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alphabet - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-04-30 Sat

#4751. ʤ٤Ƥʸ񤭤ͤΡ [sobokunagimon][punctuation][alphabet][capitalisation][hellog_entry_set]

ѸˤμȤԤ鶽̣䤬󤻤ޤ

굤ˤʤäƤȤꡤʹޤ
ޤǡѲäؤαѸιֵˤơͥƥ֤ǡĽ򤹤ݤˡե٥åɽʸˤƽä㤤ޤ
ͥƥ֤ͥƥ֤˶餹ݤˡΤ褦ʽΤǤ礦
⤷¸ǤСꤤޤ


εФơҤȤޤΤ褦˲ޤ

Τ˹Ĥʤɤˤ٤Ƥʸ񤭤륷ȤΤϡ褯ޤ͡
ŪˤС䤿Ѹ춵ǽ褦ˡʸȾʸλȤʬϤäޤäƤޤεϤޤäΤʹߤΤȤǡŪΤǤ
ޤǤɬ⵬ϤˤȤʤ쥸ʻѰˤŪ¿ޤ̡ʸ񤭤̤ǤɤζĴΤιĽʸޤˤΤ褦ʥǤ͡ĴΤʸѤˤǯʾĹˤ錄ޤΤǡ줬ѤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤޤ
⤽ʤʸȾʸΤͤƤߤȤ⤷Ȼפޤ֤ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡӴϢåɤ


1ĻפФȤޤŻҥƥȤˤߤܹŨդʸ񤭡פȤ٤Ǥ٤ʸ񤭤뤳ȤϡäդǤǡܹ椷ơȯƤ뤳ȤޤˤꡤҰŪʥåФȤǤ櫓ǤHorobin (129) ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ

While exclamation marks, smileys, and emojis offer methods of defusing situations and apologizing, what happens when you want to deliberatively provoke or insult someone? Here traditional punctuation offers little help, since there are no marks that explicitly indicate anger or aggression. In electronic discourse, however, the use of capitals has become an established means of shouting, or expressing hostility towards your addressee. To write an email entirely in upper-case is seen as an act of deliberate aggression; a New Zealand woman was dismissed from her job for sending emails exclusively in capitals, which were deemed to be the cause of disharmony in the office. The US Navy was forced to change its policy of requiring all communications to be in upper-case, since sailors accustomed to reading text messages and emails considered the default use of capitals at the equivalent of being constantly shouted at.


ʸ񤭤1ĤȤäƤ⡤Ωɤʸؤˤʤޤ

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-26-1]

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2021-12-22 Wed

#4622. 񤭸դˤ춭ɽ路 [writing][distinctiones][word][syntax][grammatology][alphabet][kanji][hiragana][katakana][punctuation]

ñʬ (distinctiones) 뤫³ (scriptura continua) 뤫ϡʸʸȤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤷ƱʸʸǤӤˤäѤ뤳ȤäѸǤʬ񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬űѸѸǤñ֤˥ڡۤȤɸʤʸϤˤäcf #3798. űѸδˤʬ񤭡 ([2019-09-20-1])ˡդܸǤ³񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬ĻؽѤ˽񤫤줿ʿ̾ΤߤʸϤǤϡɤߤ䤹뤿˰տŪʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ⤢cf. #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1]
ŪˤСΤ褦ɽʸ䲾̾Τ褦ʲʥ⡼ʸ³񤭤뤳Ȥ¿ΤФñʸʥե٥åȡˤʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ¿Ϥޤ෿ηˤʤ񤭸դˤʤȤϡ餫ˡǸȸζ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ֤˥ڡ򤪤Ȥϡ¸ˡ1Ĥˤʤ
춭뤿ǤС⥹ڡˤɬפϤʤʸʸϤȡ㤨̥ʸˤƤʤɤǸڤȤˡƤץȾݷʸǿ̾ȤǰϤ५ȥ (cartouche) Τ褦ˡ⤢äˤĤƤϡ#3044. űѸˤʬ񤭡 ([2017-08-27-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤˡʤ뤤ϤФСʸǽȤ§Сʸ춭򼨤Ȥˤʤꡤʬ񤭤ʤɤ¾ˡäɬפȤʤʤºݡꥷǤϸ˾ʸʤᡤʬ񤭤ɬܤǤϤʤäإ֥饤䥢ӥʤɤǤϡƱʸǤǤäƤѤ뤫ʳѤ뤫ˤۤʤʸηϤ⤢롥
ܸδʸ򤸤ʸǤϡǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿Ωʿ̾ǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿°줬ߤ˷֤ȤħġΤŵŪˤʿ̾ڤؤȤ춭Ȱפ롥ʬŪˤǤϤ졤춭θʬΤˤȤȤ
Ǹˡ#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ񤭼꤬θñ̡㤨иˤ񤭽ȤǤäɮ夲ʤɤδȯã뤳Ȥ롥ȡڤפΤޤ޸춭򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸źʸʸįƤߤȡ춭ɽ魯ˡ¿¿ͤǤ롥ѸǸƤʬ񤭤ͣФˡǤϤʤȤõƤ⤽Ѹθν񵭤ˤʬ񤭤νΤŪˤϸȯŸʤΤcf . #1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2021-12-18 Sat

#4618. ΩΤΥåΤεȯã [writing][printing][alphabet][grammatology][pragmatics][punctuation][bible][pragmatics]

ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤѤǤϡѲս䶯Ĵʬʤɡʬ̤˺Ω뤿ˤФХå (italics) Ѥ롥̾ΥޥΤǽ񤫤줿ʸΤʤǺٿȤΥåΤϤ褯ΩĤǤ롥ΤθŪˡȤäƤ褤cf. #574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1]
åΤϡ1501ǯμܽΤ˴ŤΤȤƥ٥ͥǸ줿椬äٿȤǷкŪʽΤȤ߽Ф줿ΤǤ롥åΤ餫ΩͿ뤿Ѥ줿櫓ǤϤʤΩΤ˻Ѥϡ16ȾΥե󥹤ǤοȤ줬󥰥ɤˤꡤ1611ǯζ (Authorised Version) ˤʸνΤȤѤ˵ڤӡ˻äˤϥåΤλȤϳ餹Ԥ⸽줿褦ǡۤɤޤǤ˻Ѥ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
嵭 Daniels (68--69) ɤǽΤäȤǤ롥񤬱Ѹ񵭤ˤ륤åλѤδΩ˰äƤ¤ˤϡä˶ä줿ƱαѸ˾ΰյ礭ƳǧǤ롥

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2021-08-22 Sun

#4500. ʸηϤ̤θ줫ڤȤ˵뤳6 [grapheme][graphology][alphabet][writing][diacritical_mark][ligature][digraph][runic][borrowing][y]

餬ʸηϤ߽ФǤʤ¤ꡤθ⤹Ǥ¾ǻȤƤʸѤ뤳ȤˤäʸαѤϤ᤿ϤǤ롥ȼѸθʤ¿쾯ʤۤʤħʤȤ櫓ˤäƤ櫓ǤꡤʸαѤˤäƤѸǤαѤ100%Τޤ޻ۤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤ʸηϤѤȤˤϡ餫Ѳ뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤϡ6˥޻Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ȤꡤƱ˴ܸ˼Ѥ줿ȤǤ롥
Görlach (35) ϡʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƲꤦ뤫6վ񤭤ǵ󤲤Ƥ롥ɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤμѤǰƬ֤Ƥβվ񤭤Ȼפ뤬ʲ˰Ѥ

   Since no two languages have the same phonemic inventory, any transfer of an alphabet creates problems. The following solutions, especially to render 'new' phonemes, appear to be the most common:

1. New uses for unnecessary letters (Greek vowels).
2. Combinations (E. <th>) and fusions (Gk <>, OE <æ>, Fr <œ>, Ge <ß>).
3. Mixture of different alphabets (Runic additions in OE; <ȝ>: <g> in ME).
4. Freely invented new symbols (Gk <, , , >).
5. Modification of existing letters (Lat <G>, OE <ð>, Polish <ł>).
6. Use of diacritics (dieresis in Ge Bär, Fr Noël; tilde in Sp mañana; cedilla in Fr ça; various accents and so on).


ʤۤɡ¸ʸˡѤȤȤ⤢СʸФȤȤ⤢Ȥ褦͡ʥѥ󤬤ꤽ¿ϳΤ˸֤ǤʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƵ뤳Ȥ¿⤷ʤǤʤƤ⼫ȯŪ˵ܤ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
㤨о嵭1ˤĤƤϡƱǤäƤ̻Ū˵뤳Ȥ롥űѸ <y> /y/ ˤĤơѸˤƱǤ߿ȼäơƱʸǤϤ̣ǡספȤʤä櫓ѸˤϻҲ /j/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤä֤ˤä /i/ ΰ֤ȤǤϡܿľŪ˴ؤäƤʤ褦˻פ (cf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]))

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2021-07-13 Tue

#4460. űѸ첻ξˤĤĹϼܤˤϤʤΤ [manuscript][oe][punctuation][vowel][spelling][palatalisation][alphabet]

ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻򼨤Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤ򤷤Ƥޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤񤷤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥޻̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤ𲻡ʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ𲻤 /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2021-04-12 Mon

#4368. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ2021ǯǡ [hellog_entry_set][alphabet][hel_education][writing][orthography][grammatology][romaji][spelling][elt]

ǯٽΤλƸ̤˥޻ʤѸ쥢ե٥åȤʤɤ߽񤭤򶵤Ϥع¿Ȼפޤʿ̾Ҳ̾Ʊǡ٤ɤǽ񤤤ƤȤ뤬̤Ȼפޤ
ؽԤˤȤäƤϤΤ褦˴ŪʺȤȤʤ櫓Ǥ¦ˤäƤϡȤ⥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸʤɤطŪμäƤȤᤷޤؽԤαԤˤ褦ˤʤޤºݤˤΤ褦μؽԤ˶뵡ϤʤȤƤ⡤ե٥å1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤȤȻפǤǡܥ֥ط뵭򽸤ᡤʲεåȤȤƤߤޤ

ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ2021ǯǡ

Ʊݤǡ褽1ǯ2020ǯ٤γϴ˹碌ơ#4038. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ ([2020-05-17-1]) ƤޤΤΤϡβǤȤȤˤʤޤǯhellog 饸ǡȾΤƲƥĤ¿äƤΤǡβǤˤϡե٥åȤ˴ؤ벻եؤΥ󥯤ʤɤäƤޤ
󥢥ե٥åȤ˴ؤطμϡѸ˸¤餺̤αѸؽԤˤäƤƤ餤μǤơֱܲѸƳ2021ΥڡǤ⤢ޤѸˤ˴ؿΤ뤹٤Ƥο͡˻äƤƤ餤μǤ⤢ޤ

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2021-01-22 Fri

#4288. 饴ʸȥʸ [alphabet][writing][greek][old_slavic][slavic]

ε#4287. 她α̿ ([2021-01-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ她Ϻǽ˥饴ʸ (Glagolitic) ǡ˥ʸ (Cyrillic) Ǥ񤭵줿ԤϸǤ濴ΥѤƤꡤ˾ʤ̱ƶϤʸǤ롥饴ʸȥʸΩߴطˤĤơޤȥꥷʸδطˤĤơ (82--87) ˾ܤʲ󤷤褦
饴ʸϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ9ȾꥷͤΥ󥹥ƥΥȤηȥǥؤΥꥹȶ۶Ū˥ʸϸʡ她ˤФȤƱ߽Ф줿ʸǤ롥󥹥ƥΥιͰƤäȤ롥ơλä9Υߥ̥ΤΥꥷʸפȤʤäƤݡŦƤ롥ꥷˤϤʤˤ¸ߤ벻Ǥбʸä졤ɽòʸηϤȤ롥  *
885ǯΥȥǥλ塤她Ҥˤäƥ֥륬ꥢػۤ졤ȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤäκݡ¸Υ饴ʸ˰­ꤺɽʵǽݻĤĤ⡤ȤƤϻȤ줿ꥷʸ˻ʸηϤͰƤ줬ʸǤ롥Ūˤϡ9Υ󥭥ꥢΤΥꥷʸۤܤΤޤ޺ѤƤꡤإ첻ɽ魯˥饴ʸʸäƲäȤʸηϤǤ롥  *
ʤ֥פ̾ϡ󥹥ƥΥνƻ̾ͳ褹롥ʸϥȥǥҤͰƤΤǤꡤ󥹥ƥΥʡᥭˤͰƤΤΥ饴ʸǤ롤Ȥʬˤ𤬤Τա
θ塤ʸϹŸƤäǥ饴ʸϿषƤäԤϰǤϤäȸˤޤǼѤ줿ɥꥢޥʸߤΥΡˤǤϡ¤20˻ޤǡζˤƥ饴ʸǽ񤫤줿ŵ񤬺١ѤƤȤ

ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ

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2021-01-21 Thu

#4287. 她α̿ [slavic][old_slavic][balto-slavic][review][alphabet][history]

ǯǤ줿ظ她ˡ٤ɤ˥򾯤ä٤ǥϤθʻˡˤˤ¤Τǡܥ֥Ǥ⥹ (slavic) ˴ؤƤϤޤ국񤤤ƤƤʤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäơؤɤߤ䤹ؤ֤Ȥ¿ä
⤽她 (Old Slavic [Slavonic]) Ȥϲ (114--16) 򻲾ȤĤ󤷤褦9ȾФ̤롥Υˤϡ¿Ϥäˤ趦̥ȸƤ٤줬ԤʤƤȹͤ롥Ͻ񤭸դդ뤳ȤϤʤä862ǯꥷпȤΥ󥹥ƥΥȤηɥƥʸߤΥˤ˥ǥꥹȶ۶٤ŵΤΥʸϸȡ񤭵Υ饴ʸͰƤʸԤˤĤơ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1]) 򻲾ȡˡοʸϸ줳ָ她פΤǤ롥
ʸϸˤ۶ϽĴ˿ʤ⳰椨ˡ885ǯΥȥǥλ塤̵˵Ҥ֥륬ꥢ񤷡ǼĹܥꥹ߸˵ڤǡ她ϿŷϤˤƱ̿ȯŸ뤲롥Υ饴ʸεǽŪĹݤĤġ͡ȤƤꥷʸλƳ餿˥ʸ줿Ȥ֥륬ꥢ䤬˴她ϺƤӿδˤ餵줿˴٤ä她ϡ3ܤںϤ򸫤Ĥա롼Ǥ롥989ǯ˥ո饸ߥ뤬ꥹȶ񶵲ȡϤˤƸ她줬Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤä
10ΤʳޤǤˡäդȤƤΥФƤա롼Ǥ⡤͡ȡʸϸȤƤ̤Ƥ她ȤκΩäƤƤΤǤ롥她ηŵϡ̤ƤˤĤŪǤ¿Ĥʸ她ȸƤʤۤɤޤǤˤʤäʳäơ她ϡ֥񥹥פָʸפȸƤ֤٤ΤѲȹͤƤ롥她ϾǤˤϤʤΤˤϡ֥񥹥פƱۼƤäȤ롥
她ϡΤ褦9Ⱦ1100ǯۤɤޤǥͤѤʸϸǤäˤ1ޤȤФŪʰյȤ (5) 2󤲤Ƥ롥

Τ褦ˤǸȡ她ȤϤɤΤ褦ʽĤΤǤޤ她ˤäƥͤϽʸ졤ʸϤ񤭵ȤϤ᤿ĤޤꡤͼȤθդˤäʸ񤭻Ĥ褦ˤʤäỤ̵̄뤷񤤤Ǥˡͤϡʬθդ̤ƥꥹȶȴؤĤȤˤꡤ¸ߴ˹Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ηˤơ˷Ҥ褦礭¸ߤȤʤäƤ椯ȤϽפǤ롥


ؤٶˤʤäɡ뤤Ϥ깭Хȡ᥹ɤˤĤƤϡ#1469. Хȡ᥹ָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-22-1]

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2020-11-15 Sun

#4220. <x> Ի׵Ĥ줳 --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][x][alphabet]

Ѹˤ <x> Ȥʸϡ̥ŪԻ׵ĤʸǤ hellog 饸ǤϡΤäβʸ <x> ܤȻפޤ
Ѹ쥢ե٥å26ʸ1ĤȤʸǤϤޤƤ̤ꡤɤˤäȿѤǤʤŪʸǤ͡<x> 餳Τ褦äʷϵФƤΤϡʤʤΤǤ礦Ϥ90ʬäȤǤûƤߤޤʤȤϤ10ʬ᤯Ĺܡˡ



Ǥ礦<x> ϡ褷ƤȤȤαѸĴ¤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤƤгȤο⤤ȤޤʤޤǼѤ졤<x> ȤʸϡȾŪȾиջʷϵƤΤǤ¿ο͡ <x> ˴ؿ󤻤ΤϡβȤ⤤ʤΤΤʤ椨Ȼפޤ
ѳפλˤϡΤΤʤפϥݥƥʥåե졼Ǥ򵡤ˡ <x> ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ󤫡
<x> ˤĤƴؿäϡ##2280,3654,2918,4219εå򤴰ɤޤε#4219. ʤ DX digital transformation άȤʤΤ ([2020-11-14-1]) ɤ

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2020-09-09 Wed

#4153. ʤ w ʸ v 2ĤʤΤ double-u ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][w][grapheme][alphabet][norman_french][u][v]

hellog 饸23ϡФд󤻤 <w> ʸθƾΤ˴ؤ뵿ǤѸǤϤʸ "double-u "ȸƤФޤե󥹸ʤɤؤȤϡ"double-v" ȸƤФƤΤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤܤϳΤ v 2ĤǤ͡ǤϡѸǤϤʤ u 2ĤȤƤ򤹤ΤǤ礦طʤˤϡʤʤ̣ˤޤ



Ѹ줬ƥ줫޻켰ڤꤿȤˡΤʤ <w> ʸʤäΤ⤽νȯǤ/w/ ¿ѤѸϡʸʤƤؤǻʤΤǡʸͰƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ޻켰ˤ <u> Ϥäʤ <v> ϤʤäˤΤǡ2Ĺ碌 <uu> Ȥ뤳ȤǡɤڤȤޤѸϰȤäƤ롼ʸ /w/ ɽ魯 <ƿ> (wynn) ήѤ봷ȯã˹ͰƤ <uu> ϤޤȤʤʤޤ
ȤѸԻѤȤʤä <uu> ϡ٤Υե󥹤Ϥꡤǡ˴̿򤷤Ӥ뤳ȤȤʤޤθ11ˡ˴̿Ƥ <uu> ϺƤӱѸ뵡ơ<ƿ> ֤뤳ȤˤʤޤƱѸ "double-u" <uu>ž <w> 夹뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʤߤˡ˴̿Υե󥹤Ǥ <u> <u> 餻 <v> ʸ᤯ȤƤꡤʸ "double-v" <vv> ȲᤷΤǤ
εΥϡ<u>, <v>, <w> ʤƼ¤ <f> ⡪ˤʸŪˤϤ٤ƶƴطˤȤǤؿΤϡ##2411,373,374,3391,3927,1825εå򤸤äꤪɤߤ

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2020-07-18 Sat

#4100. ¸ǸŤαʸϲ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][runic][alphabet][writing][direction_of_writing]

hellog 饸8ܤȤơѸʻˡˤȤˤճΤƤʤ¤Ҳ𤷤ޤ7 ([2020-07-15-1]) Ǥ¤Ͼ줿ΤǤϾܤ夲ޤ
ߡ20ͤˤääȤ⤤ lingua franca Ѹ졥ˤҿܤ뤢ޤꡤκǸŤλѤʤΤäˤĤƤϴؿ⤿ޤ󡥤Ĵ٤Ƥߤȥ㥯㤪⤷ΤǤѸθ¸ǸŤξڵ1Ĥ "Undley bracteate" ޤ1982ǯ Suffolk Undley ȯ줿ľ2.3cmζΥդ줿̾ǡǯϵ450--80ǯΤΤȤޤα߼˱äơ롼ʸȿײˡĤޤֱ麸ˡ׽񤫤Ƥޤޤ˥ޥߤƤǤ



¤ˤ⤷Ǥ礦"gægogæ mægæ medu" ȤϲʤΤʸ̵̣ʻʸ᤯ѸȤ줬о̱²θäǽλξڵǤ
Ϣ뵭󤲤Ƥޤ礦##572,1435,1453εå򤸤äꤴ

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2020-07-01 Wed

#4083. ʤ q θˤɬ u ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][alphabet][digraph][q][spelling]

hellog 饸3ơѸؤǤ¿伫ΤʤۤɤȻפäȤȤ󤻤줿̣ѤʵǤ䤿 <qu> Υڥ󥰤ˤɤȤˤ񤯤Ȥˤˤ˿Ƥ櫓Ǥޤ˴줹Ƥ뤿ˡ<q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> ³Ȥλ¤ˡռŪ˵ŤȤޤʤäΤȻפޤ
6ʬ֤βˤޤȤޤʲɤ



/kw/ ȤҲϢɽ魯ΤˤɤΤ褦ʥڥ󥰤äƤ뤫ȤǤ/k/ Ȥ1ĤλҲɽ魯ˤ⡤Ѹˤ <q(u)> Ǥʤ <c> ⤢ <k> ⤢ꡤճȤ䤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȯŸŪޤᡤƤʸϤǤäɤߤȤϡ##3649,1599,2249,2367,1824εå
εΤ褦ˡƸᤴƤ¤ϰճ¿ΤǤΤ褦ʵȯΤ⡤ڤŪȤǤ

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2020-06-23 Tue

#4075. ʤʸȾʸΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][alphabet][capitalisation][notice]

ε#4074. ѤʵפˤҤ鲻ѸˤιֵԤʤޤ ([2020-06-22-1]) ͽ𤷤褦ˡѤ򻯤ơhellog 饸ǡפ򥪡ץ󤷤ޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡʤʸȾʸΤǤפȤޤ2ʬ20äۤɤβ (mp3) ˤ뤪ڤǤʲɤ



򤷤ʤǤⵤڤİ褦ʥƥĤȻפޤȤϤäƤ⡤ʹή򤹤ˤǻ̩ʥƥĤ⤷ޤ󡥿ΤꤿȻפä顤Ϥʸ󤬥٥ȤǤäʸϤɤߤϡhellog ##1309,3668εå
夿ޤȯƤͽΡhellog 饸ǡפǤϡ󼨤Ȥ⡤Ǥ hellog ΤǰäƤؤͶפ󶡤뤳ȤռƤޤƥǥ褫ơαѸˤؤι񿴤ߤΩƤ뤳ȤǤФȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-13-1] [2020-06-27-1]

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2020-05-23 Sat

#4044. ʤΤȥ֥åΤξʸ <a> λϰ㤦ΤǤ [sobokunagimon][alphabet][writing][calligraphy][a][g]

ǯ٤ѸζȤʤäߤ´顤ɸѤʵäƤޤ1ǯ˥ե٥åȤν򶵤äơ1ʸ®ϥƥʤҴ̤⤤ΤǤϤʤȤռȻפޤ⿼ͤȤϤޤǤʲΤ褦ʽΥɥ򸫤ƤߤȡΤˡȤʤ䤤ǤʤʰѤΡ˳ΡʤʼѤΡ˥֥åΤǤ

How to Write <a> and <g>

ʸ <a> λˤĤơΤǤϾ˺ĤƤʤȾ롼פߤ <<a>> ("open a") ֥åΤǤϱߤη˶ᤤ <<ɑ>> ("closed a") 줾Ѥޤ
ĤǤˤСüˤߤ뾮ʸ <g> ˤĤƤ2ĤΰۤʤǧޤΤǤϲΥ롼פĤ <<g>> ("closed g") Ȥʤꡤ֥åΤǤϲΥ롼פγƤ <<ɡ>> ("open g") Ȥʤޤ
¾24ʸξʸˤĤƤϳΤȥ֥åΤλˤۤ礭ʰ㤤Ϥޤ󤬡 <a> <g> ˴ؤƤϴDzǤʤߤޤʤ2ʸˤ̯ʺۤѻΤǤ礦
üŪСϤȤȤʤäΤۤʤ뤫ǤΤ <<a>> ϡRoman uncial ȸƤФΤüȯ8Υޡ˥ζפ˺ݤ߽Ф줿 Carolingian minuscule ȸƤФΤͳƸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ֥åΤ <<ɑ>> italic ȸƤФ롤ˤ̤νΤˤͳ褷ޤ
ǤϡΤϤ٤ Carolingian minuscule ή򡤥֥åΤϤ٤ italic ήǤ뤫ȤСǤ⤢ޤ<g> ˤĤƤС٤ϳΤ <<g>> Τۤष italic ηϢʤꡤ֥åΤ <<ɡ>> Τۤ Carolingian minuscule λ˶ᤤΤǤ
Ρ֥åΡɮΤ䥳ԥ塼ΥեȤʤɡΥե٥åȤˤ͡ʽΤޤ줾νΤΤɤäƤˤʣǡʣνΤäΤ䡤ʣνΤŪʤΤʤɡηޤȤ褦ȤȤʤʤȷϿޤΤ褦ˤϤޤܳŪ˺ޤ褦ȤСʸλϤä顤̤ʸλϤä顤Ȥ褦ʣʥͥåȥޤˤʤǤ礦Τ֥åΤˤĤƤ⡤ΤȤƤޤʷϤɤˤ衤Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ26ʸθġλˤĤƤϡȤ˸̤˷õɬפΤǤ
嵭ϡ#3668. ʤʸȾʸλǰۤʤΤΤǤ ([2019-05-13-1]) ŸȤۤȤƱǤʸȾʸǻΰۤʤʸĤޤȤȤʤäΤκۤͳ褷ޤŪˤߤ <<A>>, <<a>> , <<ɑ>> 3ĤΰۤʤΤͳ褷<<G>>, <<g>>, <<ɡ>> Ʊͤ3ĤΰۤʤΤͳ褹ȤȤˤʤޤä <g> ΤɤäˤʣǤg ε򻲾ȡˡ
Ȥʬ䤹Ǥ礦¡פκǽʸפϡܴΤʤɤμȤƳѤνΤǤϺǽ褬˿ӤޤμȤǽѤνΤǤϺǽϼФȤʤꡤҲ̾Ρ֥ޡפΤ褦ˤʤޤ°ΤۤʤꡤéäƤˤۤʤ뤫餳¿ʤȤۤʤäƤȤȤǤ
ȤСȯžơ֤ʤ¾24ʸˤĤƤϳΤȥ֥åΤλƤΤפ䤤ľۤ⤷٥ʤΤ⤷ޤ󡥴ʤɤ٤Х޻ñʴŪʻ򼨤ᡤ˾νΤ߽ФƤˤƻ˲餫Ρ֤Ҥͤפѷפä줿ȤƤ⡤ǧǤʤۤɰۤʤѲƤޤȤϾʤäΤǤ礦ۤʤΤǤ̤ȤƤ褽Ƥʸ¿ΤϡΤ褦ʻ𤬤äǤϤʤǤ礦
ϢƼε⤴Ȥ

#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1])
#3714. Ρʥ֥åΡˤɮΡ ([2019-06-28-1])
#3674. Harris Υꥰեܤܼ ([2019-05-19-1])
#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2498. yogh ʸ ([2016-02-28-1])

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2020-05-17 Sun

#4038. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεå [hellog_entry_set][alphabet][hel_education][writing][orthography][grammatology][romaji][spelling][elt]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸΥե٥å (alphabet) ˴ؤ뵭¿񤭤Ƥޤǯ٤Ϥ褦䤯ǯ٤ϤޤäƤȤع¿ϤǤΤǡƸ̤˱ѸΥե٥åȤ򶵤ϤƤ뺢ȻפޤΤƱǡե٥åȤγؽäδäȤƥɥΤ褦Τ̤ȻפޤˤϡҤȤѸ쥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸˤĤطμäƤƤ館ФȻפޤμľܻҶ˶ϤȤ⡤1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤǡäƵ;͵ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʲˡΤεåȤޤȤޤ

ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεå

εåȤϡºݤˤϲǯѸؤ³ƤԤФƤ⽽ʬ˳ڤɤʪȤʤäƤȻפޤե٥åȤ˴ؤͥȤƤɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-12-1]

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2020-04-19 Sun

#4010. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 600ǯ [periodisation][anglo-saxon][christianity][history][latin][borrowing][alphabet][oe]

ε#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ ([2020-04-18-1]) ˰³Ѹˤγϻϡ¤ϤޤʹȤΤʤä600ǯˤĤƹͤƤߤ
597ǯ St. Augustine ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸ줿Ȥϱѹ˾̾⤤ν󥰥μҲʸѤȤȤϡħŪʰ̣Ǥ褯ʬ롥ҲʸΤߤʤ餺ѸȤˤ⤽αƶڤȤϡ#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3845. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-11-06-1])#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǤӤܤƤΤ˱Ѹ˾夭ƽʻ郎600ǯ˵äȤϤMengden ε˼򷹤Ƥߤ褦

. . . because the conversion is the first major change in the society and culture of the Anglo-Saxons that is not shared by the related tribes on the Continent, it is similarly significant for (the beginning of) an independent linguistic history of English as the settlement in Britain. Moreover, the immediate impact of the conversion on the language of the Anglo-Saxons is much more obvious than that of the migration: first, the Latin influence on English grows in intensity and, perhaps more crucially, enters new domains of social life; second, a new writing system, the Latin alphabet, is introduced, and third, a new medium of (linguistic) communication comes to be used --- the book.


600ǯ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡ˸üѤΤȤҤ٤ƤΤȻפ뤬ƥ줫饭ꥹȶ濴ȤʸθʬμѸ줬ήȡ2Ĥϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƳ3ĤܤȤǥ⤿餵줿ȡ
ѸľܡܤαƶڤܤפʥݥȤǤꡤơθ̤˸䤹ȤåȤ⤢롥

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-20-1]

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2020-02-01 Sat

#3932. ʬ񤭤ʤä鸡ؤθФȤȯۤФƤʤ [distinctiones][lexicography][word][dictionary][alphabet]

䤿ϡɽʸޤܸν񵭤ˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴Ƥꡤä򴶤ƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³񤭤ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ񤭡 ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬ񤭤ʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬ񤭤ˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³񤭤Ǥϡɤ߼꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ򸡺褦ȤȤʬ񤭤³񤭤ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬ񤭤ϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ󶡤뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³񤭤줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤ­ƤʤȤߤʤʬ񤭤ȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³񤭤ä졤Ūʬ񤭤ȯãƤƽơѤ­뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ

It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.


ʬ񤭡ե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

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2020-01-30 Thu

#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][literacy][word]

ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ԰٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽ񽬴ȤμҲŪʸ̮򤹤ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿͸ɤ߼ˤȤäơɤ԰٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)

. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
   Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.


ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³񤭤˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤ򤢤ƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺Ƥʬ񤭤ؤȲ󵢤Ƥ򤹤Ǥ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-29 Wed

#3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][indo-european][word]

ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ񤭤̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³񤭤ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ񤭤̤ˤäȤꥷ޻ˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³񤭤̲8ˤʤʬ񤭤Ƴ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬ񤭤ϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤ᤿ŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬ񤭤ѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³񤭤ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³񤭤δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ

The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
     Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.


ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡᤬Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ߼꤬ʬ񤭤ǤϤʤ³񤭤˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³񤭤ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³񤭤˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1] [2020-01-30-1]

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2020-01-27 Mon

#3927. Ѹˤޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰Ū [alphabet][grapheme][oe][link]

Cook (166) ˡ"Comparing older letter forms with Modern English" ꤹɽ롥绨ĤǤϤ뤬ѸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰ʸϿ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡʲ˺Ƹ롥

 Shared lettersExtra lettersVariants of another letterRare lettersUnused letters
Old English (tenth century)b c d f h l m n p r s tȝ ƿ þ ð æx (used for -cs occasionally æx)k q zg j v
 a e i o u y    
Middle English (fourteenth century)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x zȝ þ (later th)u (medial v)  
 a e i o u y j (initial i)  
Early Modern English (1500--1700)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z u/v (till 1630)  
 a e i o u y j/i (till 1640)  
   'long' ʃ  
Modern English (1700--present-day)b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z    
 a e i o u y    


ܥ֥Ǥʸ˴ؤϤȼ夲Ƥg, v ʤɳʸȤΥդƤ뵭¿ΤǡҤɤ򡥰ʲˤ⤤ĤԥååפƤ

#3038. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ ([2017-08-21-1])
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1])
#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2498. yogh ʸ ([2016-02-28-1])
#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])
#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1])
#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])
#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])
#3391. Johnson ˤǺޤä i/j, u/v Ρֻͤʸ ([2018-08-09-1])
#2411. Ѹ <w> = "double u" ȥե󥹸 <w> = "double v" ([2015-12-03-1])
#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])
#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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