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parasynthesis - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-12-21 Thu

#5351. OED βǤߤʻ parasynthesis parasynthetic [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun][oed]

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥

Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.

In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.

1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)

1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)

1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)

1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)

1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)


оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ󤲤뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥ󤬤ꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ

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2023-12-20 Wed

#5350. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed (3) [morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][oed][conversion][johnson][coleridge]

Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ

Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)


ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤ⿨Ƥ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤ񤷤ǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -ed׸λѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵󤲤ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥

1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)

1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)


Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷

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2023-12-19 Tue

#5349. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed (2) [morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][oed][germanic][old_saxon][old_norse][latin]

ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED 򻲾Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥

Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.


εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) Ȥ򡤸ηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-20-1]

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2023-12-18 Mon

#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed [terminology][morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][shakespeare][personification][metaphor][conversion][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][noun]

khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster Фܤ򤷤ʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬󤻤줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦

parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷׸ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פ򼨤ȤСʻȤȤǤ롥


嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2020-06-03 Wed

#4055. parasynthesis [parasynthesis][compounding][compound][derivation][derivative][word_formation][morphology][terminology][back_formation][conversion]

parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζ󤲤Сwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤ񤷤ȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿ǵ󤲤ϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵󤲤Ƥ

(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ


⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

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2010-09-08 Wed

#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫ä [morphology][derivative][back_formation][word_formation][parasynthesis]

[2010-06-19-1], [2010-09-07-1]ǰä bracketing paradox ˤĤơSpencer 򻲾ȤƱѸ줫äȵ󤲤Ƥߤ塤夤ʼ㤬褦Ǥʬऻ˥եåȤ󤲤롥

wordmorphological analysissemantic analysis
atomic scientist[atomic [scient ist]][[atomic science] ist]
cross-sectional[cross [section al]][[cross section] al]
Gödel numbering[Gödel [number ing]][[Gödel number] ing]
hydroelectricity[hydro [electric ity]][[hydro electric] ity]
macro-economic[macro [econom ic]][[macro economy] ic]
set theorist[set [theory ist]][[set theory] ist]
transformational grammarian[transformational [grammar ian]][[transformational grammar] ian]
ungrammaticality[un [grammatical ity]][[un grammatical] ity]
unhappier[un [happi er]][[un happy] er]


atomic scientist ʬϤ褦ˡscience scientist η־δطɬñǤϤʤñ˴ ( base ) ܼ ( affix ) ղäƸ櫓ǤϤʤǤ롥 bracketing paradox ˤޤĤ񤷤롥γϡꤵΤܼղäǤʤΤǤ롥

derivativebase
baroque flautistbaroque flute
Broca's aphasicBroca's aphasia
civil servantcivil service
electrical engineerelectrical engineering
general practitionergeneral practice
medieval sinologuemedieval China
modern hispanistmodern Spain/Spanish
moral philosophermoral philosophy
nuclear physicistnuclear physics
serial composerserial composition
Southern DaneSouthern Denmark
theoretical linguisttheoretical linguistics
urban sociologisturban sociology


̤ȤΤۤûʤäƤޤ㤹餢Τǡ[2009-08-12-1], [2009-08-13-1]ʤɤǸ ( back-formation ) Ȥͤ롥ºݤ Spencer Ϥθ personal noun ˴ؤΤ˸¤뤬ˤ"a novel type of word formation process, a productive back-formation" (680) ȷŤƤ롥
̻Ūʴؿߤȡ"a novel type of word formation process" Ȥɽˤʤ롥"novel" ˤŪǶοȤޤߤ뤬θ̻Ū˿ĹƤȤ¤ϤΤľŪˤϡοȤκʬˤȤʤä atomic scientist Τ褦ʣŪ personal noun μפƤƤȤȤϸǤ롥

Spencer, Andrew. "Bracketing Paradoxes and the English Lexicon." Language 64 (1988): 663--82.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-03-1]

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2010-09-07 Tue

#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 [morphology][derivative][japanese][word_formation][parasynthesis]

[2010-06-19-1] bracketing paradox Ȥݤ夲ʣʤʣʹ¤äˤợȷ֤ι¤פʤݤǤ롥unhappiest ϡ̣Ūˤϴְ㤤ʤ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) Ūˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ǤʤФ
˴ؿϢ Spencer ʸɤǤߤ顤ޤǤ͡ŪͿƤȤ狼äޤ˴ʲˤϻäƤʤ褦Ǥ롥
Ʊʸ bracketing paradox ˤĤܸ줫㤬󤲤ƤΤǾҲ𤷤 (665 fn) ־ʤˤ򤫤פȤɽǡ־פϡֹ򤫤פȤưΤˤäơ֤äȹ򤫤פۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥ǤФƾʤΤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ־פȡֹ򤫤פδ֤̣ڤܤ롥Ȥ֤פϢƤ뤳Ȥ顤Ūˤϡ־פȡֹפ̩ܤ˴طƤȹͤ򤨤ʤ˰̣ȷ֤ι¤԰פ롥
ʤۤɤȻפɽͤƤߤ餤ĤפĤ־ʢפ־̣פϢޤǤꡤƱͤȹͤƤ褤־ˤϤפ⡤ϢޤǤϤʤȤƤϤޤꤽ¾ˤ־?פǤФƤ?פǤϻפĤʤä

Spencer, Andrew. "Bracketing Paradoxes and the English Lexicon." Language 64 (1988): 663--82.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-03-1] [2010-09-08-1]

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2010-06-19 Sat

#418. bracketing paradox [morphology][derivative][parasynthesis][bracketing_paradox]

Ѹ bracketing paradox Ȥ꤬롥ʬϤȤˡ̣ȷ֤δط԰פȤǤ롥ʬϤˡ ( tree diagram ) 䤽δʰǤȤƤΥ٥դѤä ( labelled bracketing ) Ѥ뤳Ȥ餳̾ĤƤ롥
unhappiness Ȥͤ褦ηʬϤñǡ[[un-[happi-A]]A-ness]N ( unhappi-ness ) ʬϤ롥캬 happi ˤޤ un- Ƭղä졤ξ -ness ղäȤ֤Ǥ롥 -ness ղäơ줫 un- ղäȤʬ [un-[[happi-A]-ness]N]N ( un-happiness ) ŬڤǤ롥ʤʤС̾ un- ƬղäϤƾʤŪǤʤǤ ( ex. unease, unrest, unconcern )
Ǥϡunhappiest Ϥɤunhappiness Ʊͤʬϡʺޡ [[un-[happi-A]]A-est]A ( unhappi-est ) ʤΤ unhappiest ϰ̣ξǤ unhappy κǾɽΤǤꡤhappiest ɽ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡunhappi-est ȤʬϤϰ̣ʬϤȤפƤ꿽ʬʤ褦˸롥꤬롥Ǿ -est ϻδΤˤղä뤳ȤǤʤǤ롥ηƻκǾ most Ѥ뱪ˡ§Ǥ롥Ȥäơʱޡˤ [un-[[happi-A]-est]A]A ( un-happiest ) ȤʬϤѤȡ̣ʬϤȤο㤤Ƥޤun- ˤäƻˤʤƻˤĤƤ㤬ƯȤȤŪˤǺޤǤ롥

Trees of unhappiest

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.

ʸ嵭2010/06/23(Wed)Bracketing paradox Wikipedia Lexicon of linguistics ǤߤĤ

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