤޤѸˤǤ⡤űѸΡɸפϥΥȥǤѸʹߤΤϡפȤĤ¾ħɥȤʤޤ
űѸȸѸθŪۤݤˡ̻ŪѲפ⤫٤Τ̤Ȼפޤ٤ƤΤűѸΥȥȸѸΥɥȤȤդɬפޤκۤϡ̻ŪѲǤϤʤȿǤƤǽΤǤ̻ŪѲξؤäƤ륱¿Ǥ礦ݥȤϡּǤϤʤּθʤФʤʤȤȤǤϡˤɤݤ˾դǤ
ܸȴ --- ˡʤȤФˡ١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2024ǯ
ε#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ȯ䤬ϤȤʤä褦Ǥ

ޤܥ֥ǤWorld Englishes Ѹ'ˤˤĤƤ¿夲Ƥޤ (cf. (world_englishes)) 21äƤѸءѸˤǤäۤܤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ15ǯۤɤ֤äƤߤƤ⡤ѸءѸˤ칶θơޤȤ͵ΥȥԥåȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦 World Englishes ο͵ιޤˤϡְ㤤ʤҲŪطʤȹͤƤޤˤĤƤʵ˽äꤷƤޤܤƤͽǤ
ޤˡΡWorld Englishes ٤Ǥޤ줫顤ܽȤĤܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơϢ夲ƤĤǤΤǡȼƤС
ëǷˤֽϡWorld Englishes---ѸפǤϡθѸ˴ؤǿλ¤פƤޤĤѤޤ
ߡˤ196¸ߤ7000ʾθ줬ȤƤ롥(p. 6)
2022ǯ1180ͤĶ 2022ˡΤѸѤ졤졤ȤƤαѸѼԡˤ145000͡ΤüԤ37000졤ȤƤλԤ108000ͤǤ (Ethnologue 2022) ΤȤüԤοüԤοϤ뤫˾äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥(p. 9--10)
ǡѸѸ⤷ϽѸƤ54Ǥ롥4Τ1ѸѸѸˤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(p. 10)
Υͥåϡ416000͡69%ˤǤ (Internet World Stats 2023) Τ26%ѸͿǤꡤͥåΨѸιˤĤʤäƤ롥(p. 10)
ǾǤƤDzΤѸ줬ѤƤΤ8ʾǤ롥 (p. 10)
ܽϥ⽼¤Ƥޤ㤨СϤΤʤ2ĤΥˤαѸDzdzؤָסʵΩءҲ𤵤Ƥޤ٤ƤαDz褬ѤʤäƤޤؤäƤޤ
ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ

˾Ѹ (World Englishes) ˴ؤǿ轵ȾФ˽Ǥޤǹ2,640ߡAmazon ͽˡ伫ȡȤ櫓ǯ֡ѸˤδѸθݤ˴ؿȹͤ꼹ɮֱʤɤƤޤ˼䤹ɤߤ䤹ܽνǤϡθŪΤ⤷̤Τ빥ȤʤȴԤƤޤطԤꤴܤޤơܲڤɤƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ܽϡ2012ǯƲǤ줿World Englishes---αѸؤξԡ١湬ҡԡˡˤ³ԤܤǤ顤ɮСʸǡʤɤˤ礭äƤޤͻоݤȤѸѼΤꤿƤΤʤäȤ٤ϰαѸѼ --- 㤨ϰ衤ڹ롤ߥޡ --- ʤɤ夲Ƥޤ
ʲܼȳƾϤμɮԤǺܤޤ
ϡWorld Englishes --- Ѹ ë Ƿ
IȤƤαѸ
1ϡꥹȥȤαѸ Ǧ
2ϡꥫȥʥαѸʺ¼
3ϡȥꥢȥ˥塼ɤαѸʲ ҡ
IIѸ졦ȤƤαѸ
4ϡɤαѸʱڱ Ŵ顦ƣ ͳ
5ϡαѸ
6ϡեꥫαѸʻ ԡ
7ϡֳαѸʻ
IIIݸ졦ȤƤαѸ
8ϡ衼åѤαѸʹⶶ ҡ
9ϡܤαѸʺ¼
10ϡڹαѸʾ ᤰߡ
11ϡαѸʻ
12ϡαѸë Ƿ
13ϡߥޡαѸ
ϡWorld Englishes ̤
ȯˤĤơë Ƿ
ޤǤ֤ⷫҤ٤ƤޤѸϤƸŪʥȥԥåΤ褦˸ޤºݤˤʤΤǤ¤ΤȤѸˤȤο˶ΰǤषŪȴˤѸ뤳ȤϤǤʤȻϹͤƤޤѸˤιݳزǤѸ˴ؤ븦ȯɽ̤Ѱդ뤳ȤʤʤäƤƤޤѸ˴ؤϥɥ֥åξϤʤɤѸ˸ԤɮƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǤˤСܽνϤ1Ϥϡ碌ƻ¾αѸ˳ȤʤäƤȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦1ϤԤϱѸˤ椷ƤǦʽٲءˤǤˡ
줫ɤǡܽ夲Ĥġܥ֥ɮꡤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǾҲ𤷤ƤȻפäƤޤԤǡ⤷ heldio ̤ʤɤ褦ǤСҤꤤޤ
ܥ֥Ѹ˴ؤ뵭ؤ world_englishes ꤴˬ䤯
ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
41رѸ˿ʹϴȯԤޤ⿷ǯٹ泰ФޤʾСˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθǤྰʡˤˤ롤ꤹαѸǽ줿Ѹ˳3Υ奢ʽɾǤ#4722. ǯ٤ΡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ϡ ([2022-04-01-1]) ƤΡαѸˤγؤӻϤ礹뤿ι泰ȯԤǤ

泰ǿƤ3ϡʲΤΤǤ#4727. Ѹ˳ν2022ǯǡˡ ([2022-04-06-1]) ǤҲ𤷤Ƥ䤷γǤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ܥ֥ʸϤǿǤϿ䤷夤Ȼפव Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ̤ƤޤޤྰȤ̡˼äߤαѸ˳3ǤҤİ
वȤκǯ٤ Voicy ̤Ȥơ̡Ѹˤ̡Ѹˡ߹ݱѸ2021ǯ1019ˤϢޤΤǡɤ
(dialectology) ʹСνϰˤĤĴ줾ħƼʬʤΤȻפϻ¤ʤΤǤϤʤޤפˤϰ (regional dialect) ǤϤʤҲ (social dialect) ȤΤ⤢롥ޤ伫ȤΤ褦˸ؤδߤؤϡ˻֤ȤưŪʥѥθ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ŪˤäƱѸˤؤݤ碌ȹͤʤСʤȤ֡֡ҲȤ3ĤΥѥͿΤ
ˤĤơ#4168. λʬʬϥեǤ ([2020-09-24-1]) ǰѤ Laing and Lass ͤɤߤʤäĹѤ٤äȸä"On Dialectology" (417) ȤƬ1嵭λ𤬤ޤɽƤ롥
There are no such things as dialects. Or rather, "a dialect" does not exist as a discrete entity. Attempts to delimit a dialect by topographical, political or administrative boundaries ignore the obvious fact that within any such boundaries there will be variation for some features, while other variants will cross the borders. Similar oversimplification arises from those purely linguistic definitions that adopt a single feature to characterize a large regional complex, e.g. [f] for <wh-> in present day Northeast Scotland or [e(:)] in "Old Kentish" for what elsewhere in Old English was represented as [y(:)]. Such definitions merely reify taxonomic conventions. A dialect atlas in fact displays a continuum of overlapping distributions in which the "isoglosses" delimiting dialectal features vary from map to map and "the areal transition between one dialect type and another is graded, not discrete" (Benskin 1994: 169--73).
To the non-dialectologist, the term "dialectology" usually suggests static displays of dots on regional maps, indicating the distribution of phonological, morphological, or lexical features. The dialectology considered here will, of course, include such items; but this is just a small part of our subject matter. Space is only one dimension of dialectology. Spatial distribution is normally a function of change over time projected on a geographical landscape. But change over time involves operations within speech communities; this introduces a third dimension --- human interactions and the intricacies of language use. Dialectology therefore operates on three planes: space, time, and social milieu.
˼ҲŪʴߤ뤳Ȥ˴ƤǤԤˤȤäƤϡؤϥääƤ롥̻ѲߤǤưŪؤȤȤǤ롥
Laing, M. and R. Lass. "Early Middle English Dialectology: Problems and Prospects." Handbook of the History of English. Ed. A. van Kemenade and Los B. L. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 417--51.
Benskin, M. "Descriptions of Dialect and Areal Distributions." Speaking in Our tongues: Medieval Dialectology and Related Disciplines. Ed. M. Laing and K. Williamson. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1994. 169--87.
ϱѸˤؽ椷Ωˤ롥Ω줫ֱѸ˶פȤɽФѤΤɽϼºݤˤ¿ŪȹͤƤ롥̾ϡֱѸ뤳ȡפȲᤵ뤬ֱѸʲ̤ΤȤ˶פȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ԤŵϡֱѸˤθѤƱѸפȤΩ줫餹СֱѸΤפ뤤ϡֱѸΤפȤ㤤Ǥ롥
2Ĥζ̤ǰƬ֤Ĥġï̤ơïˡΤˡΤפȤʸγƹ˸ήǤȡ䤬פĤ¤ꡤͤȤܤȤ߹碌5ढä
(1) Ѹ˸ԤѸˤѸ칶ˡѸ˸Τˡ롥
(2) Ѹ˸ԤѸˤѸ춵ˡѸ춵Τˡ롥
(3) Ѹ˸ԤѸˤѸؽԤˡѸؽΤˡ롥
(4) Ѹ˸ԤѸˤ̤ο͡ˡܤΤˡ롥
(5) Ѹ춵Ѹˤ̤ơ̡ˡѸ롥
Ѹ˸ԤǤ⤢Ѹ춵Ǥ⤢λŪʸˤʤΤǡ¾ˤ͡Ȥ߹碌βǽʤжƤˡ伫ȤȤƤ5ĤΤ٤ƤˤĤ¿쾯ʤ첿餫ζи롥ܥֱ֥Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)⡤ǤϤ뤬褽5ĤΤ٤Ƥ˴ؤäƤ롥ȤϤʤγưδܤ (1), (3), (4) դ֤ƤȼʬϤƤ롥
(4) ǡֶܡפȤɽѤ줬ؤϰϤϤƹ졤ʸءˡʸˡѸˤܤǤƱܤǤ⤢뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-16-1])#3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ ([2019-04-17-1]) Ȥ줿ޤ#4329. ֱѸˤθ褫Ѹ춵פˤĤƻʸĤ ([2021-03-04-1]) ⤴
ѸˤΥߥ˥ޥ२åʤȤ줿顤ɤΤ褦ʹܤ뤫#4084. ѸˤΤɬפʥߥ˥ޥʸŪμ ([2020-07-02-1]) #4143. ѸˤΥɤ10ĵʤȤ줿顩 ([2020-08-30-1]) Ǥ褦夲Ƥϻ伫Ȥ˹ͤΤǤ
ɤȤϥե졼ǤιȤʤä1ؤͤиФ5ܤޤǤ˰̤롥2ؤޤǿȡФ20ܤȤʤ롥3ؤޤǤ٤ƴޤȡФ34ܡ
30ʬۤɤǺäƤߤǤλƤ夳̲ƥåץǡȤΤ⤪⤷ǹԤʤäƤ뤳ȤϡפˡѸ˳ιֵܤȤʤä顤ɤΤ褦ʾΩƤߤ뤫ȤȤǤ롥ƿͤαѸ˴Ѥǡ¤ȿǤ줿ΤˤʤϤǡǽФäƤߤȥƥαѸ˥ߥ˥ޥ२åϤǤ礦
轵ꡤNHKϢ³ƥӾīɥˤοϤޤäƤޤإ५२ХǥǤ֥५ѸפȤ̾Ϥ饸Ѳäξ»ˤȤȤˡ3ˤ錄ҥοīɥǤФᤫǤϤޤܤˤѸƻˤƤȤǡܥ֥ɼԤγˤ䤷ƤȻפޤ2ܤǤΤǡޤƤʤ⽽ʬɤĤޤʤо줷ƤϤΥ饸ѲäʿͣϡѸƻ˾̾Ĥפ¸ߤǤ (cf. #3695. ܤˤѸطˤάǯɽ ([2019-06-09-1]))

ܤˤѸƻˤȤȤǤΤǡ礭ܤθʸˤȤʤޤ礦⤦ؤ˴ƤСܤˤѤˤȤȤȻפޤ
ˤäƤϱѸˤȤʤޤḽˤƱѸ줬ŪʤʤǡˤϤɤΤ褦ʲDZѸ줬ǤäΤȤߤȡŪǤϤޤѸˤΥơޤȤʤޤαѸˤǤ϶ḽѸ (world_englishes) ؤδؿޤäƤޤεˡܤȤѸˤΰĤ֥५Ѹפ̤ƿ֤äƤߤΤ⤪⤷Ȼפޤ
ȤȤǡȤƤϸȾǯۤɡܤαѸƻˤδȱѸˤδưռʤ顤īɥɤƤȻפäƤޤܲȤԤ餷Ǥ͡⡤Ҥɤ
ʤߤˡīɥϢưǡNHK饸ǤϤ111꿷ֺ¤Ȥ֥饸ǡ५२ХǥⳫ֤Ƥ褦ǤƥȤǤϡܿͤȱѸֺ¤100ǯߡפꤹϢܤϤޤäƤꡤ¤˳ڤߤǤīɥ顤ѲóؽѸƻˤεǡ3ܡʰʾ˳ڤΤǤϤʤǤ礦Ϥȡ伫ȤNHK饸̤ιֺδñѸ in EnglishΥƥȤƤƤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵꤤޤ͡ʾСˡ
ˤƤ⡤īɥ1ܤŸŻäѤơλˤϻɷ㤬ޤīʵˡ2³ĤǤΤǡ¤餷¤ƥƥӤ˸Ȼפޤ
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