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2022-10-31 Mon

#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ [subjunctive][imperative][hortative][morphology][inflection][mood][typology]

Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤ᤿ǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥

Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
   Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative


³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])

Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2019-01-05 Sat

#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط [optative][hortative][mood][terminology][subjunctive]

#3514. ˤֵפν ([2018-12-10-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡ (optative) ȴ (hortative) ζܤۣǤ롥
߷ (540) ˤȡPoutsma ʬ˴Ťȡʸˤ (1) ʿʸ (declarative sentence)(2) ʸ (interrogative sentence)(3) ̿ʸ (imperative sentence) 3ĤꡤΤ (1) ʿʸ̤ʤΤȤ (a) òʸ (exclamative sentence)(b) ˾ʸ (optative sentence)(c) ʸ (hortative sentence) 󤲤Ƥ롥(1c) δʸŵȤƼΤ褦ʤΤ롥

Part we (= Let us part) in friendship from your land!---W. Scott ʤʤι񤫤褯̤ޤ礦
So be it! ʤϤǤ褤
Suffice it to say . . . ʡ. . . ȤС˽ʬ
Be it known! ʤΤȤΤäƤޤ礦
Be it understood! ʤΤȤ򤷤Ƥޤ礦


ơ#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) ([2011-12-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲 be it ever so humble ʤ˼ǤǤȡˤⵯŪˤϡδʸͳ褹ȤߤǤϡ嵭Τ褦˲ˡߤѤΤ귿ʸ˸¤졤let ˤ뱪ˡΤۤŪǤ롥
ͽۤȤ˾ʸȤζ̤ϸŪˤ̯Ǥ롥̤Ĥ䤹ΤϡLet's . . . . ŵŪ˴ʸǤꡤLet us . . . . ̿ʸ뤤ϴ˾ʸǤȤ餤

߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-31-1] [2019-01-08-1]

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2018-12-10 Mon

#3514. ˤֵפν [optative][mood][swearing][taboo][speech_act][hortative]

ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù԰٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζ޷ꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤ᤯ФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵񤭵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-05-1]

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2016-02-08 Mon

#2478. may ȴ let ȯã [pragmatics][syntax][word_order][speech_act][emode][subjunctive][auxiliary_verb][optative][hortative][may]

#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ū򼨤ľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù԰٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù԰٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ᤿櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù԰٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ򸦵椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ

   The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
   
   (229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
   (230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)

Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
   Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.


Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen 򻲾ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let 򡤸ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) 򡤴 let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ

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