hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ڡ / page 8 (9)

emode - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2013-03-27 Wed

#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) [historiography][emode][language_change][variety][variation][new_englishes]

#339. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ ([2010-04-01-1]) #386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1]) ˰³ƤꡥˤĤơKnowles ˤϢڤ򸫤Ĥ

The fixing of the language can give the superficial impression that the history of English came to an end some time towards the end of the eighteenth century. It is true that there has been little subsequent change in the forms of the standard language, at least in the written standard language. There have been substantial changes in non-standard spoken English. In any case what were actually fixed were the forms of Standard English. The way these forms have been used in different social situations has continued to change. (136)


ä˽񤭸դΡ˸ɸѸãȤƤȤ館ŪʼήɱѸˤδϡΤ˶Ѹư衤ŪˤߤƷŪѲϤʤȤ뤫⤷ʤϸɸѸȤ1ѼΤߤ˾ƤФäʤۤɡѼϸˤƤƽפǡǤ٤ι⤤ѼǤ뤳ȤϵʤѸ줬ˤ⡤ߤˤ⡤̤ˤ錄äƤ褷ưǤϤʤ¿Ѽδˤ䤫ϢΤǤ뤳ȤͤСŪʱѸˤޤѼˤǤϤǤ롥Ԥ variationist ʱѸˤδϡˤѸǻߤޤäȸȤϷ褷ƤǤʤϰˤ褽¾μҲˤ衤ɸѸ줬δ֤˷иƤʤ䵬ϤѲФƤѼϤ뤷"New Englishes" ΥԥѸΤ褦ˡѸ˿Ѽ⤢롥
ɸǡֻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳפȽҤ٤ƤΤϡStandard English нŤαѸѤΩƤФΤ褦˸ƤޤȤȤĴ뤿Ǥ롥ƻˤƤߤСɬֱѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸פʤ⤷ʤΤǤ롥
ºݤˤϡήɤδѸˤįȤϸԤˤʤʤʤȤǤϤ롥ɸѸˤɤ񤤤ꤹݤˤϡñʤ1ѼؤΥХλ¤򼫳ФƤɬפϤδαѸˤȤƤϡCrystal Ǥ롥

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-03-20 Wed

#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][ppcbme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ε³εǤϡPPCEME ˤ븡ǡ3ʣ -s 50ۤɼФȤǤȽҤ٤ʸ̮򸫤ʤȤȤ52㤬ǧ줿ʥǡΥƥȥեˡ
PPCEME ǤϡE1 (1500--1569), E2 (1570--1639), E3 (1640--1710) 3ʬƤ뤬ζʬȤ3ʣ -s 򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤʳƴΥѥ⼨ˡ

PeriodTokensWordcount
E1 (1500--1569)13567,795
E2 (1570--1639)18628,463
E3 (1640--1710)21541,595
Total521,737,853


Queen Elizabeth I's Boethius (E2), Thomas Middleton's A chaste maid in Cheapside (E2), Celia Fiennes's journeys (E3) ʤɤΥƥȤ˿ʾȤϤΤȤƾʤʤ⡤褽ʤʬۤƤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤʸįƤߤȡʲΤ褦˼ư֤ߤΤĤꡤѸΡthere is + ʣ̾פΤ褦ʹʸ۵롥

and after them comys mo harolds,
Here comes our Gossips now,
Now in goes the long Fingers that are wash't Some thrice a day in Vrin,


ơLass (166) 3ʣ -s ˤĤƴϢڤ򸫤ĤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤLass ϡ3ʣ -s εˤĤơñ٤л٤줿ΤΡŤȹͤƤ褦

The {-s} plural appears considerably later than the {-s} singular, and if it too is northern (as seems likely), it represents a later diffusion. The earliest example cited by Wyld ([History of Modern Colloquial English] 346) is from the State Papers of Henry VIII (1515): 'the noble folk of the land shotes at hym'. It is common throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a minority alternant of zero, and persists sporadically into the eighteenth century.


1617̤ƹԤʤƤȤȤϡ嵭 PPCEME dzΤǧ줿ʤѸ򥫥С PPCMBE 18ʹߤξĴ٤Ƥߤȡ6󤬤äΤοȴǰξǾȤ԰פɤΤޤޤƤ[2012-06-14-1]ε#1144. Ѹˤ԰פפ򻲾ȡˡѸǤ3ʣ -s ϳ̵˶ᤤȹͤƤ褵


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2013-03-15 Fri

#1418. 17 its μ [personal_pronoun][genitive][emode][bible][shakespeare][speed_of_change]

űѸο;̾ηϤˤơñ°ʷñ°ʷƱ his Ǥꡤ줬ѸǤѾ줿16its 졤17 his ִƤäˤˤĤơ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) dz⤷
Baugh and Cable (243--44) ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơñ°ʷ his ʤȤơits ʳˤ͡ʤΤƤƤˤߤ two cubits and a half was the length of it nine cubits was the length thereof Τ褦ʱŪɽ (#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc.פε[2012-10-24-1]򻲾ȡˡShakespeare ˤߤ It lifted up it head (Hamlet) The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long, / That it had it head bit off by it young (Lear) Τ褦ʼʤƱ it 򤽤ΤޤѤˡHolland Pliny (1601) ˤߤ growing of the own accord Τ褦괧 the ѤˡʤɤǤ롥
̾°ʤȤ夷Ƥ 's ζϤʵ۰Ϥϡ;̾Ǥ򤱤äΤ餯줫Ϥޤä itsit's apostrophe s ΤĤΤ1800ǯޤǹԤʤˤλѤϡ16˽㤬Ƥǯ֤ϡѤȤϤߤʤƤʤä褦17νˤƵ®˼Ƥä㤨С17ȾǤϡ (The King James Bible) ǤλѤϳ̵ǤꡤShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ10ˤʤäJohn Milton (1608--74) Ǥ⤤ä褦John Dryden (1631--1700) ǤϤǤ his ȴƤ

Görlach (86) ⡤17äƤ its ε®ʼƤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The possessive its . . . is the only EModE innovation; his, common for neuter reference until after 1600 . . ., did not reflect the distinction 'human':'nonhuman' found elsewhere in the pronominal system. This is likely to be the reason for the possessive form it . . ., which is found from the fourteenth century, and the less equivocal forms of it or thereof, which are common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . . . . But its . . . obviously fitted the system ideally, as can be deduced from its rapid spread in the first half of the seventeenth century.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-14-1] [2015-05-20-1]

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2013-03-10 Sun

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

ɸˤĤ Baugh and Cable (247) ˿Ƥꡤܤ椤3ñʤ3ʣˤ -s ϡѸǤʤѸǤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) βϿޤǼ褦ˡľˡ3;ʣǤ -es ܤäѸɸѼˤ3ʣ -s ȤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ȤΤϡλʸؤʸȿǤɸѼǤϡѸ East Midland -e(n) ṳ̈ȤƤΥͽۤ뤷ºݤʬۤȤưŪ3ʣ -s ϳΤ Shakespeare Ǥ⻶롥
ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (247) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Their occurrence is also often attributed to the influence of the Northern dialect, but this explanation has been quite justly questioned, and it is suggested that they are due to analogy with the singular. While we are in some danger here of explaining ignotum per ignotius, we must admit that no better way of accounting for this peculiarity has been offered. And when we remember that a certain number of Southern plurals in -eth continued apparently in colloquial use, the alternation of -s with this -eth would be quite like the alternation of these endings in the singular. Only they were much less common. Plural forms in -s are occasionally found as late as the eighteenth century.


ǡ3ʣ -s αƶǤϤʤȤ Baugh and Cable θϡWyld, History of Modern Colloquial English, p. 340 θڤäƤ롥षλ3ñ -s -th θؤʣˤŪӲФ̤ȹͤƤ롥ʤGörlach (89) ϡ餭Τñ餭ΤᤫͤƤ롥
ͻˤäơϤȤ⤢졤Ѹˤ3ʣ -s ʤ -th ʤ꤬ŪˤɤΤ餤٤ǸΤǧƤɬפ롥ǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ˤꤶäȸƤߤ180ȤϤΥѥ3ʣ -s 50ۤɡ3ʣ -th 60ۤɤ󤬤äʷ̥ƥȥեϺ򥯥åˡǯʸ̮ʤɤξܺ٤ʬϤϤƤʤŵŪ򾯤󤲤Ƥ


and all your children prayes you for your daly blessing.
but the carving and battlements and towers looks well;
then go to the pot where your earning bagges hangs,
as our ioyes growes, We must remember still from whence it flowes,
Ther growes smale Raysons that we call reysons of Corans,


now here followeth the three Tables,
And yf there be no God, from whence cometh good thynges?
First I wold shewe that the instruccyons of this holy gospell perteyneth to the vniuersal chirche of chryst.
and so the armes goith a sundre to the by crekes.
And to this agreith the wordes of the Prophetes, as it is written.
Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes:


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2013-03-09 Sat

#1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū׸򤷤2ͤ Thomas [emode][renaissance][lexicology][loan_word][shakespeare][bible]

ѸˤǤϡκȤʤθαѸȯŸˤ礭̤Ǥ¿ʤȤȤ롥ΤʤǡѸɽ Shakespeare The King James Bible 㳰ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥˸¿θäɽѸäƤꡤѤƤ뤫ΤˡˤƤ̤ˤƤ⡤ξԤαƶ¾κȤʤݤƤ롥
ϢۤΤϡѸ Chaucer αѸ˾塤ä˱Ѹû˾ΰյǤ롥#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1]), #298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]), #524. Chaucer ѤѸ --- stevene ([2010-10-03-1]) ǸȤꡤǶεǤϡѸˤե󥹸Ѥνפʬ Chaucer ˵뽾θФ뿵ФƤ롥ѸѸʸ˽ФΤϤܾۤ˸ĿͤȤäƤθĿͤѸû˾αɸȤˤƤ褤ȤȤˤϤʤʤǮ⤫줿ޤ졤񤯵Ȥ٤ʸͤСѸФ뤳ȼΤϲǽǤ롥¿ξ硤äνФ˴ؤĿͤι׸ϡθĿͤΤΤ˵٤ȤϡΤ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵٤äˡΤ褦ʸĿͤʣˤϡʤǤ롥
Utopia (1516) 路 Sir Thomas More (1478--1535) The Boke named the Governour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) ȤƵ󤲤ˤդ路⤷ʤBaugh and Cable (229) ˤСMore ϼΤ褦ʼѸʤ뤤ϤθˤФ

absurdity, acceptance, anticipate, combustible, compatible, comprehensible, concomitance, congratulatory, contradictory, damnability, denunciation, detector, dissipate, endurable, eruditely, exact, exaggerate, exasperate, explain, extenuate, fact, frivolous, impenitent, implacable, incorporeal, indifference, insinuate, inveigh, inviolable, irrefragable, monopoly, monosyllable, necessitate, obstruction, paradox, pretext


Elyot ϰʲθäƳ

accommodate, adumbrate, adumbration, analogy, animate, applicate, beneficence, encyclopedia, exerp (excerpt), excogitate, excogitation, excrement, exhaust, exordium, experience (v.), exterminate, frugality, implacability, infrequent, inimitable, irritate, modesty, placability


ֻǼΤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) ˤơ٤ˤ800ʾ帽6318̤ޤǤǤ롥ȸ줿ǽȤΤʤۤɤˡߤǤ̤θ
Baugh and Cable (230) ϡ2ͤοʸԤθŪ׸򡤾˽Ҥ٤θȤϰۤʤꡤȤ⤹Ū˸Ŀͤ˵Ƥ褦ɤ롥

So far as we now know, these words had not been used in English previously. In addition both writers employ many words that are recorded from only a few years before. And so they either introduced or helped to establish many new words in the language. What More and Elyot were doing was being done by numerous others, and it is necessary to recognize the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century.


Ǹ "the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century" ̣ƤΤϤλ°ʣθĿͤϤΤȤǤꡤνҤ٤֤Τ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵פȤȤ̷⤷ʤ褦ˤɤ롥
ϡ夬ĿͤΤĿͤΤȤʤΤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-08 Fri

#1411. Ѹä "oversea language" [emode][renaissance][inkhorn_term][lexicology][loan_word][french][italian][spanish][portuguese]

#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) εǡλαѸ줬Ƥ3ܤȤ "the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wiser use" 󤲤3֤ε ([2013-03-05-1], [2013-03-06-1], [2013-03-07-1]) ǡŵ줫̤θüѤȤĬήˤäȿưŪ˰줿ԤˤŸؤβ󵢤αưˤĤƸƤۤʤرĤ "inkhorn terms" "Chaucerisms" ؤȽʤ줿櫓⤦1ġޤΩʤΤ̤˵󤲤줿ä롥"oversea language" ȸƤФ롤ƥ䥮ꥷʳθ줫μѸǤ롥̤θŵѤؤӤ줿ȽΤǡФȤФäǡ¾줫μѸоݤȤʤä
#151. Ѹ5ħ ([2009-09-25-1]) #110. ѸμѸεȳפǿ줿褦ˡѸ350θ줫äѤƤ롥ѸʳǤѸϤǤ50Ķ줫äѤƤ (Baugh and Cable, pp. 227--28) #114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡƥȥꥷСե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ줬ͥä
ʲBaugh and Cable (228--29) ޥ󥹽줫μѸ򼨤ޤϡե󥹸줫äѸΥץ뤫顥

alloy, ambuscade, baluster, bigot, bizarre, bombast, chocolate, comrade, detail, duel, entrance, equip, equipage, essay, explore, genteel, mustache, naturalize, probability, progress, retrenchment, shock, surpass, talisman, ticket, tomato, vogue, volunteer


ˡꥢ줫Ϸ۴طθä¿ֻΤΤϥե󥹸첽äƤꥢ쵯θǤ롥

algebra, argosy, balcony, battalion, bankrupt, bastion, brigade, brusque, cameo, capricio (caprice), carat, cavalcade, charlatan, cupola, design, frigate, gala, gazette, granite, grotesque, grotto, infantry, parakeet, piazza, portico, rebuff, stanza, stucco, trill, violin, volcano


ڥʤӥݥȥˤϡ䥢ꥫ̱ϤǤγưǤФä¿ֻϥե󥹸첽äΡ

alligator, anchovy, apricot, armada, armadillo, banana, barricade, bastiment, bastinado, bilbo, bravado, brocade, cannibal, canoe, cavalier, cedilla, cocoa, corral, desperado, embargo, escalade, grenade, hammock, hurricane, maize, mosquito, mulatto, negro, palisade, peccadillo, potato, renegado, rusk, sarsaparilla, sombrero, tobacco, yam


ֻǼ褦ˡե󥹸ͳ뤤ϥե󥹸첽֤äƤ줬ʤ餺ǧ롥ϡꥢ䥹ڥ줫顤Ʊ褦ʸäѸؤե󥹸ؤήǤ롥η̤Ȥơۤʤޥ󥹽θͻ礷Τ褦ˤߤ㤬롥㤨СѸ galleon F. galion, Sp. galeon, Ital. galeone ΤɤθȤפʤgallery ⥽ Fr. galerie, Sp., Port., Ital. galeria ΤȤᤫͤ롥Ʊͤˡpistol F. pistole, Sp., Ital. pistola ΤʤΤcochineal F. cochenille, Sp. cochinilla, Ital. cocciniglia ΤʤΤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-07 Thu

#1410. Ƚ [inkhorn_term][lexicology][emode][renaissance][chaucer][loan_translation][purism]

ε#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǡѸ뤤ϥͥ󥹴ΥȽįƤƥ䥮ꥷ줫̵̤ʼѤȽԤȤƤϡ#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤ̾󤬤뤬ΤʤǤ Cheke Τ褦ԤϤȿưǽꡤؤβ󵢤ĥäɬפʤΤǤСïˤǤ狼ǤѤ¤ѤΤǤꡤ񤷤ѸʤɴäưʤȤͤƱͤȤ˸ŵؼԤǤ Ascham ȤȤˡCheke ϤλˤʷˤʱѸν񤭼ȤɾƤ롥
㤨СCheke ϥޥˤäơ (The King James Bible) ǤϼѸ줬ȤƤȤǡͳ褹Ѥlunatic Ф moonedpublican Ф toller¾ hundreder (centurion), foresayer (prophet), byword (parable), freshman (proselyte), crossed (crucified), gainrising (resurrection) ޤ purist 餷ſ륲ޥؤβ󵢤
Cheke Τ褦ʿʪȤϤۤʤưŤǡͤޤŸؤβ󵢤򼨤äƥäդˤäơChaucer ؤƴݤߤߤäΤEdmund Spenser (1552/53--99) "Chaucerism" ȤƤФŸؤΰ¸򶯤᤿ͤȤΤ롥Horace Thomas Drant 䡤John Milton (1608--74) Ÿ󵢤ε̣äλˤƤϡastound, blameful, displeasance, enroot, forby (hard by, past), empight (fixed, implanted), natheless, nathemore, mickle, whilere (a while before) ʤɤ줬褷ۤˤ⡤ޥǤʾʤȤʬŪˡˤȤˤʤꤵ˸ŸȤƤϰʲΤΤ롥

askew, baneful, bellibone (a fair maid), belt, birthright, blandishment, blatant, braggadocio, briny, changeful, changeling, chirrup, cosset (lamb), craggy, dapper, delve (pit, den), dit (song), don, drear, drizzling, elfin, endear, enshrine, filch, fleecy, flout, forthright, freak, gaudy, glance, glee, glen, gloomy, grovel, hapless, merriment, oaten, rancorous, scruze (squeeze, crush), shady, squall (to cry), sunshiny, surly, wakeful, wary, witless, wolfish, wrizzled (wrinkled, shriveled)


νԤˤȿưŪʱưϡ켫ΤȽӤ뤳Ȥä嵭äΤʤˤϡߡŪѤƤΤޤޤƤ롥ȽˤϡѸû˾塤Τ褦Ū¦̤⤢äȤƨƤϤʤʤʾ塤Baugh and Cable (230--31) 򻲾ȤƵҤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-06 Wed

#1409. Ĥä졤ä [inkhorn_term][loan_word][lexicology][emode][renaissance][latin][greek]

ε#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǡѸ̤ήŵͳξ񤷤Ѹ򰷤äƤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) ǵ󤲤褦ˡϡ֥פ餵ʤ⡤ˤޤĤäͭѤʸ¿ǡˤޤʤä⾯ʤʤϡBaugh and Cable (223--24, 226) 顤ĤääȤܻۤ䤨ä򤵤ɲä
ޤĤääΥץ̾졤ƻ졤ưν˵󤲤롥ȾϥƥͳֻǼ褦˥ꥷͳΤΡʥƥͳΤޤˤ¿

acme, allurement, allusion, anachronism, antipathy, antithesis, atmosphere, autograph, capsule, catastrophe, chaos, chronology, climax, crisis, criterion, democracy, denunciation, dexterity, disability, disrespect, dogma, emanation, emphasis, encyclopedia, enthusiasm, epitome, excrescence, excursion, expectation, halo, idiosyncrasy, inclemency, jurisprudence, lexicon, misanthrope, parasite, parenthesis, pathetic, pneumonia, scheme, skeleton, system, tactics, thermometer

abject, agile, anonymous, appropriate, caustic, conspicuous, critic, dexterous, ephemeral, expensive, external, habitual, hereditary, heterodox, impersonal, insane, jocular, malignant, polemic, tonic

adapt, alienate, assassinate, benefit, consolidate, disregard, emancipate, eradicate, erupt, excavate, exert, exhilarate, exist, extinguish, harass, meditate, ostrasize, tantalize


ˡ줢뤤ϻ¾ѤȤʤäΤΥץ̾졤ƻ졤ưνˡȤȤ˵󤲤롥

adminiculation (aid), appendance (appendage), assation (roasting), discongruity (incongruity), mansuetude (mildness)

aspectable (visible), eximious (excellent, distinguished), exolete (faded), illecebrous (delicate, alluring), temulent (drunk)

approbate (to approve), assate (to roast), attemptate (to attempt), cautionate (to caution), cohibit (to restrain), consolate (to console), consternate (to dismay), demit (to send away), denunciate (to denounce), deruncinate (to weed), disaccustom (to render unaccustomed), disacquaint (to make acquainted), disadorn (to deprive of adornment), disquantity (to diminish), emacerate (to emaciate), exorbitate (to stray from the ordinary course), expede (to accomplish, expedite), exsiccate (to desiccate), suppeditate (to furnish, supply)


ǡѤϼ¸ŪʼѤȤ⤤ȤǤ롥¸ŪʤϡߤѤƤ effective, effectual ˲äơeffectful, effectuating, effectuous ʤɤĤƻȤƤ¤Τ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-05 Tue

#1408. [popular_passage][inkhorn_term][loan_word][lexicology][emode][renaissance][latin][greek][purism]

16 (inkhorn term) ΰüˤĤƤϡε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ˤ⡤#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) #576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǿƤȽ˯ȤƤϡ[2010-11-24-1]ǰѤ The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) 󤲤뤬⤦1͵󤲤Ȥʤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57) դ路Cheke ϼ餬ꥷؼԤǤʤ顤ŵ줫Τߤ䤿ʼѤ򶯤񤷤ƱꥷؼԤǤ Roger Ascham (1515?--68) 褦٤򼨤Ƥ̣Cheke Sir Thomas Hoby ˰Ƥ (1561) ΤʤǡμĥԤʤäBaugh and Cable, pp. 217--18 ѡˡ

I am of this opinion that our own tung shold be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges, wherin if we take not heed by tijm, ever borowing and never payeng, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt. For then doth our tung naturallie and praisablie utter her meaning, when she bouroweth no counterfeitness of other tunges to attire her self withall, but useth plainlie her own, with such shift, as nature, craft, experiens and folowing of other excellent doth lead her unto, and if she want at ani tijm (as being unperfight she must) yet let her borow with suche bashfulnes, that it mai appeer, that if either the mould of our own tung could serve us to fascion a woord of our own, or if the old denisoned wordes could content and ease this neede, we wold not boldly venture of unknowen wordes.


Erasmus Praise of Folly 1549ǯ˱ Sir Thomas Chaloner ⡤ʳؤ뤳Ȥ餷Baugh and Cable, p. 218 ѡˡ

Such men therfore, that in deede are archdoltes, and woulde be taken yet for sages and philosophers, maie I not aptelie calle theim foolelosophers? For as in this behalfe I have thought good to borowe a littell of the Rethoriciens of these daies, who plainely thynke theim selfes demygods, if lyke horsleches thei can shew two tongues, I meane to mingle their writings with words sought out of strange langages, as if it were alonely thyng for theim to poudre theyr bokes with ynkehorne termes, although perchaunce as unaptly applied as a gold rynge in a sowes nose. That and if they want suche farre fetched vocables, than serche they out of some rotten Pamphlet foure or fyve disused woords of antiquitee, therewith to darken the sence unto the reader, to the ende that who so understandeth theim maie repute hym selfe for more cunnyng and litterate: and who so dooeth not, shall so muche the rather yet esteeme it to be some high mattier, because it passeth his learnyng.


"foolelosophers" Ȥϸ
Τ褦˥ȽϤäοѤ뤳ȤϤʤäʸȤϸ鷺Ȥ˲ǧ Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ʤɤμ礿ʸԤμ٤Ĭή˥ޥåƤΤǤ롥
ʤOED ˤȡink-horn term ȤɽνФ1543ǯ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-03-04 Mon

#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ [emode][renaissance][popular_passage][orthoepy][orthography][spelling_reform][standardisation][mulcaster][loan_word][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicology][hart]

Ѹä16ˤϱѸ礭꤬3ĤäBaugh and Cable (203) ɽڤС"(1) recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme, (2) the establishment of a more uniform orthography, and (3) the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wiser use" Ǥ롥
(1) 16ϡvernacular ǤѸ줬ƥƤʬؤȡεǽȲͤ򹭤ƤäǤ롥ȾФޤǤϡSir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Thomas Wilson (1525?--81) , George Puttenham (1530?--90) ɽѸν񤭼ꤿϡѸǽ񤯤ȤˤĤƤ "apologetic" äȾˤʤȤΤ褦ͤӤΩʤʤäƤ롥Ѹؤοϡä Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) "I love Rome, but London better, I favor Italie, but England more, I honor the Latin, but I worship the English." 󤵤Ƥ롥
(2) ֻɸಽưϡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Sir Thomas Smith (1513--77; De Recta et Emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione Dialogus [1568]), John Hart (d. 1574; An Orthographie [1569]), William Bullokar (fl. 1586; Book at Large [1582], Bref Grammar for English [1586]) ʤɤˤ޿ŪɽŪʽƤͳơRichard Mulcaster (The First Part of the Elementarie [1582]), E. Coot (English Schoole-master [1596]), P. Gr. (Paulo Graves?; Grammatica Anglicana [1594]) ʤɤˤ벺ʴϩؤȸ줬ȤƼ˰Ȥλٻ夷
(3) #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤεǷ֤Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ16ϼȤƥƥ줫餪ӤμѸ줬ήͥ󥹴ʸͤ¿Sir Thomas Elyot Τ褦 "augment our Englysshe tongue" ܻؤΤǤ롥
vernacular ȤƤνѸ嵭3Ĥطʤˤϡؤε޷ʼҲѲäƤ Baugh and Cable (200) 򻲾ȤСװ5Ĥä

1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language

ޤˡʸβ褦[2012-03-29-1]ε#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡפ⻲ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2012-09-04 Tue

#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬ [loan_word][lexicology][statistics][emode][renaissance][inkhorn_term][latin]

ѸˤˤѸκǤȤơѸˤե󥹸äή󤲤롥˴ؤƤϡפδǤ⡤#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) ϤȤơfrench loan_word statistics ΤĤεǼ夲ƤפȤȤǤСѸΥƥѸˤȤäΤۤϿŪǤ롥
[2009-08-19-1]ε#114. ѸμѸεȳפǸڤGörlach ϽѸθä򼡤Τ褦ɾƤ롥

The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total. (136)

. . . the general tendencies of development are quite obvious: an extremely rapid increase in new words especially between 1570 and 1630 was followed by a low during the Restoration and Augustan periods (in particular 1680--1780). The sixteenth-century increase was caused by two factors: the objective need to express new ideas in English (mainly in fields that had been reserved to, or dominated by, Latin) and, especially from 1570, the subjective desire to enrich the rhetorical potential of the vernacular. / Since there were no dictionaries or academics to curb the number of new words, an atmosphere favouring linguistic experiments led to redundant production, often on the basis of competing derivation patterns. This proliferation was not cut back until the late seventeenth/eighteenth centuries, as a consequence of natural selection or a s a result of grammarians' or lexicographers' prescriptivism. (137--38)


Görlach ϡA Chronological English Dictionary ˴ŤơΤ褦ʸפͿƤ (137) ޼Ƥߤ褦

The Growth of the EModE Vocabulary, 1500--1700
Decade15101520153015401550156015701580159016001610162016301640165016601670168016901700
New words4095081415140016091310154818761951330027102281168811221786197313701228974943


ѸΥƥѤˤĤƴϢϡ#203. 1500--1900ǯˤѸäá ([2009-11-16-1]) emode loan_word lexicology γƵ򻲾ȡ

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
Finkenstaedt, T., E. Leisi, and D. Wolff, eds. A Chronological English Dictionary. Heidelberg: Winter, 1970.

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2012-08-29 Wed

#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ [emode][intensifier][adverb][synonym][flat_adverb][loan_word]

ε#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǻȤ Peters ϡѸζΰ۾ʳˤĤĴƤ롥λϡγ礬Ѹ˾äȤ㤷äǤ롥⡤ζ븻ŵŪä locality, dimension, quantity ɽ魯⡤quality ɽ魯ؤȰܤäƤäȤΤħŪǤȤ (Peters 271)
OED ǤĴˤȡ1Υԡϡ1590--1610ǯˤꡤΤ褦ʸ줬ޤޤ (Peters 272)

ample, capitally, damnable, damnably, detestable, exquisitely, extreme, grievous, grossly, horribly, intolerable, pocky, rarely, spaciously, strenuously, superpassing, surpassing, terribly, tyrannically, uncountably, unutterably, vehemently, villainous, violently


2Υԡ1650--60ǯˤꡤۤܤ٤ƼѸ줬ȤʤäƤΤħŪȤˤĤƤϡؤʰͿƤʤä
ǤϡʤѸǶ줬礷ΤPeters ϡ븻Ǥä¿ʼѸޤˤȸŪʸΤʸϤƤȤ¤ŦƤ (273) Ŧ褦ˡոˤϾ˼ʺȤ⤤٤ѤƯƤ롥Τ褦ⰵäƤȤءѸˡѸήȸŪʸΤνиȤää⳰װȤ߹蘆ꡤȤ櫓λ˶줬礷ΤǤϤʤ
ƱμѤȤؤαƶˤĤƤϡä˰ʲε򻲾ȡ

[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2010-08-18-1]: #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ
[2012-01-06-1]: #984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤
[2012-07-12-1]: #1172. ѸΥƥñ

Peters, Hans. "Degree Adverbs in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 269--88.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-25-1] [2014-09-28-1]

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2012-08-05 Sun

#1196. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط (2) [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][emode][intensifier][-ly]

[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ񤵤졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.


Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ򻲾ȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤ񤭸աʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷΢֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2012-08-01 Wed

#1192. ѸȤʬ [emode][periodisation][historiography][history]

Ѹ (Early Modern English; 1500 or 1450 -- 1700) ȤʬϡѸ˸ǤϤǤ˰̲Ƥ롥űѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸȤŪФ3ʬ˳äۤɤϤϤʤ⤷ʤѾﲽƤȤäƤ褤ΤȤϡEarly Modern English ˴ޤ¿蘆졤¤ꤢ̤夲Ƥ¤狼롥
Ѹʬߤϡ[2009-12-18-1]ε#235. Ѹˤλʬ (4)פǸ褦ˡŤ19餢롥20Ⱦˤ⡤Zachrisson Karl Luick ʤɤѸȤʬƤƤ롥λʬǧФΤϡBaugh, Görlach, Penzl ʤɤȿǤƤȤꡤ20ȾǤ롥ˤϡɥĸˤˤΩʬ "Frühneuhochdeutsch" 䤬ƶƤ뤫⤷ʤ (Penzl 261--62)
ˤˤƻʬ䤬Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ[2012-06-12-1]ε#1142. ѸϤĻϤޤä (1)פǤ⤤Penzl ƱݤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

A "period" is by definition a part of a language continuum; it should be a "natural" stage within the documentable history of a language. Its historical reality is not simply assured by scholarly tradition or practice, but only by definitely established, describable initial and terminal boundaries and by criteria applicable to the corpus of the entire period in question. (261)

A major advantage of specific and maximal periodization is the fact that it by no means handicaps the description of the transition to adjacent periods, but on the contrary forces the historiographers to consider internal change as well as internal cohesion and the impact of external historical events. (266)


Penzl ϡˤζʬˤƤϡŪʴबͣδǤꡤ쳰ŪʴϻȤʤȤͤΤ褦Ǥ롥¾ȤθܿʤɤμҲŪװϡŪʴˤ줿Τʤǡαƶͻ٤ΤǤꡤդǤϤʤȤΩ
ǡGörlach Τ褦ˡ̻ˤȳ̻ˤΥХ󥹤äʬ褷ȤԤ⤢롥Görlach ϡѸλϤޤ1500ǯȤ쳰ŪʺȤơѤγ (1476) Хν (1471) ʸγ (1485--1510) ѹ񶵲ΥޤȤʬΥ (1534) ꥫȯ (1492) ʤɤŪ󤲤Ƥ롥
Penzl (266) ˤСѸνǤ1700ǯˤĤƤϡѸȯŸľܤ뤤ϴܤαƶڤܤŪȤΩäΤϤʤŪˤߤСû첻 <a>, <u> ߤβĤ˻äƤȤ¤䡤ʸˡǤ˸ǤޤäƤȤ¤ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
ʬϸΤˤΤǤꡤʬΤ˸椬櫓ǤϤʤȤƤ߰¸δطǤΤΤѸȤ˴Ť¿̤ФƤƤȤ¤ϽŤ٤

Penzl, Herbert. "Periodization in Language History: Early Modern English and the Other Period." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 261--68.

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2012-07-30 Mon

#1190. Ѹˤȯã [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][intensifier][emode][-ly]

ε#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ǻȤ Nevalainen ʸϡ̾μȤꡤѸˤ͡夲Ƥ롥¿ʰݤ뤬ΤȤƼ2ŦƤ褦ɤ롥(1) ѸˤϡΰѤ˵ҤƤȤꡤ-ly ε§ή줬Τǧ뤬٤ߤñ¸ʾˤäƤϳ礹ˤƤꡤޤϴȹͤ٤Ǥ롥(2) λˤϡ-ly ˤñˤ衤줬¿Ͳǽ̣礷
(1) ˤĤƤϡ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤոȤƤ exceeding dreadful ʤɤä¤夲Ƥ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§פ⻲ȡˡޤʬñ줬ѸʸڤΤΡѸǽƳǧΤ⤢ꡤ¸줫ˤȹͤ (ex. shallow, tight, rough, blunt, dark, quiet, weak, dirty, cheap, bad) ʤ[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǽҤ٤Donner ˤѸǤ -ly ñΰ̣ζ̤ˤĤơNevalainen (251) ϡѸǤϤζ̤ηŪ˸ʤȤƤꡤ̣
(2) ˤĤƤϡλʸ (sentence adverb) äȡäˡ (modal adverb) ¿ͲȤ˿Ƥ (ex. probably, necessarily, undoubtedly, possibly, perhaps) ޤ (focusing adverb) Ȥơeven 16ˡ?פΰ̣Ȥˤ⿨졤Ѹˤ̤Ƹ adverbialization ήΤʤ˰֤ŤƤ (254--55)
Nevalainen ϡȯãˤΤʤǡѸȤ "the transitional status" (256) ɽ路Ƥꡤ"a drift towards a more subjective expression by adverbial means" (257) 򼨺ΤǤȷŤƤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1]

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2012-07-29 Sun

#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][printing][prescriptive_grammar][productivity][emode][-ly]

[2012-07-12-1]ε#1172. ѸΥƥñפǡ-ly ȯãƤˤñ (flat_adverb) ȯãˤȹ碌άҤäơ#1176. -ly Ω ([2012-07-16-1]) ȡ#1181. -ly Ω (2) ([2012-07-21-1]) ǡ-ly 줬Ω礷طʤˤĤƽҤ٤ȯãΩȤΤϤҴ˷礱ɽǤϤ뤬̩ϡ (productivity) Ʊ餤񤷤ϡѸˤ -ly ε§ˤ뤬§ (regularisation) ΤΤ񤷤Ǥϵ§ȤѸؤοϤˡ-ly ɸѸǺǤ̤ܼȤǧ졤ʸˡؤƤ椯Ȥơˤ䤫ˤȤ館Ƥ
-ly ε§ˤĤƤϡNevalainen (244) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤ롥

The generalisation of the adverbial suffix -ly is usually attributed to the effects of standardisation. Fisher et al. (1984: 49) point out that adverbs were already regularly marked by the -ly suffix in the Chancery documents in the fifteenth century. The acceptance of the Chancery Standard was not, however, explicit outside the Chancery itself. At the beginning of the Early Modern English period, it was the printers and educators who began to assume dominant roles in the transmission of the written standard (see Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg 1989: 83--88). The growing feeling for grammatical "correctness" that Knorrek (1938: 104) and Strang (1970: 139), for instance, refer to is well documented in Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. Bishop Lowth writes in 1762:

Adjectives are sometimes employed as adverbs: improperly, and not agreeably to the genius of the English language. As, 'indifferent honest, excellent well:' Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'extreme elaborate:' Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poet. 'marvellous graceful:' Clarendon, Life, p. 18. (Lowth 1762/1775: 93)


ĤޤꡤѸνޤǤ˰̲ήθƤ -ly 줬Ѹλ˰ȼԤ䶵ԤˤѸɸಽư˸岡Ƶ§18εʸˡˤäܤ򲡤줿ȤаޤǤ롥Nevalainen ϡʸǡѸˤƤñ夫;ȤdzƤꡤĤޤ줿Τ⤢𤷤Ƥ뤬 (250) ˰ѤҤŪĬή褯ɽ路ƤȤ

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

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2012-07-12 Thu

#1172. ѸΥƥñ [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][latin][loan_word][suffix][emode][conversion][prescriptive_grammar][-ly]

[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤פǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤ򳫤פɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռä򤷤Ф餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ򸫤Ĥ

Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.


Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵󤲤Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥե󥹸ͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ᤯ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-03-29 Thu

#1067. Ѹȸܸθü [lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][emode][renaissance][latin][japanese][linguistic_imperialism][lexical_stratification]

Ѹܸθûˤϡä˼ѸμࡤϡƤ줿ȤǤФӤ롥üѤˤ˻Ƥ¿θʸȤξ˶̤뻰ع¤뤳Ȥ [2010-03-27-1], [2010-03-28-1] ξǿ줿
ѸäκǾؤˤƥ졤ꥷ줬ӤѸήΤϡѸλ塤ѹͥå (Renaissance) ΤȤǤʡ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1]) , #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡۤʳؤʤʸ¿¦̤ˤƿμȯŪȤȤˡɽ뿷äɬפȤ줿Ȥ̼ѤľܤͳǤ롥ءƥ졤ꥷβ¤ϤȤŪħȡƧ߸Ǥ줿ŵؤƴȤŪǤȤؤäơĤƤѸΥե󥹸ѤϤǤΤۤɤμǮ
Ҥ뤬äܸˤθμѻˤ򿶤֤äƤߤȡ礭Ȥ3Ĥä1ܤ16--17Υݥȥ졤ڥ졤줫μѡ2ܤαʩϪγƸ줫μѡ3ܤμȤƱѸ줫μѤǤ롥μѤ⡤ܤˤȤäƻɷŪäʸܿľܤη̤Ǥ롥
ѹΥͥå󥹤ܤʸȤϡʸγ׿ȿμȤǤ褯ƤꡤʸˤȤϡѸΥƥ졤ꥷѤܤαѸѤȤӤĤƹͤ뤳ȤǤüѤμºݤ٤ƤߤȡѸξϡܤȤǤϤʤषܤξ˶ᤤαѸüѤϡѸθܸˤƼ̾ΰ̣ǤμѤ⤢Ϥ¿ϴϸˤȤǼƤΤħŪǤ롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) ǼѤΥפǤСimportation ǤϤʤ substitution ǤäȤʴϢơ##902,903 ⻲ȡˡޤޤ᤿ѸѤεϤϤۤ礭ʤäܤαѸѤˡϡΤޤޥʸȤƼƤ importation ǤäޤѤεϤ٤Ǥ롥äơѤˡȵϤȤϡѹͥå󥹤ξܤξ˶ᤤȤ롥
¼ (60--61) ϡʸ˱Ѹ줬ҲŪͥʥޥ󥹸ܿơŪ˥̥Ūʿʹ֤߽Фʤ顤ɤϡޥ󥹸Ѹ˼ѸΰˤפȡѸμѻʹѤƲᤷƤ뤬ܤμѻɤؤȡܸ줬ҲŪͥʱѸܿơŪ˥̥Ūʿʹ֤߽Фʤ顤ɤϡѸܸ˼ܸΰˤפȤȤˤʤ롥ʸƬΡפפ˽񤭴ȼĥޤ褦˴뤬Τ褦˴ΤϡξμѤˡȵϤۤʤ뤫ǤϤʤ뤤ϡ֥̥ŪפȤͤΤäɽ˰ơ䤬Τ褦˴Ƥ⤷ʤ
ʹѤȤȤǤС¼ϡѸ˹Ω줫񤫤줿ʹѤζäѸˤǤ롥Ȥƶγ̻ˤ򰷤äƤꡤ쵭ҽŻαѸˤȤϰ褷Ƥ롥ȿѸζĴǸƤꡤҤΡ֥̥ŪפȤɽԤΤ餷⤷ŸƤĥˤϻݤѸüԤѸˤ֤뤳Ȥΰ̣ˤĤƿͤǤ롥

¼ ɡرѸϤɤʸ줫ѸμҲŪ١Ʋ1989ǯ

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2010-11-24 Wed

#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 [emode][loan_word][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicography][cawdrey][lexicology][popular_passage]

[2010-08-18-1]εǡ֥ס inkhorn term ˤˤĤƿ줿16ͥ󥹤ǮˤĤ줿ؼԤϡꥷƥ줫̤˸äѸؼѤʳŪѸ줬¿Ѥ®٤⤢ޤ˵ޤäᡤθݼŪʳؼԤ inkhorn terms 餵褦ˤʤäɽŪȽȤ1ͤ Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) Ǥ롥 The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) ǼΤ褦˼ĥƤ롥

Among all other lessons this should first be learned, that wee never affect any straunge ynkehorne termes, but to speake as is commonly received: neither seeking to be over fine nor yet living over-carelesse, using our speeche as most men doe, and ordering our wittes as the fewest have done. Some seeke so far for outlandish English, that they forget altogether their mothers language.


Wilson 񤷤 "ynkehorne termes" ȤƤϼΤ褦ʸ礬롥ex. revolting, ingent affabilitie, ingenious capacity, magnifical dexteritie, dominicall superioritie, splendidiousΥƥ줫֤βϡ[2010-02-13-1]εǿ줿15 aureate diction ˡפγǤȤ
inkhorn controversy 16̤³ʪȤƱѸ˾塤פʤΤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭Ǥ롥inkhorn terms ȡɬŪ켭񤬵褦ˤʤäRobert Cawdrey (1580--1604) ϡ1604ǯ3000ϿʿפݤȤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥɽβơ줳³1Ѽ ( monolingual dictionary ) ʤѱѼäΤǤ롥ߡEFL ؽԤʿפγƼѱѼˤäˤʤäƤ뤬طʤˤ16 inkhorn terms inkhorn controversy ƤΤǤ롥
A Table Alphabeticall ˤĤƤϡBritish Museum βͭѤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2010-11-23 Tue

#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤ [emode][punctuation][printing]

ε[2010-11-22-1]˰³punctuation ֶˡפˤĤơpunctuation ˤϽ񤭸դˤƱĹȹͤ뤬ܵǤϸѸ punctuation ľܤεȹͤѸޤ̤٤­뤳Ȥˤ
߱ѸѤƤפ punctuation ˽иŪʴѤȯãƤǽȹͤΤ1516ΤȤǤ롥Ǥܤɤ߽񤭤ԤʤƤꡤpunctuation Τ͡ʷdzѤƤषǤʤ٤Ƽ񤭤Ǥ뤿˸Ȥϰۤʤü punctuation ¸ߤƤ¤˸ˤޤǤ˼줿ɵ30Ķȸ ( Crystal, p. 282 )
Ū punctuation ȯãˤϰѤȯԤʤФʤʤä1475ǯCaxton ˤѸϤޤ ( see [2009-12-24-1] ) ֻ punctuation ˸경ư򼨤褦ˤʤʵդεˤĤƤ[2010-02-18-1]ε򻲾ȡˡλ period, colon, semicolon ʤɤδѤޤäƤä 경ưȤäƤ¿٤ФȤ٤Ǥꡤ褷ηŪǤϤʤäޤ punctuation δŪȯۤϤޤ prosodic 뤤 oratory ä17 punctuation ϡޤ˼ȤƱΧͺۡưŤƤꡤŪʲɤǽˤ뤿ˡȤ̤äΤǤʺε[2010-11-22-1]ǽҤ٤ǽ (2) ˡ
Ȥ17 punctuation prosodic ȯۤ鸽 grammatical ȯۤؤƤʺεεǽ (1) ˡˤϡȡʸˡ Ben Jonson (1572--1637) θӤ礭17ʹߡexclamation mark, quotation marks, dash, apostrophe ʤɤοɵ³Ф18ޤǤˤϱѸ punctuation ϸߤȿã1819ˤ punctuation ¿Ѥ heavy style ŪäߤǤϤޤ punctuation Ѥʤ light style ήǤ롥Żҥ᡼ʸʤɤطʤˡߤ⿷ punctuation ηϤޤĤĤ롥ŪʱѸ punctuation ˤϤ500ǯ⿷ʶˡäƤ椯Ȥˤʤ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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