Ѹ˾αʸˡϡWilliam Bullokar (c. 1530--1609) ˤ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) Ǥ롥ƱԤˤ봰ʸˡ Grammar at large Ȥ˽Ф褦ߤϼƤꡤδάǤȤ⤤ Pamphlet ΤߤĤäƤ롥ξҤϡʸ˽Ƥ褦ˡֱѸϤפ¾ʸˡμ˻٤줿ΤǤ롥Bullokar ֻװƤʪȤƤΤ뤬ºݤˤξҤֻǽƤ롥Bullokar ϡֻܤ伭ʤɴϢνǤ褷Ƥ褦ǰʤ顤ˤĤƤΤƤʤ (Crystal 39)
Pamphlet ϡ1509ǯ˽Ǥ줿 William Lily Υƥʸˡα Short Introduction of Grammar (1548) ¿͵Ƥ롥ƥʸˡȤʸˡǤ뤫顤ˤĤƤϼ夯ΤȤŪʸˡȤ롥16Ⱦˤʸˡо줬ƥФƬħ뤭ƶŪʽǤ뤳ȤͤȡƤŪƥŪǤȤȤϡ̷ϤǤ롥ˤĤơ (68) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Bullokar ˤ餺ʸˡ̤ˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʸȼºݤƤЪΥӤȤȤ褺ܤˤĤʸιռʤɤƤΤǤƿˤҤӤɤƤΥƥˤΤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤϵŪˤҤӤɤ⡤Ѹ줬ʸˡפȤƤϤޤۤΩɤʸǤ뤳Ȥ뤿ˡʤ٤ƥʸˡ˹碌Ƹ褦ȤǤ롥ʸˡȤСȤƸҤΤƥä°ȻפƤΤǡƥʸˡƱѸDZѸƤߤ뤳ȤˤäơѸ줬ƥƱʤˤʤäȤƤΤǤä顤̱ռпۤɡƤϸŤʤȤŪʾä
Τ褦ˡѸ˾̾Ĥǽαʸˡϡ϶塤¼ȿǤȤäˤΥߥǸ줿Τä
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) #1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ʤɤεǡѸ̸üѤȿưȤƤθ (purism) ˿줿Τ˽ԤȤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤθ̾뤬Görlach (163--64) ϡѹͥˤȿưŪˤĤƤϲɾƤȤƤ롥ȤɬפʸäϼѤºݤ˼ѤΤǤꡤޤǥƥ䥮ꥷθä̵̤ʼѤѤΤǤ롤ȡĹ⤷ʤΤǡΤޤްѤ褦
Purism, understood as resistance to foreign words and as awareness of the possibilities of the vernacular, presupposes a certain level of standardization of, and confidence in, the native tongue. It is no surprise that puristic tendencies are unrecorded before the end of the Middle Ages --- wherever native expressions were coined to replace foreign terms, they served a different purpose to help the uneducated understand better, especially sermons and biblical paraphrase. Tyndale's striving for the proper English expression was still motivated by the desire to enable the ploughboy to understand more of the Bible than the learned bishops.
A puristic reaction was, then, provoked by fashionable eloquence, as is evident from aspects of fifteenth-century aureate diction and sixteenth-century inkhornism . . . . The humanists had rediscovered a classical form of Latin instituted by Roman writers who fought against Greek technical terms as well as fashionable Hellenization, but who could not do without terminologies for the disciplines dominated by Greek traditions. Ascham, Wilson and Cheke (all counted among the 'purists' in a loose application of the term) behaved exactly as Cicero had done: they wrote in the vernacular (no obvious choice around 1530--50), avoided fashionable loanwords and fanciful, rare expressions, but did not object to the borrowing of necessary terms.
Cheke was as inconsistent a 'purist' as he was a reformer of EModE spelling . . . . On the one hand, he went further than most of his contemporaries in his efforts to preserve the English language "vnmixt and vnmangeled" . . ., but on the other hand he also borrowed beyond what was necessary and what his own tenets seemed to allow. (The problem of untranslatable terms, as in his renderings of biblical antiquities, was solved by marginal explanations.) The practice (and historical ineffectiveness) of other 'purists', too, who attempted translations of Latin terminologies --- Golding for medicine, Lever for philosophy and Puttenham for rhetoric . . . --- demonstrates that there was no such rigorous puristic movement in sixteenth-century England as there was in many other countries during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purists' position and their influence on EModE has often been exaggerated; it is more to the point to speak of "different degrees of Latinity" . . . .
Görlach θϡȤϰۤʤȼλŦǤꡤ¿ѸΥեѸȽ䡤ܸˤΥץڤΥʸήȤδطǻŦ⡤λ鸫ľƤߤΤ⤪⤷ (see #2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1])#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])ˡ
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ūľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ
The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
(229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
(230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)
Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.
Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Ѹֻ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ˤĤơ#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) εǸڤƤ
Hart ϡɽΩˤֻפε˯Ǥꡤ1ʸ1פۤؤʤƤ³ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ȤȤˡޤƤŪäˡο͡ˤޤȤ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤäǤ⡤Hart ƤΤʤǡ˷̤Ȥɸֻ˺Ѥ줿פʹܤ2Ĥ롥<u> <v> ʬ <i> <j> ʬǤ롥줾ʬγפˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) ǿ줿̤տŪ˶ʤ褦Ȥʪ Hart οͤäHorobin (120--21) ϡ Hart ιˤĤơΤ褦ɾƤ롥
In many ways Hart's is a sensible, if slightly over-idealized, view of the spelling system. Some of the reforms introduced by him have in fact been adopted. Before Hart the letter <j> was not a separate letter in its own right; in origin it is simply a variant form of the Roman letter <I>. In Middle English it was used exclusively as a variant of the letter <i> where instances appear written together, as in lijf 'life', and is common in Roman numerals, such as iiij for the number 4. . . . Hart advocated using the letter <j> as a separate consonant to represent the sound /dʒ/, as we still do today. A similar situation surrounds the letters <u> and <v>, which have their origins in the single Roman letter <V>. In the Middle English period they were positional variants, so that <v> appeared at the beginning of words and <u> in the middle of words, irrespective of whether they represented the vowel or consonant sound. Thus we find Middle English spellings like vntil, very, loue, and much. Hart's innovation was to make <u> the vowel and <v> the consonant, so that their appearance was dependent upon use, rather than position in the word.
ˡˤĤʤ2ФʸǤʬˤĤơHart ΤߤιǤ櫓ˤϤʤΥǥƤΤ٤Ƥˢ˵櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤõƤ褤
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥnation Ȥ1ñˤȤɤޤ餺̤˥ƥ -tiō ̤ĸäֻѸ -<cion> Ѹ -<tion> ؤѲܤ롥
εǼ褦ˡ <c> <t> Ѳϸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȹͤ롥츻Ūֻϡ٤ǤΤΡƤϤĤθˤñȯŪΤǤꡤηŪʸݤǤϤʤΤʤǤƥ -tiō Ȥ <c> <t> ѲϤ褽§Ū褦Ǥꡤ٤ˤưռŪäȤ롥§ŪǰռŪäȤȤϡˤФѲֻ (spelling_reform) ̤äȸʤʤѸֻפˤˤơ¿ʤȤߤ Noah Webster ΤΤ餤ʤʤȤƤޤʬŪˤȸ뤬Ѹ <c> <t> Ϥ⤦1Ĥ㳰ŪȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Venezky (38) ϡ-<tion> Τߤʤ餺 -<tial> ޤơѲˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥
. . . a number of graphemic substitutions, introduced mostly between the times of Chaucer and Shakespeare, must be treated separately. One of these is the substitution of t for c in suffixes like tion and tial, e.g., nation, essential (cf. ME, nacion, essenciall). Early Modern English scribes, instilled with the fervor of classical learning, brought about in these substitutions one of the few true spelling reforms in English orthographic history.
Venezky, Richard L. The Structure of English Orthography. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
˰³ƤꡥCaon (297) ˤСԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ǽƤΤϡҤ٤褦ˡ16Ⱦʹߤ Mulcaster ƱֻԤǤȿƤSalmon Ȥ Caon (297) ˤС¤ϤȾ̤ۤ16Ⱦ John Rastell ʤʪˤäƤƤȤ
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries linguists and spelling reformers attempted to set down rules for the use of final -e. Richard Mulcaster is believed to have been the one who first formulated the modern rule for the use of the ending. In The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) he proposed to add final -e in certain environments, that is, after -ld; -nd; -st; -ss; -ff; voiced -c, and -g, and also in words where it signalled a long stem vowel (Scragg 1974:79--80, Brengelman 1980:348). His proposals were reanalysed later and in the eighteenth century only the latter function was standardised (see Modern English hop--hope; bit--bite). However. according to Salmon (1989:294). Mulcaster was not the first one to recommend such a use of final -e; in fact, the sixteenth-century printer John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) had already suggested it in The Boke of the New Cardys (1530). In this book of which only some fragments have survived, Rastell formulated several rules for the correct spelling of English words, recommending the use of final -e to 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel.
® Salmon ʸꤷɤǤߤJohn Rastell (c. 1475--1536) ϡˡΧȡȡۼԡԻԡڰȡ̱ϤοʼԤʤɤͤ¿ͤʿʪä褦ǡɤ߽ˡˤؿƤȤξҤ The boke of the new cardys wh<ich> pleyeng at cards one may lerne to know hys lett<ers,> spel [etc.] Ȥ̾ǽƤꡤ褽1530ǯ Rastell ˤʤơ餯ˤ줿ȹͤƤ롥¸ΤҤΤߤͿս Salmon ʸ (pp. 300--01) ˺ƸƤ롥
Rastell ֻؤδؿϡΰüɬҲȤʤäƤطʤ̵ǤϤʤRastell ϡȤȤơɤߤ䤹ֻɬפƤꡤThe boke ˤֻߤΤRastell ϡMulcaster ʤɤơ16ȾȤᤤˡǤˡ (orthography) ȤȯۤäƤΤǤ롥
Rastell 첻ҲɽˤĤƤĤƤԤäƤ뤬ɸȴϢơSalmon (294) μλŦפǤ롥"[A]nother proposal which was taken up by his successors was the employment of final <e> (Chapter viii) to 'perform' or 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel, a device with which Mulcaster is usually credited (cf. Scragg 1974: 79)."
ᤤˡ˴ؿƤΤ Rastell ǤʤäƱ Thomas Poyntz ʤ륤ɾͤ첻ĹȤ diacritic <e> ƤƤ롥Poyntz ƤΤϡRastell Mulcaster ƤȤϰۤʤꡤ첻ľ <e> ³Ȥˡäʤ<saey>, <maey>, <daeys>, <moer>, <coers> ǡǤ (Salmon 294--95) Poyntz ˡϸˤʤäˤ16ȾˡؼԤǤϤʤ¶ȲȤƳDZѸˡΩưϤƤȤϡõƤƤ褤
Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.
Salmon, Vivian. "John Rastell and the Normalization of Early Sixteenth-Century Orthography." Essays on English Language in Honour of Bertil Sundby. Ed. L. E. Breivik, A. Hille, and S. Johansson. Oslo: Novus, 1989. 289--301.
Ѹˤˤơ final /e/ ȡֻ final <e> ʬƹͤɬפ롥15ȡ֤ <e> ϡб첻˼äƤȹͤƤ뤬ֻϤθϢʤȽ³줿Ѹˡˤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) ȤƤ <e> εǽˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]), #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) طˡȯãˤĤƤ #1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]), #1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1]) ǿƤϡѸˡˤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ȯãƤȤ櫓κǽͻҤ˿줿
Scragg (79--80) ϡѸγĹ (meosl) ˸ڤӤʤ顤 <e> εǽε§ϡ16Ⱦβֻ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ˵ȤݤǵŸƤMulcaster ˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ڤ mulcaster γƵȤ줿ˡ
One of the most far-reaching changes Mulcaster suggested was for the use of final unpronounced <e> as a marker of vowel length. Of the many orthographic indications of a long vowel in English, the one with the longest history is doubling of the vowel symbol, but this has never been regularly practised. . . . Use of final <e> as a device for denoting vowel length (especially in monosyllabic words such as mate, mete, mite, mote, mute, the stem vowels of which have now usually been diphthongised in Received Pronunciation) has its roots in an eleventh-century sound-change involving the lengthening of short vowels in open syllables of disyllabic words (e.g. /nɑmə/ became /nɑːmə/). When final unstressed /ə/ ceased to be pronounced after the fourteenth century, /nɑːmə/, spelt name, became /nɑːm/, and paved the way for the association of mute final <e> in spelling with a preceding long vowel. After the loss of final /ə/ in speech, writers used final <e> in a quite haphazard way; in printed books of the sixteenth century <e> was added to almost every word which would otherwise end in a single consonant, though the fact that it was then apparently felt necessary to indicate a short stem vowel by doubling the consonant (e.g. bedde, cumme, fludde 'bed, come, flood') shows that writers already felt that final <e> otherwise indicated a long stem vowel. Mulcaster's proposal was for regularisation of this final <e>, and in the seventeenth century its use was gradually restricted to the words in which it still survives.
Brengelman (347) ƱͤμݤǵƤ뤬<e> ε§ Mulcaster Τߤ˵ˡLevins Coote ʤƱˡ˴ؿĿ͡νŪʹȤƤȤ館Ƥ褦
It was already urged in the last quarter of the sixteenth century that final e should be used as a vowel diacritic. Levins, Mulcaster, Coote, and others had urged that final e should be used only to "draw the syllable long." A corollary of the rule, of course, was that e should not be used after short vowels, as it commonly was in words such as egge and hadde. Mulcaster believed it should also be used after consonant groups such as ld, nd, and st, a reasonable suggestion that was followed only in the case of -ast. . . . By the time Blount's dictionary had appeared (1656), the modern rule regarding the use of final e as a vowel diacritic had been generally adopted.
ˤ衤16ˤϡʤ餯15ˤˡǤ˸ŪֻѤΤʤ <e> ΤΤƤռŪ˻Ѥ§褦ȤΤMulcaster 濴Ȥ1600ǯβԤäȤȤˤʤºݡβװƤ17˺դƤȤˤʤꡤߤ "magic <e>" ε§ΤǤ롥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ܥ֥Ǥ code-switching (CS) ˴ؤƤĤεƤȤ櫓Ѹˤλϡ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1]) Ƥ CS ˴ؤ븦ȯŸ˸岡ǡޤ˸ (historical_pragmatics) ήԤˤ٤ǡŪˤ CS θ⾯ĿӤƤƤ褦ǤꡤѸˤˤƤ⤤ĤʸФ褦ˤʤä
˱Ѹˤ CS μ֤ϡޤޤƤʤȤ¿⤽⡤CS ѻ˥ƥȤϤɤٻĤäƤΤSchendl ϡѸ줫Ѹˤơʣ줬ߤƥȤϷ褷ƾʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
There is a considerable number of mixed-language texts from the ME and the EModE periods, many of which show CS in mid-sentence. The phenomenon occurs across genres and text types, both literary and non-literary, verse and prose; and the languages involved mirror the above-mentioned multilingual situation. In most cases Latin as the 'High' language is one of the languages, with one or both of the vernaculars English and French as the second partner, though switching between the two vernaculars is also attested. (79)
CS in written texts was clearly not an exception but a widespread specific mode of discourse over much of the attested history of English. It occurs across domains, genres and text types --- business, religious, legal and scientific texts, as well as literary ones. (92)
鷺͡ʥƥȤ CS 褦ʸإƥȤȤƤϡŪˤ "(i) sermons; (ii) other religious prose texts; (iii) letters; (iv) business accounts; (v) legal texts; (vi) medical texts" ƤꡤʸإƥȤȤƤ "(i) mixed or 'macaronic' poems; (ii) longer verse pieces; (iii) drama; (iv) various prose texts" ʤɤȤ (Schendl 80)
Ѹˤ뤤˸ؤˤ CS ʤޤƥȡˤ椹յϾʤȤ3롥1Ĥϡ2Ѥȸܿξβ˻2ĤϡCS ȼѤζܤ˴ط롥üѤ¿ѸˤˤȤäơѤβ餫ˤ뤳ȤϡŪˤºŪˤˤƽפǤ (see #1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1])) 3ĤˡŪ CS ̻ŪʼͿ뤳Ȥˤꡤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Schendl, Herbert. "Linguistic Aspects of Code-Switching in Medieval English Texts." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 77--92.
ε ([2015-09-20-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ16 hem, 'em Ժߡ뤤٤ȤˤĤơEEBO (Early English Books Online) Υƥȥǡ١ѤơʰƤߤ̤ϡư hem ޤᡤλäƤꡤǫ˽֤ϼäƤʤΤΡ16ϳΤ˶ü˾ʤȤ狼ä
16ȾΤϡAndrew Boorde, The pryncyples of astronamye (1547) ˸ "doth geue influence to hem the which be borne vnder this signe" 1ΤߤǤ롥16Ⱦ300ۤɤΥ֥ѥΤʤǡˤ'em ˻äƤϡ16ȾΥ֥ѥޤƤ㤬ʤ
16ȾΥ֥ѥǤ⡤hem ϾȤϤƾѤʤF. T., The debate betweene Pride and Lowlines (1577) ʤƥȤˤ "for they doon hem blame", "For which hem thinketh they should been aboue" ʤɤJoseph Hall, Certaine worthye manuscript poems of great antiquitie reserued long in the studie of a Northfolke gentleman (1597) ȤˤƤŤᤫΤʤDz٤줿ꤹ٤Ǥ
17֥ѥθ̰äįȡhem ٤ȤݤϤʤ'em ϤᡤٳĥƤͻҤǤ롥Ԥ 'em νиϡݥȥեȤɵ漫Τγ礬17ˤƿʹԤȤȴط (see #582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]))
hem, 'em Ū³ȤˤĤƤϡ16ˤ⤫㤬ʸڤȤȤ顤³ǧƤ褤ȤϹͤ롥ǤϤäˤѤƤȤ¬⡤餯ʤʸϤξˤۤȤȿǤʤäΤȤϻĤ뤷17ʹߤ褷ƤݤˡǤ˶Ūˤ them ξάȲᤵƤǽˤĤƤɤͤ뤫ȤĤ롥ϡޤȤäƤ褤
#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡŤ3;ʣ̾Ϳʤͳ褹 hem 뤤Ϥμ 'em ϡɸѸǤ1500ǯޤǤ them ˤִۤ줿16ʹߡŪʶäƺƤʸ˸Ф'em ϡߤθ I got 'em. ˤߤ褦ˡޤκפĤƤȤ뤬űѸѸ줫鸽ѸˤŪ³ĥ뤿ˤϡ16ξڵԺߤȤʤꤽWyld (327--28) ˿Ƥ롥
The history of hem is rather curious. It survives in constant use among nearly all writers during the fifteenth century, often alongside the th- form. I have not noted any sixteenth-century example of it in the comparatively numerous documents I have examined, until quite at the end of the century. It reappears, however, in Marston and Chapman early in the seventeenth century, and in the form 'em occurs, though sparingly, in the Verney Mem. towards the end of the seventeenth century, where the apostrophe shows that already it was thought to be a weakened form of them. During the eighteenth century 'em becomes fairly frequent in printed books, and it is in common use to-day as [əm]. It is rather difficult to explain the absence of such forms as hem or em in the sixteenth century, since the frequency at a later period seems to show that, at any rate, the weak form without the aspirate must have survived throughout. The explanation must be that em, though commonly used, was felt, as now, to be merely a form of them.
Wyld ϡ16 hem, 'em ϸȤ³ƤϤǤ them Ρ줿άȤƤꡤʸϤξȿǤ뵡ʤäΤȤո
βդڵϤ롥Wyld 16㤬г̵ȤƤ뤬OED 'em, pron. Ūʸįȡ촴첻ɤ̵뤹Сhem 'em तϡΤ˾ʤΤΡĤʸڤ롥
a1525 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Douce) 143 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 233 A ferlyfule sowne sodeynly Among heme maide was hydwisly.
a1525 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Trin. Dublin) (1896) 28 He bad ham well þorwe that thay sholden yn al manere senden after more of har kyn.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 66, Sotly hyt semys not surfetus harde No vnpossibill thys pupull perfourme in dede That fyuetymes fewer before home has done.
1579 Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 27 Tho to the greene Wood they speeden hem all.
1589 'M. Marprelate' Hay any Worke for Cooper 48 Ile befie em that will say so of me.
ŪϢ³ĥΤ˼餬ĤʤäȤ٤ǡ16ϳΤʤ褦Ǥ롥ŪʸȤʸϤȿǤ뵡ʤäȤˤĤƤ⡤⤦겼ƹͤɬפꤽ
ʤ18ˡSwift 'em 餷ʤˡȤƤ뤳ȤդäƤWyld (329) ۩
Note that this form ['em] became so widespread in the early eighteenth-century speech that Swift complains that 'young readers in our churches in the prayer for the Royal Family, say endue'um, enrich'um, prosper'um, and bring'um. Tatler, No. 230 (1710).
Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 3rd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936.
ѥ饭ɤȤʬϤ#317. Ǽʬޥ˥ʥԡˡ ([2010-03-10-1])#518. Singapore English ΥɤС ([2010-09-27-1])#880. ˤ⥤ꥹѸ졤ˤ⥢ꥫѸñ ([2011-09-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ƤϽѸ濴Ū˰ƥȡǡ١ EEBO (Early English Books Online) ꡤɤäƤߤ
EEBO ĿŪ˼ѸΥƥȽ11ʾˤФWordSmith KeyWords еǽѤȥѥȤƤϡ奤ꥹѸɽΤȤ LOB ѥꤷϻȥѥΤۤä絬ϤǤϤʤФʤʤΤEEBO 礭ȤȤǡܤĤ֤äƤϡѸ٤ƻ٤⤤ѸθФȤȤǤ롥μҲħŤäޤϤǤ롥
ɸι⤤ˡ500ޤǤΥꥹȤɤ줿⾮ʸǼ
[ Top 100 ]
amp, note, god, and, that, hath, them, christ, shall, haue, thou, they, thy, so, all, our, not, their, upon, doth, vnto, of, unto, his, king, yet, or, hee, eacute, vs, ye, him, lord, thee, which, bee, doe, saith, men, onely, but, vpon, be, nor, de, c, gods, by, faith, holy, great, church, your, o, as, selfe, wee, owne, ad, con, est, things, then, such, therefore, himselfe, may, y, to, sin, grace, cause, tis, us, mr, ther, kings, thereof, let, spirit, man, al, vp, yea, any, this, ac, s, pro, ing, com, thus, e, against, forth, re, shew, whom, l, wherein
[ -- 200 ]
loue, ly, selves, scripture, self, law, st, those, thing, cor, sinne, being, glory, euery, death, good, sonne, true, neuer, whereof, iohn, againe, psal, pope, religion, ed, hym, soule, hast, lib, ex, heaven, agrave, whiche, pray, neither, downe, acirc, tion, quod, my, sed, fore, soul, nature, euen, dayes, is, p, apostles, euer, till, feare, chap, ver, rom, vnder, ma, qui, vse, according, giue, power, ouer, mans, egrave, lesse, se, doctrine, ne, ment, meanes, themselues, shal, d, sins, viz, prince, did, vertue, wicked, honour, earth, ut, blessed, princes, ter, apostle, th, persons, que, thinke, same, others, lords, ought, pag, truth, none, kingdome
[ -- 300 ]
tho, si, cap, goe, if, beene, flesh, et, christs, make, fathers, concerning, reason, body, mercy, selues, enemies, bishops, farre, v, bishop, ar, hearts, wil, likewise, other, rome, name, obedience, en, wise, cum, speake, finde, nay, iesus, we, conscience, manner, non, heart, sinnes, it, yt, hauing, saints, generall, mat, contrary, worke, wit, sayd, whereby, covenant, wherefore, gen, passe, poore, lorde, publick, word, mens, suffer, na, heare, mee, ei, heb, divers, christians, therein, theyr, minde, shalt, bloud, shewed, certaine, vers, un, son, amongst, ibid, ca, jesus, betwixt, quae, scriptures, say, divine, thine, rest, countrey, besides, di, heauen, cannot, qu, therfore, godly, sent
[ -- 400 ]
m, moses, these, christian, called, n, vn, false, should, paul, also, discourse, meane, without, booke, whence, shee, emperour, souls, place, thereby, yeares, tyme, lawes, peace, what, dis, behold, foure, citie, giuen, israel, anno, liberty, thence, gospel, cast, ograve, aboue, souldiers, tooke, sa, priests, gaue, fol, maketh, places, pardon, te, warre, saviour, wayes, saint, thinges, will, themselves, kinde, suche, bene, love, salvation, yeare, towne, spirituall, esse, fa, duke, majesty, brethren, laws, alwayes, workes, ab, lest, for, wrath, wordes, soules, done, sunt, angels, vel, ry, liue, ted, ty, looke, repentance, dr, beare, prayer, keepe, faire, ii, parts, helpe, iudge, no, churches, r
[ -- 500 ]
dy, vsed, prophet, outward, ble, ap, spake, sect, armes, notwithstanding, come, h, naturall, maner, crosse, popes, sayth, pa, papists, whatsoever, gospell, iudgement, writ, noble, hoc, par, sacrifice, dye, worship, ons, af, eternal, leaue, ob, euill, am, sacrament, diuers, both, ghost, quam, lye, yee, comming, secondly, how, iustice, sword, daies, father, vi, before, prayers, bodie, whome, councell, nec, though, faithfull, lawe, humane, aut, wel, mi, hir, iii, worthy, isa, easie, ugrave, nowe, lawfull, ere, seene, priest, glorious, serue, commanded, earle, forme, thither, eternall, prophets, turne, iewes, mo, im, halfe, matth, manifest, wilt, are, words, iust, betweene, affections, ocirc, li, ned, creatures
оݤȤΤ EEBO ʿƥȤǤꡤˤ¿䥿ޤޤƤ롥ʤɤ̤ʥƥȽϻܤƤʤΤǡäƤ뤳Ȥդºݡ1̤ amp ϥΰǤꡤ2̤ note ɽ魯ȹͤƤ褤Τǡ̵뤹٤Ǥϥз̤Τޤ뤳Ȥˤ
ǤٸǤϤ뤬Ǥֻۤʤ hath, haue, doth, hee, vs, bee ʤɤ̤뤳ȤǤޤǤϸȤʤäƤ2;ñ̾ thou, thy, thee θʤȤǤ롥
⤷ΤϡߤǤ⸽ǤϤ뤬ۤɸǤϤʤʤäƤǤ롥㤨СꥹȤξ̤˥ꥹȶŪʸ줬¿Ȥ˵Ť200̰˸¤äƤäȽǤ⡤god, christ, gods, faith, holy, church, grace, spirit, loue, scripture, sinne, glory, death, pope, religion, soule, heaven, pray, soul, apostles, vertue, wicked, honour, blessed, apostle ʤɤ롥塼ī奢īȤˡꥹȶϮ³äȤطդˤС夬¯ȤȤǤ⤢롥
ֻȤƤϡ̵ <e> μͳղáæ<u> <v> ڤ <i> <j> κߡshall θʻѡye λ¸ʤɤ (see #373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]); #1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])) ޤߤǤϷ줷ǽ¿ (ex. upon, vnto, nor, therefore, thereof, whereof)
ѸֻɸಽĬήϡü郎Ѹ줫顤ѸФơ1755ǯ Johnson Dictionary Ǥ˻ޤǡĹ³ѸˤեѤοȤݤƱͤΤ褦˿ˤ錄äƴ³ŪȤΤϡɤˤ15ǤϤɤʳʤΤ17ǤϤɤդ꤫ʤɡľŪˤȤ館뤳Ȥ
ϼ̤14ȾChaucer λդ˽ɸβߤ줿15ɸಽή줬ˤ䤫˿ʤȾΰѤƳϡɬ̤˿ƤۤɷŪֻɸಽʤ櫓ǤϤʤ³16ˤƤ⡤ɸಽؤĬήϴˤ䤫ˤߤ줿֤ۤ⤬פϴʤ17ȡȼԤȤϤषؼԤ䶵դƯˤꡤɸŪֻϰϤŸ뤳Ȥˤʤä1650ǯˤϻ¾ɸಽãƤռŪʡפʳ˿ʤΤλ夿18ΤȤǤ롥ơJohnson Dictionary (1755) ˤᲡä줾ܤϡܵդ cat:spelling standardisation Ȥ줿
δȤֻɸಽĬή٤°桦 (73) Ըܤۤä16ʹߤΤĤŤסڡĤŤνǤˤʤɤѤʤ顤?ȾСפȤåݥȤߤĤġʲΤ褦ʬ䤹Ƥ롥
ĤŤؤפϤǤ16ȾФ鸫Ϥᡤ17ȾФˤϡΤɸϤʤȤ⡤濴ŪʡĤŤؤγˤȤ⤤٤ΤϤƤꡤ줬17ޤǤˤϤ˽㲽ꤵñ첽ηɤꡤǤ Johnson's Dictionary ˤΤȤޤʤĤŤԤƤȤ
ȸˤϡåݥȤȤʤƻʸɤߴ졤ŪФȤɸಽ٤İǤ褦ǤʤФʤʤΤ
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
° ̭ ͡ΤäƤѸˡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Ѹˤˤ thou you λȤʬ T/V distinction ˤĤƤϡ#1126. 衼åѤμˤ T/V distinction ε ([2012-05-27-1]) #1127. ʤ thou ǤϤʤ you ̲ ([2012-05-28-1]) t/v_distinction γƵǼ夲Ƥ
2;ʣ̾ηɾñȤƤˡϡ4ΥФ vos λѤ˻Ϥޤꡤ12 Chrétien de Troyes ʤɤˤեФơѸؤϤ餯13ꡤ1600ǯˤϴѤȤƺդƤ17˿ƾñ thou ϿषϤᡤɸѸǤ18ѤȤʤäJohnson (261) 嵭Ūаޤ¤˼ݤ褯ޤȤƤΤǡΤޤްѤ
IN LATIN THE EMPEROR, representing in his person the power and glory of his predecessors, was addressed with vos in the fourth century A.D. By the fifth century, this pronoun was commonly employed to indicate respect. In French by the time of Chrétien de Troyes, vous was not only given to superiors but was also interchanged by equals. In Latin and French works of twelfth-century England, the plural pronoun had been used as a singular by, for example, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Wace, and Marie de France. The practice of using ye and you (the "you-singular") instead of thou and thee (the "thou-singular") apparently spread to English during the thirteenth century and by about 1600 had become established in polite usage. For some time thereafter, however, the thou-singular continued to appear in emotional or intimate speech and in the discourse of superiors to inferiors and of the members of the lower class to one another. Gradually decreasing in use, it became obsolete in the standard language in the eighteenth century and now appears only in poetry and the address of the deity or among Quakers and those who speak a dialect.
Johnson ϡthou οह17˾ơεʤ罰ե47ʤѥȤơyou thou ʬۤ٤Ĵоʪ̤˾ήήήʬषʲΤ褦̤ (Johnson 265)
| 1600--1649 | You | Thou | You* | Thou* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Class | 5,851 | 2,664 | 64.36 | 35.64 |
| Middle Class | 2,807 | 629 | 81.40 | 18.60 |
| Lower Class | 2,385 | 470 | 83.47 | 16.53 |
| 1650--1699 | ||||
| Upper Class | 10,853 | 2,353 | 81.40 | 18.60 |
| Middle Class | 3,145 | 574 | 81.77 | 18.23 |
| Lower Class | 2,849 | 317 | 88.32 | 11.68 |
| * In percent. |
The historical uses of the you-singular, as in respect or irony, and of the thou-singular, as in emotion or intimacy, to an inferior, or in the exchange of the members of the lower class, are exemplified in the various texts throughout the era. However, further demonstrating the meaninglessness of the distinction between them, you may frequently be found in circumstances where thou might be expected to occur, and, at times, thou where we should expect to find you.
Johnson, Anne Carvey. "The Pronoun of Direct Address in Seventeenth-Century English." American Speech 41 (1966): 261--69.
ɸϡĹ餯ˤʤäƤ뵿Ǥ롥Ѹ̿ʸǤ̾̾ you ά롥ؼоݤΤˤꡤĴΤ you 뤳ȤϤˤ衤ŵŪˤϾάΤ롼Ǥ롥ϸűѸǤѸǤƱ
Ūˤ͡ʹͤ̿ʸǼ̾䤦ȡʿʸȤŪʶ̤ȤȤ뤫⤷ʤϡ̿2;ñľˡ߷Ʊ֤ĤȤȤϢʤűѸǤ2;ñФƤϡ̿ľˡ߷ϰۤʤΤ̤ǤꡤŪ˶̤ƤˡǤϤɤΤ褦˰ƤΤǰʤ顤ϲʹˤΤʤ
Ūʵ⤢㤨С᤹̿оݤ2;ΤǤ뤳ȤϼǤ뤫顤̿ʸˤƼ߲ɬפʤȤǽ⤷ʤҲδϡ (125) ϡֱѸϼդĤάʤ̿ʸλϾά롥μʤ̿ᤵ줿ͤˤάʸˡϡݥ饤ȥͥȥƥΤȤ褦פȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ϣơϡ̿ʸʳǤ you ǤϤʤ̿;̾ one ѤϤ뤫ǫǤȤҤ٤Ƥꡤ̿ʸǤμά negative politeness δΤŪʰ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ݥ饤ȥͥˤϡѸζŪˤȤɤޤäƤȤߤʤ٤⤷ʤȤΤϡѸǤϡ̾ź̿ʸΤۤǫäȤŦ뤫Fennell (165) ۩". . . in Early Modern English constructions such as Go you, Take thou were possible and appear to have been more polite than imperatives without pronouns."
Ѹ̿Ȥ٤˴Ϣݥ饤ȥͥȥƥȤƤϡI pray you, Prithee, I do require that, I do beseech you, so please your lordship, I entreat you, If you will give me leave ʤ͡ʤΤ¸ߤϢʤ please 17ݥ饤ȥͥΰռ͡ȿǤ줿λˡषդ̿ʸΥȥƥ1ĤȤƵǽǽȤȤ϶̣嵭ˤϡ褯Ƥ⸽ѸμάŪˤȤɤޤꡤ̻ŪͭϤ⤿ʤ
ˤĤƤϡͤƤ
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
ؼҲ硡ǡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ѸΥƥ䥮ꥷ줫θüѤϡ夫鿶֤äƤߤȡμ¸ä#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤ16˸¤äƤ13000ۤɤѤ졤Ⱦʬʾ7000줬ƥ줫Ǥ롥λθüѤˤĤƤϡʲε䥤 (inkhorn_term) ˴Ϣ뤽¾εǤƻ夲Ƥ
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
16ȾɽȤȤ Shakespeare Shakespeare θüѤϡ嵭νѸθüѤŪʻ˾Ȥ餷ƤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤCrystal (63) ϡShakespeare ˤƽФäˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
LEXICAL FIRSTS
There are many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have survived into Modern English. Some examples:
accommodation, assassination, barefaced, countless, courtship, dislocate, dwindle, eventful, fancy-free, lack-lustre, laughable, premeditated, submerged
There are also many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have not survived. About a third of all his Latinate neologisms fall into this category. Some examples:
abruption, appertainments, cadent, exsufflicate, persistive, protractive, questrist, soilure, tortive, ungenitured, unplausive, vastidity
ä˾ΰѤ2बܤͤ롥Shakespeare νХƥѸä˴ؤơ3ʬ1ѸؼѤʤäȤ¤ŦƤ롥[2010-08-18-1]εǿ줿褦ˡλΥƥѸäȾʬۤɤʤäȤȤǸƤΤǡб Shakespeare ΥƥѸä3ʬ2γΨǻ¸ȤȤǤСShakespeare ϻʿͤ⤯ä˹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Shakespeare ˴ؤ¸ΨŪʹ⤵ϡạ̈ΤϡShakespeare θˤĤƲΤʤΤ뤤ϡʿͤȤκϡϰʤΤˤϸäοȤˡؤäƤ̡̤ͤʤɤӤɬפ⤢Τ褦ͤ϶̣줬̣뤫ŤɾʤФʤʤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Ѹˤư츽߿;θ -th -s ѲˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ˴Ϣ Bambas ʸɤߤκǿθ̤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ѸˤǤϡ1600ǯդξȤ The Authorised Version Լˤ3ñ -s ̵Ǥ뤳ȤФˤ롥Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȤΤƤ롥顤ʸŪʸǤ -s ϸŪˤȤΤ̤äΤǤϤʤȤ¬Ωġ Jespersen (19) ϤΤ褦ʰոǤ롥
Contemporary prose, at any rate in its higher forms, has generally -th'; the s-ending is not at all found in the A[uthorized] V[ersion], nor in Bacon A[tlantis] (though in Bacon E[ssays] there are some s'es). The conclusion with regard to Elizabethan usage as a whole seems to be that the form in s was a colloquialism and as such was allowed in poetry and especially in the drama. This s must, however, be considered a licence wherever it occurs in the higher literature of that period. (qtd in Bambas, p. 183)
Bambas (183) ˤСꥶ٥īλʸȤΥƥȤĴƤߤȡºݤˤ1590ǯޤǤˤʸŪʸˤƤ -s ǧƤꡤƤͻҤϤʤθ⡤Ŀͤˤä٤ΰ㤤礭ΤΡ-s 줿ȹͤͳϤʤȤJespersen θϡ-s βᾮɾǤȡ
The fact seems to be that by the 1590's the -s-form was fully acceptable in literary prose usage, and the varying frequency of the occurrence of the new form was thereafter a matter of the individual writer's whim or habit rather than of deliberate selection.
ơ17 -th -s ˼äƵˤʤäƤäȸ롥Wyld (333--34) ۩
From the beginning of the seventeenth century the 3rd Singular Present nearly always ends in -s in all kinds of prose writing except in the stateliest and most lofty. Evidently the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible regarded -s as belonging only to familiar speech, but the exclusive use of -eth here, and in every edition of the Prayer Book, may be partly due to the tradition set by the earlier biblical translations and the early editions of the Prayer Book respectively. Except in liturgical prose, then, -eth becomes more and more uncommon after the beginning of the seventeenth century; it is the survival of this and not the recurrence of -s which is henceforth noteworthy. (qtd in Bambas, p. 185)
Bambas Ϥˤ۵Ĥ롥Wyld θϡ-eth βᾮɾǤȡĤޤȤ Bambas ϡ1600ǯǯδ֡-s -th ŪˤԤԤִȤήǤϤ뤬ξ¸λȤߤΤŬڤǤȤոΰո٤ΤϡBambas ȤԤä16ȾФ17ȾФˤƤλʸˤĴ̤Ǥ롥Bambas (186) ɽƸ褦
| Author | Title | Date | Incidence of -s |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ascham, Roger | Toxophilus | 1545 | 6% |
| Robynson, Ralph | More's Utopia | 1551 | 0% |
| Knox, John | The First Blast of the Trumpet | 1558 | 0% |
| Ascham, Roger | The Scholmaster | 1570 | 0.7% |
| Underdowne, Thomas | Heriodorus's Anaethiopean Historie | 1587 | 2% |
| Greene, Robert | Groats-Worth of Witte; Repentance of Robert Greene; Blacke Bookes Messenger | 1592 | 50% |
| Nashe, Thomas | Pierce Penilesse | 1592 | 50% |
| Spenser, Edmund | A Veue of the Present State of Ireland | 1596 | 18% |
| Meres, Francis | Poetric | 1598 | 13% |
| Dekker, Thomas | The Wonderfull Yeare 1603 | 1603 | 84% |
| Dekker, Thomas | The Seuen Deadlie Sinns of London | 1606 | 78% |
| Daniel, Samuel | The Defence of Ryme | 1607 | 62% |
| Daniel, Samuel | The Collection of the History of England | 1612--18 | 94% |
| Drummond of Hawlhornden, W. | A Cypress Grove | 1623 | 7% |
| Donne, John | Devotions | 1624 | 74% |
| Donne, John | Ivvenilia | 1633 | 64% |
| Fuller, Thomas | A Historie of the Holy Warre | 1638 | 0.4% |
| Jonson, Ben | The English Grammar | 1640 | 20% |
| Milton, John | Areopagitica | 1644 | 85% |

ɸˤĤƤ 3pp γƵǼ夲ƤϢ뵭Ҥ⤦1ĸĤΤǡʲ˵Ƥ#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥ȡ ([2012-11-18-1]) ȡ#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gramley (136--37) ΰѤǤ롥
Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.
ƱѸ˽ѥ˥ꡤ6ϤΤ (p. 8) ˡ˾ܤ⤬ܤäƤͭѤǤ롥ޤǤ Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])) ˤƤꡤδϢ Lass (166, 185) Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) ؤθڤ⤢롥
NPTR ˤŬѤ줿̤Ȼפʣ -s Ƥ
they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)
Shakespeare ǤǤˤäʣ -s 줿äꤹ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ˤʸŪ뤤̻ŪʴްդꤽǤ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.
#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤҲ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.
켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ơ<gauge> vs <gage> ΰֻʬۤˤĤŪĴ٤Ƥߤ롥ޤϡѸɤξEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١ˤ긫Ƥߤ褦
| Period (subcorpus size) | <gage> etc. | <gauge> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 0 wpm (0 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 3.35 (11) | 0.00 (0) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 6.84 (90) | 0.076 (1) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 3.01 (147) | 0.35 (17) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 0.060 (5) | 0.19 (5) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0.00 (0) | 0.00 (0) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | <gage> etc. | <gauge> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 5 | 1 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 19 | 20 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 2 | 49 |
| ID | WORD | 1961 | 1991--92 | ca 2006 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown (AmE) | LOB (BrE) | Frown (AmE) | FLOB (BrE) | AmE06 (AmE) | BE06 (BrE) | ||
| 1 | gage | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | gages | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | gaging | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | gauge | 16 | 15 | 10 | 6 | 16 | 21 |
| 5 | gauged | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 6 | gauges | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | gauging | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
#2088. gauge ֻȯ ([2015-01-14-1]) ǿ줿ꥫѸǤ <gage> ֻŪϢ³ˤĤƤϡޤ餫ˤȤޤǹԤäƤʤ<gage> ѤƤطʤϵˤʤȤꥫѸ¿Ȥֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θ̤ʤΤ
[ | ѥڡ ]
#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1]) εθȾǡư <pronounce> Ф̾ <pronunciation> ֤ͳ˿줿ḽѸֻϤɽŪʤΤˤɽַǡŪˤηϤؤȯŸƤŪɽ¿ʬ˻ĤäƤꡤΤ褦 <ou> = /aʊ/, <u> = /ʌ/ δطƤ륱롥
طˤư̾θ촴ʬ˰ۤʤ첻ۤʤ첻ȤΤʤȤˤϰ㤤ʤǡפ褦Ȥߵᡤ뤤ϰѤ뤳ȤϼԤǤ롥̾ <pronounciation> ֤äꡤ/prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃən/ ȯߤԤƤλߤϤФеϼԤѤȥåƥŽƤդˤСۤɤ褯Ѥ뤳ȤȤȤHorobin (247) ˤ⡤"commonly misspelled pronounciation" ȤƸڤ롥OED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The forms pronouncyacyon, pronounciacion, pronountiation, pronounciation show the influence of PRONOUNCE v. This influence is also seen in the pronunciation Brit. /prəˌnaʊnsɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S. /prəˌnaʊnsiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/, which has frequently been criticized in usage guides.
̾ˤ /aʊ/ ȯϡWeb3 Ǥ "substandard" ȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤꡤLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ǤդƤ롥
̾첻ɽ魯ֻˤĤƤϡθ줬ե줫Ѥ줿Ѹ <u> ̤äOED ˤ <ou> İ֤꤬15ԤƤȤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ˴Ťƥȡǡ١Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ16--17ˤϳΤ˥ѥѥ <ou> 㤬롥¿ΰ۷ޤƸ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Period (subcorpus size) | <pronunciation> etc. | <pronounciation> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (244,602 words) | 0 wpm (0 times) | 0 wpm (0 times) |
| 1501--1550 (328,7691 words) | 9.73 (32) | 0.30 (1) |
| 1551--1600 (13,166,673 words) | 1.14 (15) | 0.30 (4) |
| 1601--1650 (48,784,537 words) | 1.35 (66) | 0.12 (6) |
| 1651--1700 (83,777,910 words) | 1.38 (116) | 0.19 (16) |
| 1701--1750 (90,945 words) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Period (subcorpus size) | <pronunciation> etc. | <pronounciation> etc. |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 31 | 2 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 43 | 0 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 64 | 0 |
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