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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-07-08 Mon

#5551. Ѹֻ˴ؿʤ顤ޤ Cook The English Writing System (2004) [review][spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][writing][orthography][punctuation][toc][typography]

ܥ֥ǤϱѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ¿夲Ƥΰ1ĤȤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ܤαѸؽԤؿ䤹ȥԥåȤȤиΤäƤ뤫Ǥ⤢롥
ѸֻȤˤᤰäƤϡޤޤʸ̽񤬽ǤƤǶΩäȤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.إڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯȤƻ伫ȤȤƽǤƤаޤ⤢롥
ϡɤߤ䤹ѽȤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѡȤƤ Vivian Cook ˤ The English Writing System (Hodder Education, 2004) Ҳ𤷤񤭸̤꤫⤭Ѹֻˡˡˡֻؽˤ꤬ڤ֡㼨ꡤ§ɽɡʸƤꡤɤ߼ͥʲܼ򼨤


Cook, Vivian. ''The English Writing System.'' London: Hodder Education, 2004.





1 Ways of writing
1.1 Meaning-based and sound-based writing
1.2 Two ways of processing written language

2 The multi-dimensions of spoken and written English
2.1 Differences between the visual and acoustic media
2.2 Special features of written English

3 Approaches to English spelling
3.1 Basic rules for English
3.2 Venezky: correspondence rules and markers
3.3 Albrow: three systems of English spelling
3.4 Noam and Carol Chomsky: lexical representation

4 Punctuation and typography
4.1 Grammatical and correspondence punctuation
4.2 The typography of English

5 Learning the English writing system
5.1 English-speaking children's acquisition of spelling
5.2 Acquisition of English spelling by speakers of other languages

6 Historical changes
6.1 Before English
6.2 Old English
6.3 Middle English
6.4 From Early Modern English to Modern English

7 Variation in the English writing system
7.1 Differences of region: 'British' and 'American' spelling styles
7.2 Novel spellings of pop groups and business names
7.3 Adapting English to modern means of communication

References

IPA transcription of English phonemes

Index




ѸֻθѤܤǤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

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2020-03-04 Wed

#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction][minimal_pair]

[2020-02-24-1] εǼ夲ˤĤ³ԤϤ롥
űѸ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ֤32Ż (digraph) ϡ줾ŪˤûǤĹǤΤɽ路ƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸǤƱ2Ż֤Ƥʤ⡤Ūˤϡû2첻פȡĹ2첻סʸʸǤϤФ1첻Ĺ (macron) դɽˤ̤ƤȤȤľ˲᤹С<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] Τ褦бطȲ򤷤Ƥ褵줬ŪˤʤäƤΤ⤿ǤϤʤűѸʸؤˤƺǤʣĿǤ롥
¤ΤȤĹû2첻ΤűѸνˤϳ경2첻ǤϤʤʤäƤޤǤϸαѸ첻ˤˤۤȤɱƶͿƤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ츫Ȥʤۤ礭ˤʤΤʬˤϸűѸβηϤ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺෿ŪʰյǤꡤ餳褬ҡȥåפƤΤʲMinkova (178--79) ˽äơ2첻Ĺûζ̤äȤȿФ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤεˤҤ٤褦ˡ෿Ūˤä2첻Ĺûζ̤ϤޤǤ롥Τ褦ʤޤ첻ηϤ򡤸űѸΤ˺ƷƤ褤ΤȤ꤬롥Τ褦첻ηϤʤȤޤǤϤʤΤΡˤޤȤС⤽ⲾŪʺƷθȤƵ󤲤Ƥ褤ΤϡʤʤȿˤȿǤ롥
⤦1Ĥεϡ32첻Ȥ̤2첻 [ej] ϡäĹûζ̤򼨤ƤʤȤȤ˰͵򤹤롥츻ŪˤϤ2첻Ĺûζ̤򼨤ƤűѸǤϸ츻ŪˤĹϤ hēȝ (hay) ûϤ weȝ (way) äΩʤƤʤȤС32첻ˤĤƤĹûζ̤ϤʤäȤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
3Ĥˡβˤ򻲾ȤƤߤȡû2첻פϤ䤬û첻ͻ礷ƤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤû2첻פ2Ż֤ƤΤǴ㤤䤹¤ϤȤ1⡼첻äΤǤϤʤŪ˹ͤȡĹ2첻פϼ¤2⡼̤2첻ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǹˡ⤽2첻Ĺûζ̤¾ڤǾ (minimal_pair) ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¤ƤѻȡǤȤưۤʤȤˤ餺Ȥ⡤̤βˤ롥
ϰ¦Ҳ𤷤ˤʤξرĤơΩƤƷ㤷򷫤깭Ƥ롥2첻2첻٤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1]

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-02-02 Sun

#3933. ޤ䥳Υڡ [emode][punctuation][printing][typography]

Ѹζˡ (punctuation) δѤˤȡޡcomma; <,>ˡcolon; <:>ˡߥ (semicolon; <;>ˤʤɤˤϥڡ줺ˤϥڡ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʴѤȤȤѲƤζλѤ̲ƤΤϡ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1]) ǤߤȤѸˤƤλѤκˤĤƤɬŪǤϤʤäcf. #2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1]
Cook (170) ˤȡѸǤϥޤ䥳ΥڡˤĤɤ줬ߤ줿ޤ˴ؤƤȤ˥ڡʤȤ㤬̤ä˴ؤƤϤषȤ˥ڡ뤳ȤԤʤƤϥե󥹸δѤαƶȤ

A word space following punctuation marks was not necessary 'in a Fixion,in a dreame', though there is a space both before and after the colon, following a French convention.
   A comparison of the Folio and Quarto editions shows considerable variation:
   
   Folio: Ham. I ʃo,God buy,ye : Now I am alone.
   Quarto: Ham. I ʃo,God buy to you,now I am alone,


ʹߡˡδѤϡ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵻ѤȯŸʿŪѲƤޤ衼åѤ¾ζˡܤǸ臘Ȥ⤢СȼδѤȯãƤȤ⤢äǤ϶ˡ⡤ֻ䤽¾θȰۤʤ餺̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤˤ餵ƤȤȤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2019-12-06 Fri

#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> [spelling][graphemics][alphabet][writing][printing][typography]

long <s> ȸƤФ <<ʃ>> λˤĤƤϡǤˡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2998. 18ޤǰȼ񤭤ֻϰۤʤˤä ([2017-07-12-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
long <s> ŵŪ (1) Ƭˤơ(2) <f> ǡ뤤 (3) <ss> 1ʸܤˤơǤ1800ǯޤǹѤƤ񤭤Ǥϡ⤦٤19ȾФޤǻȤƤȤ롥ȤScholfield (153) ǤϡơˤĤƤ⤦٤ǯ夬󤲤Ƥ롥

. . . the letters used from the seventeenth century onwards remain easily recognizable with the exception of the 'long s', written in various ways such as <ʃ> plain or <ʃ> italic, also found with part of the crossbar such as <f> has . . . . The long form derived from an earlier cursive handwritten variant of <s> and, when used, this variant occurred widely in lower case writing (not capitals) except in word final position, where the familiar 'short s' or 'round s' letter shape was used . . . . In some usage it was also not used before/after <f> or as a second <s> in a double <s> the middle of a word, or in other specific circumstances. The long 's' was widely used in print until around 1815, and while it disappeared from published material at a stroke when a printing house or typeface-designer abandoned it . . ., it faded out slowly in the usage of individuals. The author Wilkie Collins is recorded using it in the word in a diary entry as late as 1886 . . ., and it seems that this use in final double 's' position was the one which generally survived the longest.


Ǥ1815ǯդ <<ʃ>> ä񤭤ǤϺǤ٤񤭼19᤯ޤĤäȤΤäǤϤʤ<<ʃ>> οˤĤƤϡ#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1]) ǡΦαƶäǽȴñ˿줿Hill (437) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤΦγ˱ƶȤԺѤη̤Ȥơ쵤˿षΤΤ褦εҤˤ1787--88ǯ餤פǯäȤˤʤ롥

   The decline of the long 's' coincides closely with the emergence of the Modern or Didone letter in the eighteenth century. Though used in Bodoni's earlier work, it is absent from Manuale Typografico of 1788, and was not used by François-Ambroise Didot in the types he cut in the 1780s . . . .
   In England, the printer John Bell argued against its continued use. It was not included in the types cut for him by Richard Austin in 1788, or used in his newspaper The World from 1787. Absent from British 'Modern' faces of the late eighteenth century, its use after this date was generally limited to deliberate historical effect or pastiche.


Scholfield, Phil. "Modernization and Standardization since the Seventeenth Century." Chapter 9 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 143--61.
Hill, Will. "Typography and the Printed English Text." Chapter 25 of The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. Ed. Vivian Cook and Des Ryan. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 431--51.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-06-1] [2020-01-27-1]

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