#5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơƤΤơˤƥDZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤ϺƤäΤޤƳˡμʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4Ⱦ2λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
ƱͤˡȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
ñʬ (distinctiones) 뤫³ (scriptura continua) 뤫ϡʸʸȤ˰ۤʤäƤ뤷ƱʸʸǤӤˤäѤ뤳ȤäѸǤʬΤȻפƤ뤬űѸѸǤñ֤˥ڡۤȤɸʤʸϤˤäcf #3798. űѸδˤʬ ([2019-09-20-1])ˡդܸǤ³ΤȻפƤ뤬ĻؽѤ˽줿ʿ̾ΤߤʸϤǤϡɤߤ䤹뤿˰տŪʬ뤳Ȥ⤢cf. #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])ˡ
ŪˤСΤ褦ɽʸ䲾̾Τ褦ʲʥ⡼ʸ³뤳Ȥ¿ΤФñʸʥե٥åȡˤʬ뤳Ȥ¿ϤޤηˤʤդˤʤȤϡ餫ˡǸȸζ뤳ȤǤ롥ñ֤˥ڡȤϡ¸ˡ1Ĥˤʤ
춭뤿ǤС⥹ڡˤɬפϤʤʸʸϤȡ㤨̥ʸˤƤʤɤǸڤȤˡƤץȾݷʸǿ̾ȤǰϤ५ȥ (cartouche) Τ褦ˡ⤢äˤĤƤϡ#3044. űѸˤʬ ([2017-08-27-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ޤˡʤ뤤ϤФСʸǽȤ§Сʸ춭Ȥˤʤꡤʬʤɤ¾ˡäɬפȤʤʤºݡꥷǤϸ˾ʸʤᡤʬɬܤǤϤʤäإ֥饤䥢ӥʤɤǤϡƱʸǤǤäƤѤ뤫ʳѤ뤫ˤۤʤʸηϤ⤢롥
ܸδʸʸǤϡǽ뤳Ȥ¿Ωʿ̾ǽ뤳Ȥ¿°줬ߤ˷֤ȤħġΤŵŪˤʿ̾ڤؤȤ춭Ȱפ롥ʬŪˤǤϤ졤춭θʬΤˤȤȤ
Ǹˡ#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) Ǹ褦ˡ꤬θñ̡㤨иˤȤǤäɮ夲ʤɤδȯã뤳Ȥ롥ȡڤפΤޤ춭Ȥˤʤ롥
Τ褦˸źʸʸįƤߤȡ춭ɽ魯ˡ¿¿ͤǤ롥ѸǸƤʬͣФˡǤϤʤȤõƤ⤽ѸθνˤʬνΤŪˤϸȯŸʤΤcf . #1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1])ˡ
Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.
䤿ϡɽʸޤܸνˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴ƤꡤäƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³Ǥϡɤ꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ褦ȤȤʬ³ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤƤʤȤߤʤʬȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³ä졤ŪʬȯãƤƽơѤ뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ
It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.
ʬե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ϢѤƤ Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading Saenger ϡʬ (distinctiones) δȯãƤطʤˤϡƥ줫ޥϽθθ경ǤΤǤϤʤƤ롥
Ūˤ䤫äƥθ礬եʤɤȯŸSVOδܸظ경ƤäȤˤꡤɼԤθʶ˶ФռʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤޤθ경¹ԤƶޤοȤѲʹԤƤꡤԤɼԤθʶˤǧλ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ롥ơ⤦ʬȯã⡤ʤʶ˶ǧ̩ܤ˴ؤ롥θݤϤʶ˶ƱŻ뤹ȤͭƤꡤߤ䴰礦طˤäΤǤϤʤˤϡΤ褦ʣŪװؤäɤ®ɤνȯãƤˤʤȤΤ Saenger ήεŸ
̣1ĤϡʸϤɲˤäƤû˴ؤΤǤ롥礬Ūͳǡ³ŵƥˤƤϡɼԤ1ʸĹʸäɤƤФʤʤʸǸޤɤǡΤΰ̣ǧɬפ롥ɤǤɼԤûˤŤô뤳Ȥˤʤǡϯɤ߾夲뤳ȤˤäƤô餫ڸ褦ȤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƥޥʤɤΤ褦ˡٸ礬ޤäƤꡤʬʤƤСʸǼˤɤΤ褦Ǥ뤫ͽۤ䤹ʤƱˡñ켫Ϥڤʬݤ뤿ˡûˤô˸롥虜虜ϯɤ߾夲ʤȤ⡤®䤫ɲǤΤμͳ³ʿŪǤꡤθ경ʬ⡤180ٰۤʤΤΡϤʿŪȤȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤΤ⤷ϡ礦ɶޤοʤȸθ경ˤʸˡȹͤƤΤƱͤˡ³ʬؤΥեȤȹͤƤȤȤȽˡϡΤ褦˥ڥǤȤ館Ƥ褦
Saenger (17) ΤޤȤʸϼ̤ꡥ
The evolution of rigorous conventions, both of word order and of word separation, had the similar and complementary physiological effect of enhancing the medieval reader's ability to comprehend written text rapidly and silently by facilitating lexical access.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ε ([2020-01-29-1]) ˰³ʤꥷȥޤ泤̤˹ԤʤƤʬ (distinctiones) Τơ³ (scriptura continua) ѤȤˤĤơ
Saenger ˤСˤϡɤȤ٤Ф븽ŪȯۤƤ֤ɽȤμҲŪʸ̮ɬפȤüŪˤСͤϤߤɤ®ɤ˴Ƥꡤɤߤ䤹פŻ뤹뤬奮ꥷޤθ¤줿ɤˤȤäơɤ٤ȤϸƬβɤΤȤǤꡤŪʡɤߤ䤹פɵ᤹ϤʤäΤȤʲSaenger βʹƤߤ褦 (11--12)
. . . the ancient world did not possess the desire, characteristic of the modern age, to make reading easier and swifter because the advantages that modern readers perceive as accruing from ease of reading were seldom viewed as advantages by the ancients. These include the effective retrieval of information in reference consultation, the ability to read with minimum difficulty a great many technical logical, and scientific texts, and the greater diffusion of literacy throughout all social strata of the population. We know that the reading habits of the ancient world, which were profoundly oral and rhetorical by physiological necessity as well as by taste, were focused on a limited and intensely scrutinized canon of literature. Because those who read relished the mellifluous metrical and accentual patterns of pronounced text and were not interested in the swift intrusive consultation of books, the absence of interword space in Greek and Latin was not perceived to be an impediment to effective reading, as it would be to the modern reader, who strives to read swiftly. Moreover, oralization, which the ancients savored aesthetically, provided mnemonic compensation (through enhanced short-term aural recall) for the difficulty in gaining access to the meaning of unseparated text. Long-term memory of texts frequently read aloud also compensated for the inherent graphic and grammatical ambiguities of the languages of late antiquity.
Finally, the notion that the greater portion of the population should be autonomous and self-motivated readers was entirely foreign to the elitist literate mentality of the ancient world. For the literate, the reaction to the difficulties of lexical access arising from scriptura continua did not spark the desire to make script easier to decipher, but resulted instead in the delegation of much of the labor of reading and writing to skilled slaves, who acted as professional readers and scribes. It is in the context of a society with an abundant supply of cheap, intellectually skilled labor that ancient attitudes toward reading must be comprehended and the ready and pervasive acceptance of the suppression of word separation throughout the Roman Empire understood.
ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡͤ³˥եȤ뤳Ȥǡɤߤˤƹ褦ȤȤǤΤ⤷ʤδϡ˺ƤʬؤȲƤǤ⼨ŪǤ롥Ϣơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ³ (scriptura continua) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#3926. ʬɽɽ ([2020-01-26-1]) ǡˤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Saenger (9) ˤȡե٥åȤ첻ɽδޤ泤Ǥϡڡˤ뤫ˤ뤫ΰ㤤졤ʬ̤˹ԤʤƤȤꥷˤ첻ɽǽȤʤ˵ڤӡ³ޤ줿ȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ޤե٥åȻѤνʬ̤ˤäȤꥷˤ줬ѤȤʤꡤä³̲8ˤʤʬƳ졤θ˰̲Ƹ˻롥
ʬϸߤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬첻ɽϤŵδ֤ˡδѤ줿аޤȤȤǤϡʤ첻ɽƳˤꡤ䤿ˤȤä餫˻פʬѤȤʤꡤषɤߤˤȻפ³ȯãΤSaenger (9--10) ˤС첻ɽ³δ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȤ
The uninterrupted writing of ancient scriptura continua was possible only in the context of a writing system that had a complete set of signs for the unambiguous transcription of pronounced speech. This occurred for the first time in Indo-European languages when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet by adding symbols for vowels. The Greco-Latin alphabetical scripts, which employed vowels with varying degrees of modification, were used for the transcription of the old forms of the Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and Hindu tongues, all members of the Indo-European language group, in which words were polysyllabic and inflected. For an oral reading of these Indo-European languages, the reader's immediate identification of words was not essential, but a reasonably swift identification and parsing of syllables was fundamental. Vowels as necessary and sufficient codes for sounds permitted the reader to identify syllables swiftly within rows of uninterrupted letters. Before the introduction of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, all the ancient languages of the Mediterranean world---syllabic or alphabetical, Semitic or Indo-European---were written with word separation by either space, points, or both in conjunction. After the introduction of vowels, word separation was no longer necessary to eliminate an unacceptable level of ambiguity.
Throughout the antique Mediterranean world, the adoption of vowels and of scriptura continua went hand in hand. The ancient writings of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Israel did not employ vowels, so separation between words was retained. Had the space between words been deleted and the signs been written in scriptura continua, the resulting visual presentation of the text would have been analogous to a modern lexogrammatic puzzle. Such written languages might have been decipherable, given their clearly defined conventions for word order and contextual clues, but only after protracted cognitive activity that would have made fluent reading as we know it impractical. While the very earliest Greek inscriptions were written with separation by interpuncts, points placed at midlevel between words, Greece soon thereafter became the first ancient civilization to employ scriptura continua. The Romans, who borrowed their letter forms and vowels from the Greeks, maintained the earlier Mediterranean tradition of separating words by points far longer than the Greeks, but they, too, after a scantily documented period of six centuries, discarded word separation as superfluous and substituted scriptura continua for interpunct-separated script in the second century A.D.
ŸƤˤĤơϤ褯ǤƤʤ첻ɽƳη̡Ʊꤷ䤹ʤäȤ褯狼ʤޤˤ줬äȤơʸɤ꤬ʬǤϤʤ³˥եȤȤƤⲿȤɤǤ롤ȤޤǤǤ뤬ʤ³ѶŪ˥եȤΤǤ롥εϡöŪŤˤʤ褦˻פ롥
첻ʸȯƥե٥åȤˤꥷͤɤߤˤ³˥եȤȤΤϡ̷⤷Ƥ褦˴롥ºݡ¿ԤǺޤ³Ƥ褦 (Saenger 10)
ꥷͤˤ첻ʸƳȤʸ˾βŪʽˤĤƤϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ȡ
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
ɤ߽˴ؤɸ3ĤΥɤϡߤ˴ϢƤ롥ȸδ֤˶ʬ (distinctiones) ȯãˤꡤɼԤϥե٥åȤΤĤʤɽŪ (phonographic) ɤ߲ΤǤϤʤɽŪ (logographic) ɤ߲ळȤǤ褦ˤʤä̤Ȥơ˽Ф벻ɤǤϤʤƬΤʤǸΰ̣ɤ®ɤʸŪ˻ͤꡤ̤ξ뤳ȤǽˤʤäΤǤ롥#3881. ʸɲΡ2ϩǥס ([2019-12-12-1])#3884. ʸɤΡ2ϩפ ([2019-12-15-1]) ǵѸ˽СɲѤвϩŤֲ롼ȡפָ롼ȡפؤȥեȤƤȤäƤ褤
ΤˤɽȯãλˤĤƤϡҤƥФ (vernacular) ؤεդäȤʤäߥȤơ8Ŧ븫롥θ˴ŤơCook (152--53) ҤβΤ褦ˤޤޤȤƤ롥
Punctuation marks started as an aid for reading Latin aloud, in the form of various dots and other marks. These were necessary because Latin was written without word spaces, making texts difficult to read aloud on sight. Around the eighth century AD, it became usual to put a space between words. According to Saenger (1997), this transformed reading from reading aloud to reading in silence. Without spaces, the reader had to test out loud what the text meant; with spaces, the reader could interpret the text without saying it aloud and they could read and write with greater privacy since their activity was not audible to other people; indeed Galileo saw the advantages of 'communicating one's most secret thoughts to any other person' (cited in Chomsky 2002: 45). Hence, once the lexical route became possible for reading European languages, authors became more daring individuals; and the speed of reading could be increased beyond the speed of articulation. As Harris (1986) put it, 'One is tempted to compare the introduction of the space as a word boundary to the invention of the zero in mathematics . . .'.
ˤƤʬȯϿؤˤ를ȯӤǤפȤΤ°̤ǤϤʤɾ
ܵȴϢơҰʲεˤܤ̤Ƥ
#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1])
#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) ([2014-12-16-1])
#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])
#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1])
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP.
Chomsky, N. On Nature and Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Harris, R. The Origin of Writing. London: Duckworth, 1986.
Ѹɽˤññδ֤˶ʬνˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ϤȤ distinctiones γƵǼ夲ƤνϳΤ˸űѸˤ⸫줿Τ٤̤ȯãǤꡤޤDzϴʳˤä¤ΤȤ³ѸǤϤȤƴϤʤäΤǡűѸʬδˤѤƤСѸΤδˤΤȤΤǤ롥
Baker ϡűѸˤñʬñǤιԸ٤˴ؤ "Word- and line-division" (159--60) ꤹߤƤ롥ʲʬˤĤƤβ⡥
Word-division is far less consistent in Old English than in Modern English; it is, in fact, less consistent in Old English manuscripts than in Latin written by Anglo-Saxon scribes. You may expect to see the following peculiarities.
spaces between the elements of compounds, e.g. aldor mon;
spaces between words and their prefixes and suffixes, e.g. be æftan, gewit nesse;
spaces at syllable divisions, e.g. len gest;
prepositions, adverbs and pronouns attached to the following words, e.g. uuiþbret walū, hehæfde;
many words, especially short ones, run together, e.g. þær þeherice hæfde.
The width of the spaces between words and word-elements is quite variable in most Old English manuscripts, and it is often difficult to decide whether a scribe intended a space. 'Diplomatic' editions, which sometimes attempt to reproduce the word-division of manuscripts, cannot represent in print the variability of the spacing on a hand-written page.
³ơñǤιԸ٤ΰˤĤơ
Most scribes broke words freely at the ends of lines. Usually the break takes place at a syllabic boundary, e.g. ofsle-gen (= ofslægen), sū-ne (= sumne), heo-fonum. Occasionally, however, a scribe broke a word elsewhere, e.g. forhæf-dnesse. Some scribes marked word-breaks with a hyphen, but many did not mark them in any way.
űѸˤϥեȤäƤ̻ȤȤζɵ椬̲Τϡ#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦16ȾΤȤǤ롥
ʾꡤűѸʬδˤҤƤˡδˤʬ
Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
ѸʬˤĤơʲεˤƤ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])#2970. ʬȯ³ ([2017-06-14-1])#2971. ʬ϶ˡΤȯ㥠([2017-06-15-1])
ŪʸȸʬϡűѸǤϤޤˤȯãƤʤäʬ䤹ˡϳΤϺƤˡȤˤƤ⡤λȤϤƤӤƤ餺ˤȯŸӾȤʳˤߤΤǤ롥1ȤơȤȤ <> ѤƤ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica, III, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 10, 54r. Ƭ4ԤƸ褦Crystal 19ˡ

ÞAǷÆSGEWORDENYMB
syx hund ƿyntra7feower7syxtig æft(er) drihtnes
menniscnesseeclipsis solisþæt is sunnanaspru
ngennis
then was happened about
six hundred wintersand sixty-four after the lord's
incarnation(in Latin) eclipse of the sunthat is sun eclipse
ޤ2ʬ츫ȤǽκȤʤʻѤƤȤܤޤδФȤƤϡʬ䤹٤Ȥʬ䤬ʤ7 [= "and"] μաˡդʬ䤹٤ǤʤȤʬ䤬̾ GEWORDENYMB ˤߤƬȸ촴δ֡ˤȤⶽ̣
ʬ硤ξˤϸȸδ֤ˤɤΤ餤ζ뤫Ȥ꤬ꡤʬ䵡ǽǽ뤬ϡʸΥȥͻ礷ʤ¤˶֤ǤǤƤȤǤƤΤǡͭϤ褦˻פ롥
ϡѸ˸¤餺νˤФи줿ʶˡ1ĤȤäƤ褤ܸǤ⡤üˡäƳƤ롥
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ε#2970. ʬȯ³ ([2017-06-14-1]) ˰³ơʬ (distinctiones) ꡥCrystal (17) ϡʬȯ¾ζˡηŪȯã¥ȹͤƤ롥
It's difficult to see how punctuation could have developed in a graphic world where scriptura continua was the norm. If there are no word-spaces, there's no room to insert marks. Writers or readers might be able to insert the occasional dot or simple stroke, to show where the sense change, but it would be impossible to develop a sophisticated system that would keep pace with the complex narratives and reflections being expressed in such domains as poetry, chronicles, and sermons. However, once word-spaces became the norm, new punctuational possibilities were available.
Τˡΰ̴طϤ٤ϤĤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤ餯ʬŪˤϤ̤ǤȻפΤΡۤɼʵǤϤʤȤΤϡܸͤƤߤʬȤꡤʬ夷ƤʤˤƤ⡤¾ζˡϽʬηŪȯãƤ뤫Ǥϡष¾ζˡʬβ̤ϤʬŪ˲̤Ƥ롥äơεǽȯμȤ顤ʬ¾ζˡȤʬˡߤ٤϶ʤ褦˻פ롥Сʬ¾ε椬ޤäƶˡȯã䤹Ȥ Crystal ϡ̵ȤϷĤʤΤΡɤޤͭʤΤѶŪ˼ȤΤǤϤʤ
Ǥ⡤ʬϡѼԤˤȤäƺǤľŪǴŪñ̤ǤڤΤǤȤǡ¾ζˡܼŪϰ̤ȼĥ뤳ȤޤǽΤ褦˻פ롥ܸΤ褦ʵθʤ顤ϤäƼĥǤʤȤϡʬȤˡˤ餺ȸζʬ餫μʤΩСˤ¾ζˡȯãƤ䤹ȤȤǤϤʤ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ˤʬ (distinctiones) ˤĤƤϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1]) ʤɤȤƤ⡤ʬˤβ߽ФƤȯʤǤꡤᤫ鼫ǼδǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤٳǧƤ
ΤνˤǤϡʬˡĹ³ (scriptura continua) λ夬äCrystal (3)
Word-spaces are the norm today; but it wasn't always so. It's not difficult to see why. We don't actually need them to understand language. We don't use them when we speak, and fluent readers don't put pauses between words as they read aloud. Read this paragraph out loud, and you'll probably pause at the commas and full stops, but you won't pause between the words. They run together. So, if we think of writing purely as a way of putting speech down on paper, there's no reason to think of separating the words by spaces. And that seems to be how early writers thought, for unspaced text (often called, in Latin, scriptura continua) came to be a major feature of early Western writing, in both Greek and Latin. From the first century AD we find most texts throughout the Roman Empire without words being separated at all. It was thus only natural for missionaries to introduce unspaced writing when they arrived in England.
Ѹνˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤűѸޤǤˤϸȸʬ䤹벿餫λŪˡϺ褦ˤʤäƤCrystal (8--9) ˤС͡ˡ¸줿Ȥʰʲΰˤ "Undley bracteate" ˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ȡˡ
People experimented with word division. Some inscriptions have the words separated by a circle (as with the Undley bracteate) or a raised dot. Some use small crosses. Gradually we see spaces coming in but often in a very irregular way, with some words spaced and others not --- what is sometimes called an 'aerated' script. Even in the eleventh century, less than half the inscriptions in England had all the words separated.
ͤƤߤСΥǥǤ⡤ʬμʤʣ롥URLե̾ʸʤɡͳǶ뷹ˤϡ㤨 "this is an example of separation" ɽȤˡΤ褦ʥꥨͤ (Crystal 8--9 ε⻲ȡˡ
thisisanexampleofwordseparation
this.is.an.example.of.word.separation
this+is+an+example+of+word+separation
this_is_an_example_of_word_separation
this-is-an-example-of-word-separation
thiSiSaNexamplEoFworDseparatioN
ThisIsAnExampleOfWordSeparation
ϡ̣ scriptura continua ɤĤĤȤΤ⤷ʤ³뤹ܸν֤
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
#2717. Ź椫Ϥޤä ([2016-10-04-1]) εǸ褦ˡ֥饤ϡ롦ХӥιͰƤʸפαѤǤ12֥饤椬6˲ɤȤüȯ롥19ϤˤϡܤԼͳʿ͡ˤȤäƤɤ߽ϡʸ⤭ФʸפˤΤäؤǿäˤ뤳ȤϤʤäΤ褦ʻˡ֥饤椬ɤߤ䤹䤹ͰƤȤϡŪʽäڤդä֥饤ϡɽˤɽǽˤ
θ塤19Ⱦ20ˤơ֥饤Ͻ˱Ѥ졤˹äƤ1854ǯ˥եܤǧ줿塤ꥹǤϱѹΩտͶΩȡޥߥơ֥饤ѤɤĤĹꥫǤϡ˥塼衼ճعΥꥢࡦȤ餬Ϥ֥饤˴ŤѤ1915ǯɸƹդȡ1932ǯˤϱƤιĤˤѸ춦̤ޤäʤǤϡꥫȥꥹǰۤʤηϤѤƤä֤ƤȤϰ褹롨see #1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1])ˡ
椬Ǥ⡤1887ǯճع˶ФƤȬ֥饤ߡܸؤαѤƻõäơ1890ǯ23ǯ111ҼʡˤΰƤѤ˻äϡ국ǰȤƤ롥
ƻˡġ구ɮåȤˤʤäספ롥Ĥξ˻Τ֤ǡζ구ѤɮDZ麸ؤǤäƤΤǤ롥̾ʸȰۤʤꡤϻ¦ǤäƤɬפꡤäơȯԤνȼԤɤߤդȤʤ롥ɤ߽˴ؤ븲ħȤäƤ褤ޤܸϤʽǽ뤿ᡤʬɬפǤ⡤ܸ̾Ȱۤʤ (see #1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])) ǤϡŪפΤۤץ饤䥳ԥ塼ˤꡤؤȤǤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤȶʤȤ˽вƤƤ롥Ųʡ̰ʤӤƴʤɡ¿ξ褦ˤʤä
ⶶ ̦Ĵ٤ؽɴʡ륤֥饤ĤäͤӤȡ١Ź2016ǯ
εmorn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) tomorrow θ츻˿줿Ϥθȡ⤦1ĸϢ today ˤĤõäƤߤ褦
tomorrow θȤƤϡֻ to ˡ֡īפɽ魯̾ morrow ͿʷղäΤȹͤ졤Ǥ˸űѸǤ tō morgenne ȤȤѤƤΰ̣ϡεDz⤷ȤꡤǤˡˡפȯŸƤѸǤϡmorrow Τɤä͡ʷŪȯãˤä to morwen to morn ߤˤơԤɸŪ tomorrow ˡԤʤɤ˻Ĥ tomorn Ϣʤä衤ֻǤ뤫顤ޤˡפȤȯã15ʻžˤꡤ̾ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤä
#2698. hyphen ([2016-09-15-1]) Ǵñ˿줿褦ˡ to morrow ʬ줿Ѹ to-morrow ȥϥեǷ礵졤1Ȥ֤褦ˤʤäʤǤѸκǽˤϡض٤ Shakespeare First Folio ʤɤǡޤʬΤ̤ۤäˡϥեǤĤʤֻ20Ƭޤ³θ塤ϥեæߤɸŪֻ tomorrow Ω
today ˤĤƤ⡤餯Ʊͤλ𤬤äȻפ롥űѸֻ tō dæġ (on the day; today) Ǥꡤ16ޤǤʬ줿θ20Ƭޤ to-day ȥϥեդ֤줿̾ȤƤˡϡtomorrow Ʊͤ16Ǥ롥
tomorrow today ȯŸηаޤƤ¿ߤ˴ϢŤڥǹͤɬפ
ε#2695. Ѹˤʬζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1]) ˰³ʬ˴Ϣꡥ
#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʬδȯˤϡƥȤ륢ɤνƻΤθسؽƥ˥åͿƤʬ˹װϡФǤϤʤCrystal (10--13) ˤС7ޤǤȯãƤɽ䡤St Augustine ˤ륭ꥹȶˡȤʸŪҲŪװͿƤ
ɽȯãȤȤϡդäդȤ϶̤ΤȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤꡤɤͥϺȤȤǤ롥̤δ餤С³ġɤߤˤפؤδƤƤΤȤϡֶΤߤʤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ̤ȯãˤط
By the seventh century in England, word-spacing had become standard practice, reflecting a radical change that had taken place in reading habits. Silent reading was now the norm. Written texts were being seen not as aids to reading aloud, but as self-contained entities, to be used as a separate source of information and reflection from whatever could be gained from listening and speaking. It is the beginning of a view of language, widely recognized today, in which writing and speech are seen as distinct mediums of expression, with different communicative aims and using different processes of composition. And this view is apparent in the efforts scribes made to make the task of reading easier, with the role of spacing and other methods of punctuation becoming increasingly appreciated. (Crystal 10)
ˡꥹȶȤδطǤСSt Augustine ʤɤνꥹȶζ㤬ŪᤰäƥƥȤ̯ʺۤˤȤʬޤˡŻ뤹뷹߽ФȤ
The origins of the change are not simply to do with the development of new habits of reading. They are bound up with the emergence of Christianity in the West, and the influential views of writers such as St Augustine. Book 3 of his (Latin) work On Christian Doctrine, published in the end of the fourth century AD, is entitled: 'On interpretation required by the ambiguity of signs', and in its second chapter we are given a 'rule for removing ambiguity by attending to punctuation'. Augustine gives a series of Latin examples where the placing of a punctuation mark in an unpunctuated text makes all the difference between two meanings. The examples are of the kind used today when people want to draw attention to the importance of punctuation, as in the now infamous example of the panda who eats, shoots and leaves vs eats shoots and leaves. But for Augustine, this is no joke, as the location of a mark can distinguish important points of theological interpretation, and in the worst case can make all the difference between orthodoxy and heresy. (Crystal 12--13)
ޤ嵭2ȤŪ˴ؤ뤬ֶʤǤϤȤƤɤ˴ʤΥƥȤ褦ˤʤäȤ⡤ʬδ¥ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤä㤨СʸϤǤϤʤñ콸Ȥ٤ glossary तǤ롥μñϤ⤽˺ϿѡѤǤꡤФɤ߾夲ȤϡƳǧӤǻȤ뤳Ȥ¿ȸζ뤳ȤäᤵƥȤȤäƤ褤 (Crystal 10--11)
Τ褦˸ߤ˴Ϣ뤤ĤʸŪҲŪ̮űѸ7ޤǤ˹ήʬδޤδǧʤΤΡ褽̲ȹͤ롤
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
αѸνǤ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬϤޤãƤʤ
ʬȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤ƤꡤʬԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬؤΰܹԤϡŤ³ξ˿ʬˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽĿͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡθ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵƤ롥
Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:
we bought a cup of tea in the cafe
The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.
þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
'similarly at his birth were angels seen'
The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.
äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤ȤǽդǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
ññδ֤˥ڡʬȸƤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) εǼ夲ƤʬϡѸޤѤηϤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬ޤΥƥɽˤơʬŪ˹ԤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѸˤȤƤߤСʬϡűѸ˥ꥹȶȤ˥ɤνƻΤˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤꡤˤϰճȿHorobin (72) ۩
. . . we need to remember that word division and the use of blank spaces between words was a relatively new phenomenon when the Beowulf manuscript was written. In Antiquity manuscripts were written using scriptio continua, a continuous script without any breaks between words at all. The practice of dividing words in the way we do today was introduced by the Irish monks who brought Christianity to the Northumbrians.
ޤŪ³ (scriptio continua) ꡤŪʬ (distinctiones) ǽ˥ƥʤɿ͡Ƹ˥ͤˤäƺѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤϡǤϤʤܸüԤϡʬʤҤ餬ʤʸϤɤߤˤܸΤäƤʾ塤ʤȤʤ롥ܸȤʤؽԤˤȤäƤϡɤߤˤƱͤˡƥȤΤ scriptio continua ǽ줿ƥʸϤɤΤѤ줿⤷ʤȤƤΥƥγؽԤǤäűѸΥɿͤ䥤ɿͤ϶ϫ줿ϡɤߤ䤹ȲΤ䤹ơˡ˰⤿餹ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥դλˤĤơClemens and Graham 2սѤ롥
In late antiquity, scribes wrote literary texts in scriptura continua (also sometimes called scriptio continua), that is, without any separation between the words. Moreover, often they did not enter any marks of punctuation on the page. In many cases, punctuation was added by the reader, in particular by the reader who had to recite the text aloud. Such punctuation was often only sporadic, inserted at those points where it was necessary to counteract possible ambiguity (for example, when it was not immediately clear where one word ended and another began). (83)
Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes made notable contributions to the use and development of the distinctiones system. Following their conversion to Christianity in the fifth and sixth through seventh centuries, respectively, the Irish and the Anglo-Saxons copied Latin texts avidly. Because their native languages were not directly related to Latin, these scribes required more visual cues to understand Latin than did Italian, Spanish, or French scribes. It was Irish scribes who were primarily responsible for the introduction of the practice of word separation, a major contribution to what has been called the "grammar of legibility." Once word separation became common, later scribes sometimes "updated earlier manuscripts by placing a punctus between words in texts originally written in scriptura continua. (83--84)
ꥹνƻΤϡƥ scriptio continua ɤߤˤ¤餬Ȥˤϸȸδ֤˥ڡ봷ΩǤ scriptio continua ǽƤޤäƤʸϤˤĤƤϡȸδ֤˶뤳Ȥǡɤߤ䤹ݤ褦ȤäơŪʶڤ ("grammar of legibility") Τˤ뤿ˡʬʳˤ⤤ĤμʤԤ߽ФΤǤȤ櫓ͭʴȤƳΩΤʬä
䤿Ѹνդˤ뤷ƤʬȤϡؽԤθɤ߽ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹ΤǤ롥ǤϡʸηȤ̤Ȥ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Clemens, Raymond and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca & London: Cornel UP, 2007.
[2012-05-13-1], [2012-05-14-1]εǡʬˤĤƹͤѸʤɡե٥åȤΤߤѤǤʤܸǤⲾ̾Τߤɽˤϡˡ (punctuation) ΰȤʬΤ̤Ǥ롥ϡɽʸˤɽħɬŪ⤷ȤˡܸˤƴȤ˲̾ȯãƤˤ⡤ʬ˴ˤ䤫Τä
㤨Сŷʿ6ǯ762ǯˤұ̾ʸιʸǤϡŪʿ̾λ㤬ʺƣpp. 54--55ˡǤϡϷѤԡվ֤ζڤʤɡ̾ʸɤߤ䤹빩פ¿ޤޤƤȤ̾ʴˤ̾κǽ9Ⱦ긫褦ˤʤ롥ϻ֤ζڤη줿ȶ˸ΤޤȤޤռϢʡפȸƤФ³ؤȰܹԤƤäϡŪñ̤ռǤꡤsyntagma marking ɸʤäȹͤƤ褤ޤ̾ʸȤϤäƤ⡤ʿ̾Τߤǽ줿ΤϤۤȤɤʤδƽΤ¤ǤꡤߤƱ褦ɤߤˤƤȤˤդ
ϢʤȴϢȯã⤦1Ĥ syntagma marker ˡϷѤפ롥ƣ (59) Ȥ褦
ϷѤǤϡɮΤĤϤϤǻ˸Ϥƺ٤ʤꡤޤϤĤƽǻȤȤ롥ǻø֤Τˤʸᤢ뤤ʸбƤΤǤ롥Ϣʤ⤢ޤȤޤĤΤǤ뤬Ϥꡤ줢뤤ʸбƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ϥʬεǽ̤Ƥȹͤ롥
ȤǡȻĤʤƽϢʤϡäѤʿ̾˸뤳ȤܤǡҲ̾³ȤϡߤǤϡҲ̾ŪˤϴȤȤѤĶȯãƤǤ롥Ҳ̾ϡȯ餫顤ߤΤ褦ʴ̾ʸȤѤƤꡤε[2012-05-14-1]褦ˡѥˤʸڤ꤬ưפ˿ΤǤäơsyntagma marking ΤϢʤȤʤʤɬפäˤʤäΤȹͤʺƣ, pp. 60--61ˡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ε[2012-05-13-1]˰³ʬäܸ̾νɽ路Ǥ̾ʸǤϡ̡ʬϹԤʤʤ٤ʸĸΤʤǤ˵ȽҤ٤ϡ̾ʸˤĤơʬʤѶŪͳȤϡʬɬפʤȤöŪͳ뤫Ǥ롥
1Ĥϡ̾ʸǤ1ĤǤϡܼŪɽʸǤϤʤɽʸǤ롥̾ŪΤ˶̤1뤤Ϣ³ϡȤñ̤ɽ魯Ҥ٤̤ꡤñ̤Ǥζ̤ϡդˤȤݤ syntagma marking Ǥ뤬ˤϡλ̾Τ˰ۤʤȤ¤ˤäơǤ˸ñ̤Ǥζ̤ǽˤƤ롥ʬȤʤʤɬפʤΤǤ롥ɽ̤ϡɽʸǤ벾̾ȸäƽ뤳ȤˤäưؤҤƤƤȤ롥
⤦1ĤϡܸŪħȤơּΩ°פʸȤñ̤ƤȤȤʶʸˡ˴ŤʸȤñ̤ϡŪޤǤȤϤعʸˡ˼ƹΤƤꡤܸüԤľ˹礦ΤǤˡơפʤΤΩϳʹˤɽ졤°ϳͲ̾ɽΤ̤Ǥ롥̾ʸʣʸᤫʤäƤΤǡܸʸɽСƤִܴܴܴܲ̾ܲ̾ܲ̾ܲ̾ġġפȤʤ롥̾ʸˤƤϡ̾ȴλΤ˰ۤʤäƤȤħѤơʸȤŪʶڤֻ꤬Ƚ̤Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤΤ̾ʸΤħϡڤɤŪڤʬǽΤǤϤʤڡ̵̸Ƥޤʬ뤳Ȥʤ
ܸδ̾ʸȤ٤Ȥδ֤ˡ̩ܤʴطΤ뤳Ȥ狼ΤȤϡѤδѲС٤ʬȤ꤬뤳Ȥްդ롥塤̾ʸˤƴѤꡤ̾ǽɽ蘆礬ƤƤ롥ä˼Ω˴Ѥ礬ʤʤСҤΤ褦ʸζڤ꤬Ǥʤʤꡤ٤ΤޤޤǤ syntagma marking ǽݤʤ֤˴٤뤫⤷ʤʤСʬεǽǤʤ㤨С29ǯ֤˸ľ줿2010ǯ1130βѴɽˤСʸ⤵¤줿פǤϤʤʸͤ¤줿פɽ뤳Ȥ侩롥Ԥϼ¤ɤߤˤʸ졤ͤ¤줿פȤꡤ˵ʤɤɤߤ䤹ʤ뤬̤ˡȤơʸ졡ͤ¤줿פʬƤ⤢ꤦ롥ˤ衤ܸνդϡsyntagma marking 餶ʤؤȽ˰ܹԤƤ褦Ǥ롥ʬϡʸɽηϤǤФǤϤʤɤ߽ǽϤ䶵ȤͿƤΤǤ롥
ʤܸɽʬηŪƳ줿ΤϼĮΥꥷΥʸˤƤˤʤä̾ʬεˤʤäΤϡǤ롥Ǥϡʸʸʸˤơ줾ʸñ̡ñ̤ǤʬƤƤ뤬ˡȤƤϳΩƤȤϤʤܸɽηϤϡʤɤưƤ롥
ʬȤϡɤߤ䤹θơθŪñ̡ŵŪˤϸʸˤǶڤꡤ֤ʤȤǤ롥ʬסʬ̽סդΥפȤƤФ졤ΤۤȤɤ٤Ƥθˡ˺ѤƤ롥Ф֤٤פܸڹ˸졤ܸüԤˤΤ褦˻פƤ뤬ǤϤƵǤ롥
ǤϡܸǤϤʤʬʤΤơ㤨СѸǤϤʤʬΤϡɽѤʸμपΰ㤤ˤ[2010-06-23-1]ε#422. ʸμפȡˡܸǤϡɽʸʲʸˤǤ벾̾ɽʸǤȤߤ̾ʸ̤ѤΤФơѸϸ§Ȥƥե٥åȤȤɽʸʲʸˤΤߤɽ롥ΰ㤤ŪǤ롥
³ˡդǧƤդܼŪäդ̤뤳Ȥ̤ǡäդˤƤ϶ȡٻߤʤɤˤäɸƤ褦¿θ쵡ǽξݤ롥äդˤ뤳Τ褦ʸ쵡ǽϡåμˤȤäơƤ礭ʥ塼Ǥ롥ʹƤ벻ˡŪỤ̄Ū⤿餷Ƥ륭塼Ǥ롥̤θСäդˤϡʸι¤˥ҥȤͿƤ롤͡ syntagma marker ([2011-12-29-1], [2011-12-30-1]) ޤޤƤ롥դϡäդȤϰۤʤǥǤꡤʬ鷺̤뤳ȤԲǽʤΤǡäդΤäƤ뵡ǽ¿ξݤʤɤޤǺƸɤξݤΤȤ٤ʸηϤˤäưۤʤ뤬¡Ūñ̤ζڤϼΤ˾ޤϡ¿ξ硤Ȥñ̤ǤꡤȤˤʸΤ褦ñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ˤʸĤۤȤɤθǡŪñ̤ζڤ꤬ syntagma marking Ƥ롥
ơɽʸΤߤɽѸͤƤߤ褦ζڤ꤬ʤե٥åȤҤ³Ƥ顤ɤߤˤƬˤ칽¤Ϣ³Ū˽äƤФ褤ʤΤdzڤɤϢ³ʸϤŪñ̤ʬƤ椯ɬפɤθСŪñ̡ŵŪˤϸˤȤ˶ڤĤʤƤ椯ΤŬäƤ롥ˡϤĤͤ롥ƸȤǤȤˡ⤢αѸܤˤºݤ˸褦ˡ˸ȸδ֤˽Ȥˡ⤢ʤȤäƤؤʤΤϡǶڤ뤳ȤǤ롥äդεٻߤˤľŪǤ⤢롥äơɽʸΤߤɽդǤϡʬ syntagma marking ݤǤ̤ΤʤΤǤ롥
ƱȤϡܸβ̾ˤĤƤ롥Ѥʿ̾Ҳ̾Τ줫ǽʸϤͤƤߤ褦عǯ顤ζʽʸϤʿ̾Ǥ롥礦̼λʤΤǸ¼ζʽ֤פκǽΥڡƤߤȼΤ褦ˤ롥
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λȤȤ⤢뤬ȲԤȤ߹碌ʸڤʬƤʽι궵ʽǤϸñ̤ʬäʸ塤ߤθ궵ʽ˻ޤʸѤƤˡ줬ʤС֤ϤΤϤʤΤҤ꤭餭餪Ϥ褦Ϥ褦ߤʤȤͤפȤʤꡤҤɤɤߤˤС̼ƳФΩƤʿ̾ʸȤˡʬʤˡʤʤɤؤιθʤˡˡҤƬˤäդʿ̾Ϣ³Ū˽äƤȤפФԥꥪɡޡʤɤζˡ (punctuation) ⡤ʬƱ褦ˡsyntagma marking ݤ뤳ȤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ܸʸǤǽ⡤̾ξƱͤǤ롥ܤŻҥȤPCܸбǤʤ˥ʤϺǤ⤢롥κݤˤϡñ̤뤤ʸñ̤ܸڤʤʤȡɤˤȤäô롥ñ̤Ƕڤ뤫ˤǤꡤܸˡȤƤϳΩƤʤ
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