
ε#6128. 1 mond 10䤤˲ޤ ([2026-02-05-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ mond ǤϤֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ꤬¿夲줿Τʤlanguage gu [gw] ȯޤե gu ϸΥƥμѸ [g] Ǥ often եȥƱפ֤ȯȤȤǤפȤ䤤ä
μФ127˲ƤΤΤˤĤĴ٤ȤΤǡ˷ǺܤƤޤ MED θФǧƤ
langāǧe (n.) Also langag, langaige, longage, language, languege, langwache, (errors) lanquage, langegage.
ֻȤ <u> <w> ޤΤ⤢ä褦
OED Notes εҤꡥ
Both in Anglo-Norman (where they are much more frequent than in continental French) and in English, spellings with insertion of u or w after g are due to the influence of classical Latin lingua, as is the standard pronunciation of the English word. In Middle English the word was usually pronounced without /w/ ; the 16th-cent. orthoepists Hart and Bullokar still record this pronunciation as the usual one, and it survives in Scots and Irish English, as shown e.g. by the spellings langidge, langige. See further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) vol. II. §421 note 7.
ǸڤƤ Dobson (Vol. 2, §421, n. 7) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
Note 7: Language, being an adoption of OF langage, normally lacks [w] in ME; so Hart and Bullokar (normally). But it is early affected, in spelling and pronunciation, by Latin lingua (cf. the fourteenth-century spelling langwag recorded by OED); hence [gw] in Bullokar (as a rarer variant), Mulcaster, Gil (who actually gives u), Butler, Hodges, The English Schole-master, Strong, Young, Cooper, and Brown. Similarly banquet (OF banc + et) should have [k], as in Levins, Laneham, Hodges, Strong, and Young; but Coles gives the 'phonetic' spelling bang-quet (contrast blang-ket 'blanket'), which shows the beginning of the PresE spelling-pronunciation. Cooper says that the word is spelt either banquet or banket.
Ǥ language Ȥ banquet Ƥ롥mond βǤ banquet ˤϿʤäθŪʿĴ٤Ƥߤȶ̣
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ε#6118. salmon l ϤʤȯʤΤǤ --- mond μ ([2026-01-26-1]) Ǥϡsalmon ʺˤۻ l طʤˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 夲ޤϡδϢǡ褯аޤɤʤ⸽Ǥϰۤʤ̤ȤʤäƤ falcon ʥϥ֥ˤˤĤäޤ礦
falcon salmon Ʊ͡ƥ (falcōnem) ͳ褷ťե (faucon) ν֤ФѸäƤޤäơϱѸǤ l ʸȯ⤢ޤǤȤ16˥ƥֻȤ <l> ֻͰŪޤޤǤ salmon ȤޤäƱƻڤǤ
ѸɸŪȯˤơsalmon <l> ۻǤΤФfalcon l /ˈfælkən/ /ˈfɔːlkən/ Τ褦ˡֻ̤ /l/ ȯΤ̤ǤϡֻȯϤȤʤäȯΤΤѲȤʤޤ
Ȥ֤ϤñǤϤޤȯ֤ܤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤLPD3 ˷ǺܤƤ롤ƤΰüԤоݤȤ Preference Poll η̤Ƥߤޤ礦

Ū¿ /l/ ȯƤޤƤȤ3%ۤɤüԤϡߤǤ /l/ ʤ /ˈfɔːkən/ ʤɤθŤפȯѤƤ뤳Ȥǧޤξ <l> ۻȤʤޤ˶̣ΤϡCEPD17 εҤǤμˤϡΥߥ˥ƥˤ봷ѤˤĤƤޤ
Note: /ˈfɔː-/ is the usual British pronunciation among people who practise the sport of falconry, with /ˈfɔː-/ and /ˈfɔːl-/ most usual among them in the US.
뾢δ֤ǤϡꥹǤ /l/ ȯʤ̤ǤꡤꥫǤ⤽ηȤΤǤȤδ֤ǤϡŪȯֶȳѸפΤ褦˲вƻĤäƤȤΤ϶̣ݤǤ
ǤϡŪ˸Ƥ <l> ֻϤĺ夷ΤǤ礦Hotta and Iyeiri ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ѤơѸˤ falcon ֻѰۤܺ٤ĴޤĴˤСñʣޤơʲΤ褦37̤ΰ۷ǧޤ (147) <l> ̵ͭܤƤ
falcon, falcons, faulcon, faucon, fawcons, faucons, fawcon, faulcons, falkon, falcone, faukon, faulcone, faukons, falkons, faulcones, faulkon, faulkons, falcones, faulken, fawlcon, fawkon, faucoun, fauken, fawcoun, fawken, falken, fawkons, fawlkon, falcoun, faucone, faulcens, faulkens, faulkone, fawcones, fawkone, fawlcons, fawlkons
ޤɴǤʬϤΤʷƤޤʸǤϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤޤ (152)
FALCON is one of the most helpful items for us in that it occurs frequently enough both in non-etymological spellings without <l> and etymological spellings with <l>. The critical point in time for the item was apparently the middle of the sixteenth century. Until the 1550s and 1560s, the non-etymological type (e.g., <faucon> and <fawcon>) was by far the more common form, whereas in the following decades the etymological type (e.g., <faulcon> and <falcon>) displaced its non-etymological counterpart so quickly that it would be the only spelling in effect at the end of the century.
Ĥޤꡤ16ȾС1550ǯ~1560ǯˤžǤޤǤ faucon Τ褦ŪֻͥǤθ塤® falcon ʤɤθ츻ŪֻäꡤˤϤܴ֤ۤäΤǤ
salmon falconƱƱ褦ư l ʤ顤ۻȤʤꡤ¾ϡȤСۤܡȯ褦ˤʤäѸˤϡͽ¬ԲǽʸġñΥɥޤƤޤ
falcon ˤĤƿƤ¾ε⤴Ȥ
#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1])
#488. ȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1])
#2099. fault l ([2015-01-25-1])
#5981. ˡرѸͭ̾츻ŵ١ʸҡ2011ǯˡ ([2025-09-11-1])
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Roach, Peter, James Hartman, and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
salmon ϤĤŤ l Τ l ȯʤȤ餷ơ16~17ΤĤŤȯκ𤬱ƶƤ뽭ޤsalmonȯɽˤˤĤƶƤ
μͭץåȥե mond ˤơ嵭μޤŪʱñֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؤ뵿Ǥ
СԤο仡äƤޤsalmon l ϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤꡤѹͥγؼԤθŵؤƴ줬ΤǤ
hellog Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤޤѸθä¿ϥեͳäƤޤƥ salmō (acc. salmōnem) ϡťե l æ saumon ʤɤηˤʤޤѸˤñ줬Ѥ줿ȤʤѸǤ l ֤줺ȯ⤵ޤǤʸСsamon samoun ȤäֻŪäΤǤ
Ȥ16濴ȤѸȡƥ䥮ꥷܤμͤѸֻͳƥη᤹٤ȹͤϤޤϥե첽ơ¤äֻ츻ǤƥηȤơͰŪʸΤǤ
debt doubt breceipt p salmon l ʤɤϡ٤ƤλλʪǤθŪֻϡѸ¿ۻ (silent_letter) ĤȤˤʤޤ
DZѸˤΤ⤷ʤʡ꤬ޤֻѤäȤơȯϤɤʤΤȤǤֻ˰ȯѲñfault assault ʤɡˤ⤢СֻѤȯϸŤޤĤ줿ñdebt doubt ʤɡˤ⤢ޤsalmon ϸԤΥ롼פ°ޤֻȯΤͤ줿бط夷ΤϡĺΤȤäΤǤ礦
ǤϡEEBO corpus (Early English Books Online) ΥѥǡȤơsalmon ֻ l 夷ƤŪʻ10ǯߤοܡˤդǼޤĴη̡1530ǯ夫1590ǯˤƤѲ濴äȤʬޤ1590ǯʹߡбطΩȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ǥϡ1635ǯʸ˸롤Ҳ𤷤ƤޤޤäΥȤơֺפΤΤǤϤޤñ˴Ϣ뤢ٶݡʿǤθȤͭ̾ʥǤˤ̾ˤĤƤƤޤ
ʤ salmon l ȯʤޤޤʤΤظˤ˥ɥޤȶŪʥǡˤĤƤϡҰʲΥβ

Hotta, Ryuichi and Iyeiri Yoko. "The Taking Off and Catching On of Etymological Spellings in Early Modern English: Evidence from the EEBO Corpus." Chapter 8 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 143--63.
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
[2025-07-15-1], [2025-07-16-1], [2025-07-17-1]³ƤꡥѸؼԤȽŪʬϤȤСޤǽ٤ Dobson Ǥ롥Ƥ could <l> ˤĤƤ٤λ䤤ƤäȵҤʤƤ롥Dobson (Vol. 2, §4) Ѥ롥
Could: the orthoepists record four main pronunciations, [kʌuld], [ku:ld], [kʊd], and [kʌd]. The l of the written form is due to the analogy of would and should, and it is clear that pronunciation was similarly affected. The transcriptions of Smith, Hart, Bullokar, Gil, and Robinson show only forms with [l], and Hodges gives a form with [l] beside one without it. Tonkis says that could is 'contracted' to cou'd, from which it would appear that the [l] was pronounced in more formal speech. Brown in his 'phonetically spelt' list writes coold beside cud) for could, and the 'homophone' lists from Hodges onwards put could by cool'd. Poole's rhymes show that he pronounced [l]. Tonkis gives the first evidence of the form without [l]; he is followed by Hodges, Wallis, Hunt, Cooper, and Brown. The evidence of other orthoepists is of uncertain significance.
Shakespearean ؼ2̾ˤηˤĤƻǤäΤcould /l/ ȯäȤˤ϶äƤ嵭 Dobson εҤˤȡѸΤˤϡष /l/ ζȯΤۤŪäȤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥λȯμ֤γФΤҤȤޤ Dobson ۤʸŪƶ˰͵Ƥ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
[2025-07-15-1], [2025-07-16-1]³Ƥꡥcould <l> /l/ Ȥȯ줿Ȥ뤫ȤäƤ롥Jespersen (§10.453) ˤȡѸˤȯ줿Ȥ뵭Ҥ롥Ūˤϡؼ Hart Gill ˡεҤȤ
10.453. /l/ has also been lost in a few generally weak-stressed verbal forms should, weak [ʃəd], now stressed [ˈʃud] would [wəd, ˈwud] . could [kəd, ˈkud]. The latter verb owes its l, which was pronounced in early ModE, to the other verbs. H 1569 [= Hart, Orthographie] has /kuld, ʃuld, (w)uld/, G 1621 [= A Gill, Logonomia] /ku-ld, shu-d, wu-d/.
夬礦 Shakespeare դʤΤǡCrystal Shakespeare ȯŵȤƤߤȡΤ褦 /l/ ¸ʤΤȤΤ2̤ȯµƤ롥
could / ~est v
=, kʊld / -st
ʣԸ桤ޤƱεҤˤƤȤȤǡʤȤ could <l> ȯ륱äȤǧƤ褤³ɤΤ褦ʥ쥸ȯ뤳Ȥ¿äΤʤɡ䤦٤ϻĤäƤ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Crystal, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
ε#5922. could <l> ȯ줿 --- رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤εҤᤰäơ ([2025-07-15-1]) ˰³could <l> ꡥCarney (249) ˤȡ <l> /l/ ȯ줿ȤϤʤǸƤ롥ǸǤ뤫顤εǼ OED Ū˼äƤΩȤϴ˰ۤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
<l> is an empty letter in the three function words could, should and would. In should and would the original /l/ of ME sholde, wolde was lost in early Modern English, and could, which never had an /l/, acquired its current spelling by analogy. So, this group of modals came to have a uniform spelling.
Ϥ̣ǡŪʡȤΤ⤷ʤwhich never had an /l/ Ȥ϶ζɽϡ餫κäƤΤȤʤΤǤ롥
doubt <b> ȯ줿Ȥϰ٤ʤȤɤФȤ⤤ʤतθƱͤˡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λǤϡɬФʺʤˡΤ褦ʶɽʤ뤳ȤΤ⤷ʤȤСפȤϡֿáפ˶ᤤ⤷ʤ
ʤߤˡѸֻˤ路Ƥ Scragg (58) Upward and Davidson (186) ˤäƤߤcould <l> ˤĤƤεҤϤ뤬ȯˤĤƤϿƤʤ
伫ȤͤˡŪפɽȤäƤΤΡϤǤäΤ⤷ʤʡȻפǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åεҤˤĤơޤϥɥ֥å can/could ܤ˼Τ褦ˤޤ
can ȤϸűѸľˡ13;θñ can ͳ补3;ñ cuðe ǡ˴Ť coud(e) Τ褦 l ʤ⤫ʤ٤ޤǵϿƤ롥ɸȤʤäƤ could Ȥ֤ϡshould would Ȥˤ l äƤǤΤǡѸʹȤƤ롥츻ŪդΤʤ l ֤˲ä줿ΤΡȯˤϱƶͿʤä
Ԥ˻ŦˤȡOED can θ츻ˡΤ褦ʵҤȤΤȤǤ
Past tense forms with -l- . . . appear in the second half of the 15th cent. by analogy with should and would, prompted by an increasingly frequent loss of -l- in those words . . . . The -l- in could (as well as in should and would) is always recorded as pronounced by 16th-cent. orthoepists, reflecting the variant preferred in more formal use, and gradually disappears from pronunciation over the course of the 17th cent.
εҤ˽Сcould <l> would, should ˤ줿ˡʸ̤ /l/ ȤƤȯ줿ȤäȲǤޤĤޤꡤ줿 <l> ĤƤ⸽ɸѸΤ褦̵äȡʤۻ (silent_letter) äǤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ
ŪˤϡԤΤŦ̤ȹͤޤθ٤2ޤΤǡ˵ƤȻפޤ(1) ϱѸ˾λ´طᤰ(2) ϥϥɥ֥åεҤᤰǤ
(1) OED εҤԸȿǤƤȤǡcould <l> 16ˤɬȯƤΤȤؼԤˤ국ϿƤȤˤĤƤϡҤȤޤǧƤޤʸɬפǤˡȤƤ⡤ؼԤγơȯɤޤǡҤƤ뤫ˤĤ̩꤬ɬפȤʤޤؼԤ¿쾯ʤ쵬ϼԤǤ⤢äΤǡºݤȯ餫ˤƤΤ뤤Ϥ٤ȯ餫ˤƤΤȽǤޤ餯̤ could <l> /l/ ȯ줿¤ϤäͽۤޤʤΤ뤤ȤɤΤ褦ʾﲽǤäΤγǧĴɬפȤʤޤ
(2) ϥɥ֥åΡָ츻ŪդΤʤ l ϡάȯˤϱƶͿʤäפȤҤˤĤƤǤ could <l> ˴ؤŪʲѤΤȤäƤ褤ȻפޤŪʲˤϡԤ OED ȤƳǧ줿 (1) ŪʸäƤʤͽۤΤǡ줬ϥɥ֥åεҤˤȿǤƤʤȤΤ֤Ǥ礦ǤϡȯˤϱƶͿʤäפȤΤϥߥǥʤΤ⤷ޤǤεҤȯ˱ƶͿȤϡ˾٤ˤʤäפȤ̩ʰ̣˲᤹ΤǤϤʤַ̤ȤơɸѸȯΩ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤˤϤʤʤäפȤȤƤΰ̣ǤС̷ʤǤޤ
Ʊ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ŵǤ doubt <b> ǹͤƤߤޤ礦˴ؤơ<b> ȯˤϱƶͿʤäפȵҤ뤳ȤǤ礦ޤŪʲѤΤǤСǤ̩ʲѤ褦ȻפСޤ doubt <b> ˾٤ȯ줿ȤʤΤɤΤɬפޤϡ <b> ϻ¾ȯ줿ȤϤʤƧǤϤޤ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦 Shakespeare Ǥ <b> ȯƤˤơ <b> /b/ οȤƵƤ褤Τ¤ޤ/b/ ¸߾ϤʤǤԺ߾ñǤϤޤ
Τ褦˸̩˵Ϥȡθ츻ŪֻλˤƤ⡤줿ʸȯˤϱƶͿʤäפɽ뤳ȤԲǽˤʤꤽǤǤСɽƤۤ褤뤤̤ΤɽѤ٤Ȥͤ⤢ޤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ٥ܤˤơΤˡ㤨Сַ̤ȤơɸѸȯΩ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤˤϤʤʤäפȤҤ㤴Ȥ˷֤Τ⤯ɤޤפʤΤϡǵƤݤʣƤȤȻפޤ
ʾ塤ͤƤȤҤ٤ޤҤñ㲽ΥХ뤳ȤϾ˽פǤХηФϡȤʤäƤΤɤΤ褦ʤܤʤΤ˰¸ΤǤꡤ˱ƵҤƤ뤫ɤɾ٤ΤȹͤƤޤδ顤ɾϤǤ礦
ˤ衤(1) ˤĤƲʳɬפ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ޤΤǡԤΤŦ˴դޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Ǥλ425˴Ԥ줿λȡΤʤǤýˤĤƤϡ#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ӡ#5845. ؤȤФʸýоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פγͤγפҲ ([2025-04-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥ý1ԤͤƤƤꡤΥȥϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤ롥ʲơ
1. Ϥ
ܹƤǤϱѸûˤˤ륮ꥷαƶ롥ѸäĹˤ¿θ줫ƶƤʤǤ⥮ꥷ줫μѤðۤʰ֤Ƥ롥ä˳ؽѸʳصѸˤơꥷαƶϸ˻ޤ³Ƥ롥
2. ѸΥꥷȤνв
ѸȥꥷܳŪʽв15̤롥ޤǤƥ𤷤ŪʼѤϤäľŪʼѤ϶ˤƸ¤Ƥ15ˤʤȡͥαƶǸŵؤδؿޤꡤɤǤ⥮ꥷγؽޤä
1453ǯΥƥΡץ塤¿ΥꥷؼԤ˴̿ꥷȤܿäȤطʤˤ롥λμѸˤϡůءءʸˡʤɤʬѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ
3. ѸΥꥷ줫μѸ
1618ˤƤνѸϡѸθä礭礷Ǥ롥λꥷ줫μѤŪä
ħŪʤΤϡ֥סinkhorn_term) ȸƤФ٤˳ؽŪʸäνиǤ롥ϼ˳ؼԤʸͤˤäƻѤ졤̤ο͡ˤǤäȤСadjuvate ʱ, deruncinate ʽ𤹤ˤʤɤθϸѸˤϻĤäƤʤconfidence ʿ, education ʶ, encyclopedia ɴʻŵˤʤɤνפñ⤳λƳ줿
ޤꥷͳƬanti-, hyper-, proto- ʤɡˤ-ism, -ize ʤɡˤѸθΤ˼줿ȤפǤ롥ܼϡḽˤƿǰɽ뤿ζϤƻȤʤä
4. ؽѸȿŵʣ
19ȡʳصѤȯŸȼꥷǤѤθȯ
ʬɽ -ic/-ics/-logy 㡧rhetoric, economics, philology ʤɡˤڤ¿οʬ̾Τ˺Ѥ줿ޤϢcombining_formˤѤ¤ˡΩ줿㤨Сtele- ʱ+ -phone ʲˢ telephone, micro- ʾ+ -scope ʸˢ microscope ʤɡκüѤɽѸ줬ˡǺ줿
ư -ize/-ise 㡧internationalize, modernize ʤɡˤ䡤ۤɽ -ism 㡧capitalism, socialism ʤɡˤѤ褦ˤʤä
ΥꥷǤѤ¤ˡϡŪˤ졤ʳؤιݲ礭ͳȤƤϡν𤵡Ω̩ηʤɤ롥
5. ḽζͭȤ
ǤϡꥷͳθäϱѸΤߤʤ餺¿θ˶ͭŪʻȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сcardiology ʿ¡ء, neurology ʿгء, psychology ʿءˤʤɤѸǶ̤ƻѤƤ롥
ǯΥԥ塼ʳؤѤʬǤ⡤cyber- ʥС, tele- ʱ֡, crypto- ʰŹˤʤɤΥꥷͳϢϽפ̤Ƥ롥
ޤäˤ anti- ȿ, hyper- Ķ, mega- ʵ, -phobia ʶݾɡ, -mania ǮˤʤɤΥꥷͳƬƩƤ롥
Τ褦ˡꥷαƶϱѸˤ̤Ʒ³Ū˸뤬ä˶ʹߡʳصѤȯŸȹݲǽƤ⡤ǰ䵻ѤνиȼꥷǤѤ¤³ȤǤ
6. ˡ
Ѹäζ岽ˤ륮ꥷϡŪˤʸŪˤפʸơޤǤ³
ʸǤϡ¿ñȿޤȤ߹ߤʤƤ롥ǤʩʻˡˤȤ¾μɮԤоȸŪʡ֥ĥåߡפ12äƤꡤɮԼȤˤȤäƤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿äҤɤߤС
δֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס Ϻ ԡ δԡˡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ42562--73ǡ

47ε#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ýءԤͤƤƤޤơޤϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤʲƤޥɥޥåײΤޤʲȤƤɤˡ
ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind ϢñλʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦
The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)
16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻĤפ鷺ˤϤʤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ɸˤĤơ#5808. ʤ wind û첻Τ ([2025-03-22-1]) ȡ#5810. ʤ wind û첻Τ (2) ([2025-03-24-1]) ǹͤƤԤεǰ OED Dobson ڤƤΤǡäƤߤDobson (Vol. 2, §12) ϡѸˤ첻ĹûѰۤˤĤơwind ϢñλʤƤ롥ΰѤ褦
The variation occurs chiefly before OE lengthening groups. The most important class of word is those in -ind, which are normally recorded with ME ī; but there is some evidence of variation. Smith gives 'uīnd or uind' for wind sb. Mulcaster has ĭ in wind and bind against ī in kind, find, mind, and hind. Bullokar transcribes find with ī but rhymes it on ĭ. Coote says that some pronounce blind, find, and behind short, while others pronounce them long; Young's 'homophone' list shows variation in find. Hodges says that 'som men cal the winde, the wind'. It is clear that the variation was most common in wind, which has now come to have the short vowel; but in the sexteenth and seventeenth centuries it was more usually pronounced with ME ī given by Levins, Bullokar, Robinson, Gil, Willis, Wharton, Poole, J. Smith, Cooper, and Brown. Short ĭ (due to the separation of the n and d by the syllable-division) is apparently shown for winder by Fox and Hookes, who put it with window in their homophone list; but Bullokar has ī. (479)
16--17ˤ -ind ˤϡ첻Ĺûɤ줬äȤ狼롥Ȥ櫓 wind ˤĤƤɤ줬㤷ä褦ġüԤˤäƤ⡤ޤѰˤäƤ⡤ɤ줬äˤʤξȯʣʶ礬ɸѸǤϡԵ§פ˻פû첻˵뤷ƤޤäȤȤǡѰۡѲԻĤפ鷺ˤϤʤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
16--17νѸϡʬѹͥκꡤŵʥƥȥꥷˤºФ졤̤ñ줬Ѹä˼ޤ줿Ǥ롥ƱɽŪʸͤ Shakespeare ʤΤDurkin ˤФηȤΤߤܤȤƤ⡤û֤Υƥͳο ("latinate neologisms") ѸήȤǧȤ
The peak period of the Literary Renaissance was C.1590--1600. The Primary author was Shakespeare who, between 1591 and 1611, introduced no fewer than six hundred latinate neologisms, fifty-three of which occur in Hamlet alone. Many of these became everyday words, e.g. addiction, assassination, compulsive, domineering, obscene, sanctimonious, traditional. (226--27)
Shakespeare ƱŪ¤ϤθƤȤ뤬˽פʤΤϡθοŵ֡ͿȤӤʤΤǤϤʤShakespeare ɽͥ˲ФΤĤŵ줫θüѤδϡ³ˤˤޤɤषĥĤļѤƤäǤ롥Durkin Ϥ³Ƥ롥
After the Renaissance, a vast amount of technical and scientific vocabulary flooded into English from both Greek and Latin, hence words like carnivorous, clitoris, formula, hymen, nucleus. In the next century, Linnaeus [1707--78] introduced numerous biological terms, like chrysanthemums and rhododendron. The Scientific period, which peaked C.1830, featured many Neolatin terms like am(o)eba, bacterium, flagellum. Finally, the modern technical/technological period featured words like floccilation. (227)
Shakespeare Ѹû˾˲̤1ĤȤߤƤ褤
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

1221ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯ٤ī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤ΥڡǽĴ˿ʤǤޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤʤ顤ѸûˤɤäƤǤ
1ָ˳֤9Ǥϼ˽Ѹˤƥ줪ӥꥷθŪƶɾޤ16--17νѸϱѹͥλꡤŵؤηݤǤμ礷ȯŸ˿ä̤ɬפȤʤꡤΥˡ˱٤ƥ䥮ꥷñǤФ줿ΤǤ̤Ȥơŵ˴ŤѸ俷줬ӤƳ졤Ѹä϶γĥ뤲뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ιֺ¤Ǥϡŵ줫μѸ˼ܤλθóѻƤߤȻפޤҳ⤳λˤ⤿餵줿ƥꥷϤΥ⥷ñõƤߤƤ
ܥֺ¤γƲΩƤޤΤǡؤλáԻäˤ餺餴äȤǤޤ8ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǡŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

ʰʲ嵭2024/12/17(Tue)
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ΤνǤʸؤδؿޤäƱͤμݤȤƥ㡼 (gesture) ؤؿ褦ˤʤäKendon (73) ˤСطʤϰʲ̤ꡥ
The expansion of contacts between Europeans and peoples of other lands, especially in the New World, led to an enhanced awareness of the diversity of spoken languages, and because explorers and missionaries had reported successful communication by gesture, the idea rose that gesture could form the basis of a universal language. The idea of a universal language that could overcome the divisions between peoples brought about by differences in spoken languages was longstanding. However, interest in it became widespread, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in part because, as Latin began to be replaced with vernaculars, the need for a new lingua franca was felt. There were philosophical and political reasons as well, and there developed the idea that a language should be created whose meanings were fixed, which could be written or expressed in forms that would be comprehensible, regardless of a person's spoken language. The idea that humans share a 'universal language of the hands,' mentioned by Quintilian, was taken up afresh by Bonifaccio. In his L'arte dei cenni ('The art of signs') of 1616 (perhaps the first book ever published to be devoted entirely to bodily expression) . . . , he hoped that his promotion of the 'mute eloquence' of bodily signs would contribute to the restoration of the natural language of the body, given to all mankind by God, and so overcome the divisions created by the artificialities of spoken languages.
Τνˤ른㡼ؤδؿϡǤθΤ̽ȤܿեȤƤΥƥοࡤůŪŪʴؤδؿּθפκɾʤɤդƤȤϢơ#5128. 17ʸؤδؿϥƥΰҿοब ([2023-05-12-1]) εפФ롥
Kendon, Adam. "History of the Study of Gesture." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Ed. Keith Allan. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 71--89.

μͭӥ Mond ˾嵭Ѥʵ䤬ޤʸϰʲ̤Ǥ
ѸǤñʣζ̤ޤʤ1ȤʳפʤΤǤ礦̤οҤȡ֤ʤΤۤοȤϰ㤦̤ʰˤʤΤǤ礦סΥ֥ʤɤǤпΤäޤ⤷ȤȤñпΤۤο3䡤֤äȤס֤Τפʤɡˤˤäƶ̤ƤΤˤñ㲽ƤȤȤϹͤޤǤ1ζ̤ϽȻĤäƤΤȤȡȤƤԻĤ˴ޤ
ܼŪʼФơΤ褦˲ޤ X @chariderryu Ǥ⡤ˤĤƾʤȿޤΤǡܥ֥ǤƤΤ餻վǤޤȤƤȻפޤ
1. źθˤΥƥ
ѸǤñ1פʣ2ʾפ2ʬ
űѸǤп¸ߤѸޤǤѤ줿
θǤϡ5ʬñп3ʣˤޤdzǧƤ
ܸΤ褦ˡΤʿζʬʤ¸ߤ
ˤäƥƥСοϰۤʤꡤŪѲ⤢
2. ʤ1פȡ2ʾפ̤ʤΤ
1פ¾οӤüǺΩäƤ
ǤŪŪ١ĽפʿǤ
Ѹ쥳ѥ (BNCweb) ˤСone λ٤¾ο갵Ū˹⤤
1פްդɽ˭ (ex. a(n), single, unique, only, alone)
2ĤΥƥΤߤĸǤϡ̾1פȡ2ʾפζʬˤʤ
3. ä̤ʤΤϡ0פȡ1ʾפ⤷ʤ
0פȡ1ʾפζ̤꺬Ūʲǽ
ƻǤ no vs. oneǤ not ̵ͭ vs. ˤб
Ķơ̿ꡦȤ̣ŪŪʺ˴ؤ
ꡦפγǰϡAI ˤȤäȤ
0פޤΥƥιͻܼŪˤĤʤǽΤǤϤʤ
ΥƥȤƻϤޤޤĤδ֤ˤꡦεˤؤäƤޤޤ³ͻƤȻפޤ Mond μ䡤Ǥ
ε#5657. Ū have got ȯã (1) ([2024-10-22-1]) ˰³ǤŪȤʤäαŪɽˤĤơ
Rissanen (220) ѸƤʸˤơƱɽȯˤĤƸڤƤ롥
The perfect have got, which is almost a rule, instead of the present tense have, in colloquial present-day British English, is attested from the end of the sixteenth century. The periphrastic form here is possibly due to a tendency to increase the weight of the verbal group, particularly in sentence-final position. The association of have with the auxiliaries may have supported the development of the two-verb structure.
(173) Some have got twenty four pieces of ivory cut in the shape of dice, . . . and with these they have played at vacant hours with a childe ([HC] Hoole 7)
(174) Bon. What will your Worship please to have for Supper?
Aim. What have you got?
Bon. Sir, we have a delicate piece of Beef in the Pot . . .
Aim. Have you got any fish or Wildfowl? ([HC] Farquhar I.i)
νиطʤȤƹͤ2Ƥ롥1ĤϡʣưȤ뤳ȤDZΧŪʡֽŤߡפϤ褯ʤȤȤȤ櫓ʸˤưʲʬˤ got ȸǤϹΧˤʤȤȤϤɤޤǼ¾ڤΤˤʤȤǤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡhave ưȤƿ褦ˤʤäƤˡ got Τ褦̤ư줬³2ʣưȤƵǽ뤳ȤϡŪ˼ʤȤȤƶǤ롥have + ʬפߴλɽ魯ȤΤϡǤѸ̤ΤȤäȤ櫓 have got αȯãƤϤʤѶŪ褦ƶǤϤʤ
17ʰʹߡˤθˤʸ̮ܤĴƤɬפ롥
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.

μͭӥ Mond ˴ƤֱŪ have gotפ˴ؤѤʵˡޤꤪɤߤϤäȾܤĴ٤ʤФʤʤǡϤȤꤢβäΤǤ˹ͤϤƤߤȻפޤ
ǽΰϡĤǤ OED ǤŪ have got ϡOED get (v.) IV ιˡλüˡȤƵҤޤ
IV. Specialized uses of the perfect.
In this use, the perfect and past perfect of get (have got, has got, had got) function as a present and past tense verb, which, owing to its formation, does not enter into further compound forms (perfect and past perfect, progressive, passive, or periphrastic expressions with to do), or have an imperative or infinitive.
In colloquial, regional, and nonstandard use, omission of auxiliary have is frequent in the uses at this branch (e.g. I got some, you got to): see examples in etymology section. An inflected form gots is also sometimes found in similar use (e.g. I gots some, he gots to), especially in African American usage: see further examples in etymology section.
IV.i. In senses equivalent to those of the present and past tenses of have.
Often, especially in early use, difficult to distinguish from the dynamic use 'have obtained or acquired'.
IV.i.33.a. transitive. To hold as property, be in possession of, own; to possess as a part, attribute, or characteristic; = have v. I.i
[1600 What a beard hast thou got; thou hast got more haire on thy chinne, then Dobbin my philhorse hase on his taile.
W. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice]
1611 The care of conseruing and increasing the goods they haue got, and the feare of loosing that which they enioy.
J. Maxwell, translation of Treasure of Tranquillity xvii. 144
a1616 Fie, th'art a churle, ye'haue got a humour there Does not become a man.
W. Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1623) i.ii.25
c1635 My lady has got a cast of her eye.
H. Glapthorne, Lady Mother (1959) ii.i.22
1670 They have got..such a peculiar Method of Text-dividing.
J. Eachard, Grounds Contempt of Clergy 113
. . . .
have got ưŪʰ̣ɽ魯ΤξŪʰ̣ɽ魯Τä˽ˤĤƤȽ̤ˤȽҤ٤ƤϤޤ17٤ƤäȤ EEBO corpus Ĵ٤¤ְ㤤ʤǤʤɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤɽ졤ŪˤʤäƤäΤꤷƤɬפޤ
#5385. methinks ˤޤĤ̯ʸĤҲ ([2024-01-24-1]) ȡ#5386. Ѹ˾夭˳ʤ3ñ -s ([2024-01-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤ methoughts Ȥʸˡ˾ʤȤ̯ư֤ޤʤΤ -s դȤäθǤ
ϡmethoughts νѸ EEBO corpus ȴФƤߤޤʥ饤Υƥȥեˡ10ǯߤǤΥҥåȿϡ̤Ǥ
| ALL | 1600s | 1610s | 1620s | 1630s | 1640s | 1650s | 1660s | 1670s | 1680s | 1690s | |
| METHOUGHTS | 184 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 37 | 75 | 41 |
1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥĥäƤޤ
ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡեμˤեɸಽȸäζ岽 ---եɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ
ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ
Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥλޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥեȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥
˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤƤФȻפޤ

ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ
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