Bybee ˤܤɤǤơ̸Ūˤߤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ̿ˡ (imperative) ȤδطݤεҤäѸˤδϡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲²ʳθޤǡƵǤBybee (186) Ѥ롥
Since the subjunctive is usually a marker of certain types of subordination, it is very difficult to say what the subjunctive "means" in any given language. There is a long literature on this problem in European languages, and no satisfactory solution. At most, it might be said that the subjunctive has a very general meaning such as "non-asserted" and then it takes more specific meanings from the context in which it occurs.
Considered cross-linguistically, there is evidence of a relation between the subjunctive and imperative or related moods. When subjunctive forms are used in main clauses, they have an imperative function in Maasai, Basque and Yupik, and/or a hortative function in Tarascan, Pawnee and Maasai, in keeping with their non-asserted subordinate clause functions. The marking of subjunctive parallels that of indicative or imperative in most languages. In Maasai and Pawnee, the subjunctive is a prefix, just as the imperative is, and in Tarascan, Ojibwa and Georgian the subordinating mood is expressed in the same way as the imperative or optative
³ˡ̿ˡʤӴϢ¾ΤĤˡˤϤФеǽŪˤŪˤƤǤȤȤ̸Ūˤ⼨줿櫓ξDzƱѸˤäƤߤΤ⤪⤷ѸˤǤϡŪˤ³ˡ̿ˡϤȤȰۤʤäƤͻ礷ƤȤ̣ݤäƤ뤫
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])
#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1])
Bybee, Joan. Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1985.
#3514. ˤֵפν ([2018-12-10-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ (optative) ȴ (hortative) ζܤۣǤ롥
߷ (540) ˤȡPoutsma ʬ˴Ťȡʸˤ (1) ʿʸ (declarative sentence)(2) ʸ (interrogative sentence)(3) ̿ʸ (imperative sentence) 3ĤꡤΤ (1) ʿʸ̤ʤΤȤ (a) òʸ (exclamative sentence)(b) ˾ʸ (optative sentence)(c) ʸ (hortative sentence) Ƥ롥(1c) δʸŵȤƼΤ褦ʤΤ롥
Part we (= Let us part) in friendship from your land!---W. Scott ʤʤι褯̤ޤ礦
So be it! ʤϤǤ褤
Suffice it to say . . . ʡ. . . ȤС˽ʬ
Be it known! ʤΤȤΤäƤޤ礦
Be it understood! ʤΤȤƤޤ礦
ơ#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) ([2011-12-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲 be it ever so humble ʤ˼ǤǤȡˤⵯŪˤϡδʸͳ褹ȤߤǤϡ嵭Τ褦˲ˡߤѤΤ귿ʸ˸¤졤let ˤ뱪ˡΤۤŪǤ롥
ͽۤȤ˾ʸȤζ̤ϸŪˤ̯Ǥ롥̤Ĥ䤹ΤϡLet's . . . . ŵŪ˴ʸǤꡤLet us . . . . ̿ʸ뤤ϴ˾ʸǤȤ餤
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ
ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ
#1867. May the Queen live long! θ ([2014-06-07-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡmay ʸ let ʸˤ롥Ūˤκǽ˸Ȥ˳Ūľ3;μ뤳ȤǤŪˤϵꡦȤ̣ǻ̤äȯù٤ôȤǤ롥Ǹλ̤äƤ˴ؤƤСȯù٤⡤űѸ줫ѸˤŵŪư³ˡˤäɽ路Ȥ롥̻Ūˤϡmay ˤ let ˤ衤³ˡưѤ̳뱪ˡΩŪʤȤơꥢϤ櫓Τ˻Ѥ경гơȴȤȯù٤ɸޡʤ "pragmatic particle" ȤƵǽ˻ämay let ŪȤƱ˰ȤȯۤϡεǸڤ Quirk et al. Τߤʤ餺Ѹ椷Ƥ Rissanen (229) ˤäƤ⼨Ƥʾp. 82 ⻲ȡˡ
The optative subjunctive is often replaced by a periphrasis with may and the hortative subjunctive with let:
(229) 'A god rewarde you,' quoth this roge; 'and in heauen may you finde it.' ([HC] Harman 39)
(230) Let him love his wife even as himself: That's his Duty. ([HC] Jeremy Taylor 24)
Note the variation between the subjunctive rewarde and the periphrastic may . . . finde in (229).
Of these two periphrases, the one replacing hortative subjunctive seems to develop more rapidly: in Marlow, at the end of the sixteenth century, the hortative periphrasis clearly outnumbers the subjunctive, particularly in the 1 st pers. pl. . ., while the optative periphrasis is less common than the subjunctive.
Rissanen ϡmay let ѤŪꡦˡȯãƱ˰äƤ뤬ξԤߤ˱ƶäɤˤƧ߹ǤʤȯãκˤĤƸڤƤ뤳Ȥ顤ԤȯãԤȯãˤ¥ʤ줿ȤߤƤǽϤ뤷ʤȤ Rissanen ȤƤ뾾 (82) ϤΤ褦˲ᤷƤ褦ΰ̴طִطˤĤƤϤܺ٤Ĵɬפ츫Ȥޤǰۤʤˤߤ may let ѡʾ˲η뾽ȤƸƶ٤ࡥ
ϢƵ may ˤĤƤϡ#2256. ɽ魯 may ν ([2015-07-01-1]) let's δּѲˤĤƤϡ#1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Rissanen, Matti. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
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