ε#4610. marriage, carriage, verbiage ([2021-12-10-1]) ˾Ĵ٤ƤߤȤDobson (Vol. 2, 308) ˴Ϣ뵭ҤĤʲ "Syncope of the pretonic vowel" ȸФΤĤ줿ᤫΰѤǤ롥
When two vowels occur in hiatus there is a marked tendency towards syncope of the less stressed vowel, especially when it is the first of the two. The commonest case in ModE is in words with the ending -iage (carriage, &c.), in which syncope of the i occurs; the surviving vowel is ME ă . . . , which becomes [ə] and then unstressed [ɪ] . . . . This syncope is not shown by Bullokar; but Gil has mariǧabl 'marriageable', Price, Lye, Cooper, The Compendious School-Master, Cocker, and Brown say that i is silent in marriage, &c., and Coles (followed by Strong and Young) has the 'phonetic spellings' carridg, marridg. Pharaoh has silent a in Hodges. Atheist and atheism have syncope of the e in Lye, WSC, Brown, and the shorthand-writer Everardt. Geometry is commonly said to have 'silent e' by seventeenth-century spelling-books; exceptions are Brooksbank, who says the e was not sounded 'till of late', and The English Schole-Master (1646), which says that in geometry and George the eo has the sounds of both vowels, but not so distinctly as when they are apart---a remark which, in this source, may mean no more than that the e serves to 'soften' the g.
Ѹˤϡmarriage, carriage Τ褦ʲĶĸǤϸ治ü (syncope) ̤˵äƤȤʬ롥ȯǤϤΤ褦ʸ治üФƤʤΤ褦ʸĤäƤꡤξȯֻϤˤݻ줿ǽ⤤Ĥޤֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ǥ롥
(323) ˤ marriage, carriage ˴ؤ뵭ҤĤѸξ嵭βĶǤθ治üȤơʲƤ롥
carriage / marriage / atheist / collier>collar / saviour>saver // creature / diamond / violet / vehment / vehicle
ޤ (423) ϡmarriage, carriage ʤɤѸ [j]- (yod-dropping) ȤƤƤ롥
tedous(=tedious) / genus(=genius) / delirous / comisson / recomendacon(=recommendation) / passonate(=passionate) / queston(=question) / experence(=experience) / carrage(=carriage) / marrage(=marriage) / opinon(=opinion) / curous(=curious) / varous(=various)
ϡֲѲΥ롼ȡפˤ1Ȥơּ岽ûƱפȤɽѤDobson ϡ־üפȤߤʤƤ뤳Ȥա
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ī㡼ɶˤ12δ2ǯۤ˻ϤֱѸˤȸ츻ץ褤ǽȤʤޤ2ָä12ʺǽˤΤΤ餻Ǥֻ̱̿ȿפꤷ2021ǯ1023ڡ15:30--18:45˳ͽǤ̤ȥ饤Ȥ߹碌ϥ֥åɷͽꤷƤޤؿΤꤴͽμݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
17ɤϡ̳̿פȡ̾̿פȤ2Ĥѳפиޤ̤˹κȤȤ館ƤޤѸˤδϡ˱Ѹ줬ŸƤ椯ۤȤƽפʰյޤºݡƱ˥ɤƤ˿̱ϤۤɤؤαƶϤϤޤѸŪŸܳŪ˻ϤޤȤƤ˾ƤĤġѸθߤ̤ˤĤƤͻޤ
ϡɤγ̿λ塤17˾ƤޤλϡɹξˤޤؤŸϽĴǤꡤ20--21ˤؤĹƤȤˤʤƤ䥤ɤ˶ƬȤۤȤơŪˤؤפʰյޤפȤ٤ͥǮƤޤäΤΡѸ줬褤輫Ȱ괶⳰ˤƵϤΩ褦ȰäǤ⤢ޤľ̤ħռޤ줿λܤĤġ21αѸꤤʤܥꤿȻפޤͤΤäԤƤޤ
Baugh and Cable (242--43) Shakespeare 濴Ȥ륨ꥶ٥īαѸˤĤơֻ (preposition) ѤΥѥȰۤʤܤƤ롥
Perhaps nothing illustrates so richly the idiomatic changes in a language from one age to another as the uses of prepositions. When Shakespeare says, I'll rent the fairest house in it after threepence a bay, we should say at; in Our fears in Banquo stick deep, we should say about. The single preposition of shows how many changes in common idioms have come about since 1600: One that I brought up of (from) a puppy; he came of (on) an errand to me; 'Tis pity of (about) him; your name. . . . I now not, nor by what wonder you do hit of (upon) mine; And not be seen to wink of (during) all the day; it was well done of (by) you; I wonder of (at) their being here together; I am provided of (with) a torchbearer; I have no mind of (for) feasting forth tonight; I were better to be married of (by) him than of another; and That did but show three of (as) a fool. Many more examples could be added.
³ʬ Baugh and Cable (243) ϡѸθΤߤʤ餺̤αѸˤθˤͭĽפʻŦƤ롥
Although matters of idiom and usage generally claim less attention from students of the language than do sounds and inflections or additions to the vocabulary, no picture of Elizabethan English would be adequate that did not give them a fair measure of recognition.
ʡۤʤαʸɤǤȡΤֻѤΥѥѲѰۤˤ϶ä롥ޤʣƸ椷褦Ȥˤʤʤ餤̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤ˰ʤ褦˱Ǥ롥
ޤѸˤֻ̤μब³ƤȤ¤롥ֻϤФĤǤ뵡ǽȤʬव뤬ݡμŪäƤ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1])#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ȥ줿
ֻεǽˡѲѰ֤ۤƤư֤ưֻʸѸǤΥǥեȤ byˤ˸¤äƤ⡤#1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1351. ư֤ưѤ줿 through at ([2013-01-07-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]) Τ褦˵ϤĤʤȤơ#4383. be surprised at ǤϤʤ be surprised by ¤ήԤäƤƤ ([2021-04-27-1]) Ȥ̣ȥԥå⤢롥ơޤȤƤؤ⤷μºݤͤȤʤʪǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ѸˤǤϡѸɸಽĹ֤ˤ錄äȿʹԤȤΤƤ롥ĹɸಽβλϤޤȽɤ֤ԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ14Ⱦ Chaucer λ˨꤬ߤ졤18εϼλˤ褽뤲줿ȤƤ
ɸಽȤϡδ餤С¿ȤȤǤ롥ֻǤСƱñФʣ֤֤ͣۤɸŪȤȤ14Ⱦ18ޤDZѸ줬ɸಽӾˤäȤȤϡʤλˤ¿쾯ʤ¿äȤȤǤ롥
Trudgill (2047--48) ѸɸಽӾˤߤ줿Ū¿ˤĤơ̾̾ʸԤ꼡Τ褦ȯȰѤƤ롥
"the precise regional dialect constituents of London English were not finally fixed in their present proportion and distribution during the 15th century, nor indeed for some time after the beginning of the following century" (Wyld)
"in London circles during the 16 c and 17 c many different usages [...] were jostled together" (Strang)
"the modern standard has a heterogeneous dialect base" (Lass)
"coexisting subsystems" (Samuels)
"rival pronunciations" (Wells)
"it is tempting to ask what dialects were not present in this Londonish-East Midlandish-Northernish-Southernish 'single ancestor' of Standard English" (Hope)
Ǥϡ¿ϲͳ褹Τ͡Trudgill ˤС (dialect_mixture) ȤΤȤǤ롥Ĺ֡ڤɥ¿οܽ͡³ƤɥޤäͤϤषɤǤꡤˤĤƸХɥϤޤΤĤܤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʾǤϡκ礬֤Ǥꡤʿ (dialect_levelling) ˤ֤פȤȤ
ĹɸಽϡḽѸˤŪԵ§ȵ§ΤޤͤƤ褦˻פ롥ѸΤʬ§Ūǡ̤ʬԵ§ŪʤΤϡ¿嵭λ˵ȤäƤ褤
Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.
45˥ȤֱѸƳ2021⡤3ܤޤΥưƤΡ5ޤ³©ĹʤΤǤܥ֥ɼԤγˤĨꤺˤդ礤Τۤɤꤤ夲ޤƥĤΥåĤʤ顤伫Ȥ˥ԥ졼åȤƤޤǯٽȤơʤʤեåǥʥʥץ˥Ǥ
ơǤϡ餷ۤɤ˥ʸȤݤƤߤޤѸ줬ʿ͡ʸʿͤˤϡäǤƼΤƤʤ褦ʸϤȻפޤʤࡤʤʸϡˡܴ褿˱ꥢåפ줿ƥĤֱѸʿͤΤαѸˡꤹ롤Υʸ˴źäͻǤƬ2ĤνФȤڤ褯Ϥ褤Ǥ͡
ְѸȤʤƤ⤤Ķ餷ƤסġĤΤ褦ʺߤĤߤΤäϡѸοʹ֤ʤа٤ȯȤơǯۤäɮԼȤΤ褦ˤܤƤդǤ⤢ä
Ѹοʹ֤פΤϡޤäơƤ벣ʸ¿Ǥ쥬ߥåȡӥƥġĤʤDZѸʤ뤤ϱѸͳѸ˻ȤʤФʤʤΤȡ˥塼ʤɤʤͤùߤʤǤ롥
ɤߤʤ륳ƥĤǤϤʤǤ礦ƤȤƤϡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡ȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱Ȥ֤֡ĶӤѸˤιƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
ܸˤ륫ʸȥͥɤΥƥѸоȤϡоȸ (contrastive_language_history) δ鶽̣οԤʤơޤǤ̤2ĤΤΤӤ褦ȤݤˤϡǤʤαդ뤳ȤפǤ嵭ƥǤϡտŪξԤζФƶŤƸƤ櫓Ǥܤ뤳Ȥǡζΰյ⤫Ӿ夬餻뤳ȤǤޤʲ2ŦƤޤ礦
1ܡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡Ȥ櫓ֱѸʤƷפǤΤƤ륿פȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱ȤǤϡƸФפʤۤʤޤֱѸʤƷפطʤˤϡŪ˱ѸФƴפΤǤϤʤȤƥĤǤλŦäƤȻפޤ17ɤν̱ϥƥַפǤΤƤƤϤʤäǤ礦ƥϡäȽʡƴסϤʤȤˤ֥פ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤäǤ礦
ξԤΰ㤤ϡüŪˤСؤФƤ뤫ݤˤޤܤǤϡȤѸ줬ƴפäȤƤ⡤̳ǶŪ˳ؤФȤ̣Ǥϡ¤γؽΡֶϫפåȤˤʤäƤޤعdzؤ֤٤ֲܡפȤʤäƤƤϡʤΤǤϤʤʤϤǤ17ɤǤϡ̱ˤȤäƥƥؽϤεΤΤޤβ֤Ǥꡤ¤γؽΡֶϫפȤ̵ʤˡƴפϽƴȤΤǤ
2ܤϡ17ɤǤϥƥѸ줬 inkhorn_term ȤȽ줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤȽμϡ㤤̡Ǥʤн̱ǤʤХХμͤǤSir John Cheke (1514--57) Τ褦ʥ֥åؤθŵ춵ѸȽƤۤɤʤΤǤξϡɤˤߤƤ⡤ܤαѸ̡ʸ˰֤ĤƤΤȤӤǤʤ褦˻פޤ
2ĤΤΤоȤȤˡŻ뤷ơӡפεˤäƤŻ뤷ơоȡפεˤäƤϡԤ˼Ǥ⤢ꡤäƤޤХȥåǤ⤢ޤˤƤӤˤˡоȤˤ϶դƤȹͻޤ롤ȤȤҤ٤Ƥޤ礦
Ϣϡܥ֥ȤƤϡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ¾εǰäƤޤȥĥäƤΤǡɤ
餹ɻ John Skelton (1460?--1529) ϡʸػ˾塤뤬Ե§ûԤѤ "Skeltonics" ΤʤʸŪɾ褦ˤʤäΤ20ˤʤäƤΤȡˡ˰夻ʪʤ⡤Henry VIII βդȤʤǤϰ̤ʤ1Ĥ Colyn Cloute (1522) 롥μϼ Thomas Wolsey ڸɤꥺब̣褤ѸǽȤŪꥺƥȤȤƤⶽ̣
Bergs and Brinton (303) Ѹ˴ؤϥɥ֥åΤʤΡָͷӡ (language play) 1ȤơSkelton ΥƥȤƤ롥
His hed is so fat
He wotteth neuer what
Nor wherof he speketh
He cryeth and he creketh
He pryethh and he peketh
He chydes and he chatters
He prates and he patters
He clytters and he clatters
He medles and he smatters
He gloses and he flatters
Or yf he speake playne
Than he lacketh brayn (1545 Skelton, Colyn Cloute A2v)
ŪȤƤϡӱ (rhyme) ϤΤȡƬ (alliteration) ΩĤΥޥȥ (onomatopoeia) ͳ褹ȹͤư¿ѤƤ롥3ñθȤƽ -eth ȿ -s ¸ƤΤ⡤αѸѲѰۤǰƬˤȶ̣Ȥ櫓ĴҤäƤդǸŪ -s ϢȯΤ⡤̣襤Ǥʾ˸ͷӤǤꡤͷӤǤʾǤФΤȤɤळȤǤ롥
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. The History of English: Early Modern English. Berlin/Boston: Gruyter, 2017.
êƤ顤Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom . . . . ʤܤФƤϡɥСǸ¬äƤߤ3.4cmƤۤȤɳȤʤäܤʼºݤäΤˡѥ CD-ROM ĤƤȤΤdzƤߤΤ˽ѸΰإƥȥѥĤƤ롥ܤΤۤϡΥѥˤĤƤβȥѥѤǥʤäƤ롥
ϡޤȤäƤ⤤ʤΥѥˤĤơܽƬꤶäȳפҲ𤹤롥
The Corpus of Early English Medical Texts (CEEM) is a three-part series of historical corpora of medical writing 1375--1800. The corpus was initiated about fifteen years ago at the University of Helsinki for the ongoing research project of Scientific Thought-styles: The Evolution of English Medical Writing by Irma Taavitsainen and Päivi Pahta. This project aims to gain new knowledge of the development of the language of science and medicine in a long diachronic perspective, and for this end an extensive electronic database was needed. The work has progressed in phases. The first corpus, Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT, 1375--1500), was published on CD-ROM in 2005 by John Benjamins. Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) is the second component of CEEM. The third, Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT, 1700--1800), has already been initiated and will be released in due course. (Taavitsainen and Pahta, vii)
ʤۤɡܤƤ EMEMT ϡ3Ĥʤ륷2ƤǽѸ (1500--1700) ΰإƥȤС른ΥѥȤȤΤ褦450ۤɤΥƥȡ200줫ʤƲ˥ѥǤ롥츫Ǥ뤫Τ褦ˡְإƥȡפΥѥäƤϤ뤬βʳػͤɽ른ȤƤߤСαϰϤϰƳ⤷ʤΤۤ2ĤΥѥȤΥץȤˤĤơCoRD (Corpus Resource Database) ˲⤬ȤȤǡؤΥĥäƤ
Corpus of Early English Medical Writing (CEEM)
Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT)
Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT)
Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT)
ܲȤӤϤʤΤȤӤͤƤߤȤΤ⥳ѥδƬࡥͤƤߤ
Taavitsainen, Irma and Päivi Pahta, eds. Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies Including a CD-Rom Containing Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT) Corpus Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta, Turo Hiltunen, Martti Mäkinen, Ville Marttila, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr and Jukka Tyrkkö.'' Amsterdam: Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2010.
伫Ȥ Shakespeare θܳŪ˸椷ȤϤʤѸˤεҸˤƤ뤳ȤΤǤʤ礭оݤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ츦Ȥ Shakespeare ؤܤ19Ⱦ˻ϤޤꡤߤޤǤ¿̤ѤƤʸˡϿѥǡ١ƤοϤꤷʤߤȤƥѥѤ͡ư褦ǡShakespeare ͵Ѥ餺Ǥ롥
Busse and Busse (811) ˡ¾˰͵ΤǤϤ뤬Shakespeare θθˤĤơ3Ĥ¦̤4ĤṲ̄ɬפȤơ줾վƤ롥ޤ3Ĥ¦̤顥
1. English as it was about 1600
2. Shakespeare's interest in his language
3. Shakespeare's unique use of English
Shakespeare θפ᤹3ΤߤȤʤνѸΤΤʤˤ֤Ť餵 Shakespeare θջȤħ֤ФȤݤޤ1פǤ롥ơShakespeare θФؿ٤Ȥ2¦̤ʤõꤿ
Shakespeare θθ4ĤŪˤĤơ
1. to enable the speaker of Present-day English to share as far as possible in the responses of the original audience;
2. to draw attention to the manner in which Shakespeare handles the language of his time for artistic purposes;
3. to use the language of Shakespearean drama as data on which to base conclusions about Elizabethan English in general; and
4. to provide illuminating information about various aspects of Shakespeare's linguistic background, in particular, the attitude to the language of his time.
⸽Ūʸ츦ŪǤȤȤˡ¤¿ʬ philological ŪǤ롥
Ϣ #195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])#1763. Shakespeare κʤȸ˴ؤ뻨¿ʾ ([2014-02-23-1]) ȡ¾ shakespeare οεɤ
Busse, Ulrich and Beatrix Busse. "Early Modern English: The Language of Shakespeare." Chapter 51 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 808--26.
ե츦ԤǤؼԤä16Ⱦ˳ꥹ John Palsgrave ϡѸʳء˻˾פǤ롥ե츦ԤȤ1530ǯ˱Ѹǥեʸŵ Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse 路äȤ褯Τ줿եʸŵȤʤä#3836. եˤǯɽ ([2019-10-28-1]) ̾뤯餤Ǥ뤫顤αƶϤϤΤǤϤʤ
Palsgrave ϥɥޤ졤֥åؤ˳ؤӡѥǽιƥե춵դȤʤ Thomas More ʤɤȤƸαѸػ˾κζӤϡǤեֲɽפˤȤäƤ褤¾ȯҴŪ˵ҤȤβؤδŪʻϻϤʪǤp. 38ˡ
16ϡPalsgrave Τ褦ؼԤ¿ڽФǤ롥첻 (gvs) βѲʹԤȯֻΥå (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ĤĤʤǡֻ (spelling_reform) ʤ͡ʿرĤʤƤ츦ԤȯҴǤ롥Palsgrave ⡤㳰ǤϤʤѸȯֻ¡ʤ̴ؿ (orthoepy) ̤äΤǤ롥ʤ츦Ω줫Ѹȯֻ˴ؿѸΡƱ֡פȤƤϡۤ De pronunciation Graecae (1555) 路 J. Cheke Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) 路 J. Wallis ⤤жp. 616ˡ
Palsgrave Τ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ϡOED ΰʸξϢǤ뤳ȤOED ϡ Lesclarcissement 5418ĤƤƤꡤλθõҤ¿ʹʤƤcf. #642. OED ΰѥǡѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4) ([2011-01-29-1])ˡϸؽǤ뤫顤եȤǤ OED ԻԤˤȤäơʤ繥ʪפǤ롥ԻԤΤ褦ʿΤʤȤ櫓ʸˡѸʤɤΡ˸äƤʤ櫓ʤ
ʾ塤Palsgrave Ѹʳء˻˾ҤȤɤοʪȤƤطʤñ˾Ҳ𤷤
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ѸˤˤơɸѸ (Standard English) ľܤεϤɤˤ뤫֤ɤˤ뤫פȤ⡤षԤ֤ɤ֤ΤפȤǤ뤫顤ʸ롥դɸಽ Chaucer 14˲"Chancery Standard" 15Ⱦȯã˸ڤơդλɸಽȤ븫ŪˤϤ롥ɸѸľϢʤΤϡ֤ɤפǡ֤ġפʤΤȤϡɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲʤΤȤܼŪȷӤĤʤʤ
Crowley (303--04) ϡɸѸη˴ؤͤνȤ "Renaissance Origins" ꤹƤ롥ɸಽΥߥ˴ؤ1ĤθȤơƶ٤ƤΤǡޤޤѤThomas Wilson, George Puttenham, Edmund Spenser Ȥ16̾ͤθդڤơϤΤɸѸ쵯ŸƤ롥
The emergence of the English vernacular as a culturally valorized and legitimate form took place in the Renaissance period. It is possible to trace in the comments of three major writers of the time the origins of a persistent set of problems which later became attached to the term "standard English." Following the introduction of Thomas Wilson's phrase "the king's English" in 1553, the principal statement of the idea of a centralized form of the language in the Renaissance was George Puttenham's determination in 1589 of the "natural, pure and most usual" type of English to be used by poets: "that usual speech of the court, and that of London and the shires lying about London, within lx miles and not much above" (Puttenham 1936: 144--5). In the following decade the poet and colonial servant Edmund Spenser composed A View of the State of Ireland (1596) during the height of the decisive Nine Years War between the English colonists in Ireland and the natives. In the course of his wide-ranging analysis of the difficulties facing English rule, Spenser offers a diagnosis of one of the most serious causes of English "degeneration" (a term often used in Tudor debates on Ireland to refer to the Gaelicization of the colonists): "first, I have to finde fault with the abuse of language, that is, for the speaking of Irish among the English, which, as it is unnaturall that any people should love anothers language more than their owne, so it is very inconvenient, and the cause of many other evils" (Spenser 1633: 47). Given Spenser's belief that language and identity were linked ("the speech being Irish, the heart must needes bee Irish), his answer was the Anglicization of Ireland. He therefore recommended the adoption of Roman imperial practice, since "it hath ever been the use of the Conquerour, to despise the language of the conquered, and to force him by all means to use his" (Spencer 1633: 47).
There are several notable features to be drawn from these Renaissance observations on English, a language which, it should be recalled, was being studied seriously and codified in its own right for the first time in this period. The first point is the social and geographic basis of Wilson and Puttenham's accounts. Wilson's phrase "the king's English" was formed by analogy with "the king's peace" and "the king's highway," both of which had an original sense of being restricted to the legal and geographic areas which were guaranteed by the crown; only with the successful centralization of power in the figure of the monarch did such phrases come to have general rather than specific reference. Puttenham's version of the "best English" is likewise demarcated in terms of space and class: his account reduces it to the speech of the court and the area in and around London up to a boundary of 60 miles. A second point to note is that Puttenham's definition conflates speech and writing: its model of the written language, to be used by poets, is the speech of courtiers. And the final detail is the implicit link between the English language and English ethnicity which is evoked by Spenser's comments on the degeneration of the colonist in Ireland. These characteristics of Renaissance thinking on English (its delimitation with regard to class and region, the failure to distinguish between speech and writing, and the connection between language and ethnicity) were characteristics which would be closely associated with the language throughout its modern history.
ѹͥ16ˡ(1) ŪŪ˸ꤵ줿ҿѼȤơ(2) äաաפȡ(3) ָ̱²פΤȤ߽Ф줿Ѹ졥줬ޤϢʤ "Standard English" ľܤεǤ뤳Ȥ¤ΤʤʸϤФƤ롥ȤɶȤƻȤۤɡɤ߱ΤʸϤƱΥȤȤץ쥼ơȵӤǡƤ⤹äȼƤޤ褦ʰᡥΤ褦ʸϤ褦ˤʤꤿΤ
嵭 Puttenham ͭ̾ʰˤĤƤϡ#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ǸʸƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
Crowley, Tony. "Class, Ethnicity, and the Formation of 'Standard English'." Chapter 30 of A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 303--12.
ε ([2020-06-24-1], [2020-06-25-1]) ǡűѸˤ DOE ȤѸˤ MED Ȥ·äƤ뤳Ȥߤʽ˶ѸμϤʤΤ
Ѹ켭ϸŤ˾ޤƤȤƤϤʤShakespeare μ The King James Bible ΥϤ뤬Ʊ¸ߤƤʤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʼȤʤ褦ʥǡ١¸ߤ롥ɸ LEME (= Lexicons of Early Modern English) Ǥ롥ϽѸʸڤԻѤ˼ꥹȤȤ⡤줿1400ۤɤμýΤޤޥǡ١ΤǤ롥Ѹθäб6ĶùܤȤԤ Early Modern English Dictionaries Database (EMEDD) ȯŸƤץȤǡ褽1480--1755ǯδ֤˽줿ΰܤܤƤȤΰˤȡּפȤ "monolingual, bilingual, and polyglot dictionaries, lexical encyclopedias, hard-word glossaries, spelling lists, and lexically-valuable treatises" ȤΤȤǤ롥Υǡ١Τʣ缭ȤߤʤȤϤǤ뤬ͤμԻѤäθҤȤ̣ǤΡּפǤϤʤޤƱο͡θ촶줿ʤ̣ǿ˼ŪʡˡּפȤȤˤʤ
伫Ȥ LEME ޤäȤʤƤʤ͡ʸǽʤ褦ǡ٤äٶȻפäƤ롥ԻϤ֤ʤȤռŪʸäѤȤƤȤǡǤϤʤ̤ΥѥˤߤäѤӤƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤ㤨СѸħŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λѤĴȤ˼ֻ LEME ǡֻ̤ EEBO corpus ʤɤĴ٤ӤƤߤȤ椬ͤ롥
Ѹμϡ켫ΤѸ˾1ĤθơޤȤʤꤦο롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ʲϤȤ¿εǼ夲ƤǿƤ⡤褽 LEME ˴ޤޤƤ褦
#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])
#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])
#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#610. æ켭18 ([2010-12-28-1])
#1995. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ ([2014-10-13-1])
#3224. Thomas Harman, A Caveat or Warening for Common Cursetors (1567) ([2018-02-23-1])
#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])
ɸβѲϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˰ä褦ˡ#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1]) ȸƤФƤ롥βŪᥫ˥ˤĤ Minkova (277--78) βʹƤߤ褦
A coda /-r/ is a neutralising environment. For the short vowels neutralisation of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ] results in merger into the featurally neutral schwa outcome. The phonetic rationale behind this is the coarticulation of the short vowel + /-r/ which affects both segments: it lowers and centralises the vowel, while the adjacent sonorant coda becomes more schwa-like; its further weakening can eliminate the consonantal cues, leading to complete loss of the consonantal properties of /r/. The difficulty of perceiving the distinctive features of pre-/r/ vowels is attributed to the acoustic similarity of the first two formants of [ɹ], [ɻ], and [ə ? ɨ] . . . .
(coda) /r/ ϡľ첻岽ʤۣ첻ˤˤ /r/ ȤҲŪ첻˶Ť̤Ȥơ/r/ ϻҲ˼Ȥˤʤꡤľû첻ȹήбĹ첻Ȥʤ롤ȤſϸͭβŪݻƤ2ߤƱ (assimilation) Ĥˤдˤä [əː] ؤȽ뤷Ȥʤ褦ʡ餷ʤ褦ʷ̤줬ñθˤϰƤΤʤ
Ϣơ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) εɤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
rhotic ʥꥫѸפȡnon-rhotic ʥꥹѸפȤΩϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ωñ㲽ƤȤ館뤭餤ꡤºݤˤϥꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽ⤢СꥹѸ rhotic Ѽ⤢롥ꥫѸΰǤʤ non-rhotic ȯԤʤƤ뤫ˤĤƤϹäˤꡤܺ٤Ϥޤ餫ˤƤʤ (cf. #3953. ꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽε ([2020-02-22-1]))
⤽ non-rhotic ȯ߽ФȤˤʤä /r/ üȤѲϡʤϤޤäΤMinkova (280) ϡ/r/ ü˺ѤŪҲŪװŦĤġֻ˸경줿 <r> Ʊξü˻ߤˡʣʹ˰礤η̤Ȥơrhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤ⤯
While loss of /r/ may be described as 'natural' in a phonetic sense, it is still unclear why some communities of speakers preserved it when others did not. One reason why the change may have taken off in the first place, not usually considered in the textbook accounts, is loan phonology. In Later Old French (eleventh to fourteenth century) and Middle French (fourteenth to sixteenth century), pre-consonantal [r] was assimilated to the following consonant and thereby lost in the spoken language (it is retained in spelling to this day), producing rhymes such as sage : large, fors : clos, ferme : meesme. Thus English orthography was at odds with the functional factor of ease of articulation and with the possibly prestigious pronunciation of recent loanwords in which pre-consonantal [-r] had been lost. This may account for the considerable lag time for the diffusion and codification of [r]-loss in early Modern English. Rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations must have coexisted for over three centuries, even in the same dialects. . . . [C]onservatism based on spelling maintained rhoticity in the Southern standard until just after the first quarter of the nineteenth century.
ǿƤե "loan phonology" ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤϡ¿ʻǤ롥
ּʡײեˤ /r/ üֻˤ <r> ݻ --- /r/ üϤʤŪҲŪװȡ˻ߤ褦ˡŪװȤĹˤ錄˰깭Ū1700ǯ鸽ߤޤǤ300ǯʾˤ錄ä rhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸³ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Ϣε ([2020-05-14-1], [2020-05-15-1]) ǡstay at home stay home 夲Ƥ롥stay home ŪˤŪɽʬä㤬ĤʤΤ̤ĴäĤΥѥǤäĴƤߤ̡餯ѸˤäƤϸѸǤϤʤĤƤߤºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤ
ϽѸɽĶ祳ѥ Early English Books Online corpus ΥեѤƸƤߤcf. #3117. EEBO corpus ([2017-11-08-1])#3431. Ƽ EEBO ե ([2018-09-18-1])) stay home νơƼζ֤֤θƸ
ʤȤˡstay home 1ĤĤ뤳ȤǤThomas Rawlins (1620?--70) ʤʪ1640ǯ路 The rebellion a tragedy: as it was acted nine dayes together, and divers times since with good applause, by his Majesties Company of Revells ΤʤǸͣǤ롥ʲֻΤǼʬܡ
old: # we must to the wars my boyes: [.] [.] [.] virm: # how master, to the warres? [.] [.] [.] old: # i to the warres virmine, what sayst thou to that? [.] [.] [.] virm: # nothing, but that i had rather stay home: o the good penny bread at breakfasts that i shall lose! master, good master let me alone, to live with honest Iohn, noble john Blacke:
ϡޤǻ䤬Ĵ٤¤ˤƤαѸ˾νȤȤˤʤ롥ФϤ⤷Ѹä⤷ʤȤͽۤɤ߰㤨Ȥˤʤ뤬ǤճȿɽȤϤäƤϤ褤ʤstay at home ⸡ϽѸ̤ƾѤƤꡤפ1108⤢뤫顤ξɽŪʬۤ餫
ϡʤ븻ήѸˤޤ̤äƤߤ褦ư stay Τ15ȾФΥեѸʤΤǡޤ긫ߤϤʤ
Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ뤳Ȥ˹Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳ȤϡοͤζܤХȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤȤ櫓ѸŪդ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥
Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Ѹζˡ (punctuation) δѤˤȡޡcomma; <,>ˡcolon; <:>ˡߥ (semicolon; <;>ˤʤɤˤϥڡ줺ˤϥڡ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʴѤȤȤѲƤζλѤ̲ƤΤϡ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1]) ǤߤȤѸˤƤλѤκˤĤƤɬŪǤϤʤäcf. #2666. Ѹʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1])ˡ
Cook (170) ˤȡѸǤϥޤ䥳ΥڡˤĤɤ줬ߤ줿ޤ˴ؤƤȤ˥ڡʤȤ㤬̤ä˴ؤƤϤषȤ˥ڡ뤳ȤԤʤƤϥեδѤαƶȤ
A word space following punctuation marks was not necessary 'in a Fixion,in a dreame', though there is a space both before and after the colon, following a French convention.
A comparison of the Folio and Quarto editions shows considerable variation:
Folio: Ham. I ʃo,God buy,ye : Now I am alone.
Quarto: Ham. I ʃo,God buy to you,now I am alone,
ʹߡˡδѤϡ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵻ѤȯŸʿŪѲƤޤ衼åѤ¾ζˡܤǸ臘Ȥ⤢СȼδѤȯãƤȤ⤢äǤ϶ˡ⡤ֻ䤽¾θȰۤʤ餺̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤˤ餵ƤȤȤ
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵롥
OED ˤȡ15 adapted 뤬adapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ
Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.
饭ɤФ "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ͥΥƥꥷǮ⤫줿Τ褦ʡ֥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ夫餷ФȽɤоݤȤƤ Ben Jonson ⡤1601ǯ˽餵줿 The Poetaster ΤʤǥͤƤ롥Crispinus ȤоʪǺޤͿ졤ñǤפȤǤ롥Ǥ줿˥ꥹȤƤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Johnson 192; ϸѸѸ)
retrograde, reciprocall, incubus, glibbery, lubricall, defunct, magnificate, spurious, snotteries, chilblaind, clumsie, barmy, froth, puffy, inflate, turgidous, ventosity, oblatrant, obcaecate, furibund, fatuate, strenuous, conscious, prorumped, clutch, tropological, anagogical, loquacious, pinnosity, obstupefact
OED Ǥϡpinnosity ٤Ƥñ줬ФȤΩƤƤ롥Τʤˤ Jonson ηǤȤƤʤ1ñޤޤƤ롥Ǥ̤ѤΤ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΤΩ³ǤƤϤʤʤñФǤ롥ŵŪʥΥꥹȤȤƻȤ
Johnson, Keith. The History of Early English: An Activity-Based Approach. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.
ǶᡤܸǤ⥢ޥͥȤȤɽʹ褦ˤʤäѸ anger management ϡCOBUILD English Dictionary ˤ "a set of guidelines that are designed to help people control their anger." Ȥ롥ϢܤνǤֽ⼪äƤ롥ΤܤäݤΤϿ»ȻפäƤ뤬ʬȤޤȥǤƤ뤫ϤϤʤϤʤܤɤꡤ̤äꤹۤɤǤϤʤΤΡؿϤΤǴˤƥʤĥäƤ顤Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Essays (1597) ڥڥäƤˡܤˤĤơפʸϤĤͤƤߤгΤ Bacon 夲ʥơޤ
Ƥꡤɤ߹̾ʸǤ롥餿 Bacon ʸϤϸʱѸλʸȻפʸϤäɤȤɬפ⤷ʤɤߴʤɤ˺ŬǤ롥ѸŪɤǤѸλʸϤȤ⤷
Of Anger[ | ѥڡ ]
TO SEEK to extinguish anger utterly, is but a bravery of the Stoics. We have better oracles: Be angry, but sin not. Let not the sun go down upon your anger. Anger must be limited and confined, both in race and in time. We will first speak how the natural inclination and habit to be angry, may be attempted and calmed. Secondly, how the particular motions of anger may be repressed, or at least refrained from doing mischief. Thirdly, how to raise anger, or appease anger in another.
For the first; there is no other way but to meditate, and ruminate well upon the effects of anger, how it troubles man's life. And the best time to do this, is to look back upon anger, when the fit is thoroughly over. Seneca saith well, That anger is like ruin, which breaks itself upon that it falls. The Scripture exhorteth us to possess our souls in patience. Whosoever is out of patience, is out of possession of his soul. Men must not turn bees;
. . . animasuque in vulnere ponunt.
Anger is certainly a kind of baseness; as it appears well in the weakness of those subjects in whom it reigns; children, women, old folks, sick folks. Only men must beware, that they carry their anger rather with scorn, than with fear; so that they may seem rather to be above the injury, than below it; which is a thing easily done, if a man will give law to himself in it.
For the second point; the causes and motives of anger, are chiefly three. First, to be too sensible of hurt; for no man is angry, that feels not himself hurt; and therefore tender and delicate persons must needs be oft angry; they have so many things to trouble them, which more robust natures have little sense of. The next is, the apprehension and construction of the injury offered, to be, in the circumstances thereof, full of contempt: for contempt is that, which putteth an edge upon anger, as much or more than the hurt itself.
And therefore, when men are ingenious in picking out circumstances of contempt, they do kindle their anger much. Lastly, opinion of the touch of a man's reputation, doth multiply and sharpen anger. Wherein the remedy is, that a man should have, as Consalvo was wont to say, telam honoris crassiorem. But in all refrainings of anger, it is the best remedy to win time; and to make a man's self believe, that the opportunity of his revenge is not yet come, but that he foresees a time for it; and so to still himself in the meantime, and reserve it.
To contain anger from mischief, though it take hold of a man, there be two things, whereof you must have special caution. The one, of extreme bitterness of words, especially if they be aculeate and proper, for cummunia maledicta are nothing so much; and again, that in anger a man reveal no secrets; for that, makes him not fit for society. The other, that you do not peremptorily break off, in any business, in a fit of anger; but howsoever you show bitterness, do not act anything, that is not revocable.
For raising and appeasing anger in another; it is done chiefly by choosing of times, when men are frowardest and worst disposed, to incense them. Again, by gathering (as was touched before) all that you can find out, to aggravate the contempt. And the two remedies are by the contraries. The former to take good times, when first to relate to a man an angry business; for the first impression is much; and the other is, to sever, as much as may be, the construction of the injury from the point of contempt; imputing it to misunderstanding, fear, passion, or what you will.
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