hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ڡ / page 2 (9)

emode - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-04-03 Wed

#5455. ڹȤ heldio ȡȡѤθβư [voicy][heldio][helwa][phonetics][pronunciation][japanese][do-periphrasis][emode][sociolinguistics][name_project][vowel][helkatsu]

Ѹ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرءˤȤ񤤤뵡񤬤ޤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ¾ΥץȥСΤ͡޽ءˤϽʾءˤ⤴Ǥ
Ǽˡ̾פᤰ Voicy heldio/helwa ϤϿꤷޤʲ3ܤ򥢡ۿƤޤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤ⤪İС

(1) heldio #1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ59ʬ
(2) helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #113ۡ̾ȱѸˡΥեȡʢβΤͭΥץߥۿǤ60ʬ
(3) heldio #1038. do 󵯤뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ20ʬ

θ塤ȤΥ֥ˤơ嵭μϿȴϢƤε2ܽ񤫤ƤޤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤ

3α4
Ѥθβư

2ĤΡѤθβưפϡ嵭 (2) helwa ˡ̾ε礭졤ȯΥȡ˲֤餤ޤӤǤȡˡܸȱѸǤϸλȤ첻Ĵˤۤʤ뤳ȤռƤȽҤ١줬ͯޤѸǸβư褬ۤʤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ޤ򤪻ȤȤҤ٤졤θꥹʡ֤οޤߤפȤ˾Ф줿ΤΤӥ֥ǶͭƤǤ󡤤ұѸȯ˳褫ƤС
ʤߤˡˤĤƤäȾܤΤꤿϡkhelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ67줾3̤ΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפˤơ2ˤ錄Υ󥿥ӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ
͡ʡhel (helkatsu) ꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-01-1]

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2023-12-12 Tue

#5342. ڤ (clipping) ˤ෿ [word_formation][shortening][abbreviation][clipping][terminology][polysemy][homonymy][morphology][typology][apostrophe][hypocorism][name_project][onomastics][personal_name][australian_english][new_zealand_english][emode][ame_bre]

ȤƤڤ (clipping) ˤĤƤϡ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓Ω줫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) ǾܤҲ𤷤
128 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ۿˤ#921. 2023ǯαñϥ --- rizzꤷơclipping ˤ¤Ȥܤǿλ夲



ۿǤϡ2023ǯ Oxford Word of the Year rizz ˷ꤷȤ˥塼줬 charisma clipping ˤû̷Ǥ뤳ȤȤ charisma θ츻Ҳ𤷤
rizz charisma clipping ˤǤ뤳ȤȤơȤñθƬǤǤʤʬڤФ줿û̸Ǥɮͤ롥Τ褦ʸϡۤ¿ʤȸޤ뤫#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1]) "Mesonym" Ǽ夲褦ˡ㤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤϤˤϰ㤤ʤʲβˤ "fore-and-aft clipping" ȸƤǤ褤
heldio ΥꥹʡϢ륳ȡ䤬󤻤줿ΤǡȴϢ McArthur αѸѸ켭ŵ "clipping" ѤƤ (223--24)

CLIPPING [1930s in this sense]. Also clipped form, clipped word, shortening. An abbreviation formed by the loss of word elements, usually syllabic: pro from professional, tec from detective. The process is attested from the 16c (coz from cousin 1559, gent from gentleman 1564); in the early 18c, Swift objected to the reduction of Latin mobile vulgus (the fickle throng) to mob. Clippings can be either selective, relating to one sense of a word only (condo is short for condominium when it refers to accommodation, not to joint sovereignty), or polysemic (rev stands for either revenue or revision, and revs for the revolutions of wheels). There are three kinds of clipping:

(1) Back-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the end of a word: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)s. Back-clipping is common with diminutives formed from personal names Cath(erine) Will(iam). Clippings of names often undergo adaptations: Catherine to the pet forms Cathie, Kate, Katie, William to Willie, Bill, Billy. Sometimes, a clipped name can develop a new sense: willie a euphemism for penis, billy a club or a male goat. Occasionally, the process can be humorously reversed: for example, offering in a British restaurant to pay the william.
(2) Fore-clippings, in which an element or elements are taken from the beginning of a word: ham(burger), omni(bus), violon(cello), heli(copter), alli(gator), tele(phone), earth(quake). They also occur with personal names, sometimes with adaptations: Becky for Rebecca, Drew for Andrew, Ginny for Virginia. At the turn of the century, a fore-clipped word was usually given an opening apostrophe, to mark the loss: 'phone, 'cello, 'gator. This practice is now rare.
(3) Fore-and-aft clippings, in which elements are taken from the beginning and end of a word: in(flu)enza, de(tec)tive. This is commonest with longer personal names: Lex from Alexander, Liz from Elizabeth. Such names often demonstrate the versatility of hypocoristic clippings: Alex, Alec, Lex, Sandy, Zander; Eliza, Liz, Liza, Lizzie, Bess, Betsy, Beth, Betty.

Clippings are not necessarily uniform throughout a language: mathematics becomes maths in BrE and math in AmE. Reverend as a title is usually shortened to Rev or Rev., but is Revd in the house style of Oxford University Press. Back-clippings with -ie and -o are common in AusE and NZE: arvo afternoon, journo journalist. Sometimes clippings become distinct words far removed from the applications of the original full forms: fan in fan club is from fanatic; BrE navvy, a general labourer, is from a 19c use of navigator, the digger of a 'navigation' or canal. . . .


McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-30-1]

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2023-11-23 Thu

#5323. Shakespeare μʷ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ [shakespeare][drama][emode][renaissance]

#5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1]) ɽ [A] Pembroke's Men [B] Strange's Men [C] Derby's Men [D] Chamberlain's Men [E] King's Men ʤɤΥ٥뤬ߤ롥κʤȷӤĤƤĤ̾Ǥ롥 (66--67) Ρ֥ԥμʷġʡ ϳưˤꤹ륳बΤǡ˺ϿȤƤˤ⵭ܤƤƤߤȷĤˤ꤬Τʤ



쥹 (Earl of Leicester's Men, 1559--88)
ѥȥϥСȡɥ꡼ߤ˽1564ǯϡ֥ɥ꡼¤ȤƳưȤ¿Ԥä1570ǯȾ˥ॺС٥åʥ㡼ɤˤ°

(Earl of Worcester's Men, 1562--1603)
ѥȥϥꥢࡦޡåȤ©ҥɥɡȤդȤСȡ֥饦ð¤æषꥢࡦפ°Ȥ¿Ԥʤä1602ǯ˥ܥإåɴۤð¤䳤ð¤˼ĤȤʤäॺ¨̸ϥޤ߸֥󲦽¡פȤ1619ǯޤdzư

ȥ쥤󥸶 (Lord Strange's Men, 1564--94)
ѥȥϥإ꡼꡼©ҥեǥʥɡ󡦥إߥ󥰥䥱פð¤˲˽°1590ǯϥ¡¤ʤɤѡ1594ǯեǥʥɤλˤİϤĤηĤΥαȤ復ꥢ߸ǥӡ¤ȤƳư

Ʋǯ (Children of the Chapel Royal, 1575--90, 1600--03)
1576ǯ˥㡼ɡեȺĹΤȡΥϡȤǰ̸򳫻ϡ1600ǯʹߤϥ֥åե饤¤˥٥󡦥󥽥ɴ餷ͷĤο͵ॺ¨̸ϡʲޡ˽ŵǯ (1603--13) ȤƳư1609ǯ˵ۥ磻ȥե饤¤ؤȰܤƤꤨ

ݡ뾯ǯ (Children of St Paul's, 1575--82, 1586--90, 1599--1606)
ݡƲΤˤƾȱ˾Ф˷ߤ줿˳ư1600ǯϥ󡦥ޡȥȥޥߥɥȥˤɴǿ͵

ð (Lord Admiral's Men, 1576--1603)
ѥȥϥ㡼륺ϥɡäǤ1585ǯޤǤϡ֥ϥ¡פȤƳư1580ǯȾ˲̾ͥɥɡγˤɥĤΰĤȤʤäԻեեåסإ󥺥ηбĤ¤ȥե¤ܵϤ˳ưإ꡼Ұ

(Queen's Men, 1583--94)
ѥȥϥꥶ٥̩δΤǥ㡼ɡȥʤͭ̾ͥ򤤤ʷĤȴƷ줿1588ǯ˥ȥ󤬻Ƥϼ˿͵Ȥ¿ɥǤϥ¤䥫ƥ¤ʤɤѡ

ڥ֥å (Earl of Pembroke's Men, 1591--1601)
ѥȥϥإ꡼ϡСȡð¤˲ԥ¤˽°Ƥȿ¬ؼԤ¿Լե󥷥󥰥꡼ηбĤ륹¤ܵϡ

ð (Lord Chamberlain's Men, 1594--1603)
ѥȥϥإ꡼©ҤΥ硼1594ǯ˥ԥ㡼ɡС٥åäƿƱбĤ륷¡ֺ¤ܵϡ񲦰

񲦰 (King's Men, 1603--42)
ѥȥϥॺȥ㡼륺ॺ¨̸519ð¤ηİ߸֤øŪϰ̤ͿܵϤϥֺ¡1609ǯʹߤϾǯĤѤƤ֥åե饤¤

إ꡼Ұ (1603--12)
Ȥϳð¡ॺ¨̸塤إ꡼Ҥ߸Ҥ1612ǯ˥եǻϲꥶ٥ץե꡼ɥҸѥȥȤ1624ǯޤdzư뤬ܵϥե¾ü1621ǯ˸ꤨ





 إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ



إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-27-1]

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2023-11-18 Sat

#5318. ԥθ "speaking picture" [shakespeare][drama][emode][literature][link]

McKeown ΥԥθɤѸˤΥϥɥ֥åΤʤǼƤ롤"Shakespeare's Literary Language" ꤹ9ڡۤɤΤۤĹʤƳŪåǤ롥ŪˤСθ "speaking picture" ǤȤȤϡָ볨פФ褤Τդˤäơ⳨վޤƤ褦ʷϵͶȤۤɤǤ褤
θ̤Ǥ褯ȯƤΤפǤȤԥȤСΤפ⤫٤ͤ¿å᤯˼Τ褦ˤ롥

There is much more to Shakespeare the poet than the soliloquy or the monologue but there is nothing more Shakespeare than this poetic mode. If we recognize that it derives from a tradition that regards poetry as a "speaking picture" that teaches and delights, we can give some critical substance to the oft made suggestion that Shakespeare, more than anyone else, teaches us what it means to be human. For what is definitive about human beings if not self-consciousness, and what is self-consciousness if not the capacity to act as witnesses to our own lives, to separate ourselves from our experiences, however blissful or devastating, and give them voice?


ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ shakespeare γƵǼ夲ƤVoicy heldio ǤˤƤפʥƥĤ󤷤Ƥ¿夲Ƥ

hellog #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
hellog #1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1])
hellog #2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ ([2015-07-28-1])
hellog #4341. Shakespeare ˤߤ4α ([2021-03-16-1])
hellog #4250. Shakespeare θθ˴ؤ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤŪ ([2020-12-15-1])
hellog #4285. Shakespeare αѸ˾ΰյ ([2021-01-19-1])
hellog #4482. Shakespeare ȯ񡩡 ([2021-08-04-1])
hellog #4483. Shakespeare θäϤɤΤ餤˭ ([2021-08-05-1])
hellog #5316. Shakespeare κʰʼɮǯ --- пˡإԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˤ ([2023-11-16-1])
heldio #898. пΤξҲ --- إԥ줬١罤ۡ2023ǯˡ

McKeown, Adam. N. "Shakespeare's Literary Language." Chapter 44 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 455--63.

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2023-07-31 Mon

#5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][emode][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤѸʸˡѲ˾ƤضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲǤޤ¼Ļر̾ˤˤǤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮƤޤ
Τӡܽ3ϡ17ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿սءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤ17ϱѸ˾̣ʻǤϤޤ¤ѲʹԤƤפǤȤ˼夲뤳ȤʤǤΤǡ̤ϤषŤǤ#790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡İ21ʬۤɤβۿǤˡ



κǸ17˺ʤǤ~פŪǤ͡
ܽˤĤƤϡǤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴ȤйǤ

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2023-05-12 Fri

#5128. 17ʸؤδؿϥƥΰҿοब [writing_system][alphabet][latin][prestige][emode][history_of_linguistics][orthoepy][orthography][pictogram]

ڥ󥰤αѸˤ路 Horobin ˤȡ17αѸҲˤϽΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤǤϤʤ̤ʸͰƤ褦ȤưƤ
16--17ˤ (orthoepy) ȯãȼäˡ (orthography) ؤδؿޤäǾ뤵줿Τϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤԴäռΤȤǡʤŪʸηϤϺ뤳ȤˤʤäȤɬȤɬä17ʸιͰƤưˤϤ⤦1ġƱͭװäΤǤϤʤȤĹ餯衼åѼҲ׸ȤǧƤƥοǤ롥Ťסָפ줫ȤˡסʸפϺ褦ˤʤäȤΤϡήȤƤ⤷Horobin (25) Ѥ롥

Attempts have also been made to devise alphabets to overcome the difficulties caused by this mismatch between figura and potestas. In the seventeenth century, a number of scholars attempted to create a universal writing system which could be understood by everyone, irrespective of their native language. This determination was motivated in part by a dissatisfaction with the Latin alphabet, which was felt to be unfit for purpose because of its lack of sufficient letters and because of the differing ways it was employed by the various European languages. The seventeenth century also witnessed the loss of Latin as a universal language of scholarship, as scholars increasingly began to write in their native tongues. The result was the creation of linguistic barriers, hindering the dissemination of ideas. This could be overcome by the creation of a universal writing system in which characters represented concepts rather than sounds, thereby enabling scholars to read works composed in any language. This search for a universal writing system was prompted in part by the mistaken belief that the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was designed to represent the true essence and meaning of an object, rather than the name used to refer to it. Some proponents of a universal system were inspired by the Chinese system of writing, although this was criticized by others on account of the large number of characters required and for the lack of correspondence between the shapes of the characters and the concepts they represent.


21θߡʸȤƤγʸԥȥ (pictogram) βǽܤ󤻤Ƥ롥ˤ׸Ȥ٤Ѹ줬17ΥƥΤ褦˿षƤ櫓ǤɬʤΤΡʸȤƤΥԥȥϺؤδؿޤäƤȤΤ϶̣17ȸξϤɤΤ褦оȤǤ
Ϣơ#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-29-1]

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2023-03-31 Fri

#5086. 30ǯۤɤαѸֻĬή [spelling][orthography][sociolinguistics][historical_pragmatics][history_of_linguistics][emode][standardisation][variation]

Cordorelli (5) ˤȡľ30ǯۤɤαѸֻ˴ؤŪʸϡ̣ "sociolinguistic" ʤΤä礵Ƥ롥ǰƬ֤Ƥ濴ŪʻϡѸ줫ѸˤƤȻפ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

The first studies to investigate orthographic developments in English within a diachronic sociolinguistic framework appeared especially from the late 1990s and the early 2000s . . . . The main focus of these studies was on the diffusion of early standard spelling practices in late fifteenth-century correspondence, the development of standard spelling practices, and the influence of authors' age, gender, style, social status and social networks on orthographic variation. Over the past few decades, book-length contributions with a relatively strong sociolinguistic stance were also published . . . . These titles have touched upon different aspects of spelling patterns and change, providing useful frameworks of analysis and ideas for new angles of research in English orthography.


ǤСֻɸಽ (standardisation) βϡ褦ʤΤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪʥѥ᡼ˤѰۤȼʤ顤ʣŪ˿ʹԤƤȤȤơΤȤ30ǯۤɤθǷ֤ǧƤȤȤˤʤ
ѸˤˤƸ츽ݤѰۤȼäʣŪ˿ܤƤȤϡֻ˸¤äȤǤϤʤǯαѸ˸Ǥϡȯ֡졤äΤ٤Ƥ¦̤ˤơƱݤΤȤ֤ĥƤسǤϤΥ󥻥󥵥äȷ졤ܴۤ夷ƤȤäƤ褤سΰ̤μҲˤϡְαѸˡפȤϤޤĤäƤѸ˸ԤˤϡοѸ˴Ѥ򹭤̤˼Ƥ̳ȹͤ롥
30ǯۤɤαѸֻ򿶤֤äƤߤǤϺϤɤΤ褦ŸƤΤCordorelli ϥԥ塼ѤŪοʼˡ󼨤Ƥ롥1ĤȤܤ٤ߤȻפ

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-29 Wed

#5084. ѸֻϽѸλʪǤ [spelling][orthography][emode][standardisation][link]

ѸɸֻϤΩѸɸಽ (standardisation) λԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ񤷤ɸಽβϡ¿쾯ʤ˿ʹԤƤΤcf. #2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]
Ϥ褽γΩ1650ǯդȹͤƤ뤬ԤˤäƤϥץ饹ޥʥɴǯȤͽۤĤ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) Ǹ褦ˡˤѹͥ󥹴 (renaissance)뤤Ϥ˴ˤѸ (emode) ȽҤ٤ƤΤǤ̵
ºݡCordorelli ˤѸֻɸಽ˴ؤǿθƬǤ "the Early Modern Era" ȸڤƤ (1)

English spelling is in some ways a product of the Early Modern Era. The spelling forms that we use today are the result of a long process of conscious development and change, most of which occurred between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. This portion of history is marked by a number of momentous events in England and the Continent, which had an immediate effect on English culture and language.


ѸȤ͡ŪҲŪĬή«ˤʤäơѸֻɸಽ䤷ʤ᤿ȤäƤ褤ˤĤʤˡϡλˡװʣ߹礤ΤʤΩƤΤʤΤǤ롥ʲ˴Ϣ뵭ؤΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])
#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1])
#3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ ([2019-01-29-1])
#4628. 16Ⱦ17ˤƤؼԤ --- Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼Ԥ ([2021-12-28-1])

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-27 Mon

#5082. 츻Ūֻ1ʸϿβ䤹ᡩ [etymological_respelling][emode][printing]

Cordorelli ˤѸֻ˴ؤ뿷θɤǤ롥Ǥϸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ܤƤΤ̣⤬󼨤Ƥ롥츻Ūֻ¿ϡdout Ф doubtreceit Ф receipt Τ褦1ʸĹʤ뤳Ȥ¿ϫƯ֤ǤϤʤʸʤΤˤʸ̡ˤ¶ʧ褦ˤʤä16οϡʸʤԤ䤹ˡĹʤ꤬ʸ츻ŪֻΤۤΤǤϤʤȤʸˡ¾ˤ⤤äȻפ뤬츻Ūֻ⤽Τ1ĤäΤǤϤʤȤCordorelli (184--85) Ѥ롥

With regard to remuneration, large-scale etymological developments were initially prompted, I suggest, by a change in the economic organisation of the printing labour. From the turn of the sixteenth century, the mode of remuneration changed in accordance with the pressures exerted by modernisation: printers no longer received time-based wages, but were generally paid according to their output . . . . For typesetters, wages were set taking into account the kind of printing form, the publication format, the typefaces and the languages that were used in the texts . . . . As a result of a first move towards a performance-based pay, compositors' output also began to be measured, rather roughly, by the page or by the sheet; later, a more accurate measurement by ens was adopted. One en corresponded to half an em of any size of type, and the number of ens in a setting of type was proportional to the number of pieces of type used in it . . . . With compositors' output being measured by page first, and by ens later, typesetters became increasingly more prone to using as many types as possible when composing a book, while also having to make sure that the overall meaning of the text would not be corrupted by this practice. As a rule, the more types were used on a given page, the more ens were likely to result, which in turn meant that compositors would be paid a higher rate for a given project. Making the most of each typesetting project was more important than one might think, especially during the first half of the sixteenth century, when the English printing industry was still growing on unstable economic ground . . . . The flow of jobs that characterised most staff roles in the EModE printing industry was variable and often irregular for everyone, especially for compositors. The irregularity of the market could keep compositors short of work for long periods of time, and forced them either into part-time employment with another printer or even into joining the vast reservoir of employed labour . . . .


ѤȯλȲθѤȤäѡкѾװѸθ츻ŪֻζδȴؤäƤȤʤСϤؤ󤪤⤷ȥԥåǤ롥β¾ڤˤϡμҲֻܺ٤Ĵɬפ
Cordorelli (185) ȤˤȤʤ1ʸѤƤ

From this point of view, etymological spelling would have worked as a convenient means to increase average pay, to such an extent that printers evidently compromised linguistic correctness with personal profit, accepting or perhaps even enforcing the diffusion of 'false' etymological spellings like phantasy and aunswar.


Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-02-20 Mon

#5047. ҳάǯɽ --- ؿҳ٤ [timeline][history][age_of_discovery][me][emode][renaissance][link]

˾塤ҤȤ來Ӥ䤫˱Ǥҳ (age_of_discovery) ǤߤȡʤѸˤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤcf. #4423. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ10ҳȳǰѡפ򽪤ޤ ([2021-06-06-1]
ʲؿҳ٤δ (pp. 109--10) άǯɽǺܤ롥ҳϰϤˤĤƤϤĤιͤ뤬1415ǯΥݥȥ뷳ˤ륻Τ˻Ϥޤꡤ1648ǯΥȥեꥢ˽ȤΤ1ĤθǤ롥άǯɽˤߤ褦ˡˤĹ

5饯ϸ饹Ѥޤǹҳ
ͥ륳ƥꥹϸޤõ
111롤ۤʻ
1ܥ񶽤
60--70إȥ鳤⵭
֥ҥåѥפˤ륢ӥҳˤʤ
2ȥޡɤθפʤ
166ءʥޥ륯ꥦˤλټ˻
207۹
4--5Υɲʤ
399--412쿸ˡΥɡιԡʩ񵭡٤
Ĥʻ礵
618
639ֿͤΥץȿ
꡼䲦ޥåθפ
671--95ʩεںߡˡ
750ХȤ˥åСī롥ǰפ˿ʽ
875ѡ˶
907˴彽
960׷񡥳ǰפδ
969եƥī˰ܤ롥ȳ̤ƤΥǰסʸ奨ץȤϹȳͳΥǰפƳ
10961 (--99) ꥢԤƬ
1127׶
11472 (--48)
1169ץȤ˥桼īΩ
1245--47ץΡԡˡĤ̿ˤꥫ饳˻ιԵ魯
1254֥奭Ĥ̿ˤꥫ饳ޤιԡιԵ
1258󥴥뷳ХΡåСī˴󥴥뷳ϥꥢץȤ˿Ǥ
1271--95ޥ륳ݥΥιԤںߡιԵ
1291ΥΥǥեꥫҳ
1293˥ޥѥҥȲΩ󥴥뷳˿
1312ΥΥơޥʥꥢ˹ҳ
1349ʥޥޡ֥󡦥Хȥ24ǯˤ錄륢եꥫιԤ饿󥸡˵
1336ɤ˥ʥ벦񶽤
1345ޥѥҥȡϳ
1351--54֥󡦥ХȥեꥫιԡػΦͷ٤
1360ޥǥΡιԵ٤κΩ
1368
1372Ȥ
1403ڥΥӡۡιԤƥࡼ˱ڤ顦ȥ٥󥯡롤ʥꥢ˹ҳ
1405ޤҳ1433ǯޤ7ˤ錄
1415ݥȥ뷳Ρ֤ʤեꥫϩõϤޤ
1434롦ͥܥɡ̨
1453ޥ󷳤ˤ륳󥹥ƥΡץ빶ά
1455ͥĥͥ⥹Ȥեꥫҳ
1475ĥǥץȥޥΡءٴ
1479ڥ󡤥ݥȥ֤˥륫
1482ݥȥեꥫεߥʷߡݥȥͥ󥴲ܿ
1488ǥˤ˾ȯҳ
1492֥1ҳ (--93)
1493֥2ҳ
1494ڥ󡤥ݥȥ֤˥ȥǥ㥹
1498ޤΥɹҳ֥3ҳڤã
1500֥롤ɤؤӼ֥饸ɺ
1501ꥴץåꥫ52ޤǹҳ
1502֥4ҳƱ߹ҳ
1505ȥġǹõķ
1508֥르ĤƱͤʼݤεķ
1509ᥤǥǡץȡ顼Ϣ
1510ݥȥ롤
1511ݥȥ롤ޥåά
1512ݥȥ͹
1513Хܥѥʥ϶Ǥʿδߤã
1519--21ƥΥᥭʥƥ
1520ޥ϶ȯʿΤǤƥեԥ˻
1522륫ΰʲ18͡ǽҤȤƥӥ
1527ƥۤΥ楫õ
1528--33ԥΥ
1529饴åˤΥݥȥ뵢°
1534ƥΥʥõ
1535ޥΥõ
1537Υ।ʥ֥
1538롦ġΥϢץǥȥ륳ͤ
1541󥵡ԥΥޥõΥ㡼ʡϸޤǹҳ (1542)
1543ͤΥݥȥ͡
1545ܥӥΥݥȥ仳ȯǯᥭǤ仳ȯ
1553ӡϩõ
1565͡ϩˤեԥ󤫤ᥭޤǹҳ
1567˥ʿιҳǯȯ
1568󡦥ۡ󥺡󡦥ե󡦥ǡ륢ǥڥδ񽱤򤦤æ
1570ɥ쥤ΥֳڥϤΫå
1571쥬ԡޥ˥Էߡꥹȶ̤γѥȤǥޥ˾
1575եӥå㡼ϩõļ
1577--80ɥ쥤ΫåҤ򤪤ʤ
1578륫롼ǥݥȥ뷳å
1584--85륿Υ˥̱ײ
1586--88٥ǥ
15951õ˥ʿõޥ륱ȯ
1598ե󡦥ΡȡͤȤƺǽ
1599ͥե󡦥ͥå쥤ɹҳ
1600ꥹ쥤ɲΩκ֥饸˺Ȥꡤեꥫ͢Ϥޤ
1605ιҳ˥塼إ֥ǥޤ
1606塤Ȥ˻Ĥ줿ȥ쥹˥塼˥ȥꥢ֤γȯޥ˥˸
1610ϥɥ󡤥˥󳤶ƹˤʤ
1614ǥԥȤιԵ򵭡ٴ
1615ͥۡƥȥ롦᡼ιҳ̨ۡȯ
16172󥮥õ
1620ᥤե˥塼󥰥ɤ
1622δ⡤⥵ӥǥι
1623ܥʻͤˤ륤ꥹܿͤ͡λʸ奤ꥹͤ쥤ɤιǰפűषɤ˽
1637եꥫΥߥå
1639ޥǰסΤԲǽˤʤ롥ޥʿιҳ
1641ͥޥåå
1642--43ޥ󡤥ȥꥢسԤ餫ˤ
1645ͥȡإ
1647ܥ細ΡʡƤΥե˥õ
1648ߥ󡦥ǥ˥աų̈ʥǥ˥̨ˤã١󥰳¸ߤˤϵĤʤäȥեꥢˤ뻰ǯνꡥΩǧ


hellog ǤϤޤǤϢǯɽ¿ǺܤƤҳȤδϢǡʲΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

#2371. ݥȥǯɽ ([2015-10-24-1])
#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-27-1])
#3478. ؿ⥤ꥹˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-04-1])
#3479. ؿ⡡ꥹβ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-05-1])
#3487. ʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-13-1])
#3497. إꥹ10֡٤ǯɽ ([2018-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ϻؿҳ١Ͻн˼ҡ2008ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2022-12-09 Fri

#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus [eebo][corpus][synonym][emode]

#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) ǡѸ濴Ȥ splendid Ʊ줬¿߽Ф줿夲
ΤʤǤȤ櫓û̿˽ä3Ĥι splendidious, splendidous, splendious ˤĤơEEBO corpus Ǹ٤ǧƤߤͤޤǤˡߤäȤ̤ splendid ٤碌ơȾȤ˿ͤޤȤƤߤ

wordcurrent by OEDC16bC17aC17btotal
splendidious?a1475 (?a1425)--1653214117
splendidous1607--16400516
splendious1609--16540112
splendid1624--1511625342665


ѸȤʤä3ϡˤ⻴٤äȤ狼Τ2㤷󤬤äƤʤä splendious ˻äƤϡָפäȤɽʤ⤷ʤ2ĤʸƤߤ褦ʼлΤɮԡˡ2ܤǤԤ delicious ƱäƤ롥

1609: Ilands besides of much hostillitie, which are as sun-shine, sometimes splendious, anon disposed to altering frailtie
1656: imagin madam, what a delicious life i lead, in so noble company, so splendious entertainment, and so magnificent equipage


splendious ʤɤϡ¾夽ξ¨ʤ˥եñ餷¤줵줿ȤΤƤ׻ (nonce word) ȤäƤ褯#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Dz⤷λ褯ɽ魯ǤϤʤֵפϤηƻºݤˤϤꤽ¸ߤä

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-21-1]

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2022-12-04 Sun

#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 [cognate][synonym][lexicology][inkhorn_term][emode][borrowing][loan_word][renaissance][oed][timeline]

Ǥˡ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) Ǽ夲ǤҤͤäƤߤޤsplendid ʹڤʡʡΩɤʡ굱ˤȤƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹ƻǤѸ˾塤Ʊ줬߽ФƤޤεǿʤäΤޤ OED Ĵ٤ñ󤹤ȡѸ13줢ޤ

resplendant, resplendent, resplending, splendacious, splendant, splendent, splendescent, splendid, splendidious, splendidous, splendiferous, splendious, splendorous


OED ˵ܤΤǯʤѸξϺǽǯˤ˴ŤƸΰ򥿥饤˥ץåȤƤߤΤʲοޤǤȤ櫓16--17˿о줬椷Ƥޤ

splendid and its synonyms

ۤ1796ǯ˽Ф resplendidly Ȥ1859ǯ˽Ф many-splendoured Ȥƻʤɡ碌ƹͤ⤢ޤˤѸˤΤʤ׼ѡʤ뤤¤ˤˤ϶äޤ͡

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2022-10-14 Fri

#4918. William Bullokar 8ʻ [history_of_linguistics][latin][emode][bullokar][pos][greek][latin]

#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBullokar (c. 1530--1609) ˤ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ȤҤѸ˾αʸˡȤƤ롥 Bullokar ʻʬƤߤ
ޤʻʬˤĤΩǧƤŤ쥯ɥꥢ Dionysius Thrax (c. BC170--BC90) ꥷ8ʻǧ᤿ΤȯǤ롥Υޡ̾졦ƻˡ졼ޡưˡȥʬˡȥʴˡȡ˥ߥ̾ˡץƥֻˡԥ졼ޡˡǥ⥹³ˤǤʺƣp. 11ˡ
ѤΤʱƶϤؤƥʸˡ路 Donatus (c. 300--399) Ǥ롥ƥˤϴʤΤǼ졤줬ä줿̤ȤƿȤƤ8ʻˤȤɤޤäƤ롥̾ (nomen)̾ (pronomen)ư (verbum) (adverbium)ʬ (participium)³ (coniunctio)ֻ (praepositio) (interiectio) Ǥ롥 Priscianus (fl. 500) ⤳˽äʺƣpp. 14--15ˡ
ϲä16Υ󥰥ɡDonatus αƶΤȡ1509ǯ˽Ǥ줿 William Lily Υƥʸˡα Short Introduction of Grammar (1548) ӤƤ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤫤줿Τ Bullokar αʸˡ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) äΡ
ƥʸˡѤǡBullokar ϱѸˤ8ʻǧ᤿̾졤̾졤ư졤졤ʬ졤³졤ֻ졤Ǥ롥Bullokar (115 (22)) θʸˤȼΤ褦ˤBullokar ͭΥڥ󥰤ˤաˡ

Spech may be diuyded intoo on of thæȝ eiht parts: too wit, Nown, Pronoun, Verb (declyned). Participle, Aduerb, Coniunction, Preposition, Interiection, (vn-declyned).


Ĥޤꡤ8ʻ Thrax Donatus Lily Bullokar ȥ졼ʤ顤1700ǯˤ錄ݻƤΤǤ롥ơBullokar θʸˡǤ8ʻ줬ѤƤȤˤʤ롥ޤȷ³Ϥ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Bullokar, William . Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. William Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯpp. 107--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-15-1]

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2022-09-19 Mon

#4893. King's English Queen's English νǯ [emode][monarch][oed][inkhorn_term][voicy][heldio]

8˥ꥶ٥ (Elizabeth II) ˴ʤꡤ19˥ȥߥ󥹥ˤƹ򤬱ĤޤͽȤΤȤǤ֤ϥꥹ˾Ĺ70ǯޤ1ĤˤǤơ㡼륺 (Charles III) ¨̤ޤ
ޤ Queen's English ȸƤФƤ륤ꥹɸѸϡ King's English ȤƾΤ˲󵢤뤳ȤˤʤȻפޤε King's English Queen's English ȤƤˤĤƾĴ١ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#476. King's English Queen's EnglishꤷƤ٤äƤߤޤ



ǿ줿 OED ˤξɽνФˤĤơʲäƤޤޤKing's English ˤĤƤϡking, n. βǡΤ褦㤬ͿƤޤ

 King's English n. [apparently after king's coin n.] (chiefly with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the King of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually taken as that written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. Queen's English n. at queen n. Compounds 3b.

   1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 86 These fine Englishe clerkes, will saie thei speake in their mother tongue, if a man should charge them for counterfeityng the kynges English.
   a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 5 Abusing of Gods patience, and the Kings English.
   1787 Eng. Rev. May 284 That fervent zeal which now displays itself among all ranks of persons,..to circulate the purity of the king's English among them.
   1836 E. Howard Rattlin xxxv. 144 They..put the king's English to death so charmingly.
   1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South i. i. 28 Smelly old fellows with baggy pants and a capacity for butchering the king's English.
   2003 E. Stuart Entropy & Alchemy vi. 71 The British, custodians of the King's English and supposedly so careful and conscientious with words.


king's coin ʹŲߤ˹ޤƤ񲦤ξˤǤϤʤȤȤǤɤʤΤǤ礦ʤߤ˽Ф1553ǯȤΤϡEdward VI Mary I Ȥ¨̤ǯǤ⤢ꡤ̣ߥ󥰤ǤϤޤ󶡤Ƥ T(homas) Wilson ˤĤƤϡ#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
Queen's English ߤƤߤޤ礦queen, n. βǡΤ褦˵ҤƤޤФ1592ǯ Elizabeth I Ǥ

 Queen's English n. (usually with the) the English language regarded as under the guardianship of the Queen of England; (hence) standard or correct English, usually as written and spoken by educated people in Britain; cf. King's English n. at king n. Compounds 5b.

   1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes sig. B1v He must be running on the letter, and abusing the Queenes English without pittie or mercie.
   a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. iii. 81 He was pretty far overcome by the Champaign, for he clipped the Queen's English.
   1848 Southern Literary Messenger 14 636/2 'On' yesterday, (another Southern emendation of the Queen's English, which is funny enough,) I was so unfortunate [etc.].
   1867 F. S. Cozzens Sayings 82 In fact, that arbitrary style of speaking which is commonly known as the Queen's English.
   1885 Punch 4 July 5/2 (heading) The Premier's Primer; or Queen's English as she is wrote.
   1902 F. Hume Fever of Life 146 I! Oh, how can you? I speak the Queen's English.
   1991 K. Waterhouse English our English p. xvii The more slipshod English in circulation, the wider the assumption that it doesn't matter any more, that the Queen's English is by now the quaint preserve of pedants.
   2006 PC Gamer Apr. 79/1 This doesn't mean that the cast of characters suddenly speak the Queen's English with cut-glass accents and quote Shakespeare.


ɤޤʸФƤꡤ OED ȴޤξɽȤǯ夬16ȤΤޤ⤷ȤǤѹͥ󥹤οˤäƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵФƴ줬ޤäƤޤΰǥʥ顼ǤѸؤμ⾯ĿޤäƤƤޤιμ٤ִפȤơΥȥåפǤ뷯礬Ф줿ȤϼʤȤǤߤޤ400ǯʾ³ƤȤΤϡϤ©ĹȤȻפޤ

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2022-05-27 Fri

#4778. Ѥ椯դò Edmund Waller "Of English Verse" [chaucer][language_change][hel_contents_50_2022][emode][literature]

khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤֱѸ˥ƥ50פޤƤ롥 hellog ϡ520˥åפ줿ˤ륳ƥ֤ɤǤ̤Ѹġˤ䤫ꡤǰѤƤ󥰥ɤλ Edmund Waller ˤ "Of English Verse" Ҳ𤷤
Waller 1606--87ǯˤ17󥰥ɤɽͤǡʸػŪˤϥͥ󥹤νȿŵλϤޤλĤʤ̤Waller 32Ԥû "Of English Verse" ΤʤǡѤ椯աʱѸˤʤϤʤòʱ˸경줿ƥ䥮ꥷؤƴ򼨤Ƥ롥Chaucer ڻͤȤư礤˽Фʤ顤ͤθդϤϤʤȤ⡤ͤοޤǻĤΤĤäߤΤڤʴꤤɽƤ롥
Waller ϡޤ1ۤɸ˥󥰥ɤե󥹤Ȥο̱褤Ƹ򰮤Ĥߡ1ˤϥꥹĺޤ1ˤϱѸ줬Ȥɤ뤮ʤϰ̤ۤʤɤȤ⤷ƤʤäWaller ϤޤǤͽۤǤʤä櫓ˤäƸλ䤿λɤȡʤϰ̡ˤѤ䤹ʤϤʤҤҤȴƤ롥

OF ENGLISH VERSE.

1 Poets may boast, as safely vain,
2 Their works shall with the world remain;
3 Both, bound together, live or die,
4 The verses and the prophecy.

5 But who can hope his lines should long
6 Last in a daily changing tongue?
7 While they are new, envy prevails;
8 And as that dies, our language fails.

9 When architects have done their part,
10 The matter may betray their art;
11 Time, if we use ill-chosen stone,
12 Soon brings a well-built palace down.

13 Poets that lasting marble seek,
14 Must carve in Latin, or in Greek;
15 We write in sand, our language grows,
16 And, like the tide, our work o'erflows.

17 Chaucer his sense can only boast;
18 The glory of his numbers lost!
19 Years have defaced his matchless strain;
20 And yet he did not sing in vain.

21 The beauties which adorned that age,
22 The shining subjects of his rage,
23 Hoping they should immortal prove,
24 Rewarded with success his love.

25 This was the generous poet's scope;
26 And all an English pen can hope,
27 To make the fair approve his flame,
28 That can so far extend their fame.

29 Verse, thus designed, has no ill fate,
30 If it arrive but at the date
31 Of fading beauty; if it prove
32 But as long-lived as present love.


Waller, Edmond. "Of English Verse". The Poems Of Edmund Waller. London: 1893. 197--98. Accessed through ProQuest on May 27, 2022.

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2022-03-06 Sun

#4696. ꥶ٥1ˤ3ñ -th -s 줿ʸ [3sp][emode][monarch][speed_of_change][language_change]

Ѹ3ñθ -th -s ؤȿܤƤäѲϡѸˤǤ褯椵Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ꥶ٥1 (1533--1603) λ -th -s ؤοܤΤޤäʤˤꡤȤξʻѤƤ뤬ΤʻȤʬδबä櫓ǤϤʤϡǤäդǤ -s ̤Ѥ졤ʸʽ񤭸աˤǤ -th ޤȤʳˤϤäǤϡŪʥ쥸Ȥ⤤뻶ʸʽ񤭸աˤǤϤɤäΤȤȡʣLass (163) ˰ѤƤ롤ꥶ٥1 Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy 1Ƥߤ褦 (Book 0, Prose IX)

He that seekith riches by shunning penury, nothing carith for powre, he chosith rather to be meane & base, and withdrawes him from many naturall delytes. . . But that waye, he hath not ynogh, who leues to haue, & greues in woe, whom neerenes ouerthrowes & obscurenes hydes. He that only desyres to be able, he throwes away riches, despisith pleasures, nought esteems honour nor glory that powre wantith.


Lass (163) ˤȡƱΥץĴȤ-th -s Ϥ褽 1:2 äȤǤ -s äƤ褦ޤܤΤޤäʤäȸäƤ褤

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2022-02-12 Sat

#4674. ֽѸˤóȽλߡ [slide][contrastive_linguistics][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][emode][renaissance][inkhorn_term][latin][japanese_history][contrastive_language_history]

3ΤȤǤ122ڡˤˡҤȡȤХեΥݥָˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλפΰĤȤơֽѸˤóȽλߡפä뵡򤤤ޤZoom ˤ륪饤ȯɽǤθΥǥåޤᡤؤٶˤʤ֤ǤżԤϤᡤݥ¾żԤʼԻüԤγͤ˴տ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ȯɽϡǤ͡ʵ˸ɽƤȤȤؤˤޤǤϥݥ˴ޤޤоȸˡ (contrastive_linguistics) ռơȤ櫓ܸˤˤóȽˤȤоȤռʤޤ
Ѥޤ饤ɤܥ֥ؤΥ󥯤¿ĥƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ

1. ҤȡȤХեˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλѸˤóȽλ
2. ѸˤóȽλ
3. ܼ
4. 1. Ϥ --- 16󥰥ɼҲѲ
5. 2. 缺ĴɤαѸ --- ƥؤΰ¸ȥƥ줫Ω
6. Ѹ줬Ƥ3ĤǺ
7. 3. Ωܻؤ
8. 4. ¸ɤοޤ (1) --- 츻Ūֻ
9. 5. ¸ɤοޤ (2) --- óȽ
10. ץѡäĤѡ
11. 6.֥פ̼
12. 7. ̼Ѥؤȿ
13. 8. 졤ץ졤ʸоȸ
14. 9. ޤȤ
15. óȽȡѤоȸ
16. ʸ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-25-1]

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2021-12-30 Thu

#4630. Shakespeare ӵ顦Ǿä [shakespeare][emode][comparison][superlative][adjective][adverb][suffix][periphrasis][suppletion]

ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ򸫤
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դ޷ѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 󤷤褦

[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]

Modern comparative Shakespearian comparative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- -----------
more honest honester Cor IV.v.50
more horrid horrider Cym IV.ii.331
more loath loather 2H6 III.ii.355
more often oftener MM IV.ii.48
more quickly quicklier AW I.i.122
more perfect perfecter Cor II.i.76
more wayward waywarder AY IV.i.150

Modern superlative Shakespearian superlative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
most ancient ancient'st WT Iv.i10
most certain certain'st TNK V.iv.21
most civil civilest 2H6 IV.vii.56
most condemned contemned'st KL II.ii.141
most covert covert'st R3 III.v.33
most daring daring'st H8 II.iv.215
most deformed deformed'st Sonn 113.10
most easily easil'est Cym IV.ii.206
most exact exactest Tim II.ii.161
most extreme extremest KL V.iii.134
most faithful faithfull'st TN V.i.112
most foul-mouthed foul mouthed'st 2H4 II.iv.70
most honest honestest AW III.v.73
most loathsome loathsomest TC II.i.28
most lying lyingest 2H6 II.i.124
most maidenly maidenliest KL I.ii.131
most pained pained'st Per IV.vi.161
most perfect perfectest Mac I.v.2
most ragged ragged'st 2H4 I.i.151
most rascally rascalliest 1H4 I.ii.80
most sovereign sovereignest 1H4 I.iii.56
most unhopeful unhopefullest MA II.i.349
most welcome welcomest 1H6 II.ii.56
most wholesome wholesom'st MM IV.ii.70

[ ѸǤ϶ˡShakespeare Ǥϱˡ ]

Modern comparative Shakespearian comparative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
greater more great 1H4 IV.i77
longer more long Cor V.ii.63
nearer more near AW I.iii.102

[ ѸǤӵ顦ǾʤShakespeare ǤϼäƤ ]

Modern word Shakespearian comparison Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
chief chiefest 1H6 I.i.177
due duer 2H4 III.ii.296
just justest AC II.i.2
less lesser R2 II.i.95
like liker KJ II.i.126
little littlest [cf. smallest] Ham III.ii.181
rather ratherest LL IV.ii.18
very veriest 1H4 II.ii.23
worse worser [cf. less bad] Ham III.iv.158

ȲȤӵ顦ǾκۤʤˤĤƤϡ#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.

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2021-12-29 Wed

#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ [shakespeare][emode][comparison][double_comparative][superlative][adjective][adverb]

ܥ֥ΰʲεǽ񤤤ƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥

#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])

ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪ󤷤ƤƤΤǡƸ

[ Double comparatives ]

more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)

[ Double superlatives ]

most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)

Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻򿶤֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ



Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-30-1]

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2021-12-28 Tue

#4628. 16Ⱦ17ˤƤؼԤ --- Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼Ԥ [orthography][orthoepy][spelling][standardisation][emode][mulcaster][hart][bullokar][spelling_reform][link]

Ѹˤˤǽֻ (spelling_reform) ϤĤäȤ䤤ˤˤֲספȸƤ֤ˤϰտŪʱİ٤ǤʤФʤʤǤ㤨С#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ Ormulum ֻֻפλʪȤȤˤʤ
ֻפȤϡ̤ˤСĿͤˤ뱿ưȤϽŪʼҲưؤΤǤϤʤ˽Сֻפκǽηϡ16Ⱦ17ˤƤΰϢ (orthoepy) ԤγưˤäȤäƤ褤餳Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼ԤäΤˤĤ Carney (467) Τ褦ɾäƤ롥

The first concerted movement for the reform of English spelling gathered pace in the second half of the sixteenth century and continued into the seventeenth as part of a great debate about how to cope with the flood of technical and scholarly terms coming into the language as loans from Latin, Greek and French. It was a succession of educationalists and early phoneticians, including William Mulcaster, John Hart, William Bullokar and Alexander Gil, that helped to bring about the consensus that took the form of our traditional orthography. They are generally known as 'orthoepists'; their work has been reviewed and interpreted by Dobson (1968). Standardization was only indirectly the work of printers.


ˤĤ Carney ϡŪ Brengelman 1980ǯνפʸ˰͵򤷤ƤȤäƤ褤Brengelman ʸˤĤƤϡʲεǤ⿨ƤΤǡ碌ɤǤ

#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ ([2019-01-29-1])

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-29-1]

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