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distinctiones - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-07-30 Sun

#5207. īΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][writing][grammatology][alphabet][notice][spelling][oe][literature][beowulf][runic][christianity][latin][alliteration][distinctiones][punctuation][standardisation][voicy][heldio]

#5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤ򳫹֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơ޻ƤΤơˤƥ޻DZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤򤫤ϺƤäΤޤ޻Ƴˡ޻μʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4󥷥꡼Ⱦ2󤬽λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻ򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥ꡼ȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥ꡼ȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ

hellog #5088. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])

Ʊͤˡ꡼ȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ

heldio #668. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718


Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-03-1] [2023-09-24-1]

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2021-12-22 Wed

#4622. 񤭸դˤ춭ɽ路 [writing][distinctiones][word][syntax][grammatology][alphabet][kanji][hiragana][katakana][punctuation]

ñʬ (distinctiones) 뤫³ (scriptura continua) 뤫ϡʸʸȤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤷ƱʸʸǤӤˤäѤ뤳ȤäѸǤʬ񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬űѸѸǤñ֤˥ڡۤȤɸʤʸϤˤäcf #3798. űѸδˤʬ񤭡 ([2019-09-20-1])ˡդܸǤ³񤭤ΤȻפƤ뤬ĻؽѤ˽񤫤줿ʿ̾ΤߤʸϤǤϡɤߤ䤹뤿˰տŪʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ⤢cf. #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1]
ŪˤСΤ褦ɽʸ䲾̾Τ褦ʲʥ⡼ʸ³񤭤뤳Ȥ¿ΤФñʸʥե٥åȡˤʬ񤭤뤳Ȥ¿Ϥޤ෿ηˤʤ񤭸դˤʤȤϡ餫ˡǸȸζ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ֤˥ڡ򤪤Ȥϡ¸ˡ1Ĥˤʤ
춭뤿ǤС⥹ڡˤɬפϤʤʸʸϤȡ㤨̥ʸˤƤʤɤǸڤȤˡƤץȾݷʸǿ̾ȤǰϤ५ȥ (cartouche) Τ褦ˡ⤢äˤĤƤϡ#3044. űѸˤʬ񤭡 ([2017-08-27-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤˡʤ뤤ϤФСʸǽȤ§Сʸ춭򼨤Ȥˤʤꡤʬ񤭤ʤɤ¾ˡäɬפȤʤʤºݡꥷǤϸ˾ʸʤᡤʬ񤭤ɬܤǤϤʤäإ֥饤䥢ӥʤɤǤϡƱʸǤǤäƤѤ뤫ʳѤ뤫ˤۤʤʸηϤ⤢롥
ܸδʸ򤸤ʸǤϡǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿Ωʿ̾ǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿°줬ߤ˷֤ȤħġΤŵŪˤʿ̾ڤؤȤ춭Ȱפ롥ʬŪˤǤϤ졤춭θʬΤˤȤȤ
Ǹˡ#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ񤭼꤬θñ̡㤨иˤ񤭽ȤǤäɮ夲ʤɤδȯã뤳Ȥ롥ȡڤפΤޤ޸춭򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸źʸʸįƤߤȡ춭ɽ魯ˡ¿¿ͤǤ롥ѸǸƤʬ񤭤ͣФˡǤϤʤȤõƤ⤽Ѹθν񵭤ˤʬ񤭤νΤŪˤϸȯŸʤΤcf . #1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2020-02-01 Sat

#3932. ʬ񤭤ʤä鸡ؤθФȤȯۤФƤʤ [distinctiones][lexicography][word][dictionary][alphabet]

䤿ϡɽʸޤܸν񵭤ˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴Ƥꡤä򴶤ƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³񤭤ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ񤭡 ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬ񤭤ʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬ񤭤ˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³񤭤Ǥϡɤ߼꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ򸡺褦ȤȤʬ񤭤³񤭤ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬ񤭤ϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ󶡤뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³񤭤줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤ­ƤʤȤߤʤʬ񤭤ȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³񤭤ä졤Ūʬ񤭤ȯãƤƽơѤ­뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ

It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.


ʬ񤭡ե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

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2020-01-31 Fri

#3931. θ경ʬ [word_order][syntax][distinctiones][silent_reading][inflection][word]

ϢѤƤ Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading Saenger ϡʬ (distinctiones) δȯãƤطʤˤϡƥ줫ޥ󥹷Ͻθθ경ǤΤǤϤʤƤ롥
Ūˤ䤫äƥθ礬ե󥹸ʤɤȯŸSVOδܸظ경ƤäȤˤꡤɼԤθʶ˶ФռʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤޤθ경¹ԤƶޤοȤѲʹԤƤꡤԤɼԤθʶˤǧλ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ롥ơ⤦ʬ񤭤ȯã⡤ʤʶ˶ǧ̩ܤ˴ؤ롥θݤϤʶ˶ƱŻ뤹ȤͭƤꡤߤ䴰礦طˤäΤǤϤʤˤϡΤ褦ʣŪװؤäɤ®ɤνȯãƤˤʤȤΤ Saenger ήεŸ
̣1ĤϡʸϤɲ򤹤ˤäƤû˴ؤΤǤ롥礬Ūͳǡ³񤭤򤹤ŵƥˤƤϡɼԤ1ʸĹʸ򤸤äɤƤФʤʤʸǸޤɤǡΤΰ̣ǧɬפ롥ɤǤɼԤûˤŤô뤳Ȥˤʤǡϯɤ߾夲뤳ȤˤäƤô򤤤餫ڸ褦ȤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƥޥ󥹽ʤɤΤ褦ˡٸ礬ޤäƤꡤʬ񤭤ʤƤСʸǼˤɤΤ褦Ǥ뤫ͽۤ䤹ʤƱˡñ켫Ϥڤʬݤ뤿ˡûˤô˸롥虜虜ϯɤ߾夲ʤȤ⡤®䤫ɲǤΤμͳ³񤭤ʿŪǤꡤθ경ʬ񤭤⡤180ٰۤʤΤΡϤʿŪȤȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤΤ⤷ϡ礦ɶޤοʤȸθ경ˤʸˡȹͤƤΤƱͤˡ³񤭤ʬ񤭤ؤΥեȤȹͤƤ᤬ȤȤȽˡϡΤ褦˥ڥǤȤ館Ƥ褦
Saenger (17) ΤޤȤʸϼ̤ꡥ

The evolution of rigorous conventions, both of word order and of word separation, had the similar and complementary physiological effect of enhancing the medieval reader's ability to comprehend written text rapidly and silently by facilitating lexical access.


Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-30 Thu

#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][literacy][word]

ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ԰٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽ񽬴ȤμҲŪʸ̮򤹤ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿͸ɤ߼ˤȤäơɤ԰٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)

. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
   Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.


ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³񤭤˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤ򤢤ƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺Ƥʬ񤭤ؤȲ󵢤Ƥ򤹤Ǥ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1]

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2020-01-29 Wed

#3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) [alphabet][distinctiones][punctuation][reading][writing][latin][greek][indo-european][word]

ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ񤭤̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³񤭤ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ񤭤̤ˤäȤꥷ޻ˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³񤭤̲8ˤʤʬ񤭤Ƴ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬ񤭤ϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤ᤿ŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬ񤭤ѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³񤭤ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³񤭤δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ

The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
     Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.


ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡᤬Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ߼꤬ʬ񤭤ǤϤʤ³񤭤˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³񤭤ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³񤭤˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-01-1] [2020-01-30-1]

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2020-01-26 Sun

#3926. ʬ񤭡ɽɽ [silent_reading][distinctiones][punctuation][grammatology][reading][writing]

ɤ߽񤭤˴ؤɸ3ĤΥɤϡߤ˴ϢƤ롥ȸδ֤˶ʬ (distinctiones) ȯãˤꡤɼԤϥե٥åȤΤĤʤɽŪ (phonographic) ɤ߲򤯤ΤǤϤʤɽŪ (logographic) ɤ߲򤯽ळȤǤ褦ˤʤä̤Ȥơ˽Ф򤹤벻ɤǤϤʤƬΤʤǸΰ̣ɤ®ɤʸŪ˻׹ͤꡤ̤ξ뤳ȤǽˤʤäΤǤ롥#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1])#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ ([2019-12-15-1]) ǵ󤲤Ѹ˽СɲѤвϩŤֲ롼ȡפָ롼ȡפؤȥեȤƤȤäƤ褤
ΤˤɽȯãλˤĤƤϡҤƥФ (vernacular) ؤεդäȤʤäߥ󥰤Ȥơ8Ŧ븫򤬤롥θ˴ŤơCook (152--53) Ҥβ򼡤Τ褦ˤޤޤȤƤ롥

Punctuation marks started as an aid for reading Latin aloud, in the form of various dots and other marks. These were necessary because Latin was written without word spaces, making texts difficult to read aloud on sight. Around the eighth century AD, it became usual to put a space between words. According to Saenger (1997), this transformed reading from reading aloud to reading in silence. Without spaces, the reader had to test out loud what the text meant; with spaces, the reader could interpret the text without saying it aloud and they could read and write with greater privacy since their activity was not audible to other people; indeed Galileo saw the advantages of 'communicating one's most secret thoughts to any other person' (cited in Chomsky 2002: 45). Hence, once the lexical route became possible for reading European languages, authors became more daring individuals; and the speed of reading could be increased beyond the speed of articulation. As Harris (1986) put it, 'One is tempted to compare the introduction of the space as a word boundary to the invention of the zero in mathematics . . .'.


ˤƤʬ񤭤ȯϿؤˤ를ȯӤǤפȤΤ°̤ǤϤʤɾ
ܵȴϢơҰʲεˤܤ̤Ƥ

#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1])
#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) ([2014-12-16-1])
#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])
#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
Chomsky, N. On Nature and Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Harris, R. The Origin of Writing. London: Duckworth, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-29-1]

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2019-09-20 Fri

#3798. űѸδˤʬ [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][distinctiones][anglo-saxon][orthography][hyphen]

Ѹɽˤññδ֤˶ʬ񤭤νˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ϤȤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲ƤνϳΤ˸űѸˤ⸫줿Τ٤̤ȯãǤꡤޤDzϴʳˤä¤ΤȤ³ѸǤ⵬ϤȤƴϤʤäΤǡűѸʬ񤭤δˤ򳵴ѤƤСѸΤδˤΤȤΤǤ롥
Baker ϡűѸˤñʬ񤭡ñǤιԸ٤˴ؤ "Word- and line-division" (159--60) ꤹߤƤ롥ʲʬ񤭤ˤĤƤβ⡥

Word-division is far less consistent in Old English than in Modern English; it is, in fact, less consistent in Old English manuscripts than in Latin written by Anglo-Saxon scribes. You may expect to see the following peculiarities.

spaces between the elements of compounds, e.g. aldor mon;
spaces between words and their prefixes and suffixes, e.g. be æftan, gewit nesse;
spaces at syllable divisions, e.g. len gest;
prepositions, adverbs and pronouns attached to the following words, e.g. uuiþbret walū, hehæfde;
many words, especially short ones, run together, e.g. þær þeherice hæfde.

The width of the spaces between words and word-elements is quite variable in most Old English manuscripts, and it is often difficult to decide whether a scribe intended a space. 'Diplomatic' editions, which sometimes attempt to reproduce the word-division of manuscripts, cannot represent in print the variability of the spacing on a hand-written page.


³ơñǤιԸ٤ΰˤĤơ

Most scribes broke words freely at the ends of lines. Usually the break takes place at a syllabic boundary, e.g. ofsle-gen (= ofslægen), sū-ne (= sumne), heo-fonum. Occasionally, however, a scribe broke a word elsewhere, e.g. forhæf-dnesse. Some scribes marked word-breaks with a hyphen, but many did not mark them in any way.


űѸˤϥեȤäƤ̻ȤȤζɵ椬̲Τϡ#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16ȾΤȤǤ롥
ʾꡤűѸʬ񤭤δˤҤƤˡδˤʬ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

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2017-08-27 Sun

#3044. űѸˤʬ [punctuation][writing][manuscript][oe][distinctiones]

ѸʬˤĤơʲεˤƤ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 ([2017-06-14-1])#2971. ʬ񤭤϶ˡΤȯ㥠([2017-06-15-1])
Ūʸȸʬ񤭤ϡűѸǤϤޤˤȯãƤʤäʬ䤹ˡϳΤϺƤˡȤˤƤ⡤λȤϤƤӤƤ餺ˤȯŸӾȤʳˤߤΤǤ롥1ȤơȤȤ <> ѤƤ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica, III, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 10, 54r. Ƭ4ԤƸ褦Crystal 19ˡ

Bede,

ÞAǷÆSGEWORDENYMB

syx hund ƿyntra7feower7syxtig æft(er) drihtnes
menniscnesseeclipsis solisþæt is sunnanaspru
ngennis

then was happened about
six hundred wintersand sixty-four after the lord's
incarnation(in Latin) eclipse of the sunthat is sun eclipse


ޤ2ʬ񤭤츫Ȥǽκ򼨤ȤʤʻѤƤȤܤޤδФȤƤϡʬ䤹٤Ȥʬ䤬ʤ7 [= "and"] μաˡդʬ䤹٤ǤʤȤʬ䤬̾ GEWORDENYMB ˤߤƬȸ촴δ֡ˤȤⶽ̣
ʬ񤭤硤񤭤ξˤϸȸδ֤ˤɤΤ餤ζ뤫Ȥ꤬ꡤʬ䵡ǽǽ뤬ϡʸΥȥͻ礷ʤ¤˶֤ǤǤƤȤǤƤΤǡͭϤ褦˻פ롥
ϡѸ˸¤餺ν񵭤ˤФи줿ʶˡ1ĤȤäƤ褤ܸǤ⡤üˡäƳƤ롥

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

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2017-06-15 Thu

#2971. ʬ񤭤϶ˡΤȯ㥠[punctuation][writing][distinctiones]

ε#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 ([2017-06-14-1]) ˰³ơʬ (distinctiones) ꡥCrystal (17) ϡʬ񤭤ȯ¾ζˡηŪȯã¥ȹͤƤ롥

It's difficult to see how punctuation could have developed in a graphic world where scriptura continua was the norm. If there are no word-spaces, there's no room to insert marks. Writers or readers might be able to insert the occasional dot or simple stroke, to show where the sense change, but it would be impossible to develop a sophisticated system that would keep pace with the complex narratives and reflections being expressed in such domains as poetry, chronicles, and sermons. However, once word-spaces became the norm, new punctuational possibilities were available.


Τˡΰ̴طϤ٤ϤĤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤ餯ʬŪˤϤ̤ǤȻפΤΡۤɼʵǤϤʤȤΤϡܸͤƤߤʬȤꡤʬ񤭤夷Ƥʤ񵭤ˤƤ⡤¾ζˡϽʬηŪȯãƤ뤫Ǥϡष¾ζˡʬ񤭤β̤ϤʬŪ˲̤Ƥ롥äơ񵭾εǽȯμȤ顤ʬ񤭤¾ζˡȤʬˡߤ٤϶ʤ褦˻פ롥򤬤Сʬ¾ε椬񤭹ޤäƶˡȯã䤹Ȥ Crystal ϡ̵ȤϷĤʤΤΡɤޤͭʤΤѶŪ˼Ȥ񤷤ΤǤϤʤ
Ǥ⡤ʬ񤭤ϡѼԤˤȤäƺǤľŪǴŪñ̤ǤڤΤǤȤǡ¾ζˡܼŪϰ̤ȼĥ뤳ȤޤǽΤ褦˻פ롥ܸΤ褦ʵθʤ顤ϤäƼĥǤʤȤϡʬ񤭤Ȥˡˤ餺ȸζʬ򼨤餫μʤΩСˤ¾ζˡȯãƤ䤹ȤȤǤϤʤ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-27-1]

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2017-06-14 Wed

#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 [punctuation][writing][scribe][manuscript][inscription][distinctiones]

񵭤ˤʬ (distinctiones) ˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1]) ʤɤȤƤ⡤ʬ񤭤ˤβ߽ФƤȯʤǤꡤᤫ鼫ǼδǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ򡤺ٳǧƤ
Τν񵭤ˤǤϡʬ񤭰ˡĹ³ (scriptura continua) λ夬äCrystal (3)

Word-spaces are the norm today; but it wasn't always so. It's not difficult to see why. We don't actually need them to understand language. We don't use them when we speak, and fluent readers don't put pauses between words as they read aloud. Read this paragraph out loud, and you'll probably pause at the commas and full stops, but you won't pause between the words. They run together. So, if we think of writing purely as a way of putting speech down on paper, there's no reason to think of separating the words by spaces. And that seems to be how early writers thought, for unspaced text (often called, in Latin, scriptura continua) came to be a major feature of early Western writing, in both Greek and Latin. From the first century AD we find most texts throughout the Roman Empire without words being separated at all. It was thus only natural for missionaries to introduce unspaced writing when they arrived in England.


Ѹν񵭤ˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤűѸޤǤˤϸȸʬ䤹벿餫λŪˡϺ褦ˤʤäƤCrystal (8--9) ˤС͡ˡ¸줿Ȥʰʲΰˤ "Undley bracteate" ˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

People experimented with word division. Some inscriptions have the words separated by a circle (as with the Undley bracteate) or a raised dot. Some use small crosses. Gradually we see spaces coming in but often in a very irregular way, with some words spaced and others not --- what is sometimes called an 'aerated' script. Even in the eleventh century, less than half the inscriptions in England had all the words separated.


ͤƤߤС򺣤ΥǥǤ⡤ʬ񤭤μʤʣ롥URLե̾ʸʤɡͳǶ򤱤뷹ˤϡ㤨 "this is an example of separation" ɽȤˡΤ褦ʥꥨ󤬹ͤ (Crystal 8--9 ε⻲ȡˡ

thisisanexampleofwordseparation
this.is.an.example.of.word.separation
this+is+an+example+of+word+separation
this_is_an_example_of_word_separation
this-is-an-example-of-word-separation
thiSiSaNexamplEoFworDseparatioN
ThisIsAnExampleOfWordSeparation


ϡ̣ scriptura continua ɤĤĤȤΤ⤷ʤ³񤭤뤹ܸ񵭤ν֤

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-08-27-1] [2017-06-15-1]

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2016-10-23 Sun

#2736. ڤ [writing][braille][sign_language][hiragana][direction_of_writing][medium][history][japanese][distinctiones]

#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä ([2016-10-04-1]) εǸ褦ˡ֥饤ϡ롦ХӥιͰƤʸפαѤǤ12򡤥֥饤椬6˲ɤȤüȯ롥19ϤˤϡܤԼͳʿ͡ˤȤäƤɤ߽񤭤ϡʸ⤭ФʸפˤΤäؤǿä򤹤ˤ񤷤뤳ȤϤʤäΤ褦ʻˡ֥饤椬ɤߤ䤹򤷤䤹ͰƤȤϡŪʽäڤդä֥饤ϡɽˤɽǽˤ
θ塤19Ⱦ20ˤơ֥饤Ͻ˱Ѥ졤˹äƤ1854ǯ˥եܤǧ줿塤ꥹǤϱѹΩտͶΩȡޥߥơ֥饤ѤɤĤĹ᤿ꥫǤϡ˥塼衼ճعΥꥢࡦȤ餬Ϥ֥饤˴ŤѤ1915ǯɸƹդȡ1932ǯˤϱƤιĤˤѸ춦̤ޤäʤǤϡꥫȥꥹǰۤʤηϤѤƤä֤ƤȤϰ褹롨see #1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1]
椬Ǥ⡤1887ǯճع˶ФƤȬ֥饤ߡܸؤαѤƻõäơ1890ǯ23ǯ111ҼʡˤΰƤѤ˻äϡ국ǰȤƤ롥
񤯤ƻˡġ구ɮåȤˤʤäספ롥Ĥξ˻Τ֤ǡζ구ѤɮDZ麸ؤǤäƤΤǤ롥̾ʸȰۤʤꡤϻ΢¦ǤäƤɬפꡤäơȯԤν񤭤ȼԤɤߤդȤʤ롥ɤ߽񤭤˴ؤ븲ħȤäƤ褤ޤܸϤʽ񤭤ǽ񤫤뤿ᡤʬ񤭤򤹤ɬפǤ⡤ܸ̾񵭤Ȱۤʤ (see #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])) ǤϡŪפΤۤץ饤䥳ԥ塼ˤꡤؤ񤯤ȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤȶʤȤ˽в񤦵ƤƤ롥Ųʡ̰ʤӤƴʤɡ¿ξ褦ˤʤä

ⶶ ̦Ĵ٤ؽɴʡ륤֥饤ĤäͤӤȡ١Ź2016ǯ

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2016-09-26 Mon

#2709. tomorrow, today [etymology][punctuation][conversion][spelling][word_formation][distinctiones]

εmorn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) tomorrow θ츻˿줿Ϥθȡ⤦1ĸϢ today ˤĤõäƤߤ褦
tomorrow θȤƤϡֻ to ˡ֡īפɽ魯̾ morrow ͿʷղäΤȹͤ졤Ǥ˸űѸǤ tō morgenne ȤȤѤƤΰ̣ϡεDz⤷ȤꡤǤˡˡפȯŸƤѸǤϡmorrow Τɤä͡ʷŪȯãˤä to morwen to morn ߤˤơԤɸŪ tomorrow ˡԤʤɤ˻Ĥ tomorn Ϣʤä衤ֻǤ뤫顤ޤˡפȤȯã15ʻžˤꡤ̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) Ǵñ˿줿褦ˡ to morrow ʬ񤭤줿Ѹ to-morrow ȥϥեǷ礵졤1Ȥ֤褦ˤʤäʤǤѸκǽˤϡض٤ Shakespeare First Folio ʤɤǡޤʬ񤭤Τ̤ۤäˡϥեǤĤʤֻ20Ƭޤ³θ塤ϥեæߤɸŪֻ tomorrow Ω
today ˤĤƤ⡤餯Ʊͤλ𤬤äȻפ롥űѸֻ tō dæġ (on the day; today) Ǥꡤ16ޤǤʬ񤭤줿θ20Ƭޤ to-day ȥϥեդ֤줿̾ȤƤˡϡtomorrow Ʊͤ16Ǥ롥
tomorrow today ȯŸηаޤƤ¿ߤ˴ϢŤڥǹͤɬפ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-27-1]

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2016-09-13 Tue

#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ [punctuation][medium][writing][scribe][distinctiones]

ε#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1]) ˰³ʬ񤭤˴Ϣꡥ
#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʬ񤭤δȯˤϡƥȤ륢ɤνƻΤθسؽƥ˥åͿƤʬ񤭤˹׸װϡФǤϤʤCrystal (10--13) ˤС7ޤǤȯãƤɽ䡤St Augustine ˤ륭ꥹȶˡȤʸŪҲŪװͿƤ
ɽȯãȤȤϡ񤭸դäդȤ϶̤ΤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤꡤɤ߼ͥϺȤȤǤ롥̤δ餤С³񤭤ġɤߤˤפؤδƤƤΤȤϡֶΤߤʤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ̤ȯãˤط

By the seventh century in England, word-spacing had become standard practice, reflecting a radical change that had taken place in reading habits. Silent reading was now the norm. Written texts were being seen not as aids to reading aloud, but as self-contained entities, to be used as a separate source of information and reflection from whatever could be gained from listening and speaking. It is the beginning of a view of language, widely recognized today, in which writing and speech are seen as distinct mediums of expression, with different communicative aims and using different processes of composition. And this view is apparent in the efforts scribes made to make the task of reading easier, with the role of spacing and other methods of punctuation becoming increasingly appreciated. (Crystal 10)


ˡꥹȶȤδطǤСSt Augustine ʤɤνꥹȶζ㤬ŪᤰäƥƥȤ̯ʺۤˤ򼨤Ȥʬ񤭤ޤˡŻ뤹뷹߽ФȤ

The origins of the change are not simply to do with the development of new habits of reading. They are bound up with the emergence of Christianity in the West, and the influential views of writers such as St Augustine. Book 3 of his (Latin) work On Christian Doctrine, published in the end of the fourth century AD, is entitled: 'On interpretation required by the ambiguity of signs', and in its second chapter we are given a 'rule for removing ambiguity by attending to punctuation'. Augustine gives a series of Latin examples where the placing of a punctuation mark in an unpunctuated text makes all the difference between two meanings. The examples are of the kind used today when people want to draw attention to the importance of punctuation, as in the now infamous example of the panda who eats, shoots and leaves vs eats shoots and leaves. But for Augustine, this is no joke, as the location of a mark can distinguish important points of theological interpretation, and in the worst case can make all the difference between orthodoxy and heresy. (Crystal 12--13)


ޤ嵭2ȤŪ˴ؤ뤬ֶʤǤϤȤƤɤ˴ʤΥƥȤ褦ˤʤäȤ⡤ʬ񤭤δ¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤä㤨СʸϤǤϤʤñ콸Ȥ٤ glossary तǤ롥μñϤ⤽˺ϿѡѤǤꡤФɤ߾夲ȤϡƳǧӤǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ȸζ뤳Ȥä׵ᤵƥȤȤäƤ褤 (Crystal 10--11)
Τ褦˸ߤ˴Ϣ뤤ĤʸŪҲŪ̮űѸ7ޤǤ˹ήʬ񤭤δޤδǧʤΤΡ褽̲ȹͤ롤

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2014-07-13 Sun

#1903. ʬ񤭤 [punctuation][manuscript][writing][grammatology][syntagma_marking][alphabet][distinctiones]

ññδ֤˥ڡ񵭴ʬ񤭤ȸƤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) εǼ夲Ƥʬ񤭤ϡѸޤ޻ѤηϤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬ޤΥƥɽˤơʬ񤭤Ū˹ԤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѸˤȤƤߤСʬ񤭤ϡűѸ˥ꥹȶȤ˥ɤνƻΤˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤꡤˤϰճȿHorobin (72) ۩

. . . we need to remember that word division and the use of blank spaces between words was a relatively new phenomenon when the Beowulf manuscript was written. In Antiquity manuscripts were written using scriptio continua, a continuous script without any breaks between words at all. The practice of dividing words in the way we do today was introduced by the Irish monks who brought Christianity to the Northumbrians.


ޤŪ³ (scriptio continua) ꡤ׿Ūʬ (distinctiones) ǽ˥ƥ򤵤ʤɿ͡Ƹ˥󥰥ͤˤäƺѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤϡǤϤʤܸüԤϡʬ񤭤ʤҤ餬ʤʸϤɤߤˤܸΤäƤʾ塤ʤȤʤ롥ܸȤʤؽԤˤȤäƤϡɤߤˤƱͤˡƥȤΤ scriptio continua ǽ񤫤줿ƥʸϤɤΤѤ줿⤷ʤȤƤΥƥγؽԤǤäűѸΥɿͤ䥤󥰥ɿͤ϶ϫ򶯤줿ϡɤߤ䤹ȲΤ䤹ơˡ˰׿⤿餹ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥դλˤĤơClemens and Graham 2սѤ롥

In late antiquity, scribes wrote literary texts in scriptura continua (also sometimes called scriptio continua), that is, without any separation between the words. Moreover, often they did not enter any marks of punctuation on the page. In many cases, punctuation was added by the reader, in particular by the reader who had to recite the text aloud. Such punctuation was often only sporadic, inserted at those points where it was necessary to counteract possible ambiguity (for example, when it was not immediately clear where one word ended and another began). (83)

Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes made notable contributions to the use and development of the distinctiones system. Following their conversion to Christianity in the fifth and sixth through seventh centuries, respectively, the Irish and the Anglo-Saxons copied Latin texts avidly. Because their native languages were not directly related to Latin, these scribes required more visual cues to understand Latin than did Italian, Spanish, or French scribes. It was Irish scribes who were primarily responsible for the introduction of the practice of word separation, a major contribution to what has been called the "grammar of legibility." Once word separation became common, later scribes sometimes "updated earlier manuscripts by placing a punctus between words in texts originally written in scriptura continua. (83--84)


ꥹνƻΤϡƥ scriptio continua ɤߤˤ¤󤸡餬񤯤Ȥˤϸȸδ֤˥ڡ봷ΩǤ scriptio continua ǽ񤫤ƤޤäƤʸϤˤĤƤϡȸδ֤˶뤳Ȥǡɤߤ䤹ݤ褦ȤäơŪʶڤ ("grammar of legibility") Τˤ뤿ˡʬ񤭰ʳˤ⤤ĤμʤԤ߽ФΤǤȤ櫓ͭʴȤƳΩΤʬ񤭤ä
߻䤿Ѹν񤭸դˤ뤷Ƥʬ񤭤ȤϡؽԤθɤ߽񤭤ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹ΤǤ롥ǤϡʸηȤ̤Ȥ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Clemens, Raymond and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca & London: Cornel UP, 2007.

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2012-05-15 Tue

#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ [punctuation][grammatology][japanese][hiragana][katakana][writing][manuscript][syntagma_marking][distinctiones]

[2012-05-13-1], [2012-05-14-1]εǡʬ񤭤ˤĤƹͤѸʤɡե٥åȤΤߤѤǤʤܸǤⲾ̾޻Τߤɽˤϡˡ (punctuation) ΰȤʬ񤭤Τ̤Ǥ롥ϡɽʸˤɽħɬŪ׵⤷ȤˡܸˤƴȤ˲̾ȯãƤˤ⡤ʬ񤭤˴ˤ䤫Τä
㤨Сŷʿ6ǯ762ǯˤұ̾ʸιʸǤϡŪʿ̾λ㤬ʺƣpp. 54--55ˡǤϡϷѤԡվ񤭷֤ζڤʤɡ̾ʸɤߤ䤹빩פ¿ޤޤƤȤ̾ʴˤ񲽤̾κǽ9Ⱦ긫褦ˤʤ롥ϻ֤ζڤη줿ȶ˸ΤޤȤޤռϢʡפȸƤФ³񤭤ؤȰܹԤƤäϡŪñ̤ռǤꡤsyntagma marking ɸʤäȹͤƤ褤ޤ̾ʸȤϤäƤ⡤ʿ̾Τߤǽ񤫤줿ΤϤۤȤɤʤδ򤼤ƽ񤯤Τ¤ǤꡤߤƱ褦ɤߤˤ򤹤ƤȤˤդ
ϢʤȴϢȯã⤦1Ĥ syntagma marker ˡϷѤפ롥ƣ (59) 򻲾Ȥ褦

ϷѤǤϡɮΤĤϤϤǻ˸Ϥƺ٤ʤꡤޤϤĤƽ񤯤ǻȤȤ롥ǻø֤Τˤʸᤢ뤤ʸбƤΤǤ롥Ϣʤ⤢ޤȤޤĤΤǤ뤬Ϥꡤ줢뤤ʸбƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ϥʬ񤭤εǽ̤Ƥȹͤ롥


ȤǡȻĤʤƽ񤯽ϢʤϡäѤʿ̾񤭤˸뤳ȤܤǡҲ̾³񤭤ȤϡߤǤϡҲ̾ŪˤϴȤȤѤĶȯãƤǤ롥Ҳ̾ϡȯ餫顤ߤΤ褦ʴ̾򤸤ʸȤѤƤꡤε[2012-05-14-1]褦ˡѥˤʸڤ꤬ưפ˿ΤǤäơsyntagma marking ΤϢʤȤʤʤɬפäˤʤäΤȹͤʺƣ, pp. 60--61ˡ

ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1] [2014-07-13-1]

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2012-05-14 Mon

#1113. ʬ (2) [punctuation][grammatology][japanese][kanji][hiragana][writing][syntagma_marking][distinctiones]

ε[2012-05-13-1]˰³ʬ񤭤äܸ̾νɽ路Ǥ̾򤸤ʸǤϡ̡ʬ񤭤ϹԤʤʤ٤񤭤ʸĸΤʤǤ˵ȽҤ٤ϡ̾򤸤ʸˤĤơʬ񤭤ʤѶŪͳȤϡʬ񤭤ɬפʤȤöŪͳ뤫Ǥ롥
1Ĥϡ̾򤸤ʸǤ1ĤǤϡܼŪɽʸǤϤʤɽʸǤ롥̾ŪΤ˶̤1뤤Ϣ³ϡ͸Ȥñ̤ɽ魯Ҥ٤̤ꡤñ̤Ǥζ̤ϡ񤭸դˤȤݤ syntagma marking Ǥ뤬ˤϡλ̾Τ˰ۤʤȤ¤ˤäơǤ˸ñ̤Ǥζ̤ǽˤƤ롥ʬ񤭤ȤʤʤɬפʤΤǤ롥ɽ̤ϡɽʸǤ벾̾ȸ򤸤äƽ񤫤뤳ȤˤäưؤҤƤƤȤ롥
⤦1ĤϡܸŪħȤơּΩ°פʸȤñ̤ƤȤȤʶʸˡ˴ŤʸȤñ̤ϡŪޤǤȤϤعʸˡ˼ƹΤƤꡤܸüԤľ˹礦ΤǤˡơפʤΤΩϳʹˤɽ졤°ϳͲ̾ɽΤ̤Ǥ롥̾ʸʣʸᤫʤäƤΤǡܸʸɽСƤִܴܴܴܲ̾ܲ̾ܲ̾ܲ̾ġġפȤʤ롥̾򤸤ʸˤƤϡ̾ȴλΤ˰ۤʤäƤȤħѤơʸȤŪʶڤֻ꤬Ƚ̤Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤΤ̾򤸤ʸΤħϡڤɤ߼Ūڤ򼨤ʬ񤭤ǽΤǤϤʤڡ̵̸Ƥޤʬ񤭤뤳Ȥʤ
ܸδ̾򤸤ʸȤ٤񤭤Ȥδ֤ˡ̩ܤʴطΤ뤳Ȥ狼ΤȤϡѤδѲС٤񤭤ʬ񤭤Ȥ꤬뤳Ȥްդ롥塤̾򤸤ʸˤƴѤꡤ̾ǽɽ蘆礬ƤƤ롥ä˼Ω˴Ѥ礬ʤʤСҤΤ褦ʸζڤ꤬Ǥʤʤꡤ٤񤭤ΤޤޤǤ syntagma marking ǽݤʤ֤˴٤뤫⤷ʤʤСʬ񤭲εǽǤʤ㤨С29ǯ֤˸ľ줿2010ǯ1130𼨤βѴɽˤСʸ񤬲⤵¤줿פǤϤʤʸ񤬲󤵤ͤ¤줿פɽ뤳Ȥ侩롥Ԥϼ¤ɤߤˤʸ񤬲󤵤졤ͤ¤줿פȤꡤ˵򿶤ʤɤɤߤ䤹ʤ뤬̤ˡȤơʸ񤬡󤵤졡ͤ¤줿פʬ񤭤Ƥ⤢ꤦ롥ˤ衤ܸν񤭸դϡsyntagma marking 餶ʤؤȽ˰ܹԤƤ褦Ǥ롥ʬ񤭤ϡʸɽηϤǤФǤϤʤɤ߽ǽϤ䶵ȤͿƤΤǤ롥
ʤܸɽʬ񤭤ηŪƳ줿ΤϼĮΥꥷΥ޻ʸˤƤˤʤä̾ʬ񤭤εˤʤäΤϡǤ롥Ǥϡʸʸ޻ʸˤơ줾ʸñ̡ñ̤Ǥʬ񤭤ƤƤ뤬ˡȤƤϳΩƤȤϤʤܸɽηϤϡʤɤưƤ롥

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2012-05-13 Sun

#1112. ʬ (1) [punctuation][grammatology][alphabet][japanese][kanji][hiragana][writing][syntagma_marking][distinctiones]

ʬ񤭤Ȥϡɤߤ䤹θơθŪñ̡ŵŪˤϸʸˤǶڤꡤ֤ʤ񤯤ȤǤ롥ʬ񤭡סʬ̽񤭡סդΥפȤƤФ졤ΤۤȤɤ٤Ƥθˡ˺ѤƤ롥Ф֤٤񤭡פܸڹ˸졤ܸüԤˤΤ褦˻פƤ뤬ǤϤƵǤ롥
ǤϡܸǤϤʤʬ񤭤򤷤ʤΤơ㤨СѸǤϤʤʬ񤭤򤹤ΤϡɽѤʸμपΰ㤤ˤ[2010-06-23-1]ε#422. ʸμפ򻲾ȡˡܸǤϡɽʸʲʸˤǤ벾̾ɽʸǤȤ򺮺ߤ̾򤸤ʸ̤ѤΤФơѸϸ§Ȥƥե٥åȤȤɽʸʲʸˤΤߤɽ롥ΰ㤤ŪǤ롥
³ˡ񤭸դǧƤ񤭸դܼŪäդ̤뤳Ȥ̤ǡäդˤƤ϶ȡٻߤʤɤˤäɸƤ褦¿θ쵡ǽξݤ롥äդˤ뤳Τ褦ʸ쵡ǽϡåμˤȤäơƤ礭ʥ塼Ǥ롥ʹƤ벻ˡŪỤ̄Ū⤿餷Ƥ륭塼Ǥ롥̤θ򤹤Сäդˤϡʸι¤˥ҥȤͿƤ롤͡ syntagma marker ([2011-12-29-1], [2011-12-30-1]) ޤޤƤ롥񤭸դϡäդȤϰۤʤǥǤꡤʬ鷺̤뤳ȤԲǽʤΤǡäդΤäƤ뵡ǽ¿ξݤʤɤޤǺƸɤξݤΤȤ٤ʸηϤˤäưۤʤ뤬¡Ūñ̤ζڤϼΤ˾ޤϡ¿ξ硤Ȥñ̤ǤꡤȤˤʸΤ褦ñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ˤʸĤۤȤɤθǡŪñ̤ζڤ꤬ syntagma marking Ƥ롥
ơɽʸΤߤɽѸͤƤߤ褦ζڤ꤬ʤե٥åȤҤ³Ƥ顤ɤߤˤ񤭼Ƭˤ칽¤Ϣ³Ū˽񤭼äƤФ褤ʤΤdzڤɤ߼Ϣ³ʸϤŪñ̤ʬ򤷤Ƥ椯ɬפɤ߼θСŪñ̡ŵŪˤϸˤȤ˶ڤĤʤ񤤤Ƥ椯ΤŬäƤ롥ˡϤĤͤ롥ƸȤǤȤˡ⤢αѸܤˤºݤ˸褦ˡ˸ȸδ֤˽Ȥˡ⤢ʤȤäƤؤʤΤϡǶڤ뤳ȤǤ롥äդεٻߤˤľŪǤ⤢롥äơɽʸΤߤɽ񤭸դǤϡʬ񤭤 syntagma marking ݤǤ̤ΤʤΤǤ롥
ƱȤϡܸβ̾񤭤ˤĤƤ롥Ѥʿ̾Ҳ̾Τ줫ǽ񤫤ʸϤͤƤߤ褦عǯ顤ζʽʸϤʿ̾񤭤Ǥ롥礦̼λʤΤǸ¼޽ζʽ֤פκǽΥڡ򳫤ƤߤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

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λȤȤ⤢뤬ȲԤȤ߹碌ʸڤʬ񤭤Ƥʽι궵ʽǤϸñ̤ʬ񤭤äʸ塤ߤθ궵ʽ˻ޤʸѤƤˡ줬ʤС֤ϤΤϤʤΤҤ꤭餭餪Ϥ褦Ϥ褦ߤʤȤͤ󤻤פȤʤꡤҤɤɤߤˤС̼ƳФΩƤʿ̾ʸ񤤤Ȥˡʬ񤭤ʤˡʤʤɤ߼ؤιθʤˡˡҤƬˤäդʿ̾Ϣ³Ū˽񤭼äƤȤפФԥꥪɡޡʤɤζˡ (punctuation) ⡤ʬ񤭤Ʊ褦ˡsyntagma marking ݤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ܸʸǤ޻ǽ񤯾⡤̾ξƱͤǤ롥ܤŻҥ᡼ȤPCܸбǤʤ˥޻񤭤ʤϺǤ⤢롥κݤˤϡñ̤뤤ʸñ̤ܸڤʤ񤫤ʤȡɤ߼ˤȤäô롥ñ̤Ƕڤ뤫ˤǤꡤܸˡȤƤϳΩƤʤ
Ǥϡܸɽ魯̾ΤǤ̾򤸤ʸǤϡɤΤ褦˾ۤʤΤεǡ

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