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personification - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-01-15 Thu

#6107. Ѹˤؤη [gender][me][personification][mond][toponymy][personification][mond]


mond_20260113.png



μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥ե󥹸ƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿ⻶ޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻ׵ĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ

TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.


Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե󥹸̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻ΢ǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.

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2026-01-15 Thu

#6107. Ѹˤؤη [gender][me][personification][mond][toponymy][personification][mond]


mond_20260113.png



μͭץåȥե mond ˤơʱѸ she Ǽ봷˴ؤ˲ޤ̤ˡѸˤ̾̾εͲϡѸ˥ե󥹸ƥʸˡʤӤտ魯ʸŪˤαƶ夷ΤȹͤޤűѸʸˡľܷѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤʸˡˡνŪȤƺƹۤ줿ָդפǤȤǤ
Ǥϡ̾ƥ -ia ʽ̾ˤαƶǽ䤹äȤʤɤ˿ޤǡѸεŪͿμ֤ϤۤñǤϤʤäȤˤڤޤֹ̾̾˽Ϳ륱ϳΤΩޤͿ⻶ޤפȽҤ٤ȤǤ
μĥκȤơMustanoja (51) εҤޤ"Trend Towards Masculine Gender" ꤹǡѸˤߤԻ׵ĤʸݤҲ𤵤Ƥޤʲ˥եǰѤޤ

TREND TOWARDS MASCULINE GENDER. --- A feature which seems to be peculiar to the ME development is a tendency of nouns to assume the masculine gender. Not very much is known about this phenomenon, except that it seems to be at work in a large number of ME nouns, native or borrowed from other languages, with concrete or abstract meanings, which tend to assume the masculine gender without any apparent reason and often in contrast to the gender of the corresponding nouns in Latin and French. The fact, for example, that earth (OE feminine) is usually treated as a masculine in ME has been assigned to this peculiar trend towards the masculine gender. This trend has also been thought to account for the occasional use of nature and youth (OE geoguþ, fem.) as masculines. As pointed out above (p. 48), church is often feminine in ME; its occasional use as a masculine noun has also been ascribed to the general tendency of nouns towards the masculine gender. Geographical names are normally neuter, but Robert of Gloucester occasionally treats them as masculines: --- Engelond his a wel god lond; . . . þe see geþ him al aboute, he stond as in an yle (3); --- þe Deneis vor wraþþe þo asailede vaste þen toun and wonne him (RGlouc. 6050; a number of MSS read þe toun and hit). Examples of this kind could be multiplied many times over. It is possible that in several cases of this kind the masculine gender will be satisfactorily explained in some other way when enough evidence has accumulated to clarify its development; yet even if this should happen it can hardly be denied that a tendency towards the masculine gender exists in ME.


Mustanoja ˤСѸˤ̾̾ȤưȼηäȤȤǤθݤξܺ٤ϤޤƤʤ褦Ǥ줫Ѹ줫뤤϶Ụ̄Ụ̄˴ؤ餺¿̾ˤơΤͳʤ㤬ȤΤǤ⡤бƥե󥹸̾줬Ǥ䡤űѸǽǤäǤ⡤ѸǤȤư뤳ȤȤ顤츫ȥƤ뤫Τ褦˻פޤ
Mustanoja ϡλΤĤϾṲ̄ͳĤ⤷ʤȿŤ˽Ҥ٤ʤ⡤Ѹˡؤηפ¸ߤȼΤꤷȷǤޤ
鼨ΤϡѸˤƤʸˡȡ³䵼ˡؤΰܹԴˤơͿϰճɤưƤ褦ȤȤǤ
ѸˤǤϡ㳰Ȥդ줬ʻˤѲΥʥߥǤ뤳Ȥޤ she ǼȤ̾ʻ΢ǡ̤Τ⤷㤬ҤäȱƤȤȤõƤƤ褤Ǥ͡

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960. 88--92.

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2023-12-18 Mon

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][shakespeare][personification][metaphor][conversion][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun]

khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster Фܤ򤷤ʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬󤻤줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦

parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷׸ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פ򼨤ȤСʻȤȤǤ롥


嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2021-03-29 Mon

#4354. ˡŵ [personification][metaphor][rhetoric][stylistics][literature][toponymy]

ε#4353. ˡ ([2021-03-28-1]) ˰³ˡ (personification) ˤĤơ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤƤ뤬ˡθŪʰϤϤ꾯ʤ褦ޤǽؤؤΰˤȤɤޤäƤ롥ϡ罤۱Ѹػŵ (844) ꡤ1ħȤƤεˡβѤ롥ŪŵŪ㤬󤲤ƤΤǡѤ

ˡ
ˡ (personification) ⹥Ѥ줿ˡǤ롥ޤǤʤʹ֤ǤʤΤʹ֡ʻ˿ˤˤȤɽΤǤ롥
a) ݤäο̾ɽ
Zephyr ˡPhoebus ۡˡCynthia ʷˡDiana ʷˡApollo ۡˡNeptune ʳˡBoreas ˡHesper ʾˡʤɡ
b) ̾εͲ
Ȥ 'ambitious people' Ȥ 'Ambition' ˤ褦ɽΤǡζŪɽǤ롥
Gladness danc'd along the sky---Thompson, Epithalanium ʴӤ϶٤ʤʤǹԤä / Let not Ambition mock their useful toils---Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard 򤷤ͭפϫ餻ʤ / O stretch thy reign, fair Peace---Pope, Windsor Forest ʤ路ʿ¤衤ڤ򹭤ˡ
c) ̾ޤϰ̤λʪεͲ
That Thame's glory to the stars shall rise!---Pope, Windsor Forest ʥƥॺαɸޤϤ / Thy forest, Windsor!---Pope, ibid. ο󥶡 / And weary waves, withdraw[n]ing from the Fight, die lull'd and panting on the silent Shore 줿Ȥ襤भơʪ̴ߤξǤʤ졤ʤ餽οȤ򲣤ˡ


ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ

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2021-03-28 Sun

#4353. ˡ [personification][metaphor][rhetoric][stylistics][terminology][literature][gender]

ˡ (personification) ϡʸŪŪʵˡȤΤƤ뤬ѸȤϰѸȤƤѤۤɤˤ褯Τ줿Ѹ졦ǰǤ⤢롥ǧΤƤ뤬椨ˡؽŪ˰ȤȤʤʤ񤷤꤫⤷ʤ
Ȥ櫓Ū˰Ȥ硤ɤΤ褦ʥץǽʤΤˤĤܳŪ˹ͤȤʤΤǡޤóݤȤơαѸؼŵäƤߤǽϡرѸ׸켭ŵ٤顥

personification Ρ͡ʵͲˡˡFair science frowned not on his humble birth.---T. Gray, Elegy ܤ򤤤ȤϤʤäˤΤ褦ˡݳǰ̵ʪ˿ʹ֤ƱͤͿ뽤εȤΰǡʸؤˤƤϸűѻäˤѤϤᡤƻࡤջˤߤ롥Ǥ⤽ˡϻ졤åǤɽνפȤƤ롥ʤ<ͭ>ʤ̾§ȤѷŬѤˤꡤˡŪ˵ҡ뤳ȤǽǤ롥


ˡؿѸؼŵ٤ꡥ

personification ̽͡ʵͲˡ
̵ʪݳǰʪꡤʤɿʹͭĤΤȤɽ뽤Ͳ prosopropeia ȤƤФ졤 (METAPHOR) ΰǻǸŤѤ줿Leech (1969) 'an angry sky' 'graves yawned' Τ褦ˡ̵ʪʪ°ͿΤ the animistic metaphor, 'this friendly river' 'laughing valeys' Τ褦ˡʹְʳΤΤ˿ʹͭͿΤ the humanizing [anthropomorphic] metaphor ̾ŤƤ롥I. A. Richards (1929) ŦƤ褦ˡʹְʳʪ̵ʪФ׹ͤϡʹߤδ׹ͤȶ̤ΤǡäθǤϤäѤʹ֤ˤĤѤƻ졦ư졦̾ʹְʳΤΤŬѤΤϤƼȸ褦
Ͳζջˤޤ̤뤳ȤǤ뤬Ĥ Milton "all things smil'd, With fragrance and with joy my heart oreflowd"---Paradise Lost 8: 265--66 Τ褦ˡνˡ򹥤ѤŵλȡThomas Parnell, Richard Savage, Edward Young ʤɡ18λͤθ礭ÿȤʤꡤޤޤŪʤӤӤ褦ˤʤä䤬ƥޥɤƬ'the very language of men' θ줿餷뤳Ȥɸ֤ Wordsworth ϡŪʵͲ 'a mechanical device of style' Ȥͤ (Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 1798).
Τ褦ˡͲϻθŪˡǤäơʸˤɽľ (SIMILE) ηȤΤդĤǤ뤬ŪʻʸǤϸŪѤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨СThomas Hardy Egdon Heath ̤Ƥ뼡Υѥ饰դǤϡѻԤ¸ߤż appeared, seemed, could be imagined ʳưϡι򵼿ͲФƤ: The place became full of watchful intentness now; for when other things sank brooding to sleep the heath appeared slowly to awake and listen. Every night its Titanic form seemed to await something; but it had waited thus, unmoved, during so many centuries, through the crises of so many things, that it could only be imagined to await one last crisis---the final overthrow.---The Return of the Native. Bk. I, Ch. I.


Ѹˤ뵼ˡϡ嵭̤ꡤ褽ŪʸػŪʴˤƤΤǤꡤỤ̄Ūʥץϵä褦˻פ롥⤽ԤΥץȤƤϡɤΤ褦ʤΤΤõäƤߤɬפꤽϢơ#2191. ȥåΤޤȤ ([2015-04-27-1]) Ρֵˡפ򻲾ȡ

߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-29-1]

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2020-10-21 Wed

#4195. ʤ̾Ͻ̾ she Ǽ뤳ȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][gender][personal_pronoun][personification][pc]

Ǥʸˡʤɤǿ뵡񤬤뤫Ǥ礦ɸμϤ褯ޤ̵̾ʪǤ顤;̾ȤƤο;̾ it ǼΤŬڤΤ褦˻פޤȤ˽ο;̾ she Ǽޤ

There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.
Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.

Ѹˤ򾯤äƤϡűѸˤϡե󥹸ɥĸʤɤ˸ߤ¸ߤƤʸˡ (grammatical gender) äȤȤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤűѸǤϤ٤Ƥ̾줬Τ줫˿ʬƤꡤ⤽̾λؼоݤʪŪȤɬפƤʤäȤ̾ʬबäΤǤȡȤ she űѸʸˡ̾ĤǤϤʤȵ뤫⤷ޤ
ǤϤޤ󡥡פˤĤƤиűѸ sċip (ship) ̾Ǥbāt (boat) ̾ǤĤޤꡤűѸʸˡ̵طǤǤϡʤѸǤ she Ѥ뤳ȤΤǤ礦ɤ



űѸǵǽƤʸˡϡѸˤƤޤѸˡΦʸءʸαƶơʸˡȤΩֵפȤ̼Υȯã뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤϤȤʪƻ񡤤ƹȤʤɤϡɼˤ̤ƼôäƤޤԤǤϡȤϢ礤סְ͡סֻۡ椹٤ΡפȤƽ˸ΩƤȤȤ⤷ޤ
ǯαѸǤϤδϼƤƤꡤȤ櫓ŪʸջȤȤƤ򤱤褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳ȤդäƤޤ礦
ȤȤǡɸѤʵФƤϡѸʹߤȯãֵפѤǤ顤ƤޤˤĤƿΤꤿϡ ##3647,852,853,854,1912,1028,1517εå ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-01-1] [2022-01-01-1]

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2020-10-08 Thu

#4182. ָפΥơޤι [sociolinguistics][hellog_entry_set][political_correctness][personal_pronoun][gender][gender_difference][taboo][slang][personification]

褤ϤޤäشμҲؤμȤǤϡָפȤȴʤ̥ơޤ򰷤ΥơޤϢۤ¿ˤ錄롥ޤ˹ϰϤʤäƤ뤿ˡ˾ΤʤۤɤǤ롥ºݤˡȤϢۤվ񤭤ǵ󤲤ƤäȤΤ1,000ͥĶ꤬ޤäʣΤ¿ФȸȤϻפ뤬ˤƤʢ󡤶Ϥ꤬ȤˡΰƤߤ褦

ʱѸ˼פʰˤߤʸˡ (grammatical gender)
̾ˤߤ
̾ιݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥ (political_correctness)
LGBTQ ȸ
Ͳ줿̾
̾ˤ
˸աפȡֽա
˴ؤ륹󥰤䥿֡
̤ˤ륳ߥ˥μΰ㤤
ȥ͡

⤽⡤ź٤Ƥθǡˡ (man) ȡֽ (woman) Ȥ2Ĥñ줬̤ѤƤ餷ơ⤦ˤäϻϤޤäƤΤǤ롥üδؿǤ LGBTQ ݥƥ롦쥯ȥͥˡǤϸ˿ޤƤ롥
üȤȤǤС102俷ʹīǡJAL ҤФ֥ǥɡȥפθƤӤ֥롦ѥå󥸥㡼פڤؤ򤷤Ȥεɤʹ֤δؿȤƤϺǽפʤΤ1ĤȤǧ줬ʹ֤ͭθȤηϤޤƤʤ櫓ʤΤǤ롥
ָפΥơޤι̣臘ȤϤ᤿ȻפäƤ롥 hellog åɤ

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2019-05-23 Thu

#3678. ѸʸˡŪʤ餳ˡƤ [gender][personification][lowth][rhetoric][style]

ѸʳΰϤۤȤʸˡŪäƤ뤬ѸˤϤ줬ʤűѸˤϤäΤѸʹߤ˴˾üƤޤääơѸˤʸˡŪ (grammatical gender) ϤʤΤϡ˼ääŪ (natural gender) ˤʤ
ŪʸˡŪξüˤꡤѸϸ콬ΥåȤȤ뤬ˤäư䥲ޥΥץȥפ礭æѤäפȤʤäȤޤ¤Ǥ롥Ѹ줬Ū˳ħˤĤơʸˡθȤ⤤ Robert Lowth (1710--87) ν A Short Introduction to English Grammar ˤơؤ󤪤⤷Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ä괶ƤޤäΤǡ٤ưѤƤ (27--28)

The English Language, with singular propriety, following nature alone, applies the distinction of Masculine and Feminine only to the names of Animals; all the rest are Neuter: except when, by a Poetical or Rhetorical fiction, things inanimate and Qualities are exhibited as Person, and consequently become either Male or Female. And this gives the English an advantage above most other languages in the Poetical and Rhetorical Style: for when Nouns naturally Neuter are converted into Masculine and Feminine [3], the Personification is more distinctly and forcibly marked.


ѸʸˡŪʤ椨ˡޤ˵Ū̾ͿȡεˡҤȤ⤭Ωġǽ餫餹٤Ƥ̾ʸˡŪƤƤ褦ʸǤϡΤȤδؤ꤬Ūơޤ˵ˡǸ̤ФȻפäƤ⡤⤭Ω뤳Ȥ񤷤ϡΤ褦ʸΤʸءؾμߤȤäƤ褤
ˤϻŦޤǵդʤäܤڤ褦ʻŦޤ˵žȯۡ
Lowth (27--28) ϡ˰Ѥս [3] ȤͿƤꡤǶФʤ顤ΤȤǫƤ롥

   [3] "At his command th'uprooted hills retir'd
          Each to his place: they heard his voice and went
    (18) Obsequious: Heaven his wonted face renew'd,
          And with fresh flowrets hill and valley smil'd." Milton, P. L. B. vi.
          "Was I deceiv'd or did a sable cloud
          Turn forth her silver lining on the Night?" Milton, Comus.
   "Of Law no less can be acknowledged, than that her seat is the bosom of God; her voice, the harmony of the world. All things in heaven and earth do her homage; the very least, as feeling her care; and the greatest, as not exempted from her power." Hooker, B. i. 16. "Go to your Natural Religion: lay before her Mahomet and his disciples, arrayed in armour and in blood:---shew her the cities which he set in flames; the countries which he ravaged:---when she has viewed him in this scene, carry her into his retirements; shew her the Prophet's chamber, his concubines and his wives:---when she is tired with this prospect, then shew her the Blessed Jesus---" See the whole passage in the conclusion of Bp. Sherlock's 9th Sermon, vol. i.
      Of these beautiful passages we may observe, that as in the English if you put it and its instead of his, she, her, you confound and destroy the images, and reduce, what was before highly Poetical and Rhetorical, to mere prose and common discourse; so if you render them into another language, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, or German; in which Hill, Heave, Cloud, Law, Religion, are constantly Masculine, or Feminine, or Neuter, respectively; you make the images obscure and doubtful, and in proportion diminish their beauty. This excellent remark is Mr. Harris's , HERMES, p. 58.


嵭ϡΤ Lowth ̡ɤߤʤ鵤դݥȤʤΤϤȸʸˡȤΥ󥹤ȤΤϡȤˤޤФ椯ԤˤʸˡŪȼŪεˡʸꤲƤ줿

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

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2019-04-22 Mon

#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ [sobokunagimon][gender][personal_pronoun][personification]

ǯ٤ΡֱѸˡפιֵϤޤޤǯ١μȤǤϡǤ褤ΤDZѸ˴ؤ뵿䡤Ȥ櫓ѤʵФƤȸƤӤƤޤ⡤ޤǡޤȥ֥ΥͥޤޤºݤˤɬѡפǤʤ٤äꤹΤǤܳŪ˱Ѹˤ䤤ꤲƤ褤Τ䤦ȤƤ褦䤤Ǥ⡤ȤˤФƤȸƤӤƤ罸äǡʤʤ䤬Фޤ֡ܥ֥ǡΤ褦ʳ䤤夲ƤȻפޤȤȤǡޤɸε䡥
ǯۤäƤűѸ (Old English) Ǥϡե󥹸ɥĸϤȤ븽ߤΥ衼åѽˤߤʸˡʸˡ = grammatical genderˤߤǤ٤Ƥ̾줬Τ줫˳꿶ƤΤǤ餯2ȤʸˡΤؤȤΤΤȤʹơֱѸˤʸˡäΤפȶäɸ䤤ؤȻפ餻ΤȻפޤΤˡαѸˤϡϤȤƼξʪ̾ؤƽ̾ she Ǽ콬ޤȤС̤Ǥ

Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
What a lovely ship! What is she called?
Hundreds of small boats clustered round the yacht as she sailed into Southampton docks.
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.
Iraq has made it plain that she will reject the proposal by the United Nations.
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
Britain needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe's future.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.


ϸűѸˤäʸˡȤ̵طǤʪ̾̾ǼѸδѸʹߤȯŪֵפȤ٤ΤǤꡤűѸˤäʸˡפȤľŪʴطϤޤ󡥤⤽פɽ魯űѸ scip (= ship) Ͻ̾ǤϤʤ̾Ǥbāt (= boat) ˤƤ̾ǤűѸθ³ѸʸŪʸŪ˴ŤʼΥͿȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ܤϡʲε

#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1])
#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])
#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1])
#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])
#1912. ̾̾ she (4) ([2014-07-22-1])
#1517. ([2013-06-22-1])

⤽ʸˡȤϲʤΤȵˤʤͤ¿ȻפޤŪˤ⤤ȵǤΤǤϿʹ֤Ρ֥եפΰǤȹͤƤޤ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1]) 򤴻Ȥ

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2014-07-22 Tue

#1912. ̾̾ she (4) [gender][personal_pronoun][personification][tag_question]

ɸˤĤơ#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1])#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1])#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])#1517. ([2013-06-22-1]) ʤɤˤƤä[2011-08-29-1]εǤϡ100ǯۤɤι̾ she ˡοߤϢơѤ㸺Ƥ20Ⱦΰ̤򶦻ŪĴʸɤǤߤ
Marcoux ϡ1970ǯȾˤʤ줿Ȼפ Texas ʱѸüԡˤ︳ԤȤ¸ǡ̾ưʪʹ֤ؼȤƴޤʸ򼨤Фղõ¨Ū˲äȤꤷղõˤ̾줬ϤʤΤǡ̾줬 he she ˤꡤ︳ԤŪˤ򤽤̾ͿƤ뤫Ƚ롤Ȥ櫓㤨СΤ褦ʸͿ

(1a) America will always defend her overseas interests, () () ?
(1b) America supports the United Nations, () () ?
(2a) The Queen Mary has made her last voyage, () () ?
(2b) The Queen Mary has been scrapped, () () ?

(1a), (1b) Ϲ̾(2a), (2b) ФŪ she ǤξȱɤΤ餤ΤĴŪꤵƤꡤ(1a), (2a) ʸνͭ her ¸ߤ she ˤɤ٤αƶڤܤƤ뤫ĴŪꤵƤ롥
ǤϡĴ̤򼨤ޤ̾ˤĤơ(1a) ΥפβǤ2/3︳Ԥղõ she Ѥ(1b) Υפ she ѤΤȾʬʲäshe Ǥʤˤϡit Ǥ¿they, we ʤɤ³
ˡˤĤơ(2a) ΥפβǤ3/4︳Ԥղõ she Ѥ(2b) Υפ she ѤΤϡ︳Ԥ1/3--1/2ۤɤˤʤäshe ʳˤϡ§Ȥ it Ѥ줿
Ĵ̤ʬ뤳Ȥϡμ¸︳ԤˤȤäơ̾̾ϡŪŪ she ȳ׿ŪŪ it Ȥδ֤ɤƤȤȤȤ櫓̾Ф it ˡͥȤʤäƤƤ褦̾ǤǤ⡤ʸ˽ͭ̾ her ʤɤƤղõǤ she Ψ⤯ʤ뤳Ȥ顤ŪΰפŪŪʡֽפݻΤ˰äƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤä
Marcoux ʸ40ǯ᤯ФäߤǤϡˤ it ξȱä礷Ƥ뤬she ˲ΤΤȤʤäȤϸڤʤޤɤ줬ȤСطʤˤϤɤΤ褦װΤ40ǯȸߤȤǤϡװμȤ줾θܤѤäƤƤΤˡ she Ф⤷ʤäƤ椯ˤƤɤΤ褦˾äƹԤΤȤˤϡؿ󤻤Ƥ롥

Marcoux, Dell. "Deviation in English Gender." American Speech 48 (1973): 98--107.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-22-1]

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2014-07-01 Tue

#1891. ѸȸƤ֤ȤˤĤ (2) [gender][sociolinguistics][personification][terminology][sapir-whorf_hypothesis]

#1888. ѸȸƤ֤ȤˤĤơ ([2014-06-28-1]) ˰³ (grammatical gender) ȤѸˤĤơεǻȤ Curzan ˤСѸ˾ǽѸ˵äѲϡʸˡ鼫ءפѲȤФиڤ뤬μ (natural gender) ȤѸϤޤ˥ʥǤϤʤȤȤϡľ˲᤹СλؼоݤʪŪȤȤˤʤ뤬ºݤˤѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤ơˤϼҲŪ (social gender) ŤͿ졤δްդäѤƤΰ̣ǡʸˡˤ֤줿ѸϡʤɤǤϤʤҲŪɤ߹ޤ줿ạ́Ǥ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Curzan (574) ϡεƧޤǡѸ򤢤 "natural gender" ȸƤ³뤳ȤϲǽȻŦƤ롥

Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg . . . refer to the English gender system as notional gender in an attempt to move away from the misconceptions bound up with the description natural gender. But it is possible to retain the description natural gender with the understanding that its definition rests not purely on biological sex but instead on social concepts of sex and gender, and the flexibility in reference that this system allows speakers is natural and highly patterned.


Curzan ΤθƤ³Ƥˤϰ⺮äƤΤǤϤʤäƤߤ뤬ˤ褳ϸˤεˤĤƹͤƤոǤϤ롥Ҳˤγ˴ؤԤи¸ߤƤ롥ϡҲοʹִѤѤθΰȤƤ gender ѤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥 gender ѤŪȿǤ경˻ȡϸạ́졤֤ʤɤν˵ڤֹϤʸˡηϤȤƳΩ롥ʸˡηϤˤäΩȡȤμҲǤ߽ФΤǤ gender ѤޤäȤƤ⡤ˤʤ³뤫⤷ʤ
ѸǤϡȤƷκԤȤƷŪʷˤꡤĸŪ˰ѤǤʸˡηϤѸ˲Τľ夫顤Ƥӿ gender Ѥ¤ȯŸΥ뤬ФȤ⤤ΤǤϤʤʸˡηϤۤɤΰϤʤġε (personification) 㡤ạ́δްդ㡤ΰפʤɤ󤻽СѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤҲŪʤӤӤޤƤ뤳ȤʬäƤ
ѸˤˤŤʸˡȡ줬ΤȤδ֤ˤϡƳ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤΤ⤷ʤʤȤȯŸΥץȤߤȡषƤΤ⤷ʤ

Curzan, Anne. "Gender Categories in Early English Grammars: Their Message in the Modern Grammarian." Gender in Grammar and Cognition. Ed. Barbara Unterbeck et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 561--76.

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2014-06-28 Sat

#1888. ѸȸƤ֤ȤˤĤ [gender][sociolinguistics][emode][personification][terminology]

ε#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1]) ǡѸˤˤʸˡ鼫ؤѲפͤݤ˴ͿΤϡgrammatical gender, lexical gender, referential gender 3ǤȽҤ٤ΤʸǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ social gender ⤷äȴͿƤ롤ȤȽ뤫⤷ʤCurzan ϡѸˤȤƤʸˡ鼫ؤѲפȤ⤤ΤŦƤ롥
(natural gender) ȤѸ줬̣̾ƤΤϡϡ줬ؼƤоݤʪŪ (biological sex) ȰפȤȤǤ롥㤨Сgirl ȤϿͤνؼоݤȤΤǡȤƤ feminine Ǥꡤfather ȤϿͤؼоݤȤΤǡȤƤ masculine Ȥʤ롤ȤäǤ롥ޤbook λؼоݤǤǤʤΤǡȤƤ neuter Ǥꡤperson λؼоݤ˽ؤˤĤΩŪʤΤǡȤƤ common gender Ȥ롥Τ褦ˡιͤñǤꡤ츫Ϥʤ褦˻פ롥ƳѸȤСȤϡreferential gender Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿Τȸ뤳ȤǤ
Curzan ϡּפΤΤ褦ûŪʤȤ館˵褷Ƥ롥Curzan ϡJoschua Poole, William Bullokar, Alexander Gil, Ben Jonson ʤɽѸʸˡȤˤϡؤθڤ¿ȤŦƤ롥㤨СJonson ϡ1640ǯ The English Grammar ǡAngels, Men, Starres, Moneth's, Winds, Planets ȤI'lands, Countries, Cities, ship ϽȤޤHorses, Dogges ŵŪEagles, Hawkess ʤɤ Fowles ŵŪ˽Ȥ (Curzan 566) Τ褦ʵʤʼȤϼΰۤʤǤꡤҲŪ˶ͭƤѡѡȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥Сεϡ social gender Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿ΤǤϤʤ
εƧޤȡѸˤϳΩƤȤ뤤ּפϡºݤˤ (1) Ṳ̄ꡤreferential gender (biological sex) Τޤ lexical gender ȿǤ줿Τȡ(2) social gender lexical gender ȿǤ줿Ρ2 gender ͻ礷Ρʤ "lexical gender based on referential and social genders" ǤϤʤĹ󤷤򤱤뤿Υ硼ȥåȤȤơּפ뤤 "natural gender" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСϤǤ褤⤷ʤŪ򤵤Ƥּפ뤤 "natural gender" ȤƤ礭ۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥˤդ
Curzan (570--71) ʸϤѤ롥

The Early Modern English gender system has traditionally been treated as biologically "natural", which it is in many respects: male human beings are of the masculine gender, females of the feminine, and most inanimates of the neuter. But these early grammarians explicitly describe how the constraints of the natural gender system can be broken by the use of the masculine or feminine for certain inanimate nouns. Their categories construct the masculine as representing the "male sex and that of the male kind" and the feminine as the "female sex and that of the female kind", and clearly various inanimates fall into these gendered "kinds". Personification, residual confusion, and classical allegory are not sufficient explanations, as many scholars now recognize in discussions of similar fluctuation in the Modern English gender system. An alternative explanation is that what the early grammarians label "kind" is synonymous with what today is labeled "gender"; in other words, "kind" refers to the socially constructed attributes assigned to a given sex.


ε˴ŤʤСѸˤˤѲĬήϡΤˤϡgrammatical gender natural gender ءפǤϤʤgrammatical gender lexical gender based on referential and social gender ءפȤȤˤʤ
Ѹˤ뵼ˤĤƤϡϢơ#1517. ([2013-06-22-1])#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])#890. ͹ƬǾ acronym Ͻ̾¿ ([2011-10-04-1])#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1]) ڤӡ#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Curzan, Anne. "Gender Categories in Early English Grammars: Their Message in the Modern Grammarian." Gender in Grammar and Cognition. Ed. Barbara Unterbeck et al. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 561--76.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-01-1]

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2013-06-22 Sat

#1517. [gender][personal_pronoun][etymology][mythology][personification]

ḽѸǤ̵ʪλؼоݤȤư뤬Ȥ˵Ͳ (personification) 졤뤤ϽȤư礬롥 (gender of animation) ȤḽѸεȽѸ˵ǽƤʸˡ (grammatical gender) ȤϡͿǧΤʤǤϤʤξԤܼŪ˶̤٤ΤǤ롥ˤͿΤꤹװˤϡʲ3ǧʡؿѸؼŵ pp. 469--70ˡ

(1) á⡦ŵʤɤαƶmoon Phoebe, Luna, Diana ȤƱ뤫Ȥ롥Ʊͤ love Eros, Cupid ꡤwar Mars Ȥ롥ʤűѸ mōna ̾졤lufu Ͻ̾äΤǡ츻ŪʴͿꤵ롥
(2) 츻ŪƶRome ϥƥν̾ Romavirtue ϸʩν̾ vertudarkness ϸűѸν̾ -nes ꡤ줾쵼ͿƤȤ롥Τ褦˸츻ŪƶꤹǤ⡤ŪϢ³Τ뤤ϸ츻ؤλȤη̤ʤΤ뤤ξԤ̤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤȤϡġˤĤƹθɬפä˹̾ˤĤƤϡ#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ
(3) ŪƶоݤФŪ˴Ťͺ硦ʤΤͥʤΡ¿ʤΤȤʤɤ㤬롥Ȥ wind, ocean, summer, anger, death ʤɤȤ nature, spring, art, night, wisdom ʤɤ롥ޤʪʤʤɡžԤͭԤɽ魯ΤФͿŪ (psychological gender) ȸƤӡŵŪ˸ˤνͭԤоʪ she ȸڤ㤬¿ͭԤξˤ he ȸڤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦ롥Ϣơ#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1]) ڤӡ#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ūƶˤ뵼ϼŪǤդǤ뤿ᡤ̣DZϰϤϹϥꥱ͹ƬǾ˸ΩƤѸηˤĤƤϡ#890. ͹ƬǾ acronym Ͻ̾¿ ([2011-10-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2012-02-19 Sun

#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][latin][suffix][sobokunagimon]

Ѹǡ̾̾ she ǼƤŪطʤ䡤50ǯۤɤΤˤˡषƤаޤˤĤƤϡ##852,853,854 εǼ夲ϡʤ̾Ū˽ǧƤȤꤿ
1Ĥˤϡ[2011-08-29-1]ε#854. ̾̾ she (3)פǿ줿褦ˡȤȤϡԤˤȤäơۤ٤Ρ٤ΤȤǧäΤǤϤʤ롥䤽¾ξʪ̾ǼΤƱͤȯۤ
⤦1Ĥϡٹ (259) ֤ι̱ФƽѤ뤳Ȥʤɤϡ餫˥ƥʸˡμ̤ǤפȻŦ褦ˡƥ Italia, Græcia, Britannia, Germania, Hispania ʤɤ̾ -ia ǽäƤ뤳Ȥαƶͤ롥ʸˡĥ衼åѤ¾θ줬̾ɤǼ줿ϡơǤꡤɬ̲Ǥʤ褦ʸˡ򼺤äѸˤƵŪ˽ηΤˤϡƥϤä礭Ȥ뤫⤷ʤ
ƥθ -ia ϡꥷƱͳ褷ꥷǤ -os ƻ줫̾Τ¿Ѥ줿OED ˤȡAustralia, Tasmania, Rhodesia ʤɤι̾̾Τۤhydrophobia, mania, hysteria ʤɤ̾Cryptogamia, Dahlia ʤɤοʪ̾ammonia, morphia ʤɤαʪ̾¤ˤѤ줿ŵǤϡθϽñʣƱɽ路Τǡɸʪ°ʪ̱νΤʤɡʪݲ̾դˤϤäƤĤθäΤ
ƥǤ -ia Τߤʤ餺 -a Ǥꡤˤ̾̾¤⤵ä (ex. Africa, Asia, Corsica, Malta)

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2011-10-04 Tue

#890. ͹ƬǾ acronym Ͻ̾¿ [acronym][personification][political_correctness][gender]

ε[2011-10-03-1]ǾҲ𤷤20 acronym ȯŸˤ⤷ Baum ǯ˶̣򤽤ʸ񤤤Ƥ롥SARAH (= search and rescue and homing; ܺ֡), CORA (= conditioned reflex analogue; ο͸ƬǾ), ERMA (= electric recording machine, accounting; ưĢ) ʤɡΥԥ塼Ѥοܤ̾ΤȤ줿 acronym ˤϡ̾¿ȤΤǤ롥
ϡǤϤʤȯ˴ؤäƤ뵻ѼԤϤۤȤɤäꤵ졤ʪȤȤƵͲƤȤפ뤫Ǥ̾̾ ˤĤƤϡ##852,853,854 ε򻲾ȡˡǤϡ֤ȸΩƤطʤˤΥ᡼ϤȤȡBaum (224--25) ˤм̤Ǥ롥

In general, the technological acronym seems to be growing more and more feminine, perhaps from much the same motivation as has encouraged meteorologists to appropriate girls' names for the yearly hurricanes. There is a sly and meaningful humor apparent in using a woman's name---Sarah, Cora, Erma---for what is really an intricate nervous system constructed of electronic tubes and thousands of feet of electric wire.


ʤۤɡ䡤ޤ Baum ΰոǤѼԤܤ뤫⤷ޤ󤬡
Ѥˤ褦ˡ͹ƬǾ⤺äȸι⤤ǤϥꥱˤĤƤϡƹ1953ǯƳƤ̾Ϳε§1978ǯѤ˽̾ߤͿ̿̾ˡؤȲ᤿National Hurricane Center εˤС̾ˤ̿̾δ19ν꤫餢Ȥˡ̾Ǥ˽ƱȿȤΤͳä褦оɤ˽ --- Ǥ⤢櫓ǤϤ뤬
Baum ƶϤޤ1956ǯΤȤʤΤǡ͹ƬǾ̿̾ˤĤơθλ𤬵ˤʤȤǤ롥ܤǤϡˡ AIBO ̾ͳ1ĤˡפؤäƤȤΤȡ

Baum, S. V. "Feminine Characteristics of the Acronym." American Speech 31 (1956): 224--25.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-06-28-1] [2013-06-22-1]

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2011-08-29 Mon

#854. ̾̾ she (3) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification][political_correctness][corpus][statistics][lexical_diffusion]

ɸˤĤ[2011-08-27-1], [2011-08-28-1]εˤƤѸǤˡ she ԸդȤʤäƤƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽ register ޤäƤƤΤϤʤ
ˤϡ1960ǯʹߡȤ櫓ꥫѸǹޤäƤ gender ˽ʿȤ political correctness (PC) ؤδؿäƤ롥δ顤ʹ֤ΤȤƤ man(kind) -essȿͤɽ魯ʣ -man̿;̾ȤƤ he λѤʤɤ뤵졤ɽƤƤʴϢϡ[2009-08-20-1]ˤο͵ϤʤΤ, [2010-01-27-1]ָѸλ;ñ̾, [2011-04-17-1]֥ȥåŪȥݥȤƤθ츻פʤɤε򻲾ȡ
δ she üˡ򸫤ȡ̾ΩƤƽ̾ǼͳϤʤǤϤʤȤ롥ΰԤȤäȤѸˤȿǤƤ뤳ȤϳΤߤδѤ٤ϤʤȤͤǤ롥
ä˹̾ she ˡϡĥä񤭸դȤ register ˸¤ȡ1960ǯʹߡ㸺ƤƤ뤳Ȥ¾ڤ롥The Times corpus ѤƤ򸡾ڤ Bauer (148--49) ˤȡ1930ǯޤǤϹؼ she ˡɸŪäºݡ1900ǯ1930ǯδ֤ǡؼ it 3ΤߤäȤȤ1935ǯʹߡit 㤬³Ū˸1970ǯˤshe ư쵤ɸȤʤäshe 㤬ƤϵSƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤóȻ (lexical diffusion) פ碌롥ʲΥդ Bauer (149) Υդ˴ŤƳƺΤǤ롥

Feminine References to Country Names in The Times Corpus


Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.

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2011-08-28 Sun

#853. ̾̾ she (2) [personal_pronoun][she][personification][gender]

ε[2011-08-27-1]ǡѸ̾̾ she εϡűѸʸˡǤϤʤѸδŪʵˡˤ뤳Ȥ⤷ϸѸǤˡˤĤơʸ󤲤ʤ鸫Ƥ
֤ʤɤξʪؤ she ϡäѤȤ롥ϡʪ򰦾оݤȤƤȤ館Ƥ뤫ȸ롥

Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
What a lovely ship! What is she called?
Hundreds of small boats clustered round the yacht as she sailed into Southampton docks.
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.


̾ she ϡʸкŪʴȤ館Ѥ뤬Ū˸ˤ it Ѥ롥

Iraq has made it plain that she will reject the proposal by the United Nations.
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
Britain needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe's future.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.


ɽ Australian English ǤϡϵͲʤΤǤ it she Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ξ硤ʤɤδ𤬰ؤ (Quirk et al. 318)

Remember that battle? Yeah, she was a doozie.
She's an absolute bastard, this truck.


Τ褦ˡʸϽФƤ뤬ߤǤϤˡˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥פʳؽѱѱѼƤߤȡOALD8 ǤϤˡεҤʤLDOCE5 Ǥ "old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2nd ed. Ǥ "mainly literary" Υ졼٥롤Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "somewhat old-fashioned" Υ졼٥롤COBUILD English Dictionary Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Ǥϥ졼٥ʤäˤäƥ졼٥˺뤬ΤȤƤˡ register ꤵƤƤ餷Ȥʬ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2011-08-27 Sat

#852. ̾̾ she (1) [personal_pronoun][she][gender][personification]

űѸˤʸˡäѸˤʸˡʤʤꡤ˼ (natural gender) ääȤѲϡѸˤˤ˽פǤ ([2009-05-23-1], [2009-05-26-1]) ѸˤμȤʸˡ伫ä򤹤ȡޤäƴ󤻤ꥢ󡦥ڡѡ䤤롥ϡʤɤξʪ̾̾Ȥ she ѤȤѸδˤĤƤǤ롥줬űѸʸˡƤȤ¸ߤʸˡȲ餫δطΤεǤϡˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ȡ̾ she ǼȤϡűѸʸˡε§ȤϤޤäطʤ⤽űѸǡ (scip) ̾Ǥꡤ̾ǤϤʤäOED ˤȡʰʲ˰ѡˡ̾ȤƤ she ν1375ǯǤ롥14--15οˤĤƤʸˡĥե󥹸줫ȤƲᤷΤ⤢뤬Ūʵˡ (personification) ȸ٤

2. Used (instead of it) of things to which female sex is conventionally attributed. a. Of a ship or boat. Also (now chiefly in colloquial and dialect use), often said of a carriage, a cannon or gun, a tool or utensil of any kind; occas. of other things.


ʤɤξʪƻΤۤˡԻ̾񡤹̾⡤䤽¾ŷΤʤɤ she ǼƤˤ뤬űѸʸˡλ¸ȤϹͤʤѸ줫˭٤ϡMED entry for "she" (pron.) 2(c) 򻲾ȡ
ŪʵˡȤȡĤɤΤ褦˴ƤȤȤȤʤ롥ʸؤΰĤȤѸʸؤǤŪͲ (allegorical personification) ԤʤƤҤ褦ˡե󥹸δʸˡ򤽤ΤޤޱѸȲ᤹٤⤢뤬ͿžƤ⤢ꡤȤư̲ǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥դλ Mustanoja (49--50) ˳⤵Ƥ뤬Ʊ̾ǤʤˤäƵͲͿۤʤʤɡȤϤʤμͳ٤ä褦ѸεŪ she ˡˤĤƤϡŪʸŪ뤳ȤɬפΤ褦ѸǤˡˤĤƤϡεǡ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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