ѸˤμȤԤ鶽̣䤬ޤ
굤ˤʤäƤȤꡤʹޤ
ޤǡѲäؤαѸιֵˤơͥƥ֤ǡĽݤˡե٥åɽʸˤƽä㤤ޤ
ͥƥ֤ͥƥ֤˶餹ݤˡΤ褦ʽΤǤ礦
⤷¸ǤСꤤޤ
εФơҤȤޤΤ褦˲ޤ
Τ˹Ĥʤɤˤ٤Ƥʸ륷ȤΤϡ褯ޤ͡
ŪˤС䤿Ѹ춵ǽ褦ˡʸȾʸλȤʬϤäޤäƤޤεϤޤäΤʹߤΤȤǡŪΤǤ
ޤǤɬϤˤȤʤ쥸ʻѰˤŪ¿ޤ̡ʸ̤ǤɤζĴΤιĽʸޤˤΤ褦ʥǤ͡ĴΤʸѤˤǯʾĹˤ錄ޤΤǡ줬ѤƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤޤ
⤽ʤʸȾʸΤͤƤߤȤ⤷Ȼפޤ֤ʤʸƬͭ̾ʸǻϤΡӴϢåɤ
1ĻפФȤޤŻҥƥȤˤߤܹŨդʸפȤ٤Ǥ٤ʸ뤳ȤϡäդǤǡܹ椷ơȯƤ뤳ȤޤˤꡤҰŪʥåФȤǤ櫓ǤHorobin (129) ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ
While exclamation marks, smileys, and emojis offer methods of defusing situations and apologizing, what happens when you want to deliberatively provoke or insult someone? Here traditional punctuation offers little help, since there are no marks that explicitly indicate anger or aggression. In electronic discourse, however, the use of capitals has become an established means of shouting, or expressing hostility towards your addressee. To write an email entirely in upper-case is seen as an act of deliberate aggression; a New Zealand woman was dismissed from her job for sending emails exclusively in capitals, which were deemed to be the cause of disharmony in the office. The US Navy was forced to change its policy of requiring all communications to be in upper-case, since sailors accustomed to reading text messages and emails considered the default use of capitals at the equivalent of being constantly shouted at.
ʸ1ĤȤäƤ⡤Ωɤʸؤˤʤޤ
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ñʬ (distinctiones) 뤫³ (scriptura continua) 뤫ϡʸʸȤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤷ƱʸʸǤӤˤäѤ뤳ȤäѸǤʬΤȻפƤ뤬űѸѸǤñ֤˥ڡۤȤɸʤʸϤˤäcf #3798. űѸδˤʬ ([2019-09-20-1])ˡդܸǤ³ΤȻפƤ뤬ĻؽѤ˽줿ʿ̾ΤߤʸϤǤϡɤߤ䤹뤿˰տŪʬ뤳Ȥ⤢cf. #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])ˡ
ŪˤСΤ褦ɽʸ䲾̾Τ褦ʲʥ⡼ʸ³뤳Ȥ¿ΤФñʸʥե٥åȡˤʬ뤳Ȥ¿ϤޤηˤʤդˤʤȤϡ餫ˡǸȸζ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ֤˥ڡȤϡ¸ˡ1Ĥˤʤ
춭뤿ǤС⥹ڡˤɬפϤʤʸʸϤȡ㤨̥ʸˤƤʤɤǸڤȤˡƤץȾݷʸǿ̾ȤǰϤ५ȥ (cartouche) Τ褦ˡ⤢äˤĤƤϡ#3044. űѸˤʬ ([2017-08-27-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤˡʤ뤤ϤФСʸǽȤ§Сʸ춭Ȥˤʤꡤʬʤɤ¾ˡäɬפȤʤʤºݡꥷǤϸ˾ʸʤᡤʬɬܤǤϤʤäإ֥饤䥢ӥʤɤǤϡƱʸǤǤäƤѤ뤫ʳѤ뤫ˤۤʤʸηϤ⤢롥
ܸδʸʸǤϡǽ뤳Ȥ¿Ωʿ̾ǽ뤳Ȥ¿°줬ߤ˷֤ȤħġΤŵŪˤʿ̾ڤؤȤ춭Ȱפ롥ʬŪˤǤϤ졤춭θʬΤˤȤȤ
Ǹˡ#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ꤬θñ̡㤨иˤȤǤäɮ夲ʤɤδȯã뤳Ȥ롥ȡڤפΤޤ춭Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸źʸʸįƤߤȡ춭ɽ魯ˡ¿¿ͤǤ롥ѸǸƤʬͣФˡǤϤʤȤõƤ⤽ѸθνˤʬνΤŪˤϸȯŸʤΤcf . #1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1])ˡ
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
ޥե٥åȤѤǤϡѲս䶯Ĵʬʤɡʬ̤˺Ω뤿ˤФХå (italics) Ѥ롥̾ΥޥΤǽ줿ʸΤʤǺٿȤΥåΤϤ褯ΩĤǤ롥ΤθŪˡȤäƤ褤cf. #574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])ˡ
åΤϡ1501ǯμܽΤ˴ŤΤȤƥ٥ͥǸ줿椬äٿȤǷкŪʽΤȤ߽Ф줿ΤǤ롥åΤ餫ΩͿ뤿Ѥ줿櫓ǤϤʤΩΤ˻Ѥϡ16ȾΥեǤοȤ줬ɤˤꡤ1611ǯζ (Authorised Version) ˤʸνΤȤѤ˵ڤӡ˻äˤϥåΤλȤϳ餹Ԥ⸽줿褦ǡۤɤޤǤ˻Ѥ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
嵭 Daniels (68--69) ɤǽΤäȤǤ롥Ѹˤ륤åλѤδΩ˰äƤ¤ˤϡä˶ä줿ƱαѸ˾ΰյ礭ƳǧǤ롥
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
餬ʸηϤ߽ФǤʤ¤ꡤθ⤹Ǥ¾ǻȤƤʸѤ뤳ȤˤäʸαѤϤϤǤ롥ȼѸθʤ¿쾯ʤۤʤħʤȤ櫓ˤäƤ櫓ǤꡤʸαѤˤäƤѸǤαѤ100%Τޤۤ櫓ǤϤʤ֤ʸηϤѤȤˤϡ餫Ѳ뤳Ȥʤϡ6˥Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ȤꡤƱ˴ܸ˼Ѥ줿ȤǤ롥
Görlach (35) ϡʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƲꤦ뤫6վǵƤ롥ɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤμѤǰƬ֤ƤβվȻפ뤬ʲ˰Ѥ
Since no two languages have the same phonemic inventory, any transfer of an alphabet creates problems. The following solutions, especially to render 'new' phonemes, appear to be the most common:
1. New uses for unnecessary letters (Greek vowels).
2. Combinations (E. <th>) and fusions (Gk <>, OE <æ>, Fr <œ>, Ge <ß>).
3. Mixture of different alphabets (Runic additions in OE; <ȝ>: <g> in ME).
4. Freely invented new symbols (Gk <, , , >).
5. Modification of existing letters (Lat <G>, OE <ð>, Polish <ł>).
6. Use of diacritics (dieresis in Ge Bär, Fr Noël; tilde in Sp mañana; cedilla in Fr ça; various accents and so on).
ʤۤɡ¸ʸˡѤȤȤ⤢СʸФȤȤ⤢Ȥ褦͡ʥѥꤽ¿ϳΤ˸֤ǤʸηϤμѤ˺ݤƵ뤳Ȥ¿⤷ʤǤʤƤ⼫ȯŪ˵ܤ⤢ΤǤϤʤ
㤨о嵭1ˤĤƤϡƱǤäƤ̻Ū˵뤳Ȥ롥űѸ <y> /y/ ˤĤơѸˤƱǤ߿ȼäơƱʸǤϤ̣ǡספȤʤä櫓ѸˤϻҲ /j/ ɽ魯褦ˤʤä֤ˤä /i/ ΰ֤ȤǤϡܿľŪ˴ؤäƤʤ褦˻פ (cf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1]))
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤƤޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) ȡ
ǯٽΤλƸ̤˥ʤѸ쥢ե٥åȤʤɤ߽Ϥع¿Ȼפޤʿ̾Ҳ̾Ʊǡ٤ɤǽƤȤ뤬̤Ȼפޤ
ؽԤˤȤäƤϤΤ褦˴ŪʺȤȤʤ櫓Ǥ¦ˤäƤϡȤ⥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸʤɤطŪμäƤȤᤷޤؽԤαԤˤ褦ˤʤޤºݤˤΤ褦μؽԤ˶뵡ϤʤȤƤ⡤ե٥å1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤȤȻפǤǡܥ֥ط뵭ᡤʲεåȤȤƤߤޤ
ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ2021ǯǡ
Ʊݤǡ褽1ǯ2020ǯ٤γϴ˹碌ơ#4038. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ ([2020-05-17-1]) ƤޤΤΤϡβǤȤȤˤʤޤǯhellog 饸ǡȾΤƲƥĤ¿äƤΤǡβǤˤϡե٥åȤ˴ؤ벻եؤΥʤɤäƤޤ
ե٥åȤ˴ؤطμϡѸ˸¤餺̤αѸؽԤˤäƤƤ餤μǤơֱܲѸƳ2021ΥڡǤ⤢ޤѸˤ˴ؿΤ뤹٤Ƥο͡˻äƤƤ餤μǤ⤢ޤ
ε#4287. 她α̿ ([2021-01-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ她Ϻǽ˥饴ʸ (Glagolitic) ǡ˥ʸ (Cyrillic) Ǥ줿ԤϸǤ濴ΥѤƤꡤ˾ʤ̱ƶϤʸǤ롥饴ʸȥʸΩߴطˤĤơޤȥꥷʸδطˤĤơ (82--87) ˾ܤʲ褦
饴ʸϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ9ȾꥷͤΥƥΥȤηȥǥؤΥꥹȶ۶Ū˥ʸϸʡ她ˤФȤƱ߽Ф줿ʸǤ롥ƥΥιͰƤäȤ롥ơλä9Υߥ̥ΤΥꥷʸפȤʤäƤݡŦƤ롥ꥷˤϤʤˤ¸ߤ벻Ǥбʸä졤ɽòʸηϤȤ롥 *
885ǯΥȥǥλ塤她Ҥˤäƥ֥륬ꥢػۤ졤ȯŸ뤳Ȥˤʤäκݡ¸Υ饴ʸ˰ꤺɽʵǽݻĤĤ⡤ȤƤϻȤ줿ꥷʸ˻ʸηϤͰƤ줬ʸǤ롥Ūˤϡ9ΥꥢΤΥꥷʸۤܤΤޤѤƤꡤإ첻ɽ魯˥饴ʸʸäƲäȤʸηϤǤ롥 *
ʤ֥פ̾ϡƥΥνƻ̾ͳ褹롥ʸϥȥǥҤͰƤΤǤꡤƥΥʡᥭˤͰƤΤΥ饴ʸǤ롤Ȥʬˤ𤬤Τա
θ塤ʸϹŸƤäǥ饴ʸϿषƤäԤϰǤϤäȸˤޤǼѤ줿ɥꥢޥʸߤΥΡˤǤϡ¤20˻ޤǡζˤƥ饴ʸǽ줿ŵ١ѤƤȤ
ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ
ǯǤ줿ظ她ˡ٤ɤ˥ä٤ǥϤθʻˡˤˤ¤Τǡܥ֥Ǥ⥹ (slavic) ˴ؤƤϤޤ국ƤƤʤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäơؤɤߤ䤹ؤ֤Ȥ¿ä
⤽她 (Old Slavic [Slavonic]) Ȥϲ (114--16) ȤĤ褦9ȾФ̤롥Υˤϡ¿Ϥäˤ趦̥ȸƤ٤줬ԤʤƤȹͤ롥Ͻդդ뤳ȤϤʤä862ǯꥷпȤΥƥΥȤηɥƥʸߤΥˤ˥ǥꥹȶ۶٤ŵΤΥʸϸȡΥ饴ʸͰƤʸԤˤĤơ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1]) ȡˡοʸϸ줳ָ她פΤǤ롥
ʸϸˤ۶ϽĴ˿ʤ⳰椨ˡ885ǯΥȥǥλ塤̵˵Ҥ֥륬ꥢǼĹܥꥹ߸˵ڤǡ她ϿŷϤˤƱ̿ȯŸ뤲롥Υ饴ʸεǽŪĹݤĤġ͡ȤƤꥷʸλƳ餿˥ʸ줿Ȥ֥륬ꥢ䤬˴她ϺƤӿδˤ餵줿˴٤ä她ϡ3ܤںϤĤա롼Ǥ롥989ǯ˥ո饸ߥ뤬ꥹȶȡϤˤƸ她줬Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤä
10ΤʳޤǤˡäդȤƤΥФƤա롼Ǥ⡤͡ȡʸϸȤƤ̤Ƥ她ȤκΩäƤƤΤǤ롥她ηŵϡ̤ƤˤĤŪǤ¿Ĥʸ她ȸƤʤۤɤޤǤˤʤäʳäơ她ϡ֥פָʸפȸƤ֤٤ΤѲȹͤƤ롥她ϾǤˤϤʤΤˤϡ֥פƱۼƤäȤ롥
她ϡΤ褦9Ⱦ1100ǯۤɤޤǥͤѤʸϸǤäˤ1ޤȤФŪʰյȤ (5) 2Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˤǸȡ她ȤϤɤΤ褦ʽĤΤǤޤ她ˤäƥͤϽʸ졤ʸϤȤϤĤޤꡤͼȤθդˤäʸĤ褦ˤʤäỤ̵̄뤷Ǥˡͤϡʬθդ̤ƥꥹȶȴؤĤȤˤꡤ¸ߴ˹Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ηˤơ˷Ҥ褦礭¸ߤȤʤäƤ椯ȤϽפǤ롥
ؤٶˤʤäɡ뤤Ϥ깭ХȡɤˤĤƤϡ#1469. Хȡָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) ȡ
ʸظ她ˡ١ҡ2020ǯ
Ѹˤ <x> Ȥʸϡ̥ŪԻĤʸǤ hellog 饸ǤϡΤäβʸ <x> ܤȻפޤ
Ѹ쥢ե٥å26ʸ1ĤȤʸǤϤޤƤ̤ꡤɤˤäȿѤǤʤŪʸǤ͡<x> 餳Τ褦äʷϵФƤΤϡʤʤΤǤ礦Ϥ90ʬäȤǤûƤߤޤʤȤϤ10ʬĹܡˡ
Ǥ礦<x> ϡ褷ƤȤȤαѸĴ¤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǤƤгȤο⤤ȤޤʤޤǼѤ졤<x> ȤʸϡȾŪȾиջʷϵƤΤǤ¿ο͡ <x> ˴ؿΤϡβȤ⤤ʤΤΤʤ椨Ȼפޤ
ѳפλˤϡΤΤʤפϥݥƥʥåե졼Ǥˡ <x> ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ
<x> ˤĤƴؿäϡ##2280,3654,2918,4219εåɤޤε#4219. ʤ DX digital transformation άȤʤΤ ([2020-11-14-1]) ɤ
hellog 饸23ϡФд <w> ʸθƾΤ˴ؤ뵿ǤѸǤϤʸ "double-u "ȸƤФޤեʤɤؤȤϡ"double-v" ȸƤФƤΤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤܤϳΤ v 2ĤǤ͡ǤϡѸǤϤʤ u 2ĤȤƤΤǤ礦طʤˤϡʤʤ̣ˤޤ
Ѹ줬ƥ줫켰ڤꤿȤˡΤʤ <w> ʸʤäΤ⤽νȯǤ/w/ ¿ѤѸϡʸʤƤؤǻʤΤǡʸͰƤ뤳Ȥˤޤ켰ˤ <u> Ϥäʤ <v> ϤʤäˤΤǡ2Ĺ碌 <uu> Ȥ뤳ȤǡɤڤȤޤѸϰȤäƤ롼ʸ /w/ ɽ魯 <ƿ> (wynn) ήѤ봷ȯã˹ͰƤ <uu> ϤޤȤʤʤޤ
ȤѸԻѤȤʤä <uu> ϡ٤ΥեϤꡤǡ˴̿Ӥ뤳ȤȤʤޤθ11ˡ˴̿Ƥ <uu> ϺƤӱѸ뵡ơ<ƿ> ֤뤳ȤˤʤޤƱѸ "double-u" <uu>ž <w> 夹뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ʤߤˡ˴̿ΥեǤ <u> <u> 餻 <v> ʸȤƤꡤʸ "double-v" <vv> ȲᤷΤǤ
εΥϡ<u>, <v>, <w> ʤƼ¤ <f> ⡪ˤʸŪˤϤ٤ƶƴطˤȤǤؿΤϡ##2411,373,374,3391,3927,1825εåäꤪɤߤ
hellog 饸8ܤȤơѸʻˡˤȤˤճΤƤʤ¤Ҳ𤷤ޤ7 ([2020-07-15-1]) Ǥ¤Ͼ줿ΤǤϾܤ夲ޤ
ߡ20ͤˤääȤ⤤ lingua franca Ѹ졥ˤҿܤ뤢ޤꡤκǸŤλѤʤΤäˤĤƤϴؿ⤿ޤĴ٤Ƥߤȥ㥯㤪⤷ΤǤѸθ¸ǸŤξڵ1Ĥ "Undley bracteate" ޤ1982ǯ Suffolk Undley ȯ줿ľ2.3cmζΥդ줿̾ǡǯϵ450--80ǯΤΤȤޤα˱äơ롼ʸȿײˡĤޤֱ麸ˡƤޤޤ˥ޥߤƤǤ
¤ˤ⤷Ǥ礦"gægogæ mægæ medu" ȤϲʤΤʸ̵̣ʻʸѸȤ줬о̱²θäǽλξڵǤ
Ϣ뵭Ƥޤ礦##572,1435,1453εåäꤴ
hellog 饸3ơѸؤǤ¿伫ΤʤۤɤȻפäȤȤ줿̣ѤʵǤ䤿 <qu> ΥڥˤɤȤˤȤˤˤ˿Ƥ櫓Ǥޤ˴줹Ƥ뤿ˡ<q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> ³Ȥλ¤ˡռŪ˵ŤȤޤʤäΤȻפޤ
6ʬ֤βˤޤȤޤʲɤ
/kw/ ȤҲϢɽ魯ΤˤɤΤ褦ʥڥäƤ뤫ȤǤ/k/ Ȥ1ĤλҲɽ魯ˤ⡤Ѹˤ <q(u)> Ǥʤ <c> ⤢ <k> ⤢ꡤճȤ䤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȯŸŪޤᡤƤʸϤǤäɤߤȤϡ##3649,1599,2249,2367,1824εå
εΤ褦ˡƸᤴƤ¤ϰճ¿ΤǤΤ褦ʵȯΤ⡤ڤŪȤǤ
ε#4074. ѤʵפˤҤ鲻ѸˤιֵԤʤޤ ([2020-06-22-1]) ͽ𤷤褦ˡѤơhellog 饸ǡפץޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡʤʸȾʸΤǤפȤޤ2ʬ20äۤɤβ (mp3) ˤ뤪ڤǤʲɤ
ʤǤⵤڤİ褦ʥƥĤȻפޤȤϤäƤ⡤ʹήˤǻ̩ʥƥĤ⤷ޤΤꤿȻפä顤Ϥʸ٥ȤǤäʸϤɤߤϡhellog ##1309,3668εå
夿ޤȯƤͽΡhellog 饸ǡפǤϡȤ⡤Ǥ hellog ΤǰäƤؤͶפ뤳ȤռƤޤƥǥ褫ơαѸˤؤιߤΩƤ뤳ȤǤФȻפޤ
ǯ٤ѸζȤʤäߤ´顤ɸѤʵäƤޤ1ǯ˥ե٥åȤνäơ1ʸ®ϥƥʤҴ̤⤤ΤǤϤʤȤռȻפޤͤȤϤޤǤʲΤ褦ʽΥɥƤߤȡΤˡȤʤ䤤ǤʤʰѤΡ˳ΡʤʼѤΡ˥֥åΤǤ

ʸ <a> λˤĤơΤǤϾ˺ĤƤʤȾ롼פߤ <<a>> ("open a") ֥åΤǤϱߤη˶ᤤ <<ɑ>> ("closed a") 줾Ѥޤ
ĤǤˤСüˤߤ뾮ʸ <g> ˤĤƤ2ĤΰۤʤǧޤΤǤϲΥ롼פĤ <<g>> ("closed g") Ȥʤꡤ֥åΤǤϲΥ롼פγƤ <<ɡ>> ("open g") Ȥʤޤ
¾24ʸξʸˤĤƤϳΤȥ֥åΤλˤۤ礭ʰ㤤Ϥޤ <a> <g> ˴ؤƤϴDzǤʤߤޤʤ2ʸˤ̯ʺۤѻΤǤ礦
üŪСϤȤȤʤäΤۤʤ뤫ǤΤ <<a>> ϡRoman uncial ȸƤФΤüȯ8Υޡ˥ζפ˺ݤ߽Ф줿 Carolingian minuscule ȸƤФΤͳƸ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤ֥åΤ <<ɑ>> italic ȸƤФ롤ˤ̤νΤˤͳ褷ޤ
ǤϡΤϤ٤ Carolingian minuscule ή֥åΤϤ٤ italic ήǤ뤫ȤСǤ⤢ޤ<g> ˤĤƤС٤ϳΤ <<g>> Τۤष italic ηϢʤꡤ֥åΤ <<ɡ>> Τۤ Carolingian minuscule λ˶ᤤΤǤ
Ρ֥åΡɮΤ䥳ԥ塼ΥեȤʤɡΥե٥åȤˤ͡ʽΤޤ줾νΤΤɤäƤˤʣǡʣνΤäΤ䡤ʣνΤŪʤΤʤɡηޤȤ褦ȤȤʤʤȷϿޤΤ褦ˤϤޤܳŪ˺ޤ褦ȤСʸλϤä顤̤ʸλϤä顤Ȥ褦ʣʥͥåȥޤˤʤǤ礦Τ֥åΤˤĤƤ⡤ΤȤƤޤʷϤɤˤ衤Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ26ʸθġλˤĤƤϡȤ˸̤˷õɬפΤǤ
嵭ϡ#3668. ʤʸȾʸλǰۤʤΤΤǤ ([2019-05-13-1]) ŸȤۤȤƱǤʸȾʸǻΰۤʤʸĤޤȤȤʤäΤκۤͳ褷ޤŪˤߤ <<A>>, <<a>> , <<ɑ>> 3ĤΰۤʤΤͳ褷<<G>>, <<g>>, <<ɡ>> Ʊͤ3ĤΰۤʤΤͳ褹ȤȤˤʤޤä <g> ΤɤäˤʣǤg εȡˡ
Ȥʬ䤹Ǥ礦¡פκǽʸפϡܴΤʤɤμȤƳѤνΤǤϺǽ褬˿ӤޤμȤǽѤνΤǤϺǽϼФȤʤꡤҲ̾Ρ֥ޡפΤ褦ˤʤޤ°ΤۤʤꡤéäƤˤۤʤ뤫餳¿ʤȤۤʤäƤȤȤǤ
ȤСȯžơ֤ʤ¾24ʸˤĤƤϳΤȥ֥åΤλƤΤפ䤤ľۤ⤷٥ʤΤ⤷ޤʤɤ٤ХñʴŪʻᡤ˾νΤ߽ФƤˤƻ˲餫Ρ֤Ҥͤפѷפä줿ȤƤ⡤ǧǤʤۤɰۤʤѲƤޤȤϾʤäΤǤ礦ۤʤΤǤ̤ȤƤ褽Ƥʸ¿ΤϡΤ褦ʻ𤬤äǤϤʤǤ礦
ϢƼε⤴Ȥ
#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1])
#3714. Ρʥ֥åΡˤɮΡ ([2019-06-28-1])
#3674. Harris Υꥰեܤܼ ([2019-05-19-1])
#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2498. yogh ʸ ([2016-02-28-1])
ܥ֥ǤϡѸΥե٥å (alphabet) ˴ؤ뵭¿Ƥޤǯ٤Ϥ褦䤯ǯ٤ϤޤäƤȤع¿ϤǤΤǡƸ̤˱ѸΥե٥åȤϤƤ뺢ȻפޤΤƱǡե٥åȤγؽäδäȤƥɥΤ褦Τ̤ȻפޤˤϡҤȤѸ쥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸˤĤطμäƤƤ館ФȻפޤμľܻҶ˶ϤȤ⡤1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤǡäƵ;͵ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʲˡΤεåȤޤȤޤ
ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεå
εåȤϡºݤˤϲǯѸؤ³ƤԤФƤ⽽ʬ˳ڤɤʪȤʤäƤȻפޤե٥åȤ˴ؤͥȤƤɤ
ε#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ ([2020-04-18-1]) ˰³Ѹˤγϻϡ¤ϤޤʹȤΤʤä600ǯˤĤƹͤƤߤ
597ǯ St. Augustine ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸ줿Ȥϱѹ˾̾⤤νμҲʸѤȤȤϡħŪʰ̣Ǥ褯ʬ롥ҲʸΤߤʤ餺ѸȤˤ⤽αƶڤȤϡ#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3845. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפޤ ([2019-11-06-1])#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǤӤܤƤΤ˱Ѹ˾夭ƽʻ郎600ǯ˵äȤϤMengden ε˼Ƥߤ褦
. . . because the conversion is the first major change in the society and culture of the Anglo-Saxons that is not shared by the related tribes on the Continent, it is similarly significant for (the beginning of) an independent linguistic history of English as the settlement in Britain. Moreover, the immediate impact of the conversion on the language of the Anglo-Saxons is much more obvious than that of the migration: first, the Latin influence on English grows in intensity and, perhaps more crucially, enters new domains of social life; second, a new writing system, the Latin alphabet, is introduced, and third, a new medium of (linguistic) communication comes to be used --- the book.
600ǯ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡ˸üѤΤȤҤ٤ƤΤȻפ뤬ƥ줫饭ꥹȶ濴ȤʸθʬμѸ줬ήȡ2Ĥϥޥե٥åȤƳ3ĤܤȤǥ⤿餵줿ȡ
ѸľܡܤαƶڤܤפʥݥȤǤꡤơθ̤˸䤹ȤåȤ⤢롥
Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.
䤿ϡɽʸޤܸνˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴ƤꡤäƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³Ǥϡɤ꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ褦ȤȤʬ³ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤƤʤȤߤʤʬȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³ä졤ŪʬȯãƤƽơѤ뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ
It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.
ʬե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽȤμҲŪʸ̮ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿ɤˤȤäơɤ٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)
. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.
ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺ƤʬؤȲƤǤ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ̤ˤäȤꥷˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³̲8ˤʤʬƳ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ
The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.
ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ꤬ʬǤϤʤ³˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
Cook (166) ˡ"Comparing older letter forms with Modern English" ꤹɽ롥绨ĤǤϤ뤬ѸΥޥե٥åȰ켰ʸϿ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡʲ˺Ƹ롥
| Shared letters | Extra letters | Variants of another letter | Rare letters | Unused letters | |
| Old English (tenth century) | b c d f h l m n p r s t | ȝ ƿ þ ð æ | x (used for -cs occasionally æx) | k q z | g j v |
| a e i o u y | |||||
| Middle English (fourteenth century) | b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z | ȝ þ (later th) | u (medial v) | ||
| a e i o u y | j (initial i) | ||||
| Early Modern English (1500--1700) | b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z | u/v (till 1630) | |||
| a e i o u y | j/i (till 1640) | ||||
| 'long' ʃ | |||||
| Modern English (1700--present-day) | b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z | ||||
| a e i o u y |
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