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medium - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-01 Sun

#6124. ֤٤ƤʸۻǤ --- silent letter ȤѸȤ٤ [silent_letter][terminology][spelling][orthography][metaphor][conceptual_metaphor][medium][writing]

ܥ֥Ǥ doubt <b> sign <g> ʤɤˤȤۻ (silent_letter) ȤѸΤ褦˻ȤäƤʬ䤹ѸǤ롥ŬʤΤѸǤȤơѤʤֻԤ⤤롥
ѸΤɤ꤬ΤõäƤȻפΤޤ Carney "2.6.5 Auxiliary, inert and empty letters" ꤹƬȤϤ᤿ (40)

All letters are 'silent', but some are more silent than others

Opinions are sharply divided on whether to allow the use of 'silent letters' in a description of English orthography so as to cater for spellings such as the <b> in debt, doubt. If we are to find our way in this controversy, we clearly need to clarify our terminology. The term 'silent letters' is an extension of a metaphor commonly used in the teaching of reading, where letters are often supposed to 'speak' to the reader. When a simple vowel letter, as the <a> in latent has its long value /eɪ/, 'the vowel says its name'. A commonly-used classroom rule for reading vowel digraphs, such as <oa>, <ea>, is: 'when two vowels go walking, it's the first that does the talking' --- a comment on the greater phonetic transparency of the first element in a complex graphic unit. But, as Albrow (1972: 11) pints out, all letters are silent: 'the sounds are not written and the symbols are not sounded; the two media are presented as parallel to each other'. He suggests the term 'dummy letters' for letters with no direct phonetic counterpart but, as far as possible, tries to do without them in his analysis.


Albrow θʬϡʸȯʤ椨ˤ٤ƤʸۻפȤȤϤΥ硼Τ褦ˤʹ뤬ΡʸȯפȤǰ᥿եɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤȤʸȤԤο˿߹ޤƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤ƤȤϡ¤϶ˤƽפǤ롥ȤΤϡʸֻε򤹤äƤϡȯʸäդȽ񤭸դ§ȤưۤʤǥǤ뤳Ȥ򶯤ǧƤɬפ뤫ξǥϡѼԤ͡ˡǸߤϢ礪ȤƤΤϻ¤ܼŪ˰ۤʤ2ĤΥǥؤ餻褦ȤĤߤʤΤǤꡤˤޤԤ櫓ǤϤʤषбطޤԤʤΤȤΩ줫饹ȤƤߤۤͭפ⤷ʤΤ
silent letter ȤѸˤĤƤϡͤ³Ƥ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Albrow, K.H. The English Writing System: Notes toward a Description. London: Longman, 1972.

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2025-03-06 Thu

#5792. ָѲװȤΥᥫ˥ --- ظλŵ٤1 [language_change][saussure][synchrony][diachrony][sociolinguistics][acquisition][linguistics][writing][grammatology][medium][spelling_pronunciation_gap][contact][ranuki][causation][how_and_why][multiple_causation]

ظλŵ٤įƤȤѲ (language_change) Ȥδؿʬ˴ؤ͡ʵܤӹǤѲˤĤƤϻܥ֥¾͡˹ͤƤԤ10ͤ10̤θѲѤ롥ϡظλŵ٤ pp. 560--62 ˵ܤƤ롤ԻˤָѲװȤΥᥫ˥פꤹ1Ѥ롥

ѲװȤΥᥫ˥

ȤФϻήѲ³ΤǤꡤ˶٥ǤѲ˵ŤˤϤƤ֤ȤФפȤª졤оݤȤʤ롥Ȥʿ»ʸغʤ䡤ñʸȯΤʤɤ򸫤СѲïܤˤ餫Ǥ롥äơޤȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ롥Ĥƥ塼Ferdinand de Saussure, 185--1913ˤذ̸عֵ (Cours de linguistique générale)٤̻ (diachronic linguistics) ȶ (synchronic linguistics) ̡˸椹٤ǤȽҤ٤ΤϡޤǯʸˡɤŰ줷ˡ§õ˷پĤ餹ǤäȻפ뤬ɤʸǤ⤵ޤޤʥ٥ǾѲοʹʳˤΤǡŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ롥
ǤϤʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ롥Ҷͤζʤȯäʹʤû֤Τ˸ʸˡηϤ뤬ͤˤʤäƤϤۤɴñˤѲʤĤޤҶθ콬β˸ѲװǤȻפ롥ޤθ츽ݤवޤޤʼҲŪѰۤɤ줬ˤɤΤ褦ʷǺѤƤΤͽǤʤɤ⡤ȤΡ֥ɡפϡ֥ԲפȤιήؤȸָסֿ٤פʤɤΡ֤ȴաפ夷ƤΤ⤷ʤʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ롥ܿˤѲϡŪܤ֤ʤɤȯѤ뤤¿Ѥˤ륳ɴ֤δĤˤäͶȯ롥ܺ٤ˤĤƤϸҤ롥
ƶ٥ǸѲβ˵ŤȤ⤢뤱ɤ⡤Ѳɴǯǯñ̤ǸˤꤤäϤäǧ롥λ庹ѻ뤿ˤϲʸԲķǤ롥ĤޤꤽΤ褦ʸäƽƸѲװȤΥᥫ˥βǽˤʤȤ롥λŪ椬ˤ礭ȯŸΤ⡤¾θ²ʤʸϿ¿¸ߤǤ롥ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥


ûʸϤΤʤˡѲκǤפǻ̩˵ͤޤƤ롥ǽפΤ٤Ƥ夷Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̩٤϶ä٤䤬ǤͤȽǤ5ȴФ

(1) ֤ȤФѲΤޤǤȤȯΩäƸ츽ݤ򸫤ƤȤפǤ
(2) ֶŪԤʤǤ̻Ūʻ³뤳ȤڤǤ
(3) ֤ʤȤФѲΤǤŪװȤƤϻҶθ콬βҲŪѰۡŪװȤƤϸܿͤ
(4) ֤ʬβˤϡָ콬פּҲءפθ̤ԲķȤ
(5) ʸϲ٤ݼŪǤʤɡɬ줬Τޤ޵ϿƤ櫓Ǥʤαդ뤳ȤɬפǤ

ԡָѲסظλŵ١ ʿԡˡīҽŹ2005ǯ560--82ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2024-02-25 Sun

#5417. ɽηϤüԤˤŪʬϤη̤Ǥ [history_of_linguistics][writing][linguistics][grammatology][medium]

񤭼ʸ䤽ν񤭸դηϤϡ켫ΤθäդоݤȤؤ1ĤηǤ롥ռŪʬϤ뤳ȤʤˡͤʸɽηϤͰƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤơɤ߽񤭤ǽϤ夫ȤˤĤͤޤŪ˹ͰƼԤθʬϤθ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫
Daniels (54) ϡָػˤȤƤν񤭸դˡפΤʤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Ordinarily, speakers have no insight into the nature of their language or what they are doing when they are speaking. But when a language is written, it is consciously written, and every writing system embodies an analysis of its languages. And that analysis is known not only to the deviser of the writing system (however great an accomplishment the act of devising a writing system may be), but also---consciously---to everyone who learns to write, and even read, that writing system. Ergo, every writing system informs us of 'native speaker analysis' of every written language, and such analyses have touched on virtually every level of analysis known to modern linguistics.


񤭸դȯϡ켫ȤäդθŪʬϤξڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥äơػ˽κǽ֤٤Ǥ롥ʤۤɡ̤ꡥ

Daniels, Peter T. "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 53--69.

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2023-03-21 Tue

#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ [christianity][bible][manuscript][writing][history][medium][review]

2髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ȿǤƤޤΤˤܤˤ¿μ̿䥨ԥɤȤȤ˥ѥȤˤޤȤƤޤʸƤꡤΰ˿ʤΤͭѤǤ

 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ



ܤˤˤϿޤܡʤ󤹤ܤvolumeˤ (codex) ؤܤη֤եȤˤĤơֺܤоפꤹϤǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
ܤϺܤ٤ƸˤäȤȤФиޤեȤطʤˤϤΤ褦ʼŪװ⤢äȤϳΤȻפޤꥹȶڤȴطҲŪװ⤢äȹͤƤޤ
髙 (pp. 45--45) Ǥϡ1--5˺줿¸륮ꥷŵʤܤˤĤơܤȺܤΨ٤ĴҲ𤵤Ƥޤˤȡ1ˤϺܤϤۤȤɤʤäΤΡ2ˤ2%3ˤ17%4ˤ70%5Ƭˤ90%Ȳ®ŪƤޤꥹȶϢܤˤĤĴȡäᤤʳܤϰϤǺѤƤꡤ2ޤǤ100%ãƤޤĤޤꡤꥹȶϢܤȺܤŪ̩ܤʴطˤäȤȤǤ
ˤĤ髙 (pp. 46--48) ϼΤ褦Ƥޤ

ƤܤȯƤΤϥץȤǤ롥ͤƤꡤܤȤ֤νиȥꥹȶŤ¹ԤƵäƤ뤳ȤϻŦƤܤϻá˻ŪȤʤꡤƱͤ˥ꥹȶ⻰˵®ڤ컰ǯǧƤ
ܤܤؤηŪžϡ줬ѤȤäŪкŪȽǤ鵯äΤǤϤʤҼܤϡܤѤƤ䶵դ¸ߤƤ۶Фơϥꥹȶ䶵ʬɤΩȤ򼨤ħŪʷ֤ȤơФ줿ΤǤ롥ꥹȶζ⤭ڤη֤Ȥơꥹȶμ̻۶̤ν񵭤̤뤿ˡܤϺѤ줿ΤǤä䶵ŵߤǤʤ洬ܤη֤ǺƤܤСޤʤꥹȶطԤˡ񤪤ӤδϢμܤܤη֤ž٤ϤפʿʪǤȤ⤫Ӿ夬롥


ܤη֤ͿƤȤϡޤ˶äǤ

髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-22-1]

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2023-02-05 Sun

#5032. ൭Τ⡡пʹϢܡ֥ƥΥȿפκǿʸȯ [notice][speech][writing][medium][alphabet][kanji][grammatology]

24λпʹīˡϢܡ֥ƥΥȿκǿȤʤ뵭ʸȯפǺܤޤпʹβʳԽѰεԡĹβ𤵤ˤʸˤˤĤƼޤơ󤽤줬Ȥʤޤ¾Ȥˤषǡʸ⤭Ħˤ񤫤Ƥޤ֤ǤϸȤȤǤ򸫤ĤƤɤߤФȡ  *

пʹϢܡ֥ƥΥȿפκǿʸȯפǼޤ



θ漼Ǽޤ2ֶ᤯ڤäޤϢܡ֥ƥΥȿפ20ˤ錄³ƤԤ򤷤ơ֤Ϥʸκȯפȸ碌᤿ȤϸӤǤ⤽ͤƤޤΤ (^^;;ǤϤؤäˤʤޤ
#5022. hellog ʸˤ˴ؤ뵭 ([2023-01-26-1]) ꤷƥ󥯤ޤμȤδϢǤޤȤ᤿ΤǤƻпʹΡʸȯ׵ȤȤˡ⤴Ф¸ޤ
ֻ21⡤ʸϴְ㤤ʤκǶġǤ³ޤ

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2023-01-26 Thu

#5022. hellog ʸˤ˴ؤ뵭 [link][grammatology][speech][writing][medium][alphabet][alphabet][punctuation][kanji]

ܥ֥ǤϹʸ (grammatology) ˴ؤ¿夲Ƥɸ˷ǤƤ륿ʤɤéäƤ¿ε˥Ǥ뤬Ǥ¿ӤˤȻפΤǡ˵פȤˤᵭ󥯤Ƥʸפ˴ؿΤˤȤäơͤˤʤȻפޤ

ΡäդȽ񤭸աʸ

#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1])
#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2701. ŹȤƤʸ ([2016-09-18-1])
#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) ([2018-04-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])

Ρʸμࡦˡ

#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1])
#1822. ʸη ([2014-04-23-1])
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
#1853. ʸη (2) ([2014-05-24-1])
#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1) ([2015-11-11-1])
#2390. ʸηϤεȯã (2) ([2015-11-12-1])
#2398. ʸη (3) ([2015-11-20-1])
#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])
#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥ󥽥ǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1])
#2416. ʸη (4) ([2015-12-08-1])
#3443. ɽʸɽʸ ([2018-09-30-1])

Ρե٥åȤˡħ

#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
#1861. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤñ㤵 ([2014-06-01-1])
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν ([2017-03-24-1])

ΡʸŤʸ

#1838. ʸ ([2014-05-09-1])
#2429. ե٥åȤȤ ([2015-12-21-1])
#850. 񤭸դȯŪ׹ͤδط ([2011-08-25-1])
#2577. ʸηϤ˴ؤҲŪװ ([2016-05-17-1])
#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1])
#3700. ֥ե٥åȤŴˤʸ罰 ([2019-06-14-1])
#3768. ִ¿ͤʲߤʤ롤٤μʡס ([2019-08-21-1])
#3837. ơˡʸȿˡ --- 5ĤʸȯŸˡ ([2019-10-29-1])

Ρʸȶˡ

#808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1])
#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])
#2400. ԥȥβǽ (2) ([2015-11-22-1])
#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])
#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])
#3045. punctuation εǽ¿ ([2017-08-28-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-05-1]

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2022-04-27 Wed

#4748. ѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤȽ񤭸դμΩ [me_dialect][variation][spelling][writing][medium]

ѸΥƥȤˤ¿¿ͤʥڥ󥰤ߤƤ롥ޤѰۤλѸäդѰۤĴХեޥȤ˿ҤͤʤɼҲؾμˡѤ뤳ȤǤ뤬꤬Ѹν񤭸դǤСʤ٤ȤѤäƤ롥եޥȤĤޤʤФ꤫ȯˤɤ夯Ȥ񤷤ΤǡѸΥڥ󥰤ѰۤˤĤĴ٤褦ȻפСȼˡȯ¸ʤФʤʤ뤲ΤA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (= LALME) Ի Angus McIntosh Michael L. Samuels Ǥ
McIntosh and Samuels ˤ LALME General Introduction (3.1.2) ˤȡѸΥڥ󥰤Ѱ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤơ5ब̤Ȥ

(i) Normal dialect variation, e.g. as in border areas . . . .
(ii) Variation of textual or codicological origin, e.g. layers of variants resulting from successive copyings.
(iii) Sociolinguistic variation, especially in writers affected by the spread of Standard English.
(iv) The combination of two separate dialects in a writer of mixed upbringing.
(v) Especially in the fifteenth century, an unusually wide range or eclectic combination of spellings in a single writer.


Ѱ (variation) ȤϲȤ򡤸ʱѡ˸äդȤǤϤʤѸν񤭸դȤįʤǡƱ꤬ɤ˭ӤӤ뤳Ȥ(i), (iii), (iv) äդˤΤ뤬(ii), (v) ˤĤƤϽ񤭸դͭλͳ褹Ѱۤȹͤ롥
ؤˤƤϽ񤭸դФäդͥȤΤQŪȯۤǤ롥ʸؤ칶ƤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡξQŪ󤬲Ȥɤ񤭸դμΩȤΤ򿮤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲεǤ͡˵Ƥ㤨аʲεɤ

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-28-1]

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2021-08-28 Sat

#4506. World Englishes Ū3 [world_englishes][variety][medium][register]

Mair (116) ˤȡѸ (world_englishes) θԤ褽դƤ礿ȥɤ3ĤȤ

1. Accent divides, whereas grammar unites (with the lexicon being somewhere in between)
2. There is divergence in speech, but convergence in writing.
3. Variation is suppressed in public and formal discourse, but pervasive in informal settings.


Τ褦˸ȡľŪˤ⤽̤ʤΤȻפ졤äϤʤǻŦƤѸηϡѸ쥳ѥʤɤˤҴŪǼ¾ŪʸˤäƤ褽΢դȤפǤ롥绨ĤˤСäդŵŪʥեޥʱѸѤˤƤϡѼ֤礭ʰ㤤ߤ뤬񤭸դŵŪʥեޥʱѸѤǤϡɸؤλظߤȤȤ
3ϡ츫褽褦ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˤפ뤫⤷ʤΤ˸ߤ˽ŤʤʬΤ¤Ǥ롥ơϸ§Ȥưۤʤ뼴­ΩäλŦȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥդ1ܤϡȯʸˡʸäˤȤ˴ؤѥ᡼˴ŤƤ롥2ܤäդ񤭸դȤΤ˴ط롥3ܤϡҲŪʥåƥ󥰡üŪˤХեޥ뤫եޥ뤫ȤѤطʤܤƤ롥
äդȤСƤեޥǤꡤʤȯκۤ˴ؿեޥäդλѤϳؽѹֱʤɤ̤˴ѻ뤷Ǥȯ٤ŪΩʤʤʸˡäͿƤΤǤ롥ޤ񤭸դȤХեޥȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿åȤäΥץȤΤ褦ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ񤭸դλѤϤǤ⤢뤷ȯѰۤȿǤɸŪʥڥ󥰻Ѥߤ롥
3ĤΥѥ᡼ϡߤ˽Ťʤ뤬ŪˤΩΤȤ򤷤ƤΤŬڤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])#839. register ([2011-08-14-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

Mair, Christian. "World Englishes and Corpora." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 103--22.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-10-19-1] [2021-08-29-1]

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2021-07-08 Thu

#4455. ѸˤǤϽ񤭸դƱäդɤȿǤƤ [literacy][medium][writing][standardisation][methodology]

񤭸դäդ̤ΤǤȤ򤬹ԤϤäƤ롥ΤˤϽ񤭸դ1ĤνפʵǽǤꡤ켫Τϴְ㤤ǤϤʤϡäդȽ񤭸դϡɽ魯2ĤΩΤǧƤ롥ΤξԤδطϿ§ȤƸߤΩƤ롥ʤ봶ФäդİС񤭸դϻФȰۤʤäƤ뤷ǽˤƤⴰ˰פ뤳ȤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
äդȽ񤭸դϸ§ȤƸߤΩΤǤꡤԥäȰפ뤳ȤϤʤȤȤĤġǤϱѸˤǤξԤϤɤΤ餤ΥƤΤ뤤ߴäƤΤȤȤȤܸˤǤȤΡָʸԡ˰ספǤ롥
ܸˤ٤ФȤĤΰոѸˤˤƤϡѸ줬񤭸դդ줿Ȥ줬ƱäդɤΤ餤褯ȿǤƤСŪ褯פ褦˻פ롥ܸǤδʸʸʸ´ʸʤɡäդ礭æ񤭸դѤƤѸǤϤۤɤ礭ʰæϤߤʤä
ѸˤλǤС񤭸դäդ˺ǤܶᤷƤΤѸä⤷ʤȯΤޤֻ˾äȤǤ⡤񤭸դ˰ҿͿɸ줬¸ߤʤäȤǤ⡤ξΤܶᤷƤȤ
ΩĸűѸ䡤³ѸˤƤϡξΤεΥŪ礭ä褦˻פ롥űѸαʸϡָʸءפȤϤƱäդɽ路ΤȤϹͤʤˤƤϡ֥ȥɸפ⸽졤ѸǽޤǤ٤αƶϤݤäѸ줫ѸˤƤϥƥե󥹸ʤɤΰҿää̤ή񤭸դǤƱäդι⤤򤬤ʤ줿Τ褦ˤĤơSchaefer (1285--86) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

[M]ost of what has come down to us in writing should be considered as influenced by the very medium that allows us to look into these historical linguistic data. However, if we compare the poetic evidence from the early 8th century to the prose evidence from the 12th, it is probably the latter that brings us closest to what may be considered to mirror the spoken language of the respective period. Albeit that the former must have been heavily informed by the pre-Christian oral culture, its form most certainly does not reflect conceptually 'spoken' language. Moreover, English was only firmly reestablished in writing in the 14th and 15th centuries. In that period English in writing obviously profited very much from the literate languages Latin and French . . . . The influence of Latin continued well into the Modern period and hence made the disparity between prose writing in the then establishing standard and the actual spoken language even wider.


ѸˤǤϡषˤäդȽ񤭸դεΥޤäƤƤȤͤ롥饸ƥӡ󥿡ͥåȤʤɤεѤ˻٤ơΤˤ륳ߥ˥󤬷Ūξδ֤ζܤ⽾ۤΤǤϤʤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤطƤ
ƱռεȤơ#3210. 夬ˤĤ졤񤭸դεϿŪäդФȤ񤷤ʤ뤫ݤ ([2018-02-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-11-16 Mon

#4221. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 (2) [communication][medium][writing][printing][manuscript][literacy]

̡ȡش󥵥ڥǥɴʡ٤ڥڥ᤯äƤȤ̿Τȯã˴ؤ뵭ܤˤȤޤä (1772--73) #2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥ櫓̿ΤפǤܼŪʤȤ򥺥ХäͤƤƴ쥳ߥ˥ΤȯŸǡƶǤ롥ʲĹ٤ưѤ롥

̿ȯã󡦥ޥߤ

̿ȯã
̿󤯤ˤΤȤΰջãȤСȯãϡ礿Τˤäơޤ˸Ƭɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λʬव롥ʸʤˤ̿μʤϡƬˤ뤫СİФ̤Ƥο桦ޡʤΤݤʤɡˤˤ뤷ʤʸĤ褦ˤʤȻȯȤȤ˼ɮ̿ΤμפʼʤȤʤä
Ѥȯޤǡפʽʪϥȥåƻν̼ǽ̤ƤʿŪʸĿͤǽʽʪοϸꤵƤꡤΨ㤫ä޽ۤμήۤȤμѤȤä
Ѥȯϡʪ̤˳衼åѤǤ1455ǯ J. ƥ٥륯 (1397--1468) ˤäƶ°ˤǰȯ줿οʵѤϽʪιϤή̣ۤ16Ⱦνױư17ꥹԥ塼꥿̿ΥǥζɬפˤѥեåȡʹʤɤγƼʪνиߤΨϤʤ㤯ȯαƶϤ˴ʤΤǤꡤΤ褦˰ʪ罰ΤȤΤˤʤäΤϥƥ٥륯ȯ顤380ǯвᤷ1830ǯΥꥫʺǽ罰ʹϴˤˤƤǤä
1844ǯ S. F. B. ⡼ (1791--1872) ѲſϿʹμã®٤ֻΤΤȤϤᡤ̿ˤοʲſ֤ϡ®dzμ¾˻򤫤ƤԤ侦ͤˤäơ19դޤ̥ޥޡͤĥᤰ餵졤̾

ޥߤ̿
ʹҤƤüѤȤơȯ100ĶǽȤȤȤʤä1890ǯ夫ȤΤȤ饸о줹1920ǯޤǤޥߥ˥ηǤ롥ŪˤķŪڤƥӤäꡤŵ̿ϥޥǥ̿μή롥
δ֡եࡤʤɤΤ٤λŪǥŤطʤȤơŪˤϹ̱ʸŪ硤гŪˤλʸŪήۤȤΤ˿ΤǤʤŤΤư줿λŪǥãϤ٤ơҤȤ꤫¿ؤξãդޤȤ󤬤Ūʰ̣⤫Ӿ夬餻롥
󲽻Ȥ뺣ˤ륽ϢϤҤȤ꤫¿ؤξΤ褦θ³Ѳż롥1980ǯܳʲ̿η֤ħϡ̿Ѥáեåѥ̿ˤߤҤȤ꤫ҤȤؤ̿ߺǤ롥Ĵ֤̿ˤƤ⡤ƥӲĤäȤꡤʸ֥ƥӡͭˤƤ¾롤¿ͥξ󤫤ġͤμפ˱󶡤ǡΰãǤϤʤ̿ϡĹ餯ʬǤƤ񶭤ʤ۶ν椹Ⱦ٤줿ȤޤͤꡦƤϤưɤƤ롥

̿Τ
̿ˤϡƬɮŵ̿ߺŪ̿λ˰ʬव뤬ƬˤãϡʸȰѤȯθ⡤ߤȤƻѤ줿ɤŪŪʷưˤФȤƽפ餸饸ƥӤоȤ̤ự򼺤äƤʤ񤭤ʸλˤʤäƤह뤳Ȥʤʻ¸μʸβɤϺ˲Ȥºɤ뤿νפʻŻǤ롥ץʸμήȤʤäƤɮμ椬äºŤ뤳ȤФ𤵤褦ˡƬ饳ԥ塼ޤǤˤϿä˿ʤ褦ˤߤƤºݤϿϾǤ뤳ȤϤʤ
̿ΤŪΤνиϤ١ԤΤεǽѤ뤬ΤδʪȤϤʤ餺ɮŵ̿Ȥ⤤⸽ޤ³ԤƤ롥ϡ̿ˤΤѲȤȤˡ̤¿ɵᤷƤˤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤


ϡ쥳ߥ˥ˤƾ̤ɵᤷ³βǼΤȯƤȤȤˤʤ롥μˤĤƤϤɤʤΤȹͤǤޤäϡΤȾа¸뤬ȾΩΤǤ⤢
ȴϢƽ̺ˤĤơ#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1])#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹ء ([2017-11-07-1]) ⻲ȡ

ش󥵥ڥǥɴʡ١1995ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-12-17 Tue

#3886. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (6) [writing][medium][punctuation][link]

äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФӡоȤˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) ([2018-04-14-1])
#3411. äա񤭸աΡˡʸΡˡ ([2018-08-29-1])
#3799. äա񤭸աΡˡʸΡ (2) ([2019-09-21-1])
#2535. (sign) μ --- ʤˤʬ ([2016-04-05-1])

ݤ˽פʤΤϡξԤ (medium) ȤơʪŪˡװۤʤΤǤȤŪǧǤ롥äȤФİФʤ벻Ѥ񤭤ȤФϻФʤ뵭Ѥ롥δŪʰ㤤顤ۤܤ٤Ƥνפʰ㤤߽ФȤȤĤޤꡤ츫Ūˤߤ뤬¤ΤȤʪؤؤ˵夹Ȥ (cf. #1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1])#1065. 軰ŪʵΤȤƤβħ ([2012-03-27-1]
Cook (38) ξΤħ򡤼Τ褦˴ʷˤޤȤƤ롥

Speech is spoken soundsWriting is written symbols
Speech is fleetingWriting is permanent
Speech is linear in timeWriting can be consulted, regardless of time
Speech is processed 'on-line'Writing is stored 'off-line'
Speech can be produced and comprehended at around 150 words per minuteWriting can be read at up to 350 words per minutes
Speech is spontaneous first-draftWriting is carefully worked, final-draft
Speech is linked to a definite shared contextWriting has an indefinite non-shared context
Speech attributes definite roles to the listenerWriting attributes indefinite roles to the reader
Speech can use sound features such as intonationWiring can use written features such as punctuation


Τ褦ʰ㤤ΤǡʤäȤФǤɽǤʤȡդ˽񤭤ȤФǤɽǤʤȤ롥ԤȤƤϡinn ̾ˤ in ֻˤζ̡art ̾ˤ Art ʸͭ̾ˤζ̡Ƽζɵ (punctuation) {;-) Τ褦 emoticon ⡤äդˤбΤʤcf. #808. smileys or emoticons ([2011-07-14-1]

ǶǤϡ񤭸դäդμ̤ˤʤȤθæ񤭸դμΩĥۤȸʹ褦ˤʤäƤʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. 񤭸դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-10-30 Wed

#3838. ʸͭȤ⡤ʤ٤ʸʸĤ夲뤳Ȥϲǽ [writing][history][medium]

Ҳ𤷤ơˡʸȿˡ٤ꡤɸˤĤơ̾ʸʸȤڤäƤڤʤطˤǧƤꡤͭʸҲϤʤʸҲפȤƤ褦˻פ롥΢֤ȤƤΡ̵ʸҲϤʤʸҲפȤϾΩĤΤ
(27) ϡ̵ʸҲФͭʸҲ̤ͥϵʤȤĤĤ⡤̵ʸҲ񤬾ʸŪʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤĥƤ롥

ȯŸϡĻŪ夹ΤȤƤʸäȤޤäۤʤʳ뤳ȤȤʤ롥
ʸͭȤ⡤ʤ٤ʸʸĤ夲뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥γʹʰϡֿפΥǤ롥
ڥ롼濴˥꤫饨ɥˤޤdzȤߤʥޥԥΤ褦ԻԤ¤Ĥ󥫤ο͡ϡɽ魯סʤַʸפͭƤĻŪ夹ΤȤƤηŪʸĤȤϤĤˤʤä褦Ǥ롥
ֵפǸȤС桼饷dzФߤͷ̱Ǥ롥ʸļդνʸĹ餯ͷ̱⡤ȥ륳ϤȬʸͰƤޤǡʸ⤿ʤä
ޤʥ󥴥ۤ󥴥ͤ⡤ˤʸ⤿컰ȾäƤ褦䤯٥åʸ١Ȥѥʸȡʸ١ȤȤʸĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ȥ⤹ʸ⤿Ȥ⡤ҳ񤽤ƥ󥴥Τ褦ʡΤݻ뤳ȤǤΤϳΤǤ롥

ά

ʸΤȤʾ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäҲ񤬡ʸνʬˤơ̡ͥפ褦ˤʤäƤäȤ⵿ʤǤ桼饷ˤ꽻Ū̱ȰưŪͷ̱ϴطǽŪˤԤ̤ͥ˵뤷ޤˤäȤߤƤ褤Ǥ


ʸϤͭʸҲʸŪͥμĥˤ뤬Ϥष̵ʸҲɬʸŪǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ΢μĥΤۤ˴ؿä̵ʸҲȰǤäƤ⡤¤ϤʥꤽǤ롥˴ؤƤϡʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǤȤ

#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1])
#2618. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ (2) ([2016-06-27-1])
#2447. οʸηϤο ([2016-01-08-1])
#3118. ̵ʸҲ˽ҡ ([2017-11-09-1])
#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1])

ơʸȿˡʸˡפΥå١Ǽҡ2018ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-13-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-09-21 Sat

#3799. äա񤭸աΡˡʸΡ (2) [terminology][japanese][style][speech][writing][medium][genbunicchi]

ɸθ򾷤䤹Ѹ췲ˤĤơ[2018-08-29-1]ε˰³մ򷫤֤
εǤ⻲Ȥ¼ܸɸפˡ٤DzǫѸβͿƤ (14--15) פʬѤ褦

ĤθǤäƤ⡤񤭸դäդȤϰäȤ뤫顤ƹˤϤդɬפǤ롥Ǥפϡ񤭸դˤϸʸʸʸ뤳ȤǤ롥䤳ȤäդΤȤǤ롥ʸȤʸΤν񤭸դΤȤǤ롥񤭸դˤϸƬ˶ᤤΤν񤭸դ⤢롥ʸȸäƤ롥ʬहȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

äաʸ

                  Ρʸʸ
񤭸ա
                    ʸΡʸʸ

θؽˤϡפʤȤǡָ졤ʸפȤդ򵤳ڤΩƻѤƤΤ뤬Τ褦Ѹϸɬ򾷤ο޼ʬȤꡤָפȡʸפȤľܤˤΩʤޤָʸפȤߤ᤿褤ξָפΡäաפؤƤ褦¾Ρʸפ񤭸̤ؤƤΤʸʸΡˤؤƤΤʬʤʤ롥ָʸספȤ򾷤䤹ѸȤȤϡʾ夫򤵤ȻפäȤָʸספϼºݤˤϡֽ񤭸ոΡפ̵ȤǡָΡפϽФ뤳ȤȲᤵ뤫顤ΰ̣ѸȤäƤʤ̵


ޤʬ褦ˡäդ1˿Ԥ뤬񤭸դˤ2ब̤ȤȤ򤹤ΤΤ䤳ä뤿ΥĥܤǤ롥ϡ񤭸դäդ˽° (medium) Ǥ뤳Ȥ⶯ǡפʥĥܤȤ褦

¼ ˡܸɸפˡ١̼ҡ2019ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-10-02 Tue

#3445. ܸˤѸˤ⡤̵򤽤餷ǤȤ԰ [japanese][historiography][variety][philology][writing][medium]

ε#3444. ѸˤϡѸλ̵򤽤餷ǤȤ԰١ ([2018-10-01-1]) ƤϡΤޤܸˤˤƤϤޤ뤷ˤ¾¿θ̸ˤˤƤϤޤܸˤˤĤơ (4) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʸˤߤܸ줬ɤΤ褦ܸȿǤƤΤΤȤܸˤͤݤ˺ǤפʤȤǤ롥ʸϹ˸夫鸽ޤǻĤäƤΤΡˤϤ줾λʸȿǤƤդŪȤθդôȤĤǤ뤳ȤαդʤФʤʤ
ŪȤΤϡɻˤäƤθաʿ»ʹǯϵθաͻȾʹߤˤäƤϹ͡θդȤ褦ˡʸ濴Ϥ¨ưưƤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơˤȤ򤹤ʤСήϰϢ³礯ˡϢʤȤȤήˤ򰷤ΤϤʤʤǤ롥
դô˴ؤƤ?ʿ»ˤϵ²ηθաһˤΤθաĮˤϾĮͤθաͻˤϲĮͤθդä뤳ȤȤʤꡤҤȸȤäƤ⤽¤ŪʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ롥


λФĹݤ줿ԤԸդϡϤθդˤä礭ѹ뤳ȤϤʤäΤ¤Ǥ롥ȤϤλܸˤ򵭽Ҥ˽פǤ롥
ѸˤǤǯǤ The Stories of English Alternative Histories of English ʤɤνѼˤҤ褦ˤʤäƤŪ˱ѸˤȤСפ˵ҤԤȤ礭ѤäƤʤѸˤˤƤפ϶ŪˤŪˤϢ³礤ƤȤȤϸ¤ǤꡤõƤɬפ
ơ̸ˤϻ̵򤽤餷ǤȤ԰٤ʤΤǤ롥

ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-10-01 Mon

#3444. ѸˤϡѸλ̵򤽤餷ǤȤ԰ [historiography][register][dialect][variety][philology][writing][medium]

Ѹ˸ˤơФиᤴ뤬ƴŪʻ¤Ȥơ¸ʸΥ꤬롥ˤäʸ̤礭ʺȤ¤
κȤäƤ⡤켫Τˤ͡ʥפ롥ˤäơʸ񤫤Ƥۤʤ⤢СΩä񤭼ꤿγʤɡҲŪ°ۤʤ⤢롥ˤäơΤȯŸƤʸϤΥ⹭äƤɽμˤ⡤ˤäư㤤ߤ롥
¸ʸθ줬ˤä¿¿ͤǤȤȤϡθˤ̤ƤΡ¬פ񤷤ȤȤǤ롥ϰ˸ꤷƹͤƤ⡤礿ʤפϡűѸǤϥȥǤꡤѸǤ¸ߤѸʹߤϥɥǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ1ĤΩӤưӤѸˤȤϤǤʤ
头Ȥ˽񤭸դôѤäƤǤϤΤ񤯤ΤϡۤԤ䲦²˸¤Ƥϡ깭¯ο͡ˤΤ񤭵ˬ褦ˤʤꡤḽˤƤ϶ȯŸȤȤ˽񤭸դϽ̱˳Ƥä񤭸դôȤ¦̤ˤƤ⡤¬αѸˤȤ񤷤
ǤϡΤ褦˻ȤֱѸˡפȤϲؤΤֱѸפΤΤƱ褦ˡֱѸˡפ⡤ʤ١եʤΤȻפѸˤϡñʤѸȤ˴ؤ¤λŪʵҤǤϤʤϸߤ˷ӤĤˤ̵Τ̵򡤤٤θɤΤ޷ؤȲȤӤĤİ٤ʤΤǤϤʤݥȤϤ˷֤櫓ǤϤʤȤȤˤϡ˸뤿ιפۤ˸ȤȤϡ餯¤β˿ȿǤƤϤȤ˾ʤ顥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-10-02-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-08-29 Wed

#3411. äա񤭸աΡˡʸΡ [terminology][japanese][style][speech][writing][medium][genbunicchi]

ɸϡճȺ򾷤䤹Ѹ췲Ǥ롥Ǥˡ¼˴Ťơ#3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױưס ([2018-05-24-1]) Ǥ夲Ƥ
ޤäաפȡֽ񤭸աפΩˤĤơˤĤƤ¿פʤȤФɽ魯ʡʤ (medium) ΰ㤤ܤƤѸǤꡤѤƸƬǤʤΤäաפǤꡤʸѤƽ񵭤ǤʤΤֽ񤭸աפǤ롥줾Τͭλ𤬤ꡤˤĤƤϡʲγƵǰäƤ

#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1])
#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])
#849. äդȽ񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1])
#1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])
#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])
#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2301. äդȽ񤭸դĤʤڥȥ ([2015-08-15-1])
#3274. äդȽ񤭸 (5) ([2018-04-14-1])

򾷤䤹ΤϡָΡפȡʸΡפΩǤ롥줾Ρפάơָסʸפȸ뤳Ȥ¿ޤμȤʤꤦ롥ָסäաפȤˡʤǤϤʤŪˤϡָΡˡפʸΡˡפ񤭸դ°복ǰǤ롥񤭸դˤƺѤ2ĤΰۤʤʸΤ򤹤Τ褤ָΡˡפϡָŪʸΤν񤭸աסʸΡˡפϡʸŪʸΤν񤭸աפȤȤǤ롥
ǤϡָŪʸΤν񤭸աסʸŪʸΤν񤭸աפȤϲԤϡʸˡøäʤδؤˤĤơŪäդѤƤΤ˴Ťƽ񤫤줿դǤʴؤˤĤƤϡ#3312. ˤؤɽء ([2018-05-22-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ䤿ϸߡŪ˸ܸʸˡøä˴ŤäƤ롥Ʊʸˡøä˴ŤܸɽСϡָŪʸΤν񤭸աפȤʤ롥ΤȤʤäաפȤʤ˶ᤤΤˤϤʤ뤬ƱΤǤϤʤäաפȡֽ񤭸աפϺŪۤʤΤǤꡤƱؤ˾äƤȤϤƱνϤȤϤʤʤä褦˽񤯡פֽ񤯤褦äפʤɤȤϤޤŪʸǤꡤξԤδ֤ˤϤʤΥåפΤǤ롥
ʸŪʸΤν񤭸աפȤϡʸˡøäʤɤδؤȤơ߾ѤƤΤǤϤʤĤƾѤƤǤȤҿΤ¾ǤȤΤѤƽ񤫤줿ΤǤ롥ܸν񤭼ϡʹߡ˻ޤǡʿ»ܸδؤ˴ŤʸϤ񤤤Ƥ줬ʸŪʸΤν񤭸աפǤ롥νǤϡ񤭼¿ϡҿ롤ǤƥʸϤ񤤤줬ǤȤΡʸŪʸΤν񤭸աפǤ롥
ʾޤȤмΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) ä
ա
(3) Ρ
(2) 񤭸ա
(4) ʸΡ

(1) (2, 3, 4) ΤΩǤ롥(3) (4) Ͻ񤭸դǤȤäǤʸΤΩ(1, 3) (4) ϡäΩĴؤƱξѸΤ줫ݤΩǤ롥դˤĤơܤ¼ (4--13) 򻲾Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-17-1] [2019-09-21-1]

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2018-05-24 Thu

#3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױư [japanese][terminology][medium][writing][emode][latin][style][genbunicchi]

դϡΤδ礭äաפȡֽ񤭸աפʬ롥񤭸դϤˡեޥƥδָΡפȡʸΡפʬ롥¼ (5) 򻲾Ȥƿ޼ȼ̤ꡥ

          ä
ա                    
          񤭸ա
                                ʸ

ˤͻˤϡФиԤζʬˤĤưռŪ򤷤ƤȤοǤ롥ߤܸǤС񤭸դȤС̾ϸΤΤȤؤεʸϤ⤦ʹǤⶵʽǤ⾮Ǥ⡤ŪɤǤΤΤۤȤɤäդȤˤΤǤ롥ޤǤϴʸŵܸ˴ŤʸΤ̤äʸױưϡʸΤΤؤΰܹԤưä櫓
ѸˤˤƤ⡤ΤʸΤζ̤ռƤΤ褤ˤơ󥰥ɤˤ礿񤭸դȤХƥʤӥե󥹸ˤäŪˤäդDZѸȤäƤʤ顤ɮݤˤϤ˴ŤΤǤϤʤǤƥѤƤΤǤ롥ѸˤˤʸΤȤϡʤƥΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤʸΤΰ㤤ϡܸǤϸŵܸ˴ŤΤǤꡤѸǤϳ˴ŤΤǤȤŪѤƤäդЪΥǤϰפƤ롥ˤƤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡ񤭸դƥ줫ѸؤڤؤäưϤθʸױưɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤ̩ɽܻؤֻ (spelling_reform) ʸױưΰȤߤʤȤǤ뤬Ǥϸŵ줿ƥ줬¯줿Ѹ˥ʥߥå֤äƤʤ񤭸դ vernacularisation ؤơָʸױưפȸƤǤ
αѸˤˤָʸױưפˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-30-1] [2018-08-29-1]

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2018-04-03 Tue

#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ [sobokunagimon][old_norse][standardisation][loan_word][borrowing][medium][oe][eme]

#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1]) Ǥ夲ƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ѸθäˤϸťΥɸ줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ롥ŪطʤȤƤϡ9Ⱦʹߤ˸ťΥɸȤ󥰤󥰥꽻DZѸüԤȺäȤаޤ롥ǼѤ줿Ϥ¿θťΥɸ줫ñ줬ʸ˽ƸΤϡ󥰤꽻ʤűѸˤƤǤϤʤʤ̻֤ѸʹߡȤ櫓13ʹߤΤȤʤΤǤ롥ŪͽۤǯȼºݤʸڤǯȤδ֤˥åפȤϡѸˤǤ⤷Фм夲뤬ͳϰŪ˼Τ褦˹ͤƤBlake, p. 92 ˡ

It is a feature of the history of the English language that there are a considerable number of Old Norse loans in the language, but the appearance of these loans in writing occurs mainly from the thirteenth century onwards and not from the pre-Conquest period which is when the Viking invasions and settlements occurred. The usual explanation for this is as follows. Most Old English literature which has survived is written in the West Saxon dialect, and the dialect represents those areas of England which were least affected by the Scandinavian invasions and settlements. Hence Scandinavian influence in these areas cannot have been very significant. Even in those areas where the Danes had settled, they continued to live in their own communities and would only gradually have become absorbed among the Anglo-Saxon population. This implies that the new settlers were for a long time regarded as foreigners and no attempt was made to assimilate them. Consequently the introduction of Old Norse words into English was delayed in the Anglian dialects, and their southward drift would be even later than that. It is hardly surprising in this view that words of Scandinavian origin are not found in English in any numbers until the thirteenth century.


Ĥޤꡤ󥰤ϳΤ˥󥰥ˤɬ⤹ˤ轻Υ󥰥ͤȺä櫓ǤϤʤüѤޤ᤿ŪͻϰƳ٤äȤ櫓ޤűѸʸȤƻĤäƤΤ¿ϥ󥰥 West Saxon ǽ񤫤Ƥ뤿ᡤ󥰤θŪƶϸűѸˤʸڤˤΤȤ
Blake (93--94) ϤΰŪʸɤ˲ȤߤƤ롥

The continuity of West Saxon as Standard Old English would have discouraged the adoption of new words from other varieties and even from other languages. The tenth-century reforms were a continuation of the policies introduced by Alfred, and it is not surprising that the attitude towards standardisation and conservatism should have become more rigid as the standard grew in importance.


Blake ιͤϤäդΥ٥ǤϡŪаޤ鼫ͽۤȤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ǥ˸űѸäƤɸŪݼŪ West Saxon ν񤭸դˤƤϡŪάŪʶοȤ⤤٤ťΥɸѸѤ뤳ȤϤդ路ʤȹͤ졤ӽ줿ΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ͡θȯƤʸϤˤȿǤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ
񤭸դݼϤ褯Τ줿¤ɸŪʽ񤭸դȤʤФޤޤݼŪˤʤȤȤϡΤ˹ͤ롥

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

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2017-11-07 Tue

#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹 [history][writing][medium]

3--4񵭤ˤˤƽ2Ĥλ郎äʪ (scroll) äƺ (codex) ѥԥ륹 (papyrus) ä (parchment) 줿ȤǤ롥̺ȤλȤˤƷŪѲ⤿餵줿ޤִʪҡפνˤĤơذȤ̿٤ԥڥƥ꡼ (19--20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʪҤؤѤäƤ椯ץʳŪʤΤäѲ⤿餷ѥȤ䡤ΰѤȯ˾Ȥ̤ۤ礭ʤΤǤäҤ͵ΤϡäǤ롥΢̤ˤ񤭹뤫顤ʪʤ»ˤ⤷Ĥս꤬äƤ⡤ñ˥ڡκؤǤޤ¢Ѥ߾夲뤫ê¤٤뤫ݴɤǤΤǡɤδ˸ʬĤΤ褦˺Ҿܤϡʪ٤ȡϤ뤫˿޽ۡʼˤǤμ¢ȴưפäΤǤ롥˺Ҥϡɮ̤ΤʬǤդˤޤޤʥƥȤ򹥤ߤν֤ǰˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ⡤ñˤФФˤ֤ؤ뤳ȤǤפ˽ѵ٤ǤΤǤ롥
ҤϼŪǤäФǤϤʤʪ⡤Ϥ뤫줿Ūץǽäʤˤꡤ¿ͤɤǤʪȡǽ餫ɤäɤǤ椯ۤʤҤʤѤѤȤ᤯äƽɤߤǤ롥ɼԤϥƥȤΤս꤫̤βսؤȡ˾ޤޤ˰ưƤ椱뤫顤׺ŸǤ롥ҤϡʪФǤʤŪʼʤ󶡤ΤǤ롥


³ơ֥ѥԥ륹פˤĤƤڤƤ (20--21)

ҷܤͳˤϡǤ䤹ѥԥ륹ؤơΤ뵭ϿΤѤȤ⤢äѥԥ륹ˡ椬Ѥ褦ˤʤäά
Ϥޤ٤⤯ѵˤͥƤᡤʬ̤¿ƥȤ䡤˭ܤʸϤѤ뤳ȤǤ


Τ褦ʵŪ׿ˤꡤ񤯤ȡɤळȤΰյѤäƤäޤʸ񤬵˸ߤޤ¸³뤳Ȥˤʤäޤˡˤǽʤ餷᤿׿äȤ褦
̺ˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) #2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-16-1]

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2017-10-14 Sat

#3092. Ĥ䤹񤭸դξڵ򡤾ä䤹񤭸դξڵ [writing][medium][grammatology][archaeology]

񤭸դȯʤʸȯϡ̤ܰΤΤŪʤΤεˤˤĤơNicholas et al. ʵŸƤ롥ʸΥ֥ȥ饯Ȥ褤ˤʤäƤΤǡѤ褦 (459)

A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation --- the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts --- than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.


ʸǤϡ嵭ȴϢڤߤƤ롥

Some materials survive better than others, and for various reasons scribes chose relatively perishable substances for utilitarian texts, and more permanent vehicles for more formal ones. They were guided not only by the substance's durability, but also by its value and its convenience. Carving an inscription in stone improves its chance of survival for posterity; furthermore, the material may have been chosen for its intrinsic value (whether aimed at the inscription, or at the object, like a bowl or a statue, on which the inscription is found); and the labour of carving the text on a stone is itself an enhancement of the value of the object. As a general rule, therefore, we may expect surviving inscriptions to be those serving ceremonial purposes and found on durable materials. (472)


The main factor in deciding which script style was to be used was not purely the tools and media used for writing but also the content of the text. Likewise the amount of time devoted to a particular inscription (in turn reflecting the value attached to the text) will have had an effect on the form of the script used, with formality on ceremonial, informality on utilitarian vehicles: thus bones and tortoise-shells, though still formal, have more narrative content and generally have more cursive characters than the bronzes. (477)


The medium based for writing depended largely upon the content of the message. Because of the differential preservation of writing media, formal ceremonial texts, written on more durable substances, dominate in the archaeological record, giving a biased picture of the uses of early writing. The occasional survival of more perishable substances, together with certain other evidence, helps to correct this bias. (478--79)


ơȤ "[T]he stimulus to move from individual symbols or emblems to a coherent writing system is more likely to have come from the needs of administration than from a wish to disseminate propaganda." (479) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥񤭸դϡޤǼ̤ܰޤƤȤʷ
εϡʪؤˤĤ䤹Фμͻ벽 (taphonomy) ȯۤȹƤ롥#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤʸεȯãθˤäƤν̺νˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1])#2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ׻ȡ

Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial?" Antiquity 69 (1965): 458--80.

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