hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ڡ / page 1 (12)

suffix - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-01 Wed

#6183. 2źǾ顤3źǾȤ٤ --- firstmost, nextmost [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix]

Ϣ#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ӡ#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost ([2026-03-31-1]) ǡ̯ʸӵ顦ǾñܤƤ. OED õƤ2줷Ĥʤä쥢Υ쥢2źǾñ firstmost nextmost ܤ
firstmost νϼ̤Ǥ롥

a1400 Þe science of elementis, whiche þat ben firstmoost force of natural þingis. (translation of Lanfranc, Science of Cirurgie (MS Ashmole) (1894) 9 (Middle English Dictionary))


θ塤OED ǤϤФ餯ڤƤꡤ˸Τ1973ǯȤʤäƤΤǡ¾1Ѹˤʤꡤˤʤäƺľ줿ȹͤΤfirst and foremost Ȥû̷Ȥפ蘆롥
nextmost ˤĤƤϡOED 2Τߤ󤲤Ƥ롥

1576 Hir next most note (to note) I neede no helpe at al. (G. Gascoigne, Complaynt of Phylomene in Steele Glas sig. P.iiiiv
1866 Neistmost, the next; as, 'Dinna tack the ane neist ye, bit the neistmost.' (W. Gregor, Dialect of Banffshire (Philological Society) 228C)


2Ĥϥåȥɤ Banffshire ˴ؤܤ줿ΤȤ
ñˤƤ⡤ˤޤ;ŪȺǾȤƤɤȤȤʤΤǤϤۤȤɻȤƤʤ褦
2źǾθȽҤ٤#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 ([2026-03-24-1]) ǿ줿褦 -most ϵõ -m -est/-ost 2κǾιηǤ뤫顤ˤ3źǾθȤ⤤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

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2026-03-31 Tue

#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix]

ε#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ȴϢơˤ⤷Ҳ𤷤furthermore ӵδΤξӵܤΤȤС夲 furthermost ʤɤӵδΤξ˺ǾܤΤǤ롥ӵǾפȤǤ̾դʤ褦ʡŸ3ȤʤäƤ롥
OED õ¤ꡤŪ -ermost ñ16򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤб -ermore ΤϡȰ˼OED ǤγñνǯդƤ롥

-mostearliest-moreearliest
hindermost1398hindermore1382
uttermost1398uttermore1382
furthermost?a1400furthermorec1175
innermost1413innermorea1387
uppermostc1450uppermorea1398
lowermost1547lowermore1662
lattermost1566lattermore1534
outermost1587outermorea1425
highermost1593  
windermost1597  
farthermost1619farthermorec1380
downermost?c1690downermore1435
bettermost1737  
biggermost1803  
endermost1803  
beatermost1827  


ƱΤФӵ顦ǾդڥñܤȡΤȤӵΤۤǯ᤯ľ塤뤤ϴֳ֤򤢤ƤǾ餬иƤΤʬʵդν򼨤ƤΤϡlowermost (1547) lowermore (1662) ΤߤǤˡʬۤ顤Ūˤäơӵθ -more 夫 -most ִ뤳ȤˤäƺǾθäȤŪꤹ뤳ȤǤ
бӵθ줬ʤڥʤƤʤǾθ⤢櫓ˤĤƤ᤯˳ΩƤǽλ㡤ʤ14˷줿 hindermost, uttermost, furthermost ʤɤľܤθǥδפˤʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤϽѸ濴ȤˤθޤäƤꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤ˤݥ򼨤ΤФäƤ롥Ȥ櫓̯ʤΤȤƤ windermost endermost ʤɡwind end Ȥ̾줬縵δΤȤʤäƤΤ뤳Ȥޤbettermost/beatermost, biggermost ʤɥݥȤϴطΤʤ̤ηƻ줬١ȤʤäƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥˤդ
ӵǾΥޡ;Ūñ˺ܤȤ߽Ф񡹲ñ줿Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-30 Mon

#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix][ormulum]

Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ󰷤 furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬󤬤äƤ롥

backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore


Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥ򼨤Ȥ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥

c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1] [2026-03-31-1]

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-24 Tue

#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][-st]

first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯ä󤷤OED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥

c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]


first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est 򼨤foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most 򼨤Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤򼨤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤򼨤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤ򻲾ȡ

1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

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2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-24 Wed

#6085. ư̾ȯŸƤ椯űѸ -ing 뤤 -ung ε [suffix][indo-european][oe][gerund][participle][oe_dialect]

Ѹ -ing ˤ͡䤬ꡤۤʤ뵯ΤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#4398. -ing αѸˡ ([2021-05-12-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥ̤
ϡΤʤǤư̾ (gerund) θȤƤ -ing ܤϡűѸ̾ -ing뤤ϴŪ -ung ̤뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ȥ-ing -ung ξθűѸǤʬۤѻꡤ̤äȯãθȡֲŪˤϤʤʤʣʤ褦Ȥ櫓űѸ줫Ѹˤ -ung ष-ing ݤˤʤäƤäˤĤơ椬ĤäƤ롥
Lass (201--02) ꡤξ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤߤ褦

(v) -ing/-ung. These originate in an IE /n/-formative + */-ko-/ . . . . Thus -ing < */-en-ko-/, -ung < */-n̥-ko-/. There is also evidence for an o-grade */-on-ko-/, as in L hom-un-cu-lus 'little man, homunculus'. The original sense is not certain, but the general model is X-ing = '(something) associated with, deriving from X'. The oldest Germanic uses seem to be in names, especially tribal: Marouíngi 'Merovingians' appears in second-century Greek sources. In the textual tradition both -ing and -ung occur as a kind of patronymic: OE Scyld-ing-as/-ung-as 'Scyldings, children of Scyld', L Lotharingi, OHG Lutar-inga, OE Hloðer-ingan 'Lotharingians, people of Lothar'.
   OE seems to have two semantically differentiated suffixes from this one source, one always -ing (m), the other -ing/-ung (f). The first appears mainly in deadjectival formations like ierm-ing 'pauper' (earm 'poor'), æþel-ing 'nobleman' (æþel 'noble'), and in denominals like hōr-ing 'adulterer, fornicator' (hōre) 'whore'). The second appears as a formative in deverbal nouns, e.g. wun-ung 'dwelling' (wunian), gaderung 'gathering' (gæderian). The -ung form, curiously, seems restricted almost exclusively to class II weak verbs as bases, as in the examples above.


-ung νѸޤǤοϡ餫ͳդΤ깥ߤƤꡤŬϰϤäʤΤ
³ơCampbell (158) ˤϡűѸ֤ˤξʬۤˤĤƳ⤬ΤǡɤǤߤ褦

§383. The suffixes -ung, -ing, in abstract fem. nouns interchange fairly systematically. In all dialects -ing prevails in derivatives of weak verbs of Class I (e.g. grēting, ȝemēting, ȝewemming, ielding, fylȝing, forċirring), and -ung in derivatives of weak verbs of Class II (e.g. costnung, leornung).
   Derivatives of strong verbs have -ing in lNorth. practically always (e.g. Li., Ru.2 flōwing, lesing, onwrīging), lW-S sources vary, elsewhere the instances are too few for any conclusions to be drawn . . . . In W-S there is a tendency to prefer -ing to -ung in compounds, e.g. leorningcniht, bletsingbōc. VP changes -ung- to -ing- before back vowels (d.p. -ingum, g.p. not recorded, but cf. advs. fēringa, nīowinga, wōēninga).


űѸȤ˷äȤϤǤξ֤ξ줬äȤ⼨Ƥ롥ѸˤǤϡư̾θʬθη֤ˤƶͿȤФлŦƤδ⡤-ing -ung ˤޤĤϱѸ˾太⤤Τۤ礭Ȼפ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-10-13 Mon

#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ [asacul][mindmap][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][link][sound_change][spelling_pronunciation_gap][anglo-saxon][jute][history][germanic][oe][world_englishes][demonym][suffix][onomastics]

927ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼󥿡Υ꡼ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ6ʲƴȤƤ3ˤɶˤƳ֤ޤơޤϡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפǤޤ߿ñǤ90ʬ뤳ȤǤۤ˭ʥȥԥåǤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ۿޤ
6ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲ򥯥åƳˡѤˤȤС


lib/asacul_most_attractive_words_in_hel_06_20250927_mindmap_large.png



ʤīֺ¤Υ꡼1󤫤4ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ

#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷꡼ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])

꡼μ7ϡ1025ڡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪꤷƳ֤ޤγϤȤʤ뤳βꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00饤ΤѹȤʤޤؿΤϡī㡼󥿡ɶθHPܺ٤򤴳ǧξ塤ߤйǤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-09-18 Thu

#5988. 927ڡˡīֺ¤βƴ3English --- ƤñɤޤǤ⿼ꤹפ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][demonym][suffix][onomastics][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu]


asacul_20250726.png



1ī㡼󥿡ɶǤαѸ˹ֺ¤򳫤Ƥޤǯ٤Υ꡼˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñǤѸŪ˸ߤȴߤΤñ1ӡ⤭ơرѸ츻ŵʸҡˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡλͿ޽εҤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤αñˡҤƤϱѸΤˤޤ
轵923ڡˤιֺ¤ϲƴ3ܤȤʤޤϱѸؤï⤬Ǥ¿ȯʹꤷɤ߽񤭤⤷Ƥñ English ܤޤñᤰˤϡ¤ϱѸˤΤ⤷ѵͤ᤿褦ʪˤʤäƤޤդΩߤޤäƹͤƤߤȡñʤΤǤ

ʤ֥󥰥סʥե󥹸ˤ֥󥰥åסʥɥĸˤǤϤʤѸǤϡ֥󥰥åפʤΡ
English ֤äơ֥󥰥åפȤΤϤΤǤϡ
England Anglia Ȥδطϡ
ʤ Japanese -ese American -n ǤϤʤ English ˤ -ish θĤΡ
ʤƸ American ǤϤʤޤ (American) English ȸƤФΡ
̾̾ϸͭ̾줫ñȤưΤˡʤǶ Englishes ȤʣȤƤΡ

̱²񡤸졤ʸˤ˴ؤñʤΤǡΤ褦˵䤬ԤʤΤǤֺ¤Ǥϡ¾̱²ɽ魯ñʤɤȤӤʤ顤English ˹줿ޤ
ֺ¤ؤλˡϿɶǤľܼ֡饤󻲲äΤ줫Ӥޤ2֤θƨۿӥ⤢ޤΤԹΤ褤ˡǤäйǤߤξܺ٤īڡꤴǧ
ʤιֺ¤θɤˤĤƤ heldio #1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ȤƤäƤޤ⤢碌ƤİйǤ

</p><p align="center"><iframe src=https://voicy.jp/embed/channel/1950/7099532 width="618" height="347" frameborder=0 scrolling=yes style=overflow:hidden></iframe></p><p>

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-04-30 Wed

#5847Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸΰ֤Ť --- ᴩؤȤФʸ18ý [greek][lexicology][neologism][scientific_name][scientific_english][word_formation][emode][contrastive_language_history][inkhorn_term][combining_form][compound][prefix][suffix]


ܤΥ޻ (ԡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ǡ2025ǯ425



Ǥλ425˴Ԥ줿λȡΤʤǤýˤĤƤϡ#5824. ᴩؤȤФʸ18ýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס ([2025-04-07-1]) ӡ#5845. ؤȤФʸýоȸˤ鸫äʸζ岽פγͤγפ򤴾Ҳ ([2025-04-28-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥ý1ԤͤƤƤꡤΥȥϡֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸפǤ롥ʲơ򼨤



1. Ϥ

ܹƤǤϱѸûˤˤ륮ꥷαƶ롥ѸäĹˤ¿θ줫ƶƤʤǤ⥮ꥷ줫μѤðۤʰ֤Ƥ롥ä˳ؽѸʳصѸˤơꥷαƶϸ˻ޤ³Ƥ롥

2. ѸΥꥷȤνв

ѸȥꥷܳŪʽв񤤤15̤롥ޤǤƥ𤷤ŪʼѤϤäľŪʼѤ϶ˤƸ¤Ƥ15ˤʤȡͥ󥹤αƶǸŵؤδؿޤꡤ󥰥ɤǤ⥮ꥷγؽޤä
1453ǯΥ󥹥ƥΡץ塤¿ΥꥷؼԤ˴̿ꥷȤܿäȤطʤˤ롥λμѸˤϡůءءʸˡʤɤʬѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ

3. ѸΥꥷ줫μѸ

1618ˤƤνѸϡѸθä礭礷Ǥ롥λꥷ줫μѤŪä
ħŪʤΤϡ֥סinkhorn_term) ȸƤФ٤˳ؽŪʸäνиǤ롥ϼ˳ؼԤʸͤˤäƻѤ졤̤ο͡ˤ򤬺ǤäȤСadjuvate ʱ, deruncinate ʽ𤹤ˤʤɤθϸѸˤϻĤäƤʤconfidence ʿ, education ʶ, encyclopedia ɴʻŵˤʤɤνפñ⤳λƳ줿
ޤꥷͳƬanti-, hyper-, proto- ʤɡˤ-ism, -ize ʤɡˤѸθΤ˼줿ȤפǤ롥ܼϡḽˤƿǰɽ뤿ζϤƻȤʤä

4. ؽѸȿŵʣ

19ȡʳصѤȯŸȼꥷǤѤθȯ
ʬɽ -ic/-ics/-logyrhetoric, economics, philology ʤɡˤڤ¿οʬ̾Τ˺Ѥ줿ޤϢcombining_formˤѤ¤ˡΩ줿㤨Сtele- ʱ󤤡+ -phone ʲˢ telephone, micro- ʾ+ -scope ʸˢ microscope ʤɡκüѤɽѸ줬ˡǺ줿
ư -ize/-iseinternationalize, modernize ʤɡˤ䡤ۤɽ -ismcapitalism, socialism ʤɡˤ⹭Ѥ褦ˤʤä
ΥꥷǤѤ¤ˡϡŪˤ졤ʳؤιݲ礭׸ͳȤƤϡν𤵡Ω̩ηʤɤ󤲤롥

5. ḽζͭ⻺Ȥ

ǤϡꥷͳθäϱѸΤߤʤ餺¿θ˶ͭŪʻ񸻤ȤʤäƤ롥㤨Сcardiology ʿ¡ء, neurology ʿгء, psychology ʿءˤʤɤѸǶ̤ƻѤƤ롥
ǯΥԥ塼ʳؤ󵻽ѤʬǤ⡤cyber- ʥС, tele- ʱ֡, crypto- ʰŹˤʤɤΥꥷͳϢϽפ̤Ƥ롥
ޤäˤ anti- ȿ, hyper- Ķ, mega- ʵ, -phobia ʶݾɡ, -mania ǮˤʤɤΥꥷͳƬƩƤ롥
Τ褦ˡꥷαƶϱѸˤ̤Ʒ³Ū˸뤬ä˶ʹߡʳصѤȯŸȹݲǽƤ⡤ǰ䵻ѤνиȼꥷǤѤ¤³ȤǤ

6. ˡ

Ѹäζ岽ˤ륮ꥷϡŪˤʸŪˤפʸơޤǤ³




ʸǤϡ¿ñȿޤȤ߹ߤʤƤ롥ǤʩʻˡˤȤ¾μɮԤоȸŪʡ֥ĥåߡפ12äƤꡤɮԼȤˤȤäƤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿äҤɤߤС

δֱѸäζ岽 --- Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷѸסýָäʸζ岽 --- оȸˤλס Ϻ ԡ δԡˡˡؤȤФʸ18桧ϵܸʸͤ١ܤΥ޻ҡԡˡˡǡ2024ǯ42562--73ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-19 Wed

#5777. ƻ줫̾ؤʻž [adjective][noun][conversion][suffix][agentive_suffix]

Poutsma ѥѥ᤯äƤȡ̣ñ󸫤Ĥ롥㤨Сƻ줫̾ʻž (conversion) ׸ꥹȤ⤷ (Chapter XXIX, 1--3; pp. 368--76) ޤΥꥹȤʬѤ褦

A large group is made up by such as end in certain suffixes belonging to the foreign element of the language. Some of these seem to be (still) more or less unusual in their changed functions. In the following illustrations they are marked by † . . . . The suffixes referred to above are chiefly: a b l e, al, an, a n t, a r, a r y, a t e, end, e n t, (i) a l, (i) a n, ien, ible, i c, ile, ine, ior, ist, ite, i v e, ut, among which especially those printed in paced type afford many instances. (368)


ĤΤ¿ȤϡʲΥꥹȤζįȤ褯ʬʤPoutsma 1914ǯǤ뤳Ȥաˡ

adulterant
aggressive
alien
annual
astringent
barbarian
captive
casual
ceremonial
classic
cleric
clerical
confidant
consumptive
constituent
contemporary
cordial
corrective
degenerate
dependant
detrimental
dissuasives
domestic
eccentric
ecclesiastic
electric
effeminate
elastic
epileptic
exclusive
expectant
exquisite
extravagant
familiar
fanatic
fashionable
flippant
fundamental
gallants
human
illiterate
imaginative
imbecile
immortal
incapable
incidental
incompetent
inconstant
incurable
indifferent
inevitable
infuriate
innocent
inseparable
insolent
insolvent
intellectual
intermittent
intimate
irreconcilable
irrepressible
juvenile
legitimate
lenitive
mandatory
mercenary
miserable
militant
moderate
mortal
national
native
natural
necessary
negative
neutral
notable
obstructive
ordinary
orient
oriental
original
particular
peculiar
pragmatic
persuasive
pertinent
politic
political
preliminary
private
proficient
progressive
reactionary
regular
religious
requisite
reverend
revolutionary
rigid
romantic
royal
solitary
specific
stimulant
ultimate
undesirable
unfortunate
unseizable
unusual
vegetable
visitant
voluntary
voluptuary
vulgar


ƻ줫ʻž̾ΰ̣ˤʤäƤȤηƻΰ̣ŪħƶƤΤΤͿƤ

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-18 Tue

#5776. ³passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][french][syntax][noun][suffix]

ε#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ ([2025-02-17-1]) ³ʣ -s ʶǤˤĤơ Poutsma 򻲾Ȥ (142--43)
ե󥹸δѶͳ褹ʣ̾ʶˤ¿ϡѸäƤե󥹸ȿǤơ̾ǡܷƻǡפνˤȤɤޤ롥ѸȤƤϡθʣˤäơ̾Ǥ -s ĤΤŪǤ롥attorneys general, cousins-german, book-prices current, battlesroyal, Governors-General, damsels-errant, heirs-apparent, knights-errant Τ褦ˤʤattorney generals, letters-patents ⤢ˡ
ȯüǤ passer(s)-by Υסʤ̾Ǥθֻ硦줬դʣ⡤̾Ǥ -s դʣΤŪcommanders-in-chef, fathers-in-law, heirs-at-law, quarters-of-an-hour, bills of fare; blowings-up, callings-over, hangers-n, knockers-up, lookers-on, lyings-in, standars-by, whippers-in, goers-in, comers-out, breakings-up, droppings asleep, fallings forward ʤ (cf. men-at-arms)
ɽϥե̵ͭʤɤˤĤƤФɤ줬̤ꡤơɽˤĤˤ䴷ѤΤȻפ졤̲§ߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤θˤȤ롥

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-17 Mon

#5775. passers-by Τ褦Ⱦüʰ֤ -s Ĥ̯ʣ [plural][compound][morphology][inflection][phrasal_verb][conversion][noun][suffix]

ʣǤʤʣ̾ˤĤơʣϸˡĤޤǽǤ -s ղäФ褤ȤΤŪʵ§Ǥ롥brother-officers, penny-a-liners, forget-me-nots, go-between, ne'er-do-wells, three-year-olds, merry-go-rounds Τ褦ˤǤ롥
Ȥɸ passers-by Τ褦ˡζư (phrasal_verb) ˤͳ褷줬ʻžत̾˴ؤƤϡ𤬰ۤʤ륱롥ǽǤȤʤ뾮ֻƱθˤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơľ -s դΤ뤫*passer-bys ǤϤʤ passers-by ȤʣΤ
#5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) 򻲹ͤˤȡpassers-by ʣȤΤȤ crossings-out, lookers-on, tellings-off, tickings-off, turn-ups 󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥
ǤϹԤʤƱפ˸Ƥ⡤絬§˽äƸ -s դ turn-ups, hand-me-downs, lace-ups, left-overs, makeshifts, onlookers 㤬ФƤ롥
Ϣơ -ful(l) ǸǤȤƤʣϡɤ줬롥ѸǤϤʤѸλǤ뤳ȤǤĤġ§Ȥ handfuls (of marbles), bucketfulls (of fragrant milk) ʤɤȺǸǤ -s դʣ뤬Ȥ (two) table-spoonsfull (of rum), (two) donkeysful (of children), bucketsfull (of tea) Τ褦1Ǥ -s Ĥ۷ߤ줿
ʾ塤Poutsma (141--43) 򻲾ȤƼɮñˤäɤ줬ȤȤϡ̣Ūʹθ̻Ū¦̤δͿ⵿롥̣

Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-02-08 Sat

#5766. ֹʱѸ򶵤Ƥ --- heldio ۿ [suffix][voicy][heldio][helwa][helkatsu][word_formation][morphology][lexicology][affixation]



Voicy heldio #1348. ʱѸ򶵤Ƥꤷơꥹʡγˡֿ䤷פ򥳥Ǵ󤻤Ƥ餦÷helβϤޤ2֤30ۤɤΥȤ󤻤졤ƥꥹʡΤΡ뤤ϵˤʤ餫ˤʤĤĤޤ
⤽Ѹ (suffix) äơääȤȿ֤äƤǤηǤȤʤϤޤ󤬡ܥ֥Ǥϰʲε󤷤ƤȤޤΤǡͤˤƤС

#5677. ظ캬dzФ륳ѥñ٤ܼꥹȡ129ˡ ([2024-11-11-1])
#1478. Ƭ ([2013-05-14-1])
#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ ([2024-12-22-1])

ˤСȤϴ¸ñκǸդ벿餫ΰ̣ǽäѡĤȤʤޤʵդñκǽդΤƬ (prefix) ǤˡΤˤäƤʤΤǤʤΤ򡤷䲻δ鸷̩˻ʬ뤳Ȥ񤷤⤢ȻפޤʤդͤùˤĤƤϡΥץߥۿ֡ڱѸˤ #247ۺīΡֿ䤷פۿˡǿޤˡ
Ϥ䤳ϲ֤Ƥʤι1ĤǤ2ĤǤ󤲤Ƥ館СϾ˥ץ󤷤ƤޤΤǡ¿βޤäƤ뤳ȤԤƤޤ
֤äƤߤСˤ褦 heldio ڤȤޤΤȤϡֿ䤷ֻפäΤǤʲ̤ꡤ夬ޤ

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2024-12-22 Sun

#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ [greek][suffix][prefix][lexicology][word_formation][combining_form][morphology][latin][french][loan_word][borrowing]

Durkin (216--19) ˤơѸäꥷͳǤ󤵤Ƥ롥 (suffix)Ƭ (prefix)Ϣ (combining_form) ʬơ礿Τ󤷤褦ƥե󥹸줫μѸΤʤ˺äƤǤ⤢ꡤŪˤϥꥷͳǤ뤳ȤŤƤʤΤޤޤƤΤǤϤʤ

Ρ

-on (plural -a), -ter, -terion, -ma/-mat- (adj. -matic), the family of -ize/-ise (-ist/-ast, -ism, -asm), -ite, -ess, -oid, -isk, -(t)ic, -istic(al), -astic(al)

ΡƬ

a(n)-, amph(i)-, an(a)-, anti-, ap(o)-, cat(a)-/kat(a)-, di(a)-, dys-, a(n)-, end(o)-, exo-, ep(i)-, hyper-, hyp(o)-, met(a)-, par(a)-, peri-, pro-, pros-, syn-/sys-

ΡϢ

acro- "high; of the extremities", agath(o)- "good", all(o)- "other, alternate, distinct", arch- "chief; original", argyr(o)- "silver", aut(o)- "self(-induced); spontaneous", bary-/bar(o)- "heavy; low; internal", brachy- "short", brady- "slow", cac(o)- "bad", chlor(o)- "green; chlorine", chrys(o)- "gold; golden-yellow", cry(o)- "freezing; low-temperature", crypt(o)- "secret; concealed", cyan(o)- "blue", dipl(o)- "twofold, double", dolich(o)- "long", erythr(o)- "red", eu- "good, well", glauc(o)- "bluish-green, grey", gluc(o)- "glucose"/glyc(o)- "sugar; glycerol"/glycy- "sweet", gymn(o)- "naked, bare", heter(o)- "other, different", hol(o)- "whole, entire", homeo- "similar; equal", hom(o)- "same", leuc/k(o)- "white", macro- "(abnormally) large", mega- "huge; very large", megal(o)- "large; grandiose" and -megaly "abnormal enlargement", melan(o)- "black; dark-colored; pigmented", mes(o)- "middle", micr(o)- "(very) small", nano- "one thousand-millionth; extremely small", necr(o)- "dead; death", ne(o)- "new; modified; follower", olig(o)- "few; diminished; retardation", orth(o)- "upright; straight; correct", oxy- "sharp, pointed; keen", pachy- "thick", pan(to)- "all", picr(o)- "bitter", platy- "broad, flat", poikil(o)- "variegated; variable", poly- "much, many", proto- "first", pseud(o)- "false", scler(o)- "hard", soph(o)- and -sophy "skilled; wise", tachy- "swift", tel(e)- "(operating) at a distance", tele(o)- "complete; completely developed", therm(o)- "warm, hot", trachy- "rough"

ѸܥӥΤȤˤɤ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-08-1] [2024-12-23-1]

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