١#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲ǵ10˿Ԥ櫓ǤϤʤCarney ɤǤʬäȤɲûब롥ޤ Carney ϢսѤ (42)
Empty letters are naturally a target for the spelling reformers, but one should not rush in with the scissors too hastily. A favourite target is final <-e>. The instances of <-e> at the end of copse, bottle, file, giraffe, are often referred to as 'silent' letters, but they are very different. The <-e> of copse marks the word as different from the plural cops. The word bottle cannot sensibly be spelt as *<bottl>, since syllabic consonants are always spelt with a vowel letter and a consonant letter, except for <sm> in sarcasm, prism. Similarly it might be thought that file could be spelt *<fil>. It would still be different from fill, as it is in filing, filling. However, some degree of redundancy is essential to human language and that justifies taking the unit of correspondence to be <i..e>/aɪ/. Even the <-e> at the end of giraffe has something to be said in its favour. It can be said to mark the unusual final stress of the noun as in the <-CCe> of brunette, cassette, corvette, largesse, bagatelle, gazelle.
bottle ˴ؤ⤬ˤȤäƤܿΤäñβ粻 l ˤĤơ粻ŪҲѤȤˤϡɬ <e> տ魯Ȥ㳰Ȥ <-sm> Ƥ뤬ʳϤɤ <e> ɬܤΤ褦
⤦1Ķ̣Τ giraffe θ <e> Ǥ롥brunette, cassette, corvette ʤɤ㤫狼̤ꡤ <-VCCe> ֻȤʤˤϡ<V> ޤ˶롥ϡ<e> ǤȤ <CCe> ΤǼȤ٤Τΰ˻ͿƤȤǡ <e> 1ĤȲ᤹뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
ۤˤ eye θ <e> Τ褦ˡ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) 뤿Υߡ <e> ⡤1ĤȤƥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
ͤ³Ƥȡ<e> ϤäȵäƤܵƱݤǡ330 heldio ˤ#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ε#6158. Powell ˤʸʬ ([2026-03-07-1]) ǻȡѤ Powell ϡʸˤˤž3ĤäȵƤ롥ʸʬ⤷ľˡʸϤ³ (51--52)
Although this is a structural description, it is also a rough outline of the history of writing, understood as a technology that underwent broad and radical changes over millennia and came to serve ever more efficient and complex forms of communication and thought. The major changes were three.
First was the discovery of the phonetic principle, the representation of the sounds of speech by graphic means. This discovery appears to have been applied three times in a more or less systematic way: in southern Mesopotamia, in China, and in Mesoamerica. But all these systems are only partly phonetic.
The second major discovery was of a wholly phonetic writing. We cannot date the discovery, but perhaps as early as 1800 BC in the Near East and rather earlier in Crete, c.2100 BC (for the earliest "Cretan hieroglyphs"). While such writings are wholly phonetic, that is, most signs refer to sound and are not meaningful, they still cannot be pronounced except by a native speaker. Wholly phonetic writings made possible an immense constriction in the number of signs over the earlier logosyllabaries (made up of logograms and syllabograms) by focusing on a single semantic aspect of communication, namely sounds of the human voice speaking some "language." This advantageous constriction was gained at the loss of clarity provided by the many semantic nonphonetic elements of the earlier logosyllabaries.
The third major shift was the invention of the Greek alphabet around 800 BC, a system that atomized the sounds of human speech, utilized symbols for these sounds, and made possible the approximate reconstruction of the sound of human speech, even by someone who does not speak the language.
In studying the history of writing we must remember that a continuity of forms can mask an extreme shift in inner structure, while two sets of completely differing forms can function in the same way.
1Ĥνפʶ̤ϡɽΤΤȯס2Ĥϡִɽʸȯס3ĤϡֲʸδѤȯפƤƤ褤Powell ʸʸѤƶƤ롥ʸηкѹ¦̤ΤߤܤƤ褦˸롥
2Ρִɽʸȯפζ̤ˤĤơǤΥե٥åȤȯǤʤᤤʳǤΥ쥿ΥҥդˤڤƤΤϱԤ
Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

嵭ϡPowell ʸܤ礭Ƥ "THE CATEGORIES OF WRITING" Ǥ롥ʸʬ1Ĥιͤʬβϡp. 52 ˤޤȤƤ롥
1 Semasiography: Writing in which the signs are not attached to necessary forms of speech. Sematograms, the elements of semasiography, may be arranged in any conventional way.
2 Lexigoraphy: Writing in which the signs are attached to necessary forms of speech. They are (usually) arranged in a linear sequence corresponding to sounds in speech. There are two divisions.
(i) Logography: the signs represent words (but not sounds), significant segments of speech. A logography would be a system in which logograms, the elements of logography, predominate (sometimes logograms do not follow the same order as words in speech).
(ii) Phonography: the signs represent sounds. Such sounds are ordinarily nonsignificant elements of speech. There are two kinds of phonographic systems.
Syllabography: the signs represent syllables, the smallest apprehensible elements of speech. A Syllabography would be a system in which syllabograms predominate.
Alphabetic writing: the signs represent elements of speech smaller than syllables, although such sounds do not exist in nature as separable elements of speech. In alphabetic writing letters predominate.
ǸΥե٥åȡñʸˤβˤơñʤɤȤñ̤ϼˤ¸ߤʤΤפȤ˥ϥäȤ줿ñʸפȤϡֲʸפªۤ褤Τ (phoneme) Ͽʹ֤ˤݲλʪǤꡤʸƤȤȤˡե٥åȤκθŪʰյȲͤΤȻפ
Powell, Barry B. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
New Zealand Christchurch 夤2ּ夬вᤷäˤʤäƤ뤤ĤΥѡޡåȤ1Ĥ"NZ's Lowest Food Prices" NZΥѡ PAK'n'SAVE Ҹ˷ε祹ѡǡ·į⤯Ǥ֤˺롥NZŪڡϤܿޤᥢΤΤ롥ŪʥΤۤɱѸǤɽФƤʤΤʤΤǡŹ⤭Τñ˱Ѹؽˤ褤
ܿêįƤȤظêˤץ륷åפ볦äʲμ̤̿Υ٥ɤǤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롧"PAMS FINEST / MPLE SYRP / CNDIAN A GRD / 250ML"

٥εΤǡֻάʤDzά뤫ȤСŵŪ첻Ǥ롥Ҳϲιʤ뤿ᡤ줵ĤɤˤȤäƽʬʥҥȤˤʤ뤫ºݤ˱ѸμСʤΤΤ⤽ˤ뤿ᡤƬŸΤѰդեŸ "PAMS FINEST / MAPLE SYRUP /CANADIAN A GRADE / 250ML" Ȥʤ롥
ѡαѸֻˤ뤳Τ褦ʾάϡե٥åʸǤϹΤ٤ߤгƸβṽ¤ֻηϤ˰¸ΤȻפ뤬ҲĤΤܤǤ롥
ηϡʸȤ櫓ɽʸȯŸηаޤϢưƤ̣ĹʸȯŸɽʸϡʤʸʸˤơɽʸؤȯŸɽʸϡޤʸϤޤΤ̤㤨 /ka/ Ȥ֤פȲ̾1ʸǽ褦ȯۤΤ褦ʲʸϡФ첻̵뤷ƻҲΤߤɸˡȯã֤פȽƤʤ顤 /k/ ȤñȤλҲȤɤޤ첻ΡɤΤơפǤ롥
ʤߤˡե٥åȯãˤįƤ⡤ҲŻ뤹ӤƤ롥ˤϡե٥åȤȤñʸҲŻβṽ¤ĥե²ˤȯȯã¤طƤŪ첻Ϸڻ뤵ƤΤǤ롥ե٥åȻˤǤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡ첻ѶŪˡֽߤưФΤϡե˥ʸ饮ꥷʸȤäʹߡŸФơʸǤ⡤§Ȥ첻ɽֻդ
ץ륷åפΤ褦ˡɽڡʤȤȤʤ𤬤ˡҲĤ첻ΤƤȤΤϡ̣ʸˤ̤äƤ뤫Τ褦ʸݤʤΤǤ롥֤äץ륷åפêǡ鷺ˡ˥ե٥åȻ3700ǯ֤ä补
597ǯKent ˥ꥹȶ⤿餵줿аޤˤĤƤϡ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) εǼ夲Ƥɻ˾塤ƱѸ˾塤ƽʽäȤäƤ褤
͡ʥѥȤäΤ1ĤϥꥹȶȤȤ˥ (Roman alphabet) Ƴ줿Ȥ衤ޥ̱²ϥȿ̴طˤä롼ʸ (runic script) äƤ˻ʸؤȾ괹ƤȤˤʤä
ΥμƤξħŪǯȤơ602ǯ뤳ȤǤ롥Lucas and Mulvey (19) "CANTERBURY --- The adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)" ꤹᤫ顤Ƭ3Ѥ롥
The Jutish kingdom of Kent is the first region of post-Roman Britannia to leave evidence of an organized realm. That is because Kent was the first area to be reconverted to Christianity. Sent by Pope Gregory, Augustine and fellow monks arrived in Canterbury in 597, bringing not only Christianity but also writing in the form of Roman script. In 602, King Ethelbert of Kent had the monks write down the laws of his people in that script.
Those laws, called 'dooms', had been brought to Kent from Continental Europe 150 years before. They are the first surviving example, in any Germanic language, of a legal document. They are the starting point of the Anglo-American common law and tradition. They are also of great importance in the history of the English language.
First, they show that within five years of the arrival of the Roman script, it had been adopted in place of the runic alphabet . . . . Second, they provide evidence of Kentish, a dialect of English that was to disappear altogether. Third, they are the beginning of regular and widespread written records in English, as the script of the dooms spread rapidly west and north.
Ȳ Ethelbert 602ǯˡΧǽȤΤθαѸΥѤˤȤäƷŪʽäȤˤʤ롥ˡˤδ˽פǯäȤʬ롥
ˤƤιᤤ®597ǯΤ5ǯΤȤǤ롥ϴְ㤤ʤꥹȶȤȤˤ⤿餵줿ΤʤΤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) οȤʸκǸƤ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥
abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)
Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)
I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.
ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤȤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
AZޤǤΥե٥åʸΤʤǡǤ٤ι⤤ʸ㤤ʸϲʸ (letter_frequency) ˤĤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) β Letter Frequencies (rankings for various languages) ؤΥȤꡤ͡ʸ䥳ѥǤνɽФƤ롥㤨СBNC ˰͵ "etaoinsrhldcumfpgwybvkxjqz" νɽ롥
Crystal (277) ˤϡThe Cambridge Encyclopedia (1st ed.) ƥȡ150ѥȤʸɽǤƤ롥ٽ (Cumulative) Τߤʤ餺ʸءʪءؤγơΥơޤȤ٤ Morse code (morse_code) ٤碌ƼƤ롥ʲΥդϡX˱äٽ (= "eatinorslhdcmufpgbywvkxjq") ʸ¤١YƥơǤٳɴʬΨˤȤΤǤɽϥ HTML ȡˡ

ٽ˾Ȥ餷ƥơޤȤħƤߤȤȡǤɸŪǤ롥ʸؤ³ɸफäƤΤءʪء Morse code Ȥʤ롥
ġʸߤȶ̣¿롥Ū˽Ǥ <h> ¿ (holy?) <l> ʤȡʸؤǤ <w> ¿Ȥϲ̣Τʪؤ䲽ؤϥƥꥷϤñ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤿ˡ¾̤Ȥϼ㴳ۤʤʸ٤ƤΤ⤷ʤŪ Morse code ϡ¾ΥơޤȤܤ˸ưۤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

ϤȤƤ⥨ƥʤΤ餻Ǥheldio/helwa ǴΩƤ줿ָűѸLINEספ֤ͭμˤ괰ޤ98ΡֱѸ˥饤2024פȤˤƤϪܤȤʤޤΤȤˤϳǤξפץåȡָűѸ쥹פˤƥפ路礦Ȥ٥Ȥ»ܤޤҳָűѸ쥹סˤʤꡤꤷŪˤȤ
ᥤ Winewulf
ΥפΥᥤ饯ϥ Winewulf ʥͥաˤǤ̾ϸűѸǡͧΡϵˡפ̣ޤͦǿͥΤǤȽ֤ޥȤʤӤ⤷ΤλѤǤǤƿƤߤ䤹ɽħǤǤűѸʤ顤Υȡ˱ѸˤǤޤ
嵭Υ饹ȤǤϡWinewulf Ic eom Winewulf ֻϥͥդǤפȼʾҲƤޤפǤϡ¾ȤǤ밧䴶դεθűѸȯƤޤ㤨С֤Ϥ褦פΰ̣ Godne morȝen դε Ic ðancie ðe ƤޤѸ˹ˤϤԤäΥפǤ
ָűѸLINEספλ
ָűѸLINEספϡ¾ʤܵλߤǤפ˻ѤƤűѸʸϡűѸ츦ԤǤϽؤʾءˤ khelf ƣ蘆ʷرˡӻ伫Ȥ亴Ū˴ƽޤơʸϡűѸɽŪʽΤǤ "Insular Minuscule" ֤Ƥꡤޤθʸ˼褦ʴФ̣廊ޤܸդƤޤΤǡס︯Ǥޤ
ʥǻȤޤ
ͧãȤä˱ѸŪʥȤäȤ
and/or ˤ˶̣Τ֤ȥˡʤڤ̤
ʤΰ䴶դεüʸ졦ʸƤߤȤ
Winewulf ͵Ĺ뤿ˡ
űѸ̥Ϥ Winewulf ΡָűѸ쥹ספȤäơĤΥȡ쵤̤ʤΤѤǤ礦Winewulf Ȱͧã²ȤΥߥ˥ڤǤߤޤ¾ΤʤܳŪʥפǡå˱ѸˤοߤäƤ
Ϥ餫ɤ
ָűѸ쥹סϡLINEȥˤƹɾȯǤۤꤷƤޤWinewulf о줹륹8ĤΥåȤϡűѸʸȥ顦ǥξڤʤǤҥåƤߤƤ
饹ȥ졼ȴƽԤؤδ
פΥ饹ȥ졼ϡheldio ͭǡץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ֥ͭꥹʡLilimi MISATO (Galois) ǤƽξϽؤƣ蘆ޤᡤɤγοϤ˴դޤ
ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ
z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷ޤ
hellog
#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥס ([2023-02-15-1])
heldio (Voicy)
#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)
[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]
#3. ư -ize á (2023/10/08)
Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡
#5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơƤΤơˤƥDZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤ϺƤäΤޤƳˡμʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4Ⱦ2λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
ƱͤˡȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
ڥαѸˤ路 Horobin ˤȡ17αѸҲˤϽΥޥե٥åȤǤϤʤ̤ʸͰƤ褦ȤưƤ
16--17ˤ (orthoepy) ȯãȼäˡ (orthography) ؤδؿޤäǾ뤵줿Τϥޥե٥åȤԴäռΤȤǡʤŪʸηϤϺ뤳ȤˤʤäȤɬȤɬä17ʸιͰƤưˤϤ⤦1ġƱͭװäΤǤϤʤȤĹ餯衼åѼҲȤǧƤƥοǤ롥Ťסָפ줫ȤˡסʸפϺ褦ˤʤäȤΤϡήȤƤ⤷Horobin (25) Ѥ롥
Attempts have also been made to devise alphabets to overcome the difficulties caused by this mismatch between figura and potestas. In the seventeenth century, a number of scholars attempted to create a universal writing system which could be understood by everyone, irrespective of their native language. This determination was motivated in part by a dissatisfaction with the Latin alphabet, which was felt to be unfit for purpose because of its lack of sufficient letters and because of the differing ways it was employed by the various European languages. The seventeenth century also witnessed the loss of Latin as a universal language of scholarship, as scholars increasingly began to write in their native tongues. The result was the creation of linguistic barriers, hindering the dissemination of ideas. This could be overcome by the creation of a universal writing system in which characters represented concepts rather than sounds, thereby enabling scholars to read works composed in any language. This search for a universal writing system was prompted in part by the mistaken belief that the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was designed to represent the true essence and meaning of an object, rather than the name used to refer to it. Some proponents of a universal system were inspired by the Chinese system of writing, although this was criticized by others on account of the large number of characters required and for the lack of correspondence between the shapes of the characters and the concepts they represent.
21θߡʸȤƤγʸԥȥ (pictogram) βǽܤƤ롥ˤȤ٤Ѹ줬17ΥƥΤ褦˿षƤ櫓ǤɬʤΤΡʸȤƤΥԥȥϺؤδؿޤäƤȤΤ϶̣17ȸξϤɤΤ褦оȤǤ
Ϣơ#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
429ڡˡī㡼ɶˤƿֺʸֻαѸˡץޤ1ǯۤɤƽղƽߤ4ѸʸֻˤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꤷơʸεȯãȤ櫓ե٥åȤŪȤѤޤ2ܰʹߡѸֻܳŪƳƤȤˤʤޤϤβȤơ⤽ʸȤϲ䤤ʸ䡦ࡦˤˤĤƵޤ
ϡɶǤ̤ӥ饤ˤ¿˻äƤޤ꤬ȤޤֺˤƤΤߤʤ餺ֺ¸Ĥʸ夬ޤʹߤꤤޤ
峫֤Ʋϸߤ˴ϢĤĤΩƤޤΤǡؿΤΤߤλäǤꤢޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ߤޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
Τγפʲ˼ޤ
ե٥åȤϸǺǤѤƤʸηϤǤꡤѸ⤽ƤޤΤ褦ʱѸ⥢ե٥åȤȤˤβǽвäΤˤֻȤƼʤƤΤǯʾǯפޤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸ줬ʸֻȳƮƤˤɤޤ
4Υȥϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429˳ֺѤߡ
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729˳ͽ
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ̤
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤
ҲȤơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429ϤޤޤۿƤޤΤǡҤİ
4⽪˶ŤGW Ϥޤޤοǯ١khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ (cat:start_up_hel_2023) ΰĤȤֱѸ˥ƥ50ǤĥĤȥƥĤѤ߾夬ꡤǤ14ܤƤޤϢϵٻߤޤ줫ޤޤ³ޤ
ϤޤǤΥȥåΤʤ顤ե٥åȤˤ˴ؤرΥƥĤҲ𤷤ޤ礦419˸줿#6. <b> <d> ʶ路Ǥȥ뤫Ǥʤ⤷ޤƥĤȾϥե٥åȤεȯãȤ櫓ˤ˾ƤƤޤ

ΤӡƱƥĤԤȤ̤Ȥǥ饸ޤVoicy [ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#698. ե٥åȤˤƤ --- ߷Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
ܥ֥ꥢե٥åȤˤ˴ؤ뵭ȤƤϰʲȤ
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν ([2017-03-24-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
δñѸ in English٤3椬ȯȤʤޤǴ2ǯ³ϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ24ǡǽȤʤޤ夲ϡǽˤդ路֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z ΥߥƥפǤм˼äƤФȻפޤ

ƬZ ϤäȤ֤ξʤʸפǤϡZ ѸΥե٥å26ʸǤ٤㤤ʸǤ뤳ȤҤ٤ޤ³Z ޤñƤߤȡפǤϡZ ޤñ줬ƤޤѥäȤʤΤФǤS Z μϰϤˤĤƤޤΡԤοפǤϡ褤 Z ᰥˤ餫ˤޤǽȯϡ֥פ֥åɡפפǤϡʸɤƤ֤˴ؤ뺮ȶˤ졤ѸαƺäڤӤޤ
24³ϢܤϺ Z ĤޤɼԤ줿ˤ⤢ꡤɮԤȤƤڤߤʤɮ뤳ȤǤޤԽԤǫʤŻ˽졤ƥ饹ȥ졼γΩõ她ˤ⸵Ť졤24Ǥޤطγͤ˴פޤ2ǯ֤Τɡ꤬Ȥޤ
֤ΰ̣ᡤVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ǻǯ1022Ǹ#509. Τ˱ѸϢܤƤޤ⤪İФȤȻפޤ
ϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפϤˤƽλȤʤޤѸˤΤϡ hellog Ǥ⡤¾ΤǤ⡤³Ƥޤ³ꤤޤ
줿 YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥκǿǤϡѸˤδܸɽ뤿ΥˤĤơȤ櫓إܥˤĤƸäƤޤֺǶ褯 shichiji ʤɤΥɽϡ¤ϱѸŪǤϤʤǤ17ʬưȤʤäƤޤɤİ
͵Ѥ˴ؤǡϡǯ930ʸģ줿2021ǯ٤ֹ˴ؤĴη̤Ǥܺ٤3ǯ١ֹ˴ؤĴפη̤ˤĤơ (PDF) ꤴǧޤ
ܸɽ뤿ΥλѤˤĤƤϡޤǤ͡ʵꡤܥ֥Ǥ romaji ε¿夲Ƥޤ YouTube ưȤȤ櫓ϢοؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
#3427. ἰܼإܥΥĤŤоɽ ([2018-09-14-1])
#1892. ֥ΤĤŤס ([2014-07-02-1])
#1879. ܸˤˡ ([2014-06-19-1])
#2550. 붵եɥå褬ȯ줿 ([2016-04-20-1])
#4905. ְΡפ Aichi Aiti ([2022-10-01-1])
#4925. ɽɤȱѸ쥹ڥ ([2022-10-21-1])
#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
ܸҲˤƥȤե٥åʸηϤƤѤʤ褦ȤƤ֤뤳Ȥϡ줫ѸϤȤθʸȤɤդäƤͤǤʤȤȹͤޤư̤ơܸɽ뤿ΥѤˤĤƲƹͤƤߤƤϤǤ礦
24λпʹīˡϢܡ֥ƥΥȿκǿȤʤ뵭ʸȯפǺܤޤпʹβʳԽѰεԡĹβ𤵤ˤʸˤˤĤƼޤơ줬Ȥʤޤ¾Ȥˤषǡʸ⤭ĦˤƤޤ֤ǤϸȤȤǤĤƤɤߤФȡ *

θ漼Ǽޤ2ֶڤäޤϢܡ֥ƥΥȿפ20ˤ錄³ƤԤơ֤Ϥʸκȯפȸ碌ȤϸӤǤ⤽ͤƤޤΤ (^^;;ǤϤؤäˤʤޤ
#5022. hellog ʸˤ˴ؤ뵭 ([2023-01-26-1]) ꤷƥޤμȤδϢǤޤȤΤǤƻпʹΡʸȯȤȤˡ⤴Ф¸ޤ
ֻ21⡤ʸϴְ㤤ʤκǶġǤ³ޤ
ܥ֥ǤϹʸ (grammatology) ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥɸ˷ǤƤ륿ʤɤéäƤ¿ε˥Ǥ뤬Ǥ¿ӤˤȻפΤǡ˵פȤˤᵭƤʸפ˴ؿΤˤȤäơͤˤʤȻפޤ
ΡäդȽաʸ
#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽȤ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])
#1665. äȤФȽȤ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽդĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1])
#3274. äդȽ (5) ([2018-04-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽȤ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])
Ρʸμࡦˡ
#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])
#1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1])
#2398. ʸη (3) ([2015-11-20-1])
#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])
#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1])
#2416. ʸη (4) ([2015-12-08-1])
#3443. ɽʸɽʸ ([2018-09-30-1])
Ρե٥åȤˡħ
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
#1861. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤñ㤵 ([2014-06-01-1])
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν ([2017-03-24-1])
ΡʸŤʸ
#1838. ʸ ([2014-05-09-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])
#850. դȯŪͤδط ([2011-08-25-1])
#2577. ʸηϤ˴ؤҲŪװ ([2016-05-17-1])
#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1])
#3700. ֥ե٥åȤŴˤʸ罰 ([2019-06-14-1])
#3768. ִ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤٤μʡס ([2019-08-21-1])
#3837. ơˡʸȿˡ --- 5ĤʸȯŸˡ ([2019-10-29-1])
Ρʸȶˡ
#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])
#2400. ԥȥβǽ (2) ([2015-11-22-1])
#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])
#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])
#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ ([2017-08-28-1])
ܥ֥ǤϹʸ (grammatology) ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥɸ˷ǤƤ륿ʤɤéäƤ¿ε˥Ǥ뤬Ǥ¿ӤˤȻפΤǡ˵פȤˤᵭƤʸפ˴ؿΤˤȤäơͤˤʤȻפޤ
ΡäդȽաʸ
#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽȤ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])
#1665. äȤФȽȤ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽդĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1])
#3274. äդȽ (5) ([2018-04-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽȤ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])
Ρʸμࡦˡ
#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])
#1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1])
#2398. ʸη (3) ([2015-11-20-1])
#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])
#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1])
#2416. ʸη (4) ([2015-12-08-1])
#3443. ɽʸɽʸ ([2018-09-30-1])
Ρե٥åȤˡħ
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
#1861. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤñ㤵 ([2014-06-01-1])
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν ([2017-03-24-1])
ΡʸŤʸ
#1838. ʸ ([2014-05-09-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])
#850. դȯŪͤδط ([2011-08-25-1])
#2577. ʸηϤ˴ؤҲŪװ ([2016-05-17-1])
#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1])
#3700. ֥ե٥åȤŴˤʸ罰 ([2019-06-14-1])
#3768. ִ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤٤μʡס ([2019-08-21-1])
#3837. ơˡʸȿˡ --- 5ĤʸȯŸˡ ([2019-10-29-1])
Ρʸȶˡ
#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])
#2400. ԥȥβǽ (2) ([2015-11-22-1])
#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])
#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])
#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ ([2017-08-28-1])
δñѸ in English٤6椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ15ϡѸ˾֤Ȥ⤤Ѥʵ夲Ƥޤʤ1;ñ̾ I ϾʸǽΤȤǤ

Ϣϡܥ֥Ǥ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) Ϥ͡ʷǼ夲Ƥޤطʤˤξʸ <i> λΤ˴ؤԹʻ¤ޤʤ <ı> Τ褦˽ (minim) 1ܤǽ줿ΤǤ줬ΡפȤˤʤޤϢܵǤϡΤ䤳ʤ٤ʬ䤹⤷ޤΤǡɤɤ
¤ܲʹ khelf ٥ֱѸ˥ƥ50ˤơ415رˤ줿ƥĤޤˤνäƤޤ||||||||||ɤޤȤƥĤǡޤǤǺǤ͵Τ륳ƥĤ1ĤȤʤäƤޤϢܵȹ碌ơƤߤƤ
ϢܵǤϡ⤽ʤե٥åȤˤʸȾʸΤȤ⤦1ĤѤˤƤޤˤĤƤϰʲȤ
hellog-radio: #1. ֤ʤʸȾʸΤǤ
heldio: #50. ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡ
heldio: #136. ̾ʸǻϤƤ17-18
Ϣå
ۤ1ǯۤΤȤˤʤޤ2021ǯ514ʶˤ NHK Υƥȡ֥˼롪פˤơʸȾʸפꤷƤ꤬夲졤ƽԡԤȤƽб餷ޤʲǤͤˡ *
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