hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

taboo - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-04-22 Tue

#5839. ֤Τۤإͥפ go/went ˤĤƺƤӸޤ [voicy][heldio][youtube][inohota][suppletion][sociolinguistics][homonymic_clash][verb][notice][sobokunagimon][taboo]

ƱνʼʷءˤȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥϳߤ3ǯʾ夬Фޤޤ¿ˤƤޤʥͥϿԤܲ14ͤǤˡ
ۿ줿ǿ#329. 2ǯФäƤ⤴³Ƥ go/went 25ˤؤΤߤʤޤΥȤĤǤİӤƤޤ18ʬۤɤưǤҤİ



ưϡ3ǯʾˡʥȥǤϡ2ǯФäƤפȤޤĴ٤3ǯʾФäƤޤ˸#25. ⡪go β went ͳȤưˡʤ¿ΥȤ򤪴󤻤Ƥ뤳ȤΤǤ



#25 ϡ֤ΤۤإͥפۿΤʤǤäˤ褯İƤ1ĤȤʤäƤޤ#25 Υˤϡޤ͡ʤոۡȽ󤻤ƤƤΤǡ #329 ǤϡΤ褦ȿФƻ­򤵤ƤȤǤ#329 Ƥ󤹤Ȱʲ̤Ǥ



#25 Ǽ夲줿Τϡʤ go β *goed ǤϤʤ went ʤΤȤѸ˴ؤѤʵǤϱѸˤǤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ȸƤФ븽ݤɽȤƤޤۤʤ츻ñ줬ñηѲΰʤǤϲˤ䤦ǻȤȤΤǤѸǤϡgo βˡȤȡֹԤʤפ̷̣ư wend β went Ѥ줿ȤΤŪʱѸˤǤ
#25 󼨤ΡֿפȤϡ went go βȤ夷塤ʤ¾¿Ե§ư줬и褦ʵ§Ĥޤ *goed Τ褦ʷؤѲʤäΤȤ˾ƤΤǤϡͳҲ (sociolinguistics) ŪʴƤߤޤĤޤꡤԵ§ went λѤΡָŪʶޡפȤƵǽѸüԤѸüԤ򡤤ʤ춦ƱΤοͤȳο̵̤ͤռŪˤ˲̤ƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ櫓Ǥܤ #25 ФȻפޤ#329 Ǥ⤳󤷤äƤϤޤ
#25 Υˤϡgoed God ʿˤȯȶ᤯ʤꡤԷɤ򤱤줿ΤǤϤʤפȤݤΰո⤤ĤޤϡֿפΥ֡Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) ȤѲװ˴ؤ벾˴ŤΤȻפޤ
ưǤޤϤͿޤͳȤƤϡޤ go θűѸη֤ gān Τ褦 ā'' 첻򼨤ΤǤꡤβ˵§ȤƤ⡤God ʸűѸ godˤȤ첻㤤Ǥξϡ첻βⲻ̤Τ˰ۤʤäƤΤǤˤСˤƱ۵Ϥ̤¸ߤƤꡤ餬ͤǤȤΤϡȤƤϳΤˤΤΡޤʸݤǤ go/went η˴ؤơƱ۵ͤ˴ŤѶŪ˻ٻ뺬ϸޤ
⤦1#25 ǤβˤĤơ򾷤ä⤷ޤΤǡ­ƤȤޤˤơwent Τ褦Ե§ʷüԤüԤӽ뤿˰տŪ˺ä櫤ǤȤϡŪ˲᤮ΤǤϤʤȤݤΥȤ򤤤Ƥޤ
#25 ǻθäȤϼ̤ǤѲϡŪˤïտޤƵΤǤϤʤȯŪ˿ʤǤΤǤꡤgo β went ˤʤäΤ⡤ޤŪʶη̤Ǥ롥η̤ȤԵ§ʷҲŪʰ̣礤Ӥӡȳ̤褦ʵǽĤ褦ˤʤäȤȤϽʬˤȹͤޤĤޤꡤ櫤ųݤפΤǤϤʤּˤǤȤΤ褦ʷϤ򡤸夫櫤ȤѤ褦ˤʤäפȤȤŬڤǤ礦




ơˤĤƹͤƤС

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2023-09-15 Fri

#5254. ̾ᤰä [onomastics][name_project][religion][taboo][euphemism][oxymoron]

̾ץ (name_project) ΰĤȤơͭ̾Ȱ̾ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ˤСˤϸͭ̾θͭ̾ȤäƤ褤Τ褦ʿ򲿤ȸƤ֤Ȥ䤤ϡؤĶƿؤ佡ؤΰƧ߹ळȤˤʤ롥ޤ礭ʤΤǡϡؽػŵ٤Ρ̾פι (350--51) ˰͵򤷤ƽҤ٤롥
ꥹȶǤϿ̾ߤ˾뤳Ȥ϶ػߤƤ롥ʤΡ뤤ϡְڤ٤ס̥פΤľ̾ؤ뤳Ȥϥ֡ (taboo) ȤƤϤФ뤿Ǥcf. #5251. ̾ --- ؽػŵ٤ ([2023-09-12-1]
ҥɥǤƱͤ˿̾ϥ֡Ǥ뤿ᡤնɽ (euphemism) ˤְ̾פ¿롥㤨С̾ϡֱﵯΤפ̣̤ηƻˤʤ
Ǥϡå顼ν¦̤ɽ魯99οΡΡפŪƤ롥å顼Ȥ̾ΤΤˤĤƤ츻⤢롥ʤߤˡϥˤĤƤƱͤʶȤƤ롥
餿ƥꥹȶοȡ̵Ķ򼨤ˡ͡ʰ̾ƽФƤΤʤˤƵˡ (oxymoron) ˤΤ¿㤨Сֵǡס̲̲סưưסĶܼסĶۡסȿФΰספʤɤǤ롥Τ褦̷ޤ̾ŤطʤˤۤϡءפȤ롥
ؤˤߤ̾ŤȤ̾ϡ䤿Ū򤹤ΤȤϤΥ줿ΤǤ롥ЪΥԤ˰̣ŤͿ뤳ȤǽˤƤ롥Ʊ (351) ˤС

ͭ̾ϡˤĤƤγ국ҤƱǤϤʤ S. A. ץ롥ͭ̾ϡʹ֤ΡִסE. ʥˤΤ褦˰쵤İΤǤ롥äơͭ̾ٹ˴򤹤ؤϡСִʤפοȸäƤΤǤ롥Ȥǡʹ֤δϡƥȤֻã֥ϥƥסƣġˤƤ롥οϡֻ̾ϡֻǤפǤ (I am that I am ᥨե եˡסʽХץȵ3:14ˤϡʤ국Ҥݤ˸Ūִͭ̾ʤפȤƤοǤǤ뤬椨ˡ˥ƥȤ򡤤ʤ̣ͿƤ롤ȤˤμʷǤ롥

֡նɽ˶ˤޤꡥ

ѵӾ 氣 ҡ ʡᲬ ͺԡˡؽػŵ١ҡ2010ǯ

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2022-06-26 Sun

#4808. ʤ˴ؤ롿Ф륿֡¿Τ [gender][taboo][race][anthropology]

֡ (taboo) Ȥ̤˹᤿Ӥϡ18󥰥ɤҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook ˵cf. #4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥɡ ([2020-09-18-1])#4802. Ū֡¸ߤʤ ([2022-06-20-1])ˡ㤨 Cook 1768--71ǯΥҥؤιҳˤơҥνȰ˿򤷤ʤȤ˿졤 "Tabu" ȤƸڤƤ롥
ϤȤơˡФơײݤΥ֡ϸź˹ߤ褦Ʊ褦ˡˡִؤץ֡䤽μդˤ礫ʤ㤨С#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1]) #1909. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (2) ([2014-07-19-1])#908. bra, panties, nightie ([2011-10-22-1])#1483. taboo ŪȤʤͳ ([2013-05-19-1])#1507. taboo ŪȤʤͳ (4) ([2013-06-12-1]) ʤɤ⡤򴶤뤳ȤǤ
̤ (gender) ˴ؤ륿֡ŪǤꡤΤʤǤȤ櫓˾Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤȻפ뤬ʤǤϤʤʤΤ1ĤθˤС¿μҲˤƽؤΥ֡ߤ뤳ȤϡäƤȤŪ١ۤȿǤȲǤΤǤϤʤȤAllan and Burridge (4) ϡ嵭ΥҥΥ֡λǰƬˡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . we can look at this taboo in another way, as the function of a kind of caste system, in which women are a lower caste than men; this system is not dissimilar to the caste difference based on race that operated in the south of the United States of America until the later 1960s, where it was acceptable for an African American to prepare food for whites, but not to share it at table with them. This is the same caste system which permitted men to take blacks for mistresses but not marry them; a system found in colonial Africa and under the British Raj in India.


嵭ΥҥϽˤޤĤ륿֡θˤվΥ֡ˤĤƤŪȡפδʬϤƤߤͤꤽ

Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

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2022-06-20 Mon

#4802. Ū֡¸ߤʤ [taboo][sociolinguistics][anthropology]

ε#4801. ֡θ ([2022-06-19-1]) ǰѤ Allan and Burridge ϡϤǡŪ֡¸ߤʤפȸڤäƤ (9--11)

     There is no such thing as an absolute taboo
Nothing is taboo for all people, under all circumstances, for all time. There is an endless list of behaviours 'tabooed' yet nonetheless practised at some time in (pre)history by people for whom they are presumably not taboo. This raises a philosophical question: if Ed recognizes the existence of a taboo against patricide and then deliberately flouts it by murdering his father, is patricide not a taboo for Ed? Any answer to this is controversial; our position is that at the time the so-called taboo is flouted it does not function as a taboo for the perpetrator. This does not affect the status of patricide as a taboo in the community of which Ed is a member, nor the status of patricide as a taboo for Ed at other times in his life. Our view is that, although a taboo can be accidentally breached without the violator putting aside the taboo, when the violation is deliberate, the taboo is not merely ineffectual but inoperative.
   Sometimes one community recognized a taboo (e.g. late eighteenth-century Tahitian women not eating with men) which another (Captain Cook's men) does not. In seventeenth-century Europe, women from all social classes, among them King Charles I's wife Henrietta Maria, commonly exposed one or both breasts in public as a display of youth and beauty. No European queen would do that today. Australian news services speak and write about the recently deceased and also show picture, a practice which is taboo in many Australian Aboriginal communities . . . .
. . . .
We are forced to conclude that every taboo must be specified for a particular community of people, for a specified context, at a given place and time. There is no such thing as an absolute taboo (one that holds for all worlds, times and contexts).


Ū֡ʤ٤Ƥο֡͡ˤͭʥ֡ȤΤ¸ߤʤΤȤǤϤ뤬ʸλ˿Ȥ֤Ƥ䤿ˤȤäơͭʥ֡¾ΤɤǤ⡤ĤǤѤΤȿǤޤϾˤ롥źΥ֡ΤäƤȤϡ°ҲΥ֡вΤΩĤ

Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-26-1]

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2022-06-19 Sun

#4801. ֡θ [taboo][sociolinguistics][anthropology]

Ū֡θݤˤ¿ʴؿ󤻤Ƥ롥hellog Ǥ taboo ȥդ¿εǼ夲ƤʤȤ櫓#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ֡ȤϲʤʹּҲˤϥ֡Τ椬¿̣ԤʤAllan and Burridge (1) Ū֡˴ؤƬǡ֡Ƥ主ˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥

Taboo is a proscription of behaviour that affects everyday life. Taboos that we consider in the course of the book include

bodies and their effluvia (sweat, snot, faeces, menstrual fluid, etc.);
the organs and acts of sex, micturition, and defecation;
diseases, death and killing (including hunting and fishing);
naming, addressing, touching and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places;
food gathering, preparation and consumption

   Taboos arise out of social constraints on the individual's behaviour where it can cause discomfort, harm or injury. People are at metaphysical risk when dealing with sacred persons, objects and places; they are at physical risk from powerful earthly persons, dangerous creatures and disease. A person's soul or bodily effluvia may put him/her at metaphysical, moral or physical risk, and may contaminate others; a social act may breach constraints on polite behaviour. Infractions of taboos can lead to illness or death, as well as to the lesser penalties of corporal punishment, incarceration, social ostracism or mere disapproval. Even an unintended contravention of taboo risks condemnation and censure; generally, people can and do avoid tabooed behaviour unless they intend to violate a taboo.


ˤȡ֡θϡԲ»褦ʸĿͤιư˼ҲŪ¤ݤȤȤ¸ΤȤҲʿ˰ݻ٤ۤƤϤʤҲΤʤǶͭ뤿ηá뤤ϻųݤȸƤ褤⤷ʤɸã뤿ˡ͡ŪѤ򤨤ʤȤΤѤȤΤϡȤ⹪̯ʤǤϤʤ

Allan, Keith and Kate Burridge. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-20-1]

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2021-09-16 Thu

#4525. פɽ魯夫鲼ޤ [taboo][euphemism][swearing][slang][thesaurus]

źθǡ˴ؤϥ֡ (taboo) Ȥʤ䤹͡նɽ (euphemism) ȯãΤǤ롥ѸǤפ̣ˤȤޤʤŪѤƤʤ־פθ礫顤¯ (slang) ȤǤȤʤֲפθޤǡ¤Hughes (242) ɹΰѤȤơΤ褦˵󤲤Ƥ롥

   reproduction
   generation
   copulation
   coition
   intercourse
   congress
   intimacy
   carnal knowledge
   coupling
   pairing
   mating
at roughly which point the line is drawn, below which are found:
   shagging
   banging
   bonking
   fucking


岼2ʬ뤪褽5ܤ˰Ƥ뤬ϲΥ饹°Ū¿ڤʤ񤯤ΤߤΤ¿ΤǡƾάƤȤȤߤΤ򤤤ĤǾҲ𤹤 beast with two backs, bum dancing, bottom wetting, a squirt and a squeeze ʤɡŪ¯켭ŵ᤯äƤߤСɴϤʤ¿Υ饹ˡ
岼ʬΰ֤ˤĤƤϡ⤽Ū뤳ȤϤǤʤȽǤϸĿͤˤäƤۤʤ뤷ˤäƤѲƤ餯֤ǤλǧϤ餫ۤʤĴ٤ƤߤС̣̻Ūˤʤꤽ

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.

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2021-07-22 Thu

#4469. God ФŪնɽ [taboo][euphemism][swearing][slang][metonymy][htoed]

ѸˤˤơGod ʿˤϥ֡ (taboo) ζǤ공ǰǤ롥#4457. ѸͤդĬή ([2021-07-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΥ֡濴ϽŪȤषŪ뤤ϿͼŪʤΤȤʤäƤ뤬ֿ׼Υ֡Ͼ¸ߤƤۤɺʥ֡Ǥ뤫顤ʬбնɽ (euphemism) ˭٤˳ȯƤHughes (13) ¿նɽ¤٤ƤΤǡƸƤߤ褦

TermDateEuphemism
God1350sgog
 1386cokk
 1569cod
 1570Jove
 1598'sblood
 1598'slid (God's eyelid)
 1598'slight
 1599'snails (God's nails)
 1600zounds (God's wounds)
 1601'sbody
 1602sfoot (God's foot)
 1602gods bodykins
 1611gad
 1621odsbobs
 1650sgadzooks (God's hooks)
 1672godsookers
 1673egad
 1695od
 1695odso
 1706ounds
 1709odsbodikins (God's little body)
 1728agad
 1733ecod
 1734goles
 1743gosh
 1743golly
 1749odrabbit it
 1760sgracious
 1820sye gods!
 1842by George
 1842s'elpe me Bob
 1844Drat! (God rot!)
 1851Doggone (God-damn)
 1884Great Scott
 1900Good grief
 1909by Godfrey!


#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ͡ˡ God նɽƤȤʬ롥˻ޤǤϡֿפ켫ȤǤϤʤΤ̤ؤƴŪ˻ؼȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ˤΤΩġḽˤϲŪѷʤΤ¿ rhyming slang ˤ1884ǯ Great Scott ⤢cf. #1459. Cockney rhyming slang ([2013-04-25-1]HTOED ʤɤõСޤޤ㤬󤬤äƤΤȻפ롥
#1338. ֡ε ([2012-12-25-1]) ǤҤ٤褦ˡ֥֡ϡǡǡۤɡषĹ³ΤǤסǶδϢȤƤϡ#4399. My word! ([2021-05-13-1]) ɤ

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.

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2021-07-10 Sat

#4457. ѸͤդĬή [swearing][slang][asseveration][lexicology][semantic_change][taboo][euphemism][pc][sociolinguistics][pragmatics]

Ѹˤˤͤ (swearing) 夲̾ʸ Hughes 롥Ѹͤդ⡤¾θոȰۤʤ餺ƻμҲۤȿǤĤѲƤȡĤޤήԤΰǤ뤳Ȥ䤫Ƥ롥ϤƬˡSwift ΰŪ2ĤΰѤ󤲤Ƥ (236)

   For, now-a-days, Men change their Oaths,
   As often as they change their Cloaths.
                                                               Swift

Oaths are the Children of Fashion.
                                                               Swift


ѸͤդˤˤϡĤ礭Ĭήѻ롥Hughes (237--40) ˰͵򤷤ơŦƤ褽ḽˤƤѲȤȤ館Ƥ褤

(1) ֿʤΡˤˤơפΤ褦 by to ʤɤֻѤ (asseveration) ϸƤ
(2) ͤդΥפˤĤơŪʤΤŪŪʤΤؤθ夬ߤ롥
(3) C. S. Lewis "the moralisation of status word" ȻŦ褦ˡɽ魯줬ƻŪʰ̣礤ӤӤѻ롥㤨 churl, knave, cad, blackguard, guttersnipe, varlet ʤɤϤȤȳʬ̾äƻŪʡְפްդ褦ˤʤꡤͤղƤ
(4) ϫƯפȴϢơvagabond, beggar, tramp, bum, skiver ʤɤͤղηϡϲƤꥶ٥īħŪˤߤ줿
(5) ͤդ̩ܤʴطĥ֡ (taboo) ˤĤơǯŪʥפͼŪʥפؤθ夬ߤ롥

ѸͤդĬήɤ븦ϡֱѸ˼ҲפΰȤ٤ˤϼ¤꤬͡ޤޤƤ롥㤨С嵭ˤ̤ꡤ֡䤽ȴϢնʸˡ (euphemism) ȯŸȤδϢΤꤿʤäƤ롥ޤŵŪʸѲΥפȤɲ (amelioration) 䰭 (pejoration) ˤ̩ܤ˴طˡǯ political correctness (= pc) ˡȤδϢⵤˤʤȤslang ˤȤŤʤꡤҲŪӸŪʹͻоݤˤʤ롥ƲοΰȻפ

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. London: Penguin, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-22-1]

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2021-05-30 Sun

#4416. ȥαѸʸ --- Ѹ˸ [taboo][euphemism][khelf_hel_intro_2021][thesaurus][dictionary][lexicology][htoed][semantics][synonym][slang][hel_education][bibliography][link]

45ϤޤäƤֱѸƳ2021ΥƥľҲ𵭻ϡǺǽȤʤޤoffice, john, House of Lords --- ȥθƤǤȥơޤǤ͡ȥαѸʸˤ뤤ϱѸʸȤ٤ƤǡHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) ѤƤʤˤ⤷ĴǤΤȶƤ륳ƥĤǤƥοޤɤäƤǡȥͪפιڤळȤǤޤ
֡ (taboo)նɽ (euphemism) (synonym) Ȥä (lexicology) ϡѸˤ´ʸʤɤǤ͵ΥơޤǤѸ˸˴ؿä顤Υդ hellog εɤǤߤƤޤʲ˺ΥƥĤȴˤϢҲ𤷤Ƥޤ

#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])
#471. toilet ˭٤նɽ WordNet Visuwords Ǥߤ ([2010-08-11-1])
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1])
#3392. Ʊ ([2018-08-10-1])
#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])

#4395. ѸˤĤĴ٤Ȼפä ([2021-05-09-1])
#3159. HTOED ([2017-12-20-1])
#847. Oxford Learner's Thesaurus ([2011-08-22-1])
#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν ([2021-03-09-1])
#1270. ͥåȥβĻ벽ġ켭 ([2012-10-18-1])
#1432. ⤦1ĤͥåȥinstaGrokפϢ۸ġ ([2013-03-29-1])

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ ([2020-07-10-1])
#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεåȡ ([2020-05-20-1])

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2021-05-13 Thu

#4399. My word! [asseveration][swearing][interjection][taboo][euphemism][labiovelar][phonetics][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021˸ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤOh My Word!?ʤ Word ʤΤήͻ?Ǥ롥
Oh my God! ϥ֡ (taboo) ȤۤɶʶŪˤϻѤ򤱤롥նɽ (euphemism) Ȥơ(Oh my) Gosh!, (Oh my) goodness!, Oh my! ʤɤ褯ΤƤ뤬פ˲Ū˻ˤִάʤɤʤƥꥸʥɽ碌ȤˡΤäƤΤǤ롥
ƥȯɽԤϡɸ My word! Ȥ Oh my God! նɽ1ĤǤϤʤȡּήͻפߤƤ롥οϡGod [g] word [w] ¤ϲŪ˶ᤤȤ¤Ǥ롥ΤĴŪˤСξԤ (labiovelar) ˤġϢܥ֥εȤơ#1151. ¿ ([2012-06-21-1])#3870. Ѹˤ wh- ʤ q- ֻ ([2019-12-01-1])#3871. åȥɱѸˤ wh- ǤϤʤ quh- ֻʸ Alexander Hume ([2019-12-02-1])#3409. ܸˤٹξü ([2018-08-27-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1]) 󤲤Ƥ
Ūʴ God Word ӤĤƤߤߤϤ⤷
ŪˤϤɤOED word, n. and int. 򻲾ȤȼΤ褦ˤ롥

P3. e. my word (esp. as an exclamation) = upon my word at Phrases 1g(b)(ii).

1722 A. Philips Briton ii. iii. 14 He loves thee, Gwendolen:---My word, he does.
1821 London Mag. June 658/2 When the New Town Christeners had exhausted their Georges and Charlottes and Fredericks and Hanovers, (and, my word, they did extend the royalty).
1841 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 44 My word! authorship brings them in a pretty penny.
1857 F. Locker London Lyrics 72 Half London was there, and, my word, there were few..But envied Lord Nigel's felicity.
1874 A. Trollope Harry Heathcote ii. 49 'You dropped the match by accident?' 'My word, no. Did it o' purpose to see.'
1932 P. Hamilton Siege of Pleasure ii. 62 in Twenty Thousand Streets under Sky (1935) 'My word!' said Violet. 'You didn't half give me a turn.'
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 My word, how we did dress up in those days!
2004 G. Woodward I'll go to Bed at Noon xiii. 237 'That's an old Vincent,' said Janus Brian, 'my word. Haven't seen one of those for years'.


(asseveration) ȤƤֻ upon my word ƱǽδȤơ18Ⱦ˽Ф褦ֻ upon my word of my word ʤɤȤȤ1600ǯ夫ѤƤ롥餯ֻ礬ñȤǴȤѤ褦ˤʤꡤ䤬Ƥֻ줬æάǤѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-22-1]

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2021-03-26 Fri

#4351. ȤƤθ԰ [politeness][face][pragmatics][sociolinguistics][taboo]

챺 (6) ȥꥢΥܥꥸ˼ҲθŪʽˤˤĤơե󥹤μҲؼ Durkheim ʲΤ褦˼Ƥ롥

ڥǥ륱ε
(i) ʤΡפؤ٤ϡ٤ơֵ (rites)פˤɽ롥ηȤ뤳ȤǡͤӤȤΤդޤμҲỤ̄ƱΤǶͭ뤳ȤǤ롥
(ii) εǽϡʤΤ뤳ȤΤʤ褦ˡʤΤ¯ʤΤʬΥΥ뤳ȤǤ롥ξ硤ϴŪˡ?ʤפȤǵꤵΤǡ־öŪʩ rites négatif ̥ޥޡ)פȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
(iii) ʤΤʤȤΤȤǡüʾ郎ʤСʤΤ̤礦Ȥ롥ξ硤ϡ?Ƥ褤פȤǵꤵΤǡѶŪʩ rites positif ̥ޥޡ))פȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥


԰٤⡤ΰ̣Ǥεȸ뤳ȤǤ롥ˤʤΤȤϸĿͤΥץ饤Х (negative face) ΤȤǤȲ᤹С԰١ᵷϻٻ롥1ˡ԰٤⵷Ʊ͡ĿͤλŪʹ԰٤ˤȤɤޤΤǤϤʤƱΤǶͭ٤ΤǤ롥2ˡ԰٤ˤƤϡĿ͡äʹˤΥץ饤ХȤʤ褦ջȤ˽ʬդʧΤ̤Ǥ (cf. negative politeness) 3ˡĿͤΥץ饤Хʬ˼ƤȤΤȤǡĿ̤ͤ礤ŤμʤѰդƤѤ뤳ȤƤ (cf. positive politeness)
԰٤ "face-work" ȤȤ館 Goffman (cf. #1564. face ([2013-08-08-1])) ⡤ Durkheim εΩӤƤˡݥ饤ȥͥ󾧤 Brown and Levinson (cf. #4346. եꥹѤθ ([2021-03-21-1])) ⡤Durkheim Goffmann ξԤƶƤ
԰١ᵷˤСǤʤɤʤΤϡˤƤϸĿͤ "face" ȤȤˤʤ롥ƼҲŪʸѤȤ롥

챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ
Durkheim, É. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: le système totémique en Australie. Félix Alcan.
Goffman, Erving. "On Face-Work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction." Psychiatry 18 (1955): 213--31.

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2021-03-23 Tue

#4348. ͤƤ֤Ȥ [address_term][politeness][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][anthropology][personal_pronoun][personal_name][onomastics][t/v_distinction][taboo][title][honorific][face]

ؤǤϡֿͤƤ֡פȤ԰٤ϡءҲء̾ؤʤ͡ʴܤƤܥ֥δؿΰǤѸˤʬǤ⡤̾ (anthroponym)ƾ (address_term)2;̾ t/v_distinction ʤɡֿͤƤ֡פȤ˴ؤͻ¿ʤƤȶŪʹ԰٤Ǥ뤫顤ï⤬̣פȤäƤ褤
⤽ֿͤƤ֡פȤϤɤȤʤΤ챺 (78--79) ꡤ٤Ѥ롥

ƻˤʤ뤬ȿͤƤ֡ɤȤκŪʰ̣ǧƤʸŪ˸СͤƤ֤ȤˡȿɤȤǤꡤŪʥ֡񿨤¦̤ġΤᡤ¿θʸˤơƤ֤Ȥζػߡ뤤Ϥ˵ŪƾΤȯãܸ⤳Υ֡αƶŪƾΤϡȤС͡ʡᤷ١ˡס֤ʤʡˡסָʡʪΡɤξˡס֡¡ʡʪ̾ˡסŲʡᳬʤβˡǤ󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥夲ʬ򲼤ޤΡȿ͡ɤƤƤ֤ϡƤ֤ȤǼʬ꤬ƤޤΤ򤱤뤿ˡȤʤ٤ƤФʤ褦ˤƸƤ֡ɤȤưŤˤʤäƤֲŪƾΤǤ롥
ȤȤ˿Ƥطˤˤϡ֡ŪưŤȿžषΡȿ͡ɤ򤸤˸Ƥӡ̤Ƨ߹Ǥ椯褦ʸƾΤȤʤ롥ϡΰƧ߹Ǥʹִط»ʤʤΤ餤2ͤδ֤ˤϳ֤ƤʤȤޤߤΡŪƾΤǤ롥ͭ̾ʤȤθƤӼΤƤ䲼̾ǸƤ֤ȡˤˤƾΡ¤줿ͤΤʤΤˤƾΤŵ̾ˤƾΤ⤽ηġ


ͤƤ֤ΤϰΥ֡ (taboo) ǤȤȡϤФˤ٤֡ǤꡤΤθƾΤ¿쾯ʤ쥪ץˤƤȤȤפǤ롥ͤƤǤϤʤƤФ򤨤ʤȤ̷Τʤǡ䤿Ϥ̷ˤǾ¤ޤ褦Ȥʤ顤԰٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥

챺 ͡إݥ饤ȥͥ١ҡ2008ǯ

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2021-03-09 Tue

#4334. նʸˡ (euphemism) ˤĤƤν [euphemism][bibliography][semantics][lexicology][taboo][slang][swearing][sociolinguistics][thesaurus][terminology][hel_education]

Ѹθạ̈Ȥơնʸˡ (euphemism) ϳˤ˿͵ΤơޤǤ롥ΰȤ taboo, swearing, slang ΥơޤȤؤꡤҲشθäȤƹ̣ΤΤ褦
euphemism Ȥϲޤ Cruse Ѹ켭ŵͿ褦 (57--58)

euphemism An expression that refers to something that people hesitate to mention lest it cause offence, but which lessens the offensiveness by referring indirectly in some way. The most common topics for which we use euphemisms are sexual activity and sex organs, and bodily functions such as defecation and urination, but euphemisms can also be found in reference to death, aspects of religion and money. The main strategies of indirectness are metonymy, generalisation, metaphor and phonological deformation.

   Sex:
   intercoursego to bed with (metonymy), do it (generalisation)
   penisHis member was clearly visible (generalisation)
   Bodily function:
   defecatego to the toilet (metonymy), use the toilet (generalisation)
   Death:
   diepass away (metaphor), He's no longer with us (generalisation)
   Religion:
   Godgosh, golly (phonological deformation)
   Jesusgee whiz (phonological deformation)
   Hellheck (phonological deformation)


μ˴ؿä顤ޤܥ֥#469. euphemism κ ([2010-08-09-1])#470. toilet ˭٤նɽ ([2010-08-10-1])#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) ϤȤ (euphemism) ε줫 taboo εˤ⹭ܤ̤Ƥ餤
θ塤ʲγγʬȤ褤

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975. pp. 198--203.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. pp. 43--49.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006. pp. 80--81.

ҥ٥ȤƤϡBussmann (157) McArthur (387) λʸꥹȤꡤʲǤ롥

Allan, K. and K. Burridge. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. New York: OUP, 1991.
Ayto, J. Euphemisms: Over 3,000 Ways to Avoid Being Rude or Giving Offence. London: 1993.
Enright, D. J., ed. Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism. Oxford: OUP, 1985.
Holder, R. W. A Dictionary of American and British Euphemisms: The Language of Evasion, Hypocrisy, Prudery and Deceit. Rev. ed. London: 1989. Bath: Bath UP, 1985.
Lawrence, J. Unmentionable and Other Euphemisms. London: 1973.
Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemisms & Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown, 1981.

ŪʸĴˤäƤϡ OEDƼ켭ŵ (thesaurus)Room θΰ̣Ѳμŵʤɤ򤪤˳ѤƤ餤

Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2020-10-08 Thu

#4182. ָפΥơޤι [sociolinguistics][hellog_entry_set][political_correctness][personal_pronoun][gender][gender_difference][taboo][slang][personification]

褤ϤޤäشμҲؤμȤǤϡָפȤȴʤ̥ơޤ򰷤ΥơޤϢۤ¿ˤ錄롥ޤ˹ϰϤʤäƤ뤿ˡ˾ΤʤۤɤǤ롥ºݤˡȤϢۤվ񤭤ǵ󤲤ƤäȤΤ1,000ͥĶ꤬ޤäʣΤ¿ФȸȤϻפ뤬ˤƤʢ󡤶Ϥ꤬ȤˡΰƤߤ褦

ʱѸ˼פʰˤߤʸˡ (grammatical gender)
̾ˤߤ
̾ιݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness)
LGBTQ ȸ
Ͳ줿̾
̾ˤ
˸աפȡֽա
˴ؤ륹󥰤䥿֡
̤ˤ륳ߥ˥μΰ㤤
ȥ͡

⤽⡤ź٤Ƥθǡˡ (man) ȡֽ (woman) Ȥ2Ĥñ줬̤ѤƤ餷ơ⤦ˤäϻϤޤäƤΤǤ롥üδؿǤ LGBTQ ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥˡǤϸ˿ޤƤ롥
üȤȤǤС102俷ʹīǡJAL ҤФ֥ǥɡȥפθƤӤ֥롦ѥå󥸥㡼פڤؤ򤷤Ȥεɤʹ֤δؿȤƤϺǽפʤΤ1ĤȤǧ줬ʹ֤ͭθȤηϤޤƤʤ櫓ʤΤǤ롥
ָפΥơޤι̣臘ȤϤ᤿ȻפäƤ롥 hellog åɤ

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2020-09-18 Fri

#4162. taboo --- ʿȯ˾ǶΥѥ [taboo][cryptography][oed][etymology]

ϡ饤󡦥߹ (#4159. 2֤Υ饤󡦥߹ɤԤޤ ([2020-09-15-1])) ΰĤȤƻ伫Ȥäϡɤʥ٥ȤʪǤ롥"taboo" ȤͿ졤ˤĤ OED Ѥ»ˡֲ⤷ȡפ񤫤ʤФʤʤȤ¨ǥޥåäμľä褽Τޤޤηǰʲ˷Ǻܤ롥




ʤȤиʤ롥ʤȤпꤿʤ롥ʤȤиʤ롥źͶǤǤäƸäμ͸ϤʤƸäμ͸Τߤʤ餺ʹ֤ï --- ʤ --- ΥޥͥåȤĶϤʰϤƨ뤳ȤϤǤʤ֡ȾΤΤϡʹּҲΤʤΥѥޤ餷ʤ⡤ġͤˤȤäư۾̥Ūʸ̤äƤ롥
ȥ󥬸ޤݥͥͥνѤƤ tabutapu Ȥͳ褹롥18󥰥ɤɽҳ James Cook (1728--79)̾ Captain Cook 1777ǯ˥ȥ󥬤ˤƤθ˽в񤤡ιҳΤʤDz٤Ѥ̡taboo 뤤 tabu ȤƱѸ˻ޤ뤳ȤˤʤäθϸϸǤϤʸˤĤơ֡ʤξˤΤߵƤ뤬˰̤˶ؤƤפ̣ҷƻȤѤƤCook ƻȤƤΤۤߤäȤ̤ˡǤ֥֡شפ̣̾ȤѤƤ롥
taboo ϤȤȽ¿˴ŤƼν˴ؤֶشסŵŪˤϡֿ٤ƤϤʤΡסֿäƤϤʤΡפʤɤؤ줬20Ⱦ˸աʸˤΰŬѤ졤ؤѸȤơָäƤϤʤΡפؤ褦žȡ䤿ˤʤ߿֥֡졤ض硤߻פθϡŪΤȤȤˤʤ롥OED ˤȡ֥֡פȤƤνϡtaboo | tabu, adj. and n., 3b ˵󤲤Ƥ롥̾⤤ꥫθؼ Bloomfield ζʽ񤫤Ǥ롥

1933 L. Bloomfield Language xxii. 396 In America, knocked up is a tabu-form for 'rendered pregnant'; for this reason, the phrase is not used in the British sense 'tired, exhausted' . . . In such cases there is little real ambiguity, but some hearers react nevertheless to the powerful stimulus of the tabu-word.


εǤϡBloomfield Ȥΰ̣Ǥ tabooʤ˴ؤ륿֡ --- äƤϤʤ --- ܤ롥
ϡ1˸ߤΰտޤ礦ƻǤ롥䤿ʹ֤ϡäͭβǤѤʤ饳ߥ˥äƤ롥Ρָ1פͤȤ֡¸ߤ餫̷ϤǤ褦˸롥ָäƤϤʤաפϤμҲΤʤԻѤȤƤꡤߥ˥Ū˾Ȥ餷ơ¸߰յʤ褦˻פ뤫
֡˴ؤƸ1Ĥλ¤¸ߤ롥ϡźοʹ֤θǡ֡⤿ʤΤ¸ߤʤȤȤȤȡ֡ˤ¸ߤʤФʤʤͳȹͤʤʤïѤʤϤΡָäƤϤʤաפʤɤ¸ߤΤ
֡ϡ塤ïѤʤϤʤΤºݤˤϳΤäƤ롥θդˤƤϤʤȤȤ򡤼ҲγΤäƤ롥ϼˤȤʤعǤ⽬ʤϤǤꡤΤ뵡񤬤ʤ˻פ롥Ի׵ĤȳΤäƤ롥䡤⤷ïΤʤä顤⤽Ȥ¸ߤʤѸˤʤäƤˤ򤱤٤ΤȤưռ뤳ȤʤϤ¤ϳΤäƤ뤫餳ռŪ򤱤뤳ȤǤȤʤΤǤϡʤΤ뵡ΤʤϤΤΤ򡤳ΤäƤΤ
嵭εФϡ֥֡ϼºݤˤϤष褯ѤƤפǤ롥֡ϡϤȤƻѤ򤱤٤ɽˤ¤ˤˤ˻ѤƤ롥ष֡ϡŪǿȶʤΡĤޤʹ֤ƤʤɬդäƤʤФʤʤΤ˴ؤ줬¿ࡤĶŪ¸ߤ˴ؤΤ¿ܸǤϡ֤ס֤ס֡ʤ򼰤ǡ˻̡ס֡˥סѸǤ cock, shit, die, (oh my) God ʾʤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ˸ˤŪǿȶǡ˻Ҥ繥ʸշǤ롥
ɽ魯ñ˼coney /ˈkʌni/ ϤȤȡ֥ʥפɽ路¯ǥ֡ι⤤ֽפ˸žȡ֥ʥפΰ̣ѤΤ񹳤򴶤üԤϤᡤ֥ʥפˤϾ餷 /ˈkoʊni/ ȯѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥襤֥ʥפϡ֡ζǡֽפˡconey /ˈkʌni/ ȤȯϤʤʤäΤǤ롥ʤߤˡǤ⤢롥ȤȡͺĻפɽ路Ƥ cock ¯ˤŪʸˤǡͺĻפθɤФ졤θ rooster Ȥ̤θˤäô褦ˤʤäconey ˤ cock ˤ衤夫äƤǡ֡ĸŪʷդƤ֤ƤüäƤޤȤȤ֤Ƥ롥
Τ褦ˡ֡ϤƤŪǿȶ顤ïؿäƤȤΤ֤Ǥ롥ξǡ֡ϲΤ¸ߤΤȤ˿Ūʵ丫ˤС֡ϡθѤƤҲΤ٤ƤιϸäƤϤʤʤդΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧ󶡤ƤΤǤϤʤȤȤäƤϥȤȤΤäƤСοͤϻ䤿Ʊ롼פ°Ƥ뤳ȤǧǤǤʤгμԤǧǤ롥ι礤աפɽƤ褤̾Ρι礤աפϡߤбʸȯ뤳ȤˤäơľŪˤʸΤäƤ뤳Ȥǧǧ롥֡Ȥι礤աפλѤˤƤϡΤäƤ뤱ɤ⤢ƸʤפȤƹ٤롼뤬ͿƤΤҶκꤽθҲΤʤ褷Ƥʤ¤ꡤμԤˤϴñ˽Ǥʤ --- 줬Ҳˤ륿֡ʤΤǤϤʤ֡ϡߥ˥ƻǤȤ1ռˤȤĤġҲȳʬ뤿κǶΥѥɤȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
21κü̻ҰŹǤ顤֤ס֤ coney, cock ˤϤʤʤɤ֡ʢʤҤɤϿԤ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
The Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford: OUP, 2020. Available online at http://www.oed.com/ . Accessed 8 September 2020.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-26-1] [2020-10-26-1]

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2020-07-23 Thu

#4105. Ƽ˲űPCʪ [political_correctness][hel_education][oed][taboo]

BLM ư򤦤ä褦˳ȤäƤ롥ƤʤɤǤϡͺ̤ؤιĤΥ㡼Ȥơ˴ؤŪʱͺŪ˿ʪƼ˲űư깭Ƥ롥ʿŪˡդؤȵڤ⸫ƨʤ713Υ־εITѸѻߤưslave٤ϡإե٤إץꥫ٤ɤǡäȻפämaster, slave, whitelist, blacklist ʤɤɽŬڤǤȤơITȳˤ leader, follower, allowlist, denylist ̤ɽִưäƤƤȤ
Ƽ˲űȡΡֿPC (political_correctness) Ȥ٤2ĤθݤϡȤƤ褯Ƥ롥ޤҲĬήˤꡤ¸ŪɽʬŪ˼Ū˼겼ƤȤ̤Ƥ롥
⤦1ĤζϡȤɽ겼줿ȤˤꡤΤ˰츫Ϥʤʤä褦ˤߤ뤬褷꤬褵줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤͥƥ֤ˤСΥΤʤʤ뤳ȤǤäƲäΤפФʤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ֤򤫤ưռŪ褬ߤʤäˡĤưפ˺dzǽ⤢Ȥ
Ƽ˲űȡֿPCפˤϴñӤǤʤ⤢롥ƼϤä겼СΤ˿͡ܤˤ뵡Ϥʤʤ롥master slave ȤɽϡITѸȤƤϹ褦ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ̤ΡΡ˸ȤƤϸǤꡤޤ̤͡θˤΤܤ뤷ˤäƤ롥СƼϻ볦äФΰյŪͺˤƱͤ˸ʤʤʤ褦˻פˤդϤ˴˾ä뤳ȤϤʤ̤θȤƤǤϤ졤Ѥ餺Ѥ³ȤȤषռΤϺĤ뤳Ȥ¿cf. #1338. ֡ε ([2012-12-25-1]
ܲƼ˲ű˴ؤơƼʪۤݴɡŸ뤳ȤǶ顦ǺȤƳ褫٤Ƥ뼱Ԥ⤤롥ɰƤȻפ
ǤϡդˤĤƤϤɤITѸˤ master slave ִˤĤƤϡ̤ɽִơ֥ϥפǤϡϤ­ǤʤƼʪۤݴɡŸΤƱͤˡդʪۤߤϡѸξǤ OED Τ褦Ū§˴ŤˡֺŪ׸ϿƤȤ OED ŪˤϴŪʥ٥μȻפäƤ뤬ǤϤʪŪ¸ߴΤʪۤȤϰۤʤꡤŪˤ¸ߴѸ˸¤餺äʪŪ¸ߴΤָդʪۡפˤȤ褤ʤȾפäƤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-05-17-1] [2020-07-31-1]

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2020-07-10 Fri

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ [lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][swearing][taboo][slang][euphemism]

Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵ󤲤Ƥޤ
äȵ󤲤ƤߤȸƤʤʤ񤷤ŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤ󤲤ƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷­ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)

A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.


˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤ򵱤Ƥޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻򼨤Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵ򤹤ˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե󥹸 ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե󥹸 excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե󥹸 ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ

Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2020-05-20 Wed

#4041. ָˤ륿֡פεå [hellog_entry_set][taboo][euphemism][kotodama][language_myth][sociolinguistics]

ѸءʼҲءˤΥ饤Ȥ˸ʪȤơϸˤ륿֡ (taboo) ˴ؤ hellog åȤҲ𤹤롥

ָˤ륿֡פεå

ܥ֥Ǥϥ֡ˤĤƤ͡ʵ񤤤ƤιֵǼܤΤϡʲǤ롥

(1) ˤ륿֡ɽϸź㤬ߤŪǤ뤳
(2) ֡䤹ؼоݤΰ褬ФäƤ뤳
(3) ơʼҲ˸ŪʥȥԥåǤ뤳
(4) ֡ɽնɽ߽Ф˥ѥ󤬤뤳
(5) ֡ɽˤ϶ä٤ΥѥɤäƤ뤳
(6) ΥѥϡüԸĿͤν礫ʤ춦ƱΤ֡ɽ˽ɤ餻ƤΤǤ뤳

֡ɽϡȤäƤϤʤդȤȤǤϤʤȤʤˤ⤫餺ƤʤΤ⤽ʤ¸ߤΤŹ (cryptology) (slang) (semiotics)ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness) ʤɸ褫Υȥԥå֤Ƥ⡤Ǥⶽ̣ʼҲ˸ؤΥȥԥå1ĤȤäƴְ㤤ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-19-1] [2021-05-30-1]

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2019-05-27 Mon

#3682. ư lie ¾ư lay Ʊ (1) [verb][prescriptive_grammar][conjugation][preterite][participle][taboo][complaint_tradition][lowth]

ư lie ʲˤ¾ư lay ʲˤζ̤Ĥ٤ȤʸˡդϡܤμѸ쳦Ǥͭ̾Ǥʡ#124. Ѹʸˡε ([2009-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡư lie -- lay -- lain ȳѤ¾ư lay -- laid -- laid ȳѤ롥ԤΤβȸԤθƱˤʤΤǡ򾷤ΤɬǤ롥⤳ŵƤѸؽԤ1ͤѸѤˤƤμѤ뵡˷äޤ줿Ȥϡޤʤ
ѸǤξԤκƱФ˶Ȥʬʤȡ̵ܡפȤΥåƥŽۤɤʤΤǡȴʤʤȤְ㤨Ƥʸ̮λ٤ˤۤȤɸʤȻפ뤬äƤޤä饢ȤȤNGɤФƤޤäƤΤǤ롥¾ˤäȸͶڥ¿ϤΤ褦ˤơΥڥФƤ褦˻פ롥ζ̤Ѹ춦ƱΤˤƶܤ̵ͭʬȥޥȤʤäƤΤlie lay ΥڥϡʹߡΤ褦ʸΤФƤˡɽȤäƤ褤
ߤǤȥޥȤƺѤȤȤϡǤ⺮ƱԤפ䤿ʤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤ17, 18ˤ⺮ѤӤǤꡤä˳ʤȤߤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäˤƵϼĬޤˤĤơ٤ѤȤƤȤаޤ롥
Fowler (445) ˡФ lay and lie ȤܤΩƤƤΤǡѤƤ

Verbs. In intransitive uses, coinciding with or resembling those of lie, except in certain nautical expressions, lay 'is only dialectal or an illiterate substitute for lie' (OED). Its identity of form with the past tense of lie no doubt largely accounts for the confusion. In the 17c. and 18c. the alternation of lay and lie seems not to have been regarded as a solecism. Nowadays confusion of the two is taken to be certain evidence of imperfect education or is accepted in regional speech as being a deep-rooted survival from an earlier period. . . .
   The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English. Incorrect uses: She layed hands on people and everybody layed hands on each other and everybody spoke in tongues---T. Parks, 1985 (read laid); Laying back some distance from the road . . . it was built in 1770 in the Italian style---Fulham Times, 1987 (read lying); Where's the glory in . . . leaving people out with their medals all brushed up laying under the rubble, dying for the glory of the revolution?--New Musical Express, 1988 (read lying); We are going to lay under the stars by the sea---Sun, 1990 (read lie); They may have lost the last fight [sc. the final of a ruby tournament], but how narrow it was, and they can still be proud of all the battle honours that will lay for ever in their cathedral in Twickenham--(sport column in) Observer, 1991 (read lie).


ξưκƱ˥֡ŪǤ뤫ϡ"The paradigm is merciless, admitting no exceptions in standard English." Ȥ1ʸˤä䤫˼Ƥ롥˻ޤǡΡָѡפפ䤿ʤ褦
Υ֡ϻϤΤϡRobert Lowth (1710--87) ϤȤ18εϼʸˡȤȤcf. #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])ˡ餬ϻϤȤƤ⡤줬ѤƤʤСפȤϤʤʤѤǤ͡ƺѤǤ͡ΤΥ֡ݻƤΤǤ롥ε#3681. βͤŤμΤüԤǤ ([2019-05-26-1]) #3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥ󥰥ߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1]) ε˽С⤽1ͤ⤷ʤʤ⤽1ͤ⤷ʤ

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-04-1] [2019-05-28-1]

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2018-12-10 Mon

#3514. ˤֵפν [optative][mood][swearing][taboo][speech_act][hortative]

ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù԰٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζ޷ꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤ᤯ФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵񤭵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-05-1]

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