ε#2044. ʤ mayn't ȤʤΤ (1) ([2014-12-01-1]) ˰³ɸꡥŪʻ¤롥OED ˤȡû̷ mayn't 16㤬ߤȤȤƺǤᤤΤ17 Milton ΤΤ
1631 Milton On Univ. Carrier ii. 18 If I mayn't carry, sure I'll ne'er be fetched.
OED ˴Ťȡܤ٤ϽѸʸȤȤˤʤ롥 EEBO (Early English Books Online) ١ǸĿŪ˺äƤƥȡǡ١ˤ٤ԤäȤΤ褦ʷ̤Фmai nat ʤɤΰ۷ޤƸˡƻΥ֥ѥεϤۤʤΤǡ100 (wpm) Ӥ줿
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 474.24 wpm (116 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 0 (0) | 133.22 (438) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 0 (0) | 107.01 (1,409) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 0.020 (1) | 131.85 (6,432) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 1.03 (86) | 131.54 (11,020) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0 (0) | 109.96 (10) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | mayn't | may not |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 33 | 859 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 21 | 703 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 68 | 601 |

#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ16ˤֻ͡װƤФơֻθ경ϳ趷褷Mulcaster ɽȤϩǽŪ˼褦ˤʤȡ1617ˤơֻפǮƤä͡ϡ褷ƤۤӤξʤʤŪֻηϤȾζϤǼ뤳Ȥӡष˸Ψ褯餷ƤȤºŪؤȴؿܤƤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶԤΤʤˡEdmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) Richard Hodges (fl. 1643--49) Ȥ֤줬ä
Hodges ˤĤƤϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡֻˤؤδͿΤۤˤ⡤ȯ˴ؤ뵮ŤʻƤƤȤӤ롥㤨 Hodges ΥꥹȤˤϡcox, cocks, cocketh; clause, claweth, claws; Mr Knox, he knocketh, many knocks ʤɤȤꡤ-eth -s ƱͤȯƤȤ (Horobin 129) ޤ͡ȯʹ (diacritical mark) ֻղäȤˤꡤHodges ϻ¾ȯɽƤ줿ΤǤ롥㤨Сgäte, grëat Τ褦첻˥饦ȵդȤˤĹ첻ɽ魯䡤garde, knôwn Τ褦ۻǤ뤳ȤƳ (The English Primrose (1644)) Τ褦ˡHodges Τ줿ؼԤȤäƤ褯Shakespeare λȯ1λƤ줿
Hodges ϡʤȯΤ餷뤳ȤǤϤʤäϡޤֻˤäηϤȤƤɬŪȤϤʤŪֻҶ˸Ū˶餹뤿ˡζϤȤơҤΤ褦ȯղäƤΤǤ롥̣ΤϡƤȤϡ1ɽֻ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ƤΤȤۤƱݤäȤǤ롥Bullokar 쥢ե٥åȤ˿εղä뤳ȤˤꡤɽܻؤΤäHodges ƤΤۤʰפǰӤƤꡤŪֻפǤϤʤֻˤäǡʤߤäϤǤֻפֻؤȰܤѤäƤꡤ˼褿٤ֻ§ ("Spelling Regularizers") νиͽʳؤȿʤǤΤǤ롥
λΰܤѤˤĤơ (96) ϡBullokar ƱפäŪΤˤʤƤȤˡĤޤ17դֻ꤬Ρ֥ӿפ˻ϤˤʤäƤˡĬѲǧᤶʤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Hodges ȯӿˤʤ館ΤǤ롥ӤʸΰǤϤʤŪθޤǤ롥äơȤƤϤۤƱΤǤäȤƤ⡤ʸΰԲķǤȤ Bullokar Ƥϡ褷ƥӤȤϸƤ٤ʤӿȤˤꡤBullokar η Hodges ν餫ŪǤ褦ʵƤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ε#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1]) #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) Richard Mulcaster ̾#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ۤ mulcaster γƵǤˤƤνѸνʪϡԻˤδ⡤ɮͤ롥
Ѹ˾ǽαѱѼϡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#726. ǤȤ뤫⤷ʤŪ Cawdrey μ ([2011-04-23-1])#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡRobert Cawdrey (1537/38--1604) A Table Alphabeticall (1604) ȸƤ롥ä Mulcaster The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤ8000θåꥹ "generall table" ǤƤȤõƤɬפ롥Mulcaster ϡŪʸϤѸ켭ԻɬʤлȤƤȤƤ "generall table" ˽ФCawdrey Mulcaster ˻ɷΤȻפ졤¿θäμ˺ϿƤ롥Mulcaster αѱѼνǤ᤹ڼ¤ʻפϡΰ˼Ƥ롥
It were a thing verie praiseworthie in my opinion, and no lesse profitable then praise worthie, if som one well learned and as laborious a man, wold gather all the words which we vse in our English tung, whether naturall or incorporate, out of all professions, as well learned as not, into one dictionarie, and besides the right writing, which is incident to the Alphabete, wold open vnto vs therein, both their naturall force, and their proper vse . . . .
ΰѤκǸˤ褦ˡԻ˾פʤ "generall table" ϡåꥹȤǤʾˡֻλȤʤ뤳ȤܻؤƤֻץ֡Τʤˤä Mulcaster βɤɽƤɤʤ final e ΤĤε§Ƥꡤθ̤ŪñֻˤäƼȤΤǤ롥
For the words, which concern the substance thereof: I haue gathered togither so manie of them both enfranchised and naturall, as maie easilie direct our generall writing, either bycause theie be the verie most of those words which we commonlie vse, or bycause all other, whether not here expressed or not yet inuented, will conform themselues, to the presidencie of these.
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) ǡMulcaster <doubt> Τ褦ʸ츻ŪֻˤŪäȽҤ٤ "generall table" ȤƳǧƤߤ褦EEBO (Early English Books Online) Υǥ The first part of the elementarie ˤꡤĤŵŪʸ츻Ūֻɽ魯ȤȤauance., auantage., auentur., autentik., autor., autoritie., colerak., delite, det, dout, imprenable, indite, perfit, receit, rime, soueranitie, verdit, vitail ʤ¿θˤơ;ʬʡʸƤʤΤ Mulcaster ϸ츻ŪֻƤʤ褦˸롥¾θȤȡ;ʬʡʸƤ aduise., language, psalm, realm, salmon, saluation, scholer, school, soldyer, throne ʤɤǧ롥
ˤäưۤʤȤΤϤ̣ɤ Mulcaster 餷Ȥ⤤뤬Mulcaster ΰȤ⡤γƸֻ٤˰¸Ǥǽ롥ĤޤꡤǤ˸츻Ūֻ夷ƤФ줬ΤޤѤȤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤޤ夷ƤʤкѤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤMulcaster Τɾ뤿ˤϡƸˤ츻Ūֻλ䡤γȻλĴɬפ
"generall table" Υץ British Library Mulcaster's Elementarie ǤΤǡȡ *
Ѹθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤȵƤΤʤ1ġ#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ǡ츻ŪֻȽŪäҤ1ͤȤ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ̾Hart ɽֻԤ1ͤ An Orthographie (1569) ǤȤΤ뤬ޤ˵ŪʲװƤΤ˼줺ֻ˱ƶڤܤȤϤۤȤɤʤäºݡHart ϸ츻Ūֻ˴ؤƤȽäΤΡǽŪˤϤȽ϶Mulcaster ʤβɤ˼ƳϤȤˤʤä
Hart θ츻ŪֻФȽϡαѸֻŪλŦΤʤ˸롥Hart ϡѸֻ "the divers vices and corruptions which use (or better abuse) mainteneth in our writing" ȤƤȤȤ diminution, superfluite, usurpation of power, misplacing 4Ƥ롥diminution Ϥ٤Ȥʸ礱Ƥ뤳ȤؤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥꡤޤη٤ȤǤ롥Ĥ3ĤϼºŪʤΤǡޤ superfluite Ϥ٤ǤϤʤȤʸȤǤ롥<doubt> <b> ŵǤꡤ츻ŪֻϡHart ˸碌 superfluite 1ȤȤˤʤ롥usurpation ϡ<g> /g/ ˤ /ʤ/ ˤб褦ˡ1ĤʸʣβƤƤꡥǸ misplacing ϡ㤨 /feɪbəl/ бֻȤƤ *<fabel> Ȥʤ٤Ȥ <fable> ǤȤʸؤ
嵭Τ褦ˡ츻ŪֻؤäƤΤϡ٤ǤʤȤʸƤ superfluite ˤƤǤ롥Hart (121--22) θʸꡤϢսѤ褦
Then secondli a writing is corrupted, when yt hath more letters than the pronunciation neadeth of voices: for by souch a disordre a writing can not be but fals: and cause that voice to be pronunced in reading therof, which is not in the word in commune speaking. This abuse is great, partly without profit or necessite, and but oneli to fill up the paper, or make the word thorow furnysshed with letters, to satisfie our fantasies . . . . As breifli for example of our superfluite, first for derivations, as the b in doubt, the g in eight, h in authorite, l in souldiours, o in people, p in condempned, s in baptisme, and divers lyke.
Hart superfluite Ȥ eight people ʤɤƤ뤬̾盧ϱѸˤˤƽѸŵŪʤ츻ŪֻȤƸڤΤǤϤʤäơָ츻Ūֻ superfluite פȤطƤΤŬڤ
Hart, John. MS British Museum Royal 17. C. VII. The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung. 1551. In John Hart's Works on English Orthography and Pronunciation [1551, 1569, 1570]: Part I. Ed. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1955. 109--64.
ε#1982. -ick or -ic (2) ([2014-09-30-1]) ˰³ѸǤ -ic(k) ΰ֤ʬۡʿܡˤĴ롥Ѥ륳ѥϻΤΤΤǤϤʤĿŪ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ɤѤƥȽǤ롥ޤѥƤ餺ɽѹդݤƤʤñʤƥȤνȤΤʤΤǡĴ̤ϲΤΤȤƲᤷƤʬ1617绨Ĥʬ줾쥳ѥ923,115졤9,637,954Ǥʥѥ10ܰʾγԶѹդʼ֤աˡʲǤϡ100 (wpm) ǼƤ롥
| Spelling pair | Period 1 (1501--1600) (in wpm) | Period 2 (1601--1700) (in wpm) |
|---|---|---|
| angelick / angelic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.21 |
| antick / antic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.49 / 0.10 |
| apoplectick / apoplectic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| aquatick / aquatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arabick / arabic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| archbishoprick / archbishopric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| arctick / arctic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| arithmetick / arithmetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.22 / 0.31 |
| aromatick / aromatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| asiatick / asiatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| attick / attic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.21 |
| authentick / authentic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.42 |
| balsamick / balsamic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| baltick / baltic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| bishoprick / bishopric | 1.08 / 0.00 | 4.25 / 0.00 |
| bombastick / bombastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| catholick / catholic | 5.42 / 0.00 | 38.39 / 1.97 |
| caustick / caustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| characteristick / characteristic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| cholick / cholic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| comick / comic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| critick / critic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.76 / 1.87 |
| despotick / despotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.21 |
| domestick / domestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.09 / 0.21 |
| dominick / dominic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 0.62 / 0.42 |
| dramatick / dramatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.10 |
| emetick / emetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| epick / epic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.10 |
| ethick / ethic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.10 |
| exotick / exotic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.73 / 0.10 |
| fabrick / fabric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 8.72 / 0.31 |
| fantastick / fantastic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.42 / 0.10 |
| frantick / frantic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.94 / 0.00 |
| frolick / frolic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.00 |
| gallick / gallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.52 |
| garlick / garlic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 2.28 / 0.00 |
| heretick / heretic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 6.02 / 0.00 |
| heroick / heroic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 16.91 / 1.35 |
| hieroglyphick / hieroglyphic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.00 |
| lethargick / lethargic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.10 |
| logick / logic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 7.06 / 1.04 |
| lunatick / lunatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| lyrick / lyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.10 |
| magick / magic | 2.17 / 0.00 | 3.32 / 0.10 |
| majestick / majestic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.88 / 0.42 |
| mechanick / mechanic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.15 / 0.00 |
| metallick / metallic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| metaphysick / metaphysic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.21 |
| mimick / mimic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.42 / 0.00 |
| musick / music | 7.58 / 627.22 | 40.98 / 251.40 |
| mystick / mystic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.10 |
| panegyrick / panegyric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 4.46 / 0.10 |
| panick / panic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.35 / 0.10 |
| paralytick / paralytic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.00 |
| pedantick / pedantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| philosophick / philosophic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.00 / 0.21 |
| physick / physic | 1.08 / 0.00 | 27.39 / 1.56 |
| plastick / plastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| platonick / platonic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| politick / politic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 15.98 / 1.14 |
| prognostick / prognostic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| publick / public | 5.42 / 3.25 | 237.39 / 5.71 |
| relick / relic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.52 / 0.00 |
| republick / republic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 3.01 / 0.31 |
| rhetorick / rhetoric | 0.00 / 0.00 | 5.71 / 0.21 |
| rheumatick / rheumatic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| romantick / romantic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.83 / 0.00 |
| rustick / rustic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.66 / 0.00 |
| sceptick / sceptic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.10 / 0.10 |
| scholastick / scholastic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.31 / 0.42 |
| stoick / stoic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.93 / 0.00 |
| sympathetick / sympathetic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0.21 / 0.00 |
| topick / topic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.45 / 0.00 |
| traffick / traffic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 8.61 / 0.42 |
| tragick / tragic | 3.25 / 0.00 | 2.91 / 0.00 |
| tropick / tropic | 0.00 / 0.00 | 1.04 / 0.00 |
ε#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǡֻ̾Ԥ̾礭ɽεɤβɤʬ롥16ȾФ鼡ؤϢʤ뤽η (64) ˤäƼ

εǽФƤƤʤ̾⤢롥Cheke Smith ϵȴطäȤ顤طԤǤ Waad Laneham ˤɽؤδؿܤä褦ǡ Cheke οֻˡ¹ԤHart Bullokar Waad ˱ƶͿϩȤƤϡMulcaster Edmund Coote (fl. 1597; see Edmund Coote's English School-maister (1596)) 16˱ƶϤ17ˤ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) Фơ18 Dr. Johnson (1709--84) ޤϢʤäơϩϡɤΤȤˤޤǻɤƤΤǤ롥
̤ȤƤߤСʤɽ̤ɽʸɸ֤ ޥե٥å (Roman alphabet) ѤѸˤˤơʤɽषȤȤϡʸδϽפʰ̣Ĥ褦˻פ롥ʸˤȤäƺǤפŪȤϡɽ졤뤤ϸȤ鷺Ȥⲿ餫θñ̤ɽ魯ȤǤꡤե٥åȤŵŪäƤɽǽϤŪã뤿μʤˤʤΤǤϤʤɽǽ켫ΤͭѤǤꡤΤƵɬפϤʤɽȤǽŪΤɬפȤ¿ϵˤǤۤɤεǽʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ褦˹ͻǡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εƶ̣
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) ФüʸƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤεŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭εɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ťֻ경δĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾νʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ε#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1]) ǡѸˤˤʸˡ鼫ؤѲפͤݤ˴ͿΤϡgrammatical gender, lexical gender, referential gender 3ǤȽҤ٤ΤʸǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ social gender ⤷äȴͿƤ롤ȤȽ뤫⤷ʤCurzan ϡѸˤȤƤʸˡ鼫ؤѲפȤ⤤ΤŦƤ롥
(natural gender) ȤѸ줬̣̾ƤΤϡϡ줬ؼƤоݤʪŪ (biological sex) ȰפȤȤǤ롥㤨Сgirl ȤϿͤνؼоݤȤΤǡȤƤ feminine Ǥꡤfather ȤϿͤؼоݤȤΤǡȤƤ masculine Ȥʤ롤ȤäǤ롥ޤbook λؼоݤǤǤʤΤǡȤƤ neuter Ǥꡤperson λؼоݤ˽ؤˤĤΩŪʤΤǡȤƤ common gender Ȥ롥Τ褦ˡιͤñǤꡤ츫Ϥʤ褦˻פ롥ƳѸȤСȤϡreferential gender Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿Τȸ뤳ȤǤ
Curzan ϡּפΤΤ褦ûŪʤȤ館˵褷Ƥ롥Curzan ϡJoschua Poole, William Bullokar, Alexander Gil, Ben Jonson ʤɽѸʸˡȤˤϡؤθڤ¿ȤŦƤ롥㤨СJonson ϡ1640ǯ The English Grammar ǡAngels, Men, Starres, Moneth's, Winds, Planets ȤI'lands, Countries, Cities, ship ϽȤޤHorses, Dogges ŵŪEagles, Hawkess ʤɤ Fowles ŵŪ˽Ȥ (Curzan 566) Τ褦ʵʤʼȤϼΰۤʤǤꡤҲŪ˶ͭƤѡѡȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥Сεϡ social gender Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿ΤǤϤʤ
εƧޤȡѸˤϳΩƤȤ뤤ּפϡºݤˤ (1) Ṳ̄ꡤreferential gender (biological sex) Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿Τȡ(2) social gender lexical gender ȿǤ줿Ρ2 gender ͻ礷Ρʤ "lexical gender based on referential and social genders" ǤϤʤĹ뤿Υ硼ȥåȤȤơּפ뤤 "natural gender" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСϤǤ褤⤷ʤŪƤּפ뤤 "natural gender" ȤƤ礭ۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥˤդ
Curzan (570--71) ʸϤѤ롥
The Early Modern English gender system has traditionally been treated as biologically "natural", which it is in many respects: male human beings are of the masculine gender, females of the feminine, and most inanimates of the neuter. But these early grammarians explicitly describe how the constraints of the natural gender system can be broken by the use of the masculine or feminine for certain inanimate nouns. Their categories construct the masculine as representing the "male sex and that of the male kind" and the feminine as the "female sex and that of the female kind", and clearly various inanimates fall into these gendered "kinds". Personification, residual confusion, and classical allegory are not sufficient explanations, as many scholars now recognize in discussions of similar fluctuation in the Modern English gender system. An alternative explanation is that what the early grammarians label "kind" is synonymous with what today is labeled "gender"; in other words, "kind" refers to the socially constructed attributes assigned to a given sex.
ε˴ŤʤСѸˤˤѲĬήϡΤˤϡgrammatical gender natural gender ءפǤϤʤgrammatical gender lexical gender based on referential and social gender ءפȤȤˤʤ
Ѹˤ뵼ˤĤƤϡϢơ#1517. ([2013-06-22-1])#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])#890. ƬǾ acronym Ͻ̾¿ ([2011-10-04-1])#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1]) ڤӡ#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Curzan, Anne. "Gender Categories in Early English Grammars: Their Message in the Modern Grammarian." Gender in Grammar and Cognition. Ed. Barbara Unterbeck et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 561--76.
ϡޤǤˤ 3pp γƵDz٤äƤ³ǤƤ褦ˡưľˡˤ3ʣ -s εˤĤƤϡ쳰ŪƶȡŪ3ñ -s ȤΩƤ롥ŪԤȤơSmith 롥Smith Shakespeare First Folio оݤȤơ3ʣ -s 100ĤߤĤSmith ϡʬۤʤαƶꤷŪװΤߤǽʬǤǤμݤʸη褯ޤȤޤäƤ (375--76)
I. That, as an historical explanation of the construction discussed, the recourse to the theory of Northumbrian borrowing is both insufficient and unnecessary.
II. That these s-predicates are nothing more than the ordinary third singulars of the present indicative, which, by preponderance of usage, have caused a partial displacement of the distinctively plural forms, the same operation of analogy finding abundant illustrations in the popular speech of to-day.
III. That, in Shakespeare's time, the number and corresponding influence of the third singulars were far greater than now, inasmuch as compound subjects could be followed by singular predicates.
IV. That other apparent anomalies of concord to be found in Shakespeare's syntax,---anomalies that elude the reach of any theory that postulates borrowing,---may also be adequately explained on the principle of the DOMINANT THIRD SINGULAR.
פˡSmith ϡˤ⸽ߤˤ⸫3ñ -s ζŪкͥʤ줬3ʣΰؿȤϼǤ⤤Ƥ롥
Smith εˤ꤬¿1ˡShakespeare ΤߤäƽѸɽ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȡ2ˡƶˤ NPTR Northern Present Tense Rule; #1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) ) äƤ˽ʬդʧ鷺ˡƱӽƤ뤳ȡʤNPTR ˴ϢڼΤ p. 366 εˤˡ3ˡSmith ˸¤ʤƶȤΩƤꡤξԤȤͭȤ븫βǽӽƤ뤳ȡ
12ˤĤƤϡSmith 100ǯʾθŤǤ뤳ȤطƤ롥Τ褦ŦǤΤϡθ带椬ʤǤڵȤ⤤롥3ˤĤƤϡʤθƤʤƶˤϤ줾ζߤȼߤ뤬ξԤͻ¤ǤʤȤͳϤʤ褦˻פ롥
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) εǤߤ褦 McIntosh θ NPTR Ūȵڤ뤷 Smith λŦ붦ŪǸŪװ⤽ȤϤ롥װ궯ѤƤ뤫ȤܤζϤ줫Τߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤΩȤƤϡ#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) 褦ˡ3ʣ -s ˤĤƤѲ "multiple causation" Ȥ
Smith, C. Alphonso. "Shakespeare's Present Indicative S-Endings with Plural Subjects: A Study in the Grammar of the First Folio." Publications of the Modern Language Association 11 (1896): 363--76.
McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.
#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) ³3ñ -th -s ѲˤĤƼ夲ƤѲ⤿餷װˤĤƤϽ⤬Ƥ롥ޤ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤ3ʣˤƤʿŪ -th -s ѲäƤ餷ڵꡤ2Ĥ߹äƤȤ롥
ǤϡűѸľˡߤο;θȤ -es ѤƤꡤ -eþ Ȥϰ褷ƤäơѸʹߡȤ櫓ѸǤ -th -s ѲαƶȤ⤬Ť餢롥ǡˤƤǧ줿2ñ -es(t) /s/ 3ñθˤڤΤǤϤʤȤ롤ѥǤ⤢롥¾be ư is αƶȤ⡤Ѳʤɤ⤢뤬Ϥ礯
ʶȤʤǡJespersen (17--18) ϲδָΨŸ롥ˤֺǾϤˡ§ ('law of least effort') ȸƤ褤
In my view we have here an instance of 'Efficiency': s was in these frequent forms substituted for þ because it was more easily articulated in all kinds of combinations. If we look through the consonants found as the most important elements of flexions in a great many languages we shall see that t, d, n, s, r occur much more frequently than any other consonant: they have been instinctively preferred for that use on account of the ease with which they are joined to other sounds; now, as a matter of fact, þ represents, even to those familiar with the sound from their childhood, greater difficulty in immediate close connexion with other consonants than s. In ON, too, þ was discarded in the personal endings of the verb. If this is the reason we understand how s came to be in these forms substituted for th more or less sporadically and spontaneously in various parts of England in the ME period; it must have originated in colloquial speech, whence it was used here and there by some poets, while other writers in their style stuck to the traditional th (-eth, -ith, -yth), thus Caxton and prose writers until the 16th century.
"Efficiency" Ȥϸο (progress) ˤ̤롥̯ʸJespersen ˡ¤ Jespersen ŪȸJespersen ŪȤϲˤĤƤϡ#1728. Jespersen θѡ ([2014-01-19-1]) Ȥ줿[s] [θ] ˤĤƤϡ#842. th-sound Ϥޤȯ ([2011-08-17-1]) ȡ#1248. s th Ĵκ ([2012-09-26-1]) ɤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
ε#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ǻȤ Kytö (115) ϡ17ɾԤľܰѤʤ顤17Ⱦˤ -eth ֤줿Ǥ -s ȤȯƤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Contemporary commentators' statements, and verse rhymes, indicate that the -S and -TH endings were pronounced identically from the early 17th century on. Richard Hodges (1643) listed different spellings given for the same pronunciation: for example, clause, claweth, claws; Hodges also pointed out in 1649 that "howesoever wee write them thus, leadeth it, maketh it, noteth it, we say lead's it, make's it, note's it" (cited in Jespersen, 1942: 19--20).
Kytö (132 fn. 10) ǤϡHodges θǤǤȯҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
In the third (and final) edition of his guide (1653: 63--64), Hodges elaborated on his statement: "howsoever wee write many words as if they were two syllables, yet wee doo commonly pronounce them as if they were but one, as for example, these three words, leadeth, noteth, taketh, we doo commonly pronounce them thus, leads, notes, takes, and so all other words of this kind."
17ˤϰŪ <-eth> /-s/ ȤȯƤȤϡ/θ/ /s/ Ȥϰۤʤ벻ǤǤȤĤޤƤ䤿ˤȤäƤϡ츫ۤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤϡäդǤѲԤդǤѲɤĤƤʤȤѲΤդ줿1Ĥˤʤ˽դäդ˹碌 <-s> ֤褦ˤʤäֻȯɤĤˤ¿ʤȤֺäȤȤǤ롥ܸɽ줫ʤŤ鸽夫ʤŤؤȲޤǤƻΤ٤С<-eth> <-s> ؤֻѲϤष®äȸۤɤǤ롥
ʤJespersen (20) ˤȡĶ٤ư hath, doth, saith ˤĤƤϡ<-th> 18ȾФޤ̤˸줿Ȥ
ɽʸȯȤЪΥˤĤƤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓#15. Bernard Shaw äɤ "ghotiy" ? ([2009-05-13-1]) ȡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) εȤ줿
Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
Hodges, Richard. A Special Help to Orthographie; Or, the True Writing of English. London: Printed for Richard Cotes, 1643.
Hodges, Richard. The Plainest Directions for the True-Writing of English, That Ever was Hitherto Publisht. London: Printed by Wm. Du-gard, 1649.
Hodges, Richard. Most Plain Directions for True-Writing: In Particular for Such English Words as are Alike in Sound, and Unlike Both in Their Signification and Writing. London: Printed by W. D. for Rich. Hodges., 1653. (Reprinted in R. C. Alston, ed. English Linguistics 1500--1800. nr 118. Menston: Scholar Press, 1968; Microfiche ed. 1991)
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥
a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.
15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä
| <whole> | <hole> | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 71 | 32 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 68 | 2 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 84 | 0 |
ɸηˤĤƤϡ#1740. interpretor interpreter ([2014-01-31-1]) ȡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ǿƤνȯǤ롤16 interpretor interpreter ִ줿ȤڤˤĤơ¤ɤǧƤɬפ롥θڤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ǤʤƤꡤ餯 OED "In 16th cent. conformed to agent-nouns in -er, like speak-er" ˰͵ƤΤȻפ뤬ˤ16λΤĤΥѥܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ޤϡMED ѸֻΤƤߤ褦 Wycliffite Bible, Early Version (a1382) ޤᡤ33ޤǤ -our 뤤 -or ޤߡ-er Τ Reginald Pecock ˤ Book of Faith (c1456) 2ΤߤǤ롥а衤ѸΰŪֻϡ-o(u)r äȤäƤ
ƱѸξPPCME2 ǤߤƤߤȡPeriod M4 (1420--1500) Interpretours 1Τߵä
ˡѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ2ʬ (1580--1680) interpreter interpretor 줾1㤺Ĥäˤʤ
³ơMEMEM (Michigan Early Modern English Materials) Υ饤ѥϡΥڡΤȤꡤѸ켭ԻΤ˽줿ȤˡưΤʸǡ١ؤʥѥȤѤǤ롥ĤֻǸȤinterpretour 2㡤1535? Thomas Elyot ˤ The Education or Bringing up of Children 줿Ū interpreter(s) ֻϡ9ΰۤʤƥȡ3Ĥ166Ĥ17ˤ16ǧ줿Τˡ16餸露 -er ӤƤƤ褦
LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts) ϡ1640--1740ǯ罰ʪ119Υѥ줿7Ϥ -er ֻä
Ʊͤη̤330ζḽѸ쥳ѥ ARCHER 3.2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) (1600--1999) Ǥǧ줿1672ǯǽȤơ13㤬 -er Ǥ롥
ǸˡѸ줫Ѹˤ̻ŪˤߤƤߤ褦HC (Helsinki Corpus) ˤȡE1 (1500--70) Henry Machyn's Diary ꡤ"he becam an interpretour betwen the constable and certein English pioners;" 1Τ߸줿HC 礵 PPCEME ˤȡ嵭ޤ17λʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ
| -o(u)r | -er(s) | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 2 | 1 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 3 | 5 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 0 | 6 |
#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1]) ˰³ƤꡥWyld (340) ϡѸˤ3ʣ -s αƶȤƤǤϤʤ3ñ -s ȼĥƤ롥
Present Plurals in -s.
This form of the Pres. Indic. Pl., which survives to the present time as a vulgarism, is by no means very rare in the second half of the sixteenth century among writers of all classes, and was evidently in good colloquial usage well into the eighteenth century. I do not think that many students of English would be inclined to put down the present-day vulgarism to North country or Scotch influence, since it occurs very commonly among uneducated speakers in London and the South, whose speech, whatever may be its merits or defects, is at least untouched by Northern dialect. The explanation of this peculiarity is surely analogy with the Singular. The tendency is to reduce Sing. and Pl. to a common form, so that certain sections of the people inflect all Persons of both Sing. and Pl. with -s after the pattern of the 3rd Pres. Sing., while others drop the suffix even in the 3rd Sing., after the model of the uninflected 1st Pers. Sing. and the Pl. of all Persons.
But if this simple explanation of the present-day Pl. in -s be accepted, why should we reject it to explain the same form at an earlier date?
It would seem that the present-day vulgarism is the lineal traditional descendant of what was formerly an accepted form. The -s Plurals do not appear until the -s forms of the 3rd Sing. are already in use. They become more frequent in proportion as these become more and more firmly established in colloquial usage, though, in the written records which we possess they are never anything like so widespread as the Singular -s forms. Those who persist in regarding the sixteenth-century Plurals in -s as evidence of Northern influence on the English of the South must explain how and by what means that influence was exerted. The view would have had more to recommend it, had the forms first appeared after James VI of Scotland became King of England. In that case they might have been set down as a fashionable Court trick. But these Plurals are far older than the advent of James to the throne of this country.
ٻ礿ϡ(1) 3ʣ -s ϡ3ñ -s Ѥ褦ˤʤޤǤϸƤʤȡ(2) ɤΤ褦˱ƶͿΤǤʤȡ2Ǥ롥öŪǤꡤŪȤϤʤꤨʤΤΡΤ褦˻פ롥
1ĵˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥Wyld Ĥϡ1515ǯʸǡ"the noble folk of the land shotes at hym." ȤʸڤȤΥƥȤˤ3ñ -s ϸ줺3ʣˤ -ith 褯ȤȤ顤Wyld ȤεƤ (1) Ȥ礷ʤ褦˻פ뤬ɤʤΤˤ衤ΩѸ3ñ3ʣζӸƤ뤳Ȥɬפ
Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.
ѸȤƥƥͳ褹륤 (inkhorn_term) ȸƤФؼԸ줬̤˼Ѥ줿ȤФäȤϡ#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ʤɤεǿ줿Bragg (116) ɾˤС"This controversy was the first and probably the greatest formal dispute about the English language." ȤȤä
ܸˤƻ褦꤬ʸȤƤ롥ȥʸˤĤƤϡ#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1]) ȡ#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1]) Ǽ夲ѸäμƤϡ褽褦ӤӤΤ餷ؤ⤦1ĿäμƤäȤСܤο꤬פ⤫֡ε#1629. ([2013-10-12-1]) ǤˤȤ뿷Ǥ롥
ʹߡä衤ѸϤȤ̤θΤˡƼƤμͤ˴ؤܤäǤ롥äƤϡδѤꡤW. Lobscheid ΡرѲڻŵ٤Ȥ㤨Сʸء顤ա顤ʤɡˤн褷Τ⤢äФ礬¿ä̤οϡִ浯̱̽ˤޤDZƶڤܤȤˤʤä
㤨Сܸɴŵ (453--54) ˤСʹ1ʷ41ˤˡֺϺΤηݵ˻ޥǡĥեȥߡñϥζæȭۥƥʥɡΥ省ޥإʥҹեȥʥפȤʹ줿ش١2ˤˤϡ˳ʸ˿ʥꡥߥīᡤηեꡤθĥ˻ޥǡ¿˴ʥƥפȤ롥ز¿١14. 9. 30ˤǤϡյǭϴ̵ҡפȤޤǤ롥Τ褦˿줬ήԤƤ褦̱ɤƤϵǡ֥ץפȤޤǸƤФƤۤɤǤ롥"inkhorn terms" ֥ʸפȤƾΤӤ褦ơ礹ߤ1ĤȤơȽǤ줿Ȥ⡤¾2ȶäۤɤ褯Ƥ롥
ܸΥʸΤˡ16ȾΥɤ19ȾܤθȤ뤳Ȥϡ̣Τ뤳Ȥ
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
[2013-03-10-1], [2013-03-20-1]˰³ɸꡥƶ⤫3ñ⤫ǸʬƤ롥ѸäϤǡFennell (143) ϸԤٻơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In the written language the third person plural had no separate ending because of the loss of the -en and -e endings in Middle English. The third person singular ending -s was therefore frequently used also as an ending in the third person plural: troubled minds that wakes; whose own dealings teaches them suspect the deeds of others. The spread of the -s ending in the plural is unlikely to be due to the influence of the northern dialect in the South, but was rather due to analogy with the singular, since a certain number of southern plurals had ended in -e)th like the singular in colloquial use. Plural forms ending in -(e)th occur as late as the eighteenth century.
Strang (146) ƶٻƤ롥
The function of the ending, whatever form it took, also wavered in the early part of II [1770--1570]. By northern custom the inflection marked in the present all forms of the verb except first person, and under northern influence Standard used the inflection for about a century up to c. 1640 with occasional plural as well as singular value.
¤αѸ˲ Strang ε̣Τϡ2λŦˤƤǤ롥1ܤϡѸƱˡŤ be äƿ are Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤαƶ椨ǤȤ¤ȴϢʤ顤3ñʣ -s ˤĤƵƤ뤳Ȥare ʤμѤȤΤǤС3ʣ -s μѤǤȹͤΤǤϤʤȤ2ܤϡ̾ưοΰפ˴ؤ붦Ū̻Ūʻ顤3ʣ -s ͳǤϤʤ줬ƵǤͳƤǤ롥ΰʸ³սǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The tendency did not establish itself, and we might guess that its collapse is related to the climax, at the same time, of the regularisation of noun plurality in -s. Though the two developments seem to belong to very different parts of the grammar, they are interrelated in syntax. Before the middle of II there was established the present fairly remarkable type of patterning, in which, for the vast majority of S-V concords, number is signalled once and once only, by -s (/s/, /z/, /ɪz/), final in the noun for plural, and in the verb for singular. This is the culmination of a long movement of generalisation, in which signs of number contrast have first been relatively regularised for components of the NP, then for the NP as a whole, and finally for S-V as a unit.
̾ʣ -s ư3ñ -s θŪŪȯããȤȤ館ƶϱԤ3ʣνиαƶ3ñ䤫Τ줫˵ˤ衤ϵǤ롥ʤǤ뤫Ȥ̤ˤؤäƤϤ뤬ν˷Ū꤬Ūꡤ̻ŪʼؤȹäƤ椯Τ롥
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
ѸǤϡ2;ΤФ̿ʸǤϡ̾ you Ͼά롥Ф뤤ɽ路ꡤοͤؤ᤹̿ˤϡäˤ you 뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤξˤ "Come on! You open up and tell me everything." Τ褦ˡyou ư֤֤졤ȼ
ѸޤǤϡ you thou ά줺ɽФˤϡưθ֤˸줿ڡ켣 (406) Ӻٹ (149) ˰ѤƤ롤Shakespeare 褦
Bring thou the master to the citadel (Oth II. i. 211)
So in the Lethe of thy angry soul Thou drown the sad remembrance of those wrongs Which thou supposest I have done to thee. (R 3 IV. iv. 250--2)
So speak ye, and do so. --- James, ii. 12.
Go, and do thou likewise. --- Luke, x. 37.
18ʹߤϡ줬ư֤礬ͥȤʤä̿ʸǤϡޤ "Don't you be so sure of yourself." Τ褦ˡyou don't θ֤֤ʶ don't ΤۤˡϡŤѸ̾ĤǤ롥Ʊͤ̾ĤˡѸ mind you, mark you, look you ʤɤ롥 you ưŪǤϤʤޤ̿ʸˤ줿Ǥ롥⡤֤褯ʹ˺ʡäƤפۤɤΰ̣ǡάȯäˤäƳȤʹդȤѤ롥you ˶֤롥
Mind you, this is just between you and me.
Cellphones are becoming more and more popular. Mind you, I don't like cellphones.
I've heard they're getting divorced. Mind you, I'm not surprised --- they were always arguing.
She hasn't had much success yet. Mark you, she tries hard.
Her uncle's just given her a car --- given, mark you, not lent.
OED ˤȡmind you ν1768ǯʸ12bˡmark you Shakespeare ʸ27bˡlook you Shakespeare ʸ4aˤǤꡤѸθˡȤȤˤʤ롥ʤLook ye. ָפˤĤƤϡ#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1]) ε⻲ȡ
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ѸˤǤϡѸѸϤۤȤɿʤǤʤ#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤѸϱѸ줬ɸಽϲƤäǤꡤ˿ʱƶڤܤƤɸѸȤΩäƱѸˤ椷褦ȤȡɤƤɸѼˤɤȤ쿴Ƥޤ餫⤷ʤη̤뤤ϸѸƥȤμۤȤɿʤǤʤǤ롥ѸΤξϡޤ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1]) Ǥꡤ#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤΥ饤ǤѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϤޤޤǤ롥
2011ǯꡤUniversity of Salamanca ʬοŸ¥ȡѸ (c.1500--c.1950) ƥȤμȥǥ벽ʤƤ롥The Salamanca Corpus: Digital Archive of English Dialect Texts ϡϿƥȤƤƤꡤ塤ŤʾȤʤäƤ椯⤷ʤ
ѥȤŻҥƥȽȤκۤιϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ޤ̤ DIALECT LITERATURE LITERARY DIALECTS ̤롥Ԥǽ줿ƥȡԤˤĤƸڤΤƥȤǤ롥ˡƥȤǯˤ1500--1700ǯ, 1700--1800ǯ, 1800--1950ǯؤ礭3ʬ졤˽̤̤λʬʤƤ롥
ѥ˼ϿƤǤᤤϡLITERARY DIALECTS -> 1500--1700ǯ -> The Northern Counties -> Prose ɤäƤäȤ˸Ĥ William Caxton ˤ Eneydos "Prologue"1490ǯˤƥȤ221ˤʤΥڡͳǼ롥[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפǰѤᤰᤰäޤʬǤ롥侮ܲǤ롥Caxton θѤΤ뤿ˤϡ[2010-03-30-1]εǰѤʸ̮פʤΤǡҰɤ
#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1]) 餫ʤ褦ˡ16͡ȯŪ˽Ǥ줿äʤ⤦1Ĥȯ20ˡϽפλǤꡤ͡ʥꥹȶɤ¸ߡŵ줫ĹǤθκʤɽǤ߹礤ۤʤǤνи¥ʤ顤ǤȼŪռäƤꡤŪˤƤȼΤäƤǤϡλȤؿƤŪȤϡŪˤɤΤ褦ʤΤäΤGörlach (5) ˤСʲ4Ǥ롥
1. Should a translator use the Latin or Greek/Hebrew sources?
2. Should translational equivalents be fixed, or varying renderings be permitted according to context? (cf. penitentia = penance, penitence, amendment)
3. To what extent should foreign words be permitted or English equivalents be used, whether existing lexemes or new coinages (cf. Cheke's practice)?
4. How popular should the translator's language be? There was a notable contrast between the Protestant tradition (demanding that the Bible should be accessible to all) and the Catholic (claiming that even translated Bibles needed authentic interpretation by the priest). Note also that dependence on earlier versions increased the conservative, or even archaic character of biblical diction from the sixteenth century on
줾䤤ؤϡȤˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ줬ۤʤνǤĹޤäƱǤϤʤˤ衤20--21ˤƤ2ܤǤȯˤƤ⡤ƤϤޤΤǤϤʤ
ơѸˤθǤϡۤʤαӤȤˡФѤƤǤΥƥȤΰƱطʤ˾Τ褦ͿƤȤϵαƤ٤Ǥ롥ʣǤΤñӤͭǤϤʤǽ뤫Görlach (6) ˤСŪʴ顤֤ñӤΩʤȤƼ4Ƥ롥
1. the translators used different sources;
2. older translations were used for comparison;
3. the source was misunderstood or interpreted differently;
4. concepts and contexts were absent from the translator's language and culture.
͡ʱ¸ߤѸ˸˵ŤʻƤ줿Ȥϴְ㤤ʤѸ˸ˡȤߤȡʣƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ǡ15ȯƥѸȤˡˤĤƸ³16ˤϡinkhorn_term ȸƤФۤɤΥƥ줫֤줷äȼꥶ٥īʸΤϥƥȤϤȤŪʤΤȤʤäε John Lyly (1554--1606) ˤäƺǹĬãLyly ϡEuphues: the Anatomy of Wit (1578) Euphues and His England (1580) ˤơɸˤʤǸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤä euphuism ʸؾΡˤȤʸΤѤ Shakespeare ʤʸݤ礭ʱƶͿ
euphuism ħȤƤϡƬ (alliteration)оˡ (antithesis)ȴ (conceit)ݤȤ (paronomasia)λؤθڤʤɤ롥νˡդѤʸϤϡԼǤ졤͡˷ݽѤȤƤλʸ̥ϤΤ餷㤨СLyly μʸƤߤ褦
If thou perceive thyself to be enticed with their wanton glances or allured with their wicket guiles, either enchanted with their beauty or enamoured with their bravery, enter with thyself into this meditation.
Ǥϡenticed -- enchanted -- enamoured -- enter ȤƬѤƤ뤬δ֤ wanton glances wicket guiles 2ƬޤޤƤꡤ enchanted . . . beauty enamoured . . . bravery Ȥ߹碌Ƭ⤢롥
euphuism 17ޤǸ줿17ˤ Sir Thomas Browne (1605--82), John Donne (1572--1631), Jeremy Taylor (1613--67), John Milton (1608--74) ʤɤƲ뻶ʸ졤ȾФγ̿ʹߤˤ John Dryden (1631--1700) ɽ뵤ΤʤʿʸΤͥȤʤäʿϩ18ؤѤ졤Joseph Addison (1672--1719), Sir Richard Steele (1672--1729), Chesterfield (1694--1773)ޤ Daniel Defoe (1660--1731), Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) ³ʿϩϡȾСSamuel Johnson (1709--84) ŤǰҸΤäʸΤˤǤ
ѸλʸʸΤϡΤ褦˲ʿȤ֤줿θưϤͥǮȤؤȿȯǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤۤƱˡΦǤ euphuism ؾΤήԤȤդäƤեǤ préciositéڥǤ GongorismꥢǤ Marinism ʤɤȸƤФ줿ʥۡॺp. 118ˡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
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