[2009-05-18-1], [2011-04-28-1]ε -dom ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ε[2011-04-28-1]ȤǡѤ˴ޤޤƤ Wentworth ʸɤǤߤ-dom ŪʤääۤŪʸä餷ϤʤΤ-dom ζˤ¾夳 (productivity) ȤäƤʸΤޤ˶ʤ뤬ʲαƤ
ޤWentworth (280--81) ϼ20θؼԤ -dom ˴ؤڤ¿"inactive" ȤԤ "active" ȤԤδ֤ǰո˳Ƥ뤳Ȥ"inactive" Ȥڤ1Ȥơ1935ǯ "-dom . . . is to all intents and purposes now dead" 롤"active" ȤΤˤƱǯ ". . . still active, that is to say, regarded as easily available for the coining of new compounds . . ." 롥
ڤˡ19ȾƱηŪȿޤޤƤ궽̣ (283--84)
Among the recent vulgarisms that have crept into the press is an abuse of the suffix dom . . . as legitimately used in kingdom, christendom . . . The word, however, does not admit of unlimited extension at the hands either of neologists or of would-be comic writers. 'Officialdom is strong in France . . . '
ˡWentworth ϡ1840ǯ100ǯ֤ǽư˸줿262Ĥ -dom (284--85) 20äƤ40ǯ֤ǤۤȾ132줬Ƥ롥Ƥ⡤ OED ˴Ť̻Ūʬۤ20ˤ -dom ˲ᾮɾƤȤȤʬ롥Wentworth Ԥǯ -dom ο줬Ƥ뤳ȤդƤ롥
Ƥ̾ʺȤˤ -dom λѤ塤Wentworth 1800ǯʹߤ˸줿300 -dom "usage status" ˤĤĴ롥ΤۤȤɤ "standard" ʸǤȻŦƤꡤ-dom Ť˼Ƥ褦Ǥ (290)
Of the approximately 300 Modern English words treated in this inquiry, all but a relative few are standard. Many are rich in connotation of empire, of politic organization, of dominion real or fancied. Some are daring, poetic, curious, whimsical. But such traits hardly disqualify the words as standard English, so broad is that concept.
ˡ-dom θħ-dom ζΰ֤ͻ (293--94) ƻδΤΤĤɤȤ halidom, bourgeoisdom, carefreedom, topsyturvydom, awaredom, Englishdom, Germandom, ramshackledom Ҳ𤵤뤬Ǥ٤ι⤤ -dom 줬 freedom wisdom ʤɷƻͳǤ뤳ȤŦ (293)
³ơ -dom 줬Ҥ뤤Ĥμ˸ФȤƴޤƤ뤫ɤǧ (294) -dom 줬ʸڤ줿Ȥ뤫ɤȤȤɬλɸȤϤʤʤȤJespersen 鼡ΰѤĤ -dom ŪɾƤ (295)
A word may have been used scores of times without finding its way into any dictionary,---and a word may be an excellent one even if it has never been used before by any human being. If at its first appearance it is just as intelligible as if it had been in constant use for centuries, why should the first occurrence be more faulty than the three-thousandth?
Ǹˡ1800ǯʹߤ˸줿 -dom 줬300Ĥۤɥꥹȥåפ (296--306) ɵ椹ȤβƻԤŪʸä
ʬäƤĤܼϤϤꤽϤʤФʤʤʤȲƼ´
Wentworth, Harold. "The Allegedly Dead Suffix -dom in Modern English." PMLA 56 (1941): 280--306.
[2009-05-18-1]ε-dom ̾פǤϸѸǻȤ -dom Ĥ̻Ūʴ餳įƤߤBauer (220) ˤȡ-dom ϰ٤λȤߤʤۤɤ˿षƤѸǤϰᤷƤƤȤ
-dom This suffix forms abstract, uncountable nouns from concrete, countable ones. For a long time it was thought that the suffix was moribund or totally non-productive, but Wentworth (1941) showed that it had never completely died out, and it is still productive in contemporary English, though not very much so. Recent examples include Dollardom, fagdom, gangsterdom, girldom (all OEDS). (220)
-dom ϸ§Ȥ̾δΤղä̾뤬freedom Τ褦˷ƻδΤղä⤢롥
OED ̻ŪʬۤĴ٤Ƥߤ[2011-01-05-1]ǾҲ𤷤OED θ̤äȤʬह CGIפѤȤ -dom 夲ʲΤ褦˻вSodom ʤɤλ¿ϺäƤꡤäȸƵդΤϺ绨Ĥʿ夲Ȥ줿ͥǡϤΥڡHTMLȡ

Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤ露Ȥ衤19ȯϰŪǤ롥20βФϡ¤ȿǤƤΤ뤤 OED θüλˤΤˤƤ19ʹߤο -dom äϤ٤Ƥٸǡnonce-word ¿Frequency Sorter ˤȡANC (American National Corpus) 10ʾѤƤΤϡfandom, boredom, stardom, fiefdom 餤
ܼ (productivity) Ū˷ΤȤ (Baayen and Lieber) -dom 19ȯ2021ˤɤ³ƤΤľŪªܼȤϵҴŪˤɤΤ褦˵ҤΤ˥ѥɤΤ褦˳ѤǤΤ-dom ܤǤ⡤꤬͡夬äƤ롥
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
Baayen, Harald and Rochelle Lieber. "Productivity and English Derivation: A Corpus-Based Study." Linguistics 29 (1991): 801--43.
ضθǤϡȤDzݤݡȤʤɤˤߤबȤʤäƤ롥켭ŵ٤ˤȡȤϡ¾ͤʸϡʡʤɤѤʬΤΤȤȯɽ뤳ȡפȤ롥ڤ˥־ξԡ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤߵ郎㤯ʤäƤΤƱˡԤʤԤκΰռ㤯ʤäƤ롥פϡȤספϡ֤äפΰդǡ٤ο蘆ǤȤ館Ƥʤ褦ࡤפ̣ñ plagiarism θ츻ҤȤȡȺȤƤνŤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
plagiarism 뤤 plagiary ϡ17˥ƥ줫ѸäƤǤ롥ƥ plagiārius ͶȡפؤѸǤ⡤plagiary Ѥƴ֤ʤ17ˤϤθݤƤθ塤ѤȤʤäƥ plagiārius ͶȡפΤȤˤʤäƤΤϡplaga ּѤ֡櫡פǤ롥櫤館뤳ȤߤǤꡤͶǤä̤ȡĸ *plek- ԤפȤ캬ؤɤ夯θ캬ϡִפȤꡤ-ple ( ex. simple, triple, multiple ), -plex ( ex. complex ), -plicate ( ex. duplicate, implicate ) ʤɤŪȯã
Τ褦ˡplagiarism ϡԤע֡ע櫡עͶעפȤճʰ̣ϢˤȯãƤˤäǤ롥ͶªʤСκνŤʬٶ Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce The Devil's Dictionary (1911) ˤȡư plagiarize ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥"To take the thought or style of another writer whom one has never, never read." ˡޤ
һҤ覻ҤκŪƤ뤬ؤΩ줫餹ȡ뤪ʤ˷ۤ夬ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ˤϡǶᡤ̾줫ƻĤ -ish ̻ŪȤطƤ롥θξܺ٤ϳ䰦뤬[2009-09-07-1]εǼ夲 -ish εǽŪOED ˤ̻ŪפŤ褦ȤǤ롥 -ish ϡ̾̾ɽ魯̾줫餽ηƻФȤợŪˤΩä ( ex. Angle > English; Kent > Kentish ) -ish ³оݤʹ֤ưʪɽ魯̾س礹˵ڤǡ˷Ūʰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤä ( ex. child > childish; dog > doggish ) Ȥơ-ish ϴΤɽ魯¸ߤΤİħФơŪ connotation ķƻ뵡ǽȯŸƤäθǤ semantic prosody semantic preference ȤѸ줳ȤʤäϢǤ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥Ƕ semantic prosody εǤϸʾñ̤ȤʤäƤ褦-ish Ȥ꾮ǤˤѤǤΤȻפ롥
-ish εǽŪϡΤɽ魯¸ߤΰħФȤ¿äƤꡤ˴ŤƤȸ櫓-ish 1Τߤڵ˵ƱѸʤ뤤ϸ̡ˤ˴ŤƤȼĥΤϡޤǤ롥ʤȤѸΰ̣Ϥȡ-ish ʳˤѸ negative ָ㤬Ĥ롥
㤨С[2010-08-13-1]εǸ褦ˡ̣Ѳʬ˰̣ɲ ( amelioration ) Ȱ ( pejoration ) ̤뤬ѸˤλȤƤϰΤۤ¿ ([2010-09-14-1])
ޤsemantic prosody [2011-03-04-1], [2011-03-02-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡutterly, happen, set in ʤɡunfavourable ʲӤӤΤۤդ¿Partington "It may be the case, one suspects, that humans have a greater tendency or need to communicate to each other the 'bad things' which happen in life and this could be reflected in texts" (133) ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤷Louw Ʊݤ "there seem, prima facie, to be more 'bad' prosodies than 'good' ones" (qtd in Partington, p. 133 as from Louw, p. 171) ȸäƤ롥
̲Ͽ٤ȤϻפĤġ-ish ˴ؤʸ (forthcoming) ǤϸʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤
Since in the nature of human beings it is arguably easier to criticise, rather than praise, others particularly in everyday, colloquial, or vulgar context, it is small wonder why -ish should tend to extract a negative rather than a positive aspect out of people's close neighbours.
ˤߤ negative ָƤ椭ȰŤΤǡpositive ָʸ߾ˤ˺줺ˡ (see [2010-09-11-1])
Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.
Louw, B. "Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies." Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Eds. M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 157--76.
ε[2010-12-14-1]ǸűѸǡֻ̡פ steorfan ( > PDE starve ) äȤˤ츻õȡƤꡤư켫ΤնɽȤ⤤Ǥ롥ĸθ캬 ( root ) ȤƤ *ster- "stiff" ˤΤܤꡤưȤƤϡֹŤʤפۤɤΰ̣äꤵ롥
äơstarve ΰ̣Ѳ餫ŪնŪؤƤȤȤˤʤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤƤΰ̣ѲϡҤ٤̤ü첽 ( specialisation ) ȤƸڤ롥ȤüʻؤỌ̇̄ꤵƤ椯̣ü첽˨ϡ12 starve of [with] hunger Ȥäɽνи˸ȤǤ롥ˡޤǤ˲ȤϴطʤñˡʢסֵƤ롤˾ƤפȤạ̈ؤȼ岽Ƥ
⤦1Ĥ⤷Τϡ̾ starvation Ǥ롥Ф1778ǯȿˡƵǤ롥starve ȤˡޥϤ̾ -ation ղäƤ ( hybrid ) Ǥꡤ¤-ation Ǥ¾ϤΤθ츻ԾܤΡʤäƤ⤷줫⤷ʤȤƤ flirtation 1718ǯˡbotheration 1797ǯˤ롥
"in the manner or direction of ---" ۤɤ֤ΰ̣ɽ魯Ѹ -wise ϸűѸͳθŤܼǤ롥űѸ wīse "way, fashion, custom, habit, manner" ̣̾ȤΩƤѸǤñȤѤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ㤨 clockwise, counterclockwise, crosswise, lengthwise, likewise, otherwise, sidewise, slantwise ʤɤθκǽǤȤޤƤ롥
ȤƤ -wise ϡѸˤ̤ä⤫ä櫓ǤϤʤष嵭ξθΤʤ˲Ū˻¸Ф¸ߴǤʤäȤ1930--40ǯ夫 -wise ϥӤΤ褦褷ι⤤ܼؤƤȯäǤ "as regards, concerning, in terms of" ۤɤΰ̣ǡɤ̾ˤǤղä롥ǯܸǤ?ŪˡʤϡˡפȤ餤ĤʸäƤߤ
Things aren't too good businesswise.
Security-wise they've made a lot of improvements.
Career-wise, this illness couldn't have come at a worse time.
It was a much better day weather-wise.
We were housed student-wise in dormitory rooms.
What shall we do foodwise - do you fancy going out to eat?
Moneywise, of course, I'm much better off than I used to be.
What do we need to take with us clothes-wise?
It was a poor show, talent-wise.
ˡάˤβˤ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Dictionary ΥǤ롥
֥ (113) ˤС -wise ϡֱѸüԤνİռοءפ˴ؤȤ
פε뤳ȤǤȤǡĹָȤߤʤƤޥ -wise ϡ1940ǯ̯ʱ̿и뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Budgetwise, drugwise, healthwise, personalitywise, securitywise Ǥ롥ƸΤθݤˤĤƤϺޤǤʤ⤵ƤʤäϸαѸä͡νİռ˺ǤŤܼ¸ߤƤ뤳ȤȡؤˤϤȯƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
=å֥ ס رѸ츻ء١ʸ˥ӡҡ1999ǯ ( Blanchot, Jean-Jacques. L'Étymologie Anglaise. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. )
[2010-03-14-1] ( controversy ) , [2010-04-04-1] ( harass ) ε˰³ȯɤꡥѸ ( World Englishes ) creole ˤȤ˳ʤϰȤƥֳϰ ( the Caribbean ) 롥ȤϤɤ櫓ñֻȯĤޤǤäƤФʤεϡ餽ˤĤƽȤǵä夵褦Ȥ롥
ޤϡֻ顥Τ Carib /ˈkærɪb/ Ȥʤθϥꥫǥΰ Arawak 줫饹ڥͳ16˱ѸäƤ Christopher Columbus Haiti Cuba Ǻǽ˵ϿȤ "brave people"
θ -ean Ĥ Caribbean Ȥʤ롥 -ean ϸͭ̾ˤĤơ?Ρʿ͡ˡ?°ʤΡˡפ̣ƻ졦̾롥16Ⱦդ꤫ѤϤᡤEpicurean, European, Promethean ʤɤ߽ФƱ츻Ʊ -ian Ⱥ𤷤ʤ褦ˤΤݥȡޤǤϤ褤Τ<b> νŤʤȤǰä롥ΰ֤ȤϢֻ§Ȥ⤽ΰ֤ɤ줬ȤΤ鿴ʤȯƤߤ褦
LPD ˤȡθˤ̤ȯǧ롥Ĥ /ˌkærəˈbi:ən/⤦Ĥ /kəˈrɪbiən/ Ǥ롥LPD ΥꥹѸǤ Preference poll Ǥϡޤ̤Ԥ91%Ԥ9%Ǥ롥;ϺȤƤ褦α˱ѸüԤΥեåȥᥤȤȤɤäȯΤͤȵˤʤä뤫顤ɤȼԳΤδФϿͤʾˤΤ⤷ʤ

ĿŪˤ¿ɤ /ˌkærəˈbi:ən/ Ѥ뤳Ȥˤ褦<b> ġ ( primary and secondary stresses ) ȳФƤФ⤷ʤޤǽƤʹ줿˺Ƥ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
[2010-03-24-1], [2010-03-25-1]εǡưʪȤɽ̾θˤĤˤϤ¿ʤȤϢưʪ̾ȤηƻθˤĤƼꤢ롥
ưʪ̾줫餽ƻˤϡĤˡ롥ǤŪʤΤ -like ȤƤĤˡǡ¾塤ɤưʪ̾ˤŬѤǤ ( ex. doglike, squirrel-like )ޤǤ -like ˤϵڤФʤ -ish -y ղäŪ褯 ( ex. apish, sheepish; lousy, snaky )夲Τ -ine Ȥޤƥͳ褹ưʪƻǤ롥ưʪ̾¿ϱѸǤꡤƥͳ -ine ƻȤΥڥߤȡߤ˷Ū˴ϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤ롥
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| bear | ursine |
| bull | taurine |
| cat | feline |
| cow | bovine |
| crow | corvine |
| deer | cervine |
| dog | canine |
| fox | vulpine |
| horse | equine |
| pig | porcine |
| wasp | vespine |
| wolf | lupine |
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| ass | asinine |
| eagle | aquiline |
| elephant | elephantine |
| falcon | falconine |
| giraffe | giraffine |
| gorilla | gorilline |
| hy(a)ena | hy(a)enine |
| lion | leonine |
| panther | pantherine |
| serpent | serpentine |
| viper | viperine |
| vulture | vulturine |
| zebra | zebrine |
Ѹˤ finish, punish ʤɡ -ish ǽեͳư줬Ĥ롥⸽եʸˡ2§ư졤 -ir ưȸƤФư줬ѸäΤǤ롥ɽȤ punir ( PDE punish ) θ߷Ѥ褦
| sg. | pl. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | je punis | nous punissons |
| 2nd person | tu punis | vous punissez |
| 3rd person | il punit | ils punissent |
| English | French |
|---|---|
| abolish | abolir |
| accomplish | accomplir |
| banish | bannir |
| brandish | brandir |
| burnish | brunir |
| cherish | chérir |
| demolish | démolir |
| embellish | embellir |
| establish | établir |
| finish | finir |
| flourish | fleurir |
| furbish | fourbir |
| furnish | fournir |
| garnish | garnir |
| impoverish | appauvrir |
| languish | languir |
| nourish | nourrir |
| perish | périr |
| polish | polir |
| punish | punir |
| ravish | ravir |
| tarnish | ternir |
| vanish | evanouir |
| varnish | vernir |
[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲƤͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ
| item | LOB: rate (freq) | FLOB: rate (freq) | ||
| -ise | -ize | -ise | -ize | |
| recognise | 59.6% (99) | 40.4% (67) | 71.8% (127) | 28.2% (50) |
| realise | 63.2% (134) | 36.8% (78) | 68.7% (125) | 31.3% (57) |
| organise | 65.6% (42) | 34.4% (22) | 67.2% (43) | 32.8% (21) |
| emphasise | 37.7% (20) | 62.3% (33) | 62.9% (39) | 37.1% (23) |
| criticise | 52.0% (13) | 48.0% (12) | 80.0% (24) | 20.0% (6) |
| characterise | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (4) | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) |
| summarise | 35.3% (6) | 64.7% (11) | 64.7% (11) | 35.3% (6) |
| specialise | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) | 81.8% (27) | 18.2% (6) |
| apologise | 68.8% (11) | 31.3% (5) | 70.6% (12) | 29.4% (5) |
| advertise | 100.0% (41) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (55) | 0.0% (0) |
| authorise | 77.4% (24) | 22.6% (7) | 68.2% (15) | 31.8% (7) |
| minimise | 90.0% (9) | 10.0% (1) | 80.0% (16) | 20.0% (4) |
| surprise | 100.0% (182) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (173) | 0.0% (0) |
| supervise | 100.0% (10) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (9) | 0.0% (0) |
| utilise | 70.0% (7) | 30.0% (3) | 83.3% (5) | 16.7% (1) |
| maximise | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (9) | 50.0% (9) |
| symbolise | 50.0% (3) | 50.0% (3) | 40.0% (4) | 60.0% (6) |
| mobilise | 66.7% (2) | 33.3% (1) | 20.0% (1) | 80.0% (4) |
| stabilise | 58.3% (7) | 41.7% (5) | 33.3% (3) | 66.7% (6) |
| publicise | 81.8% (9) | 18.2% (2) | 84.6% (11) | 15.4% (2) |
ϡʡѸȤˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ
| item | -ise rate (freq) | -ize rate (freq) | -ise + -ize |
|---|---|---|---|
| recognise | 61.1% (9143) | 38.9% (5812) | 14955 |
| realise | 63.2% (9442) | 36.8% (5492) | 14934 |
| organise | 62.3% (5540) | 37.7% (3359) | 8899 |
| emphasise | 60.0% (2998) | 40.0% (1998) | 4996 |
| criticise | 54.9% (2054) | 45.1% (1688) | 3742 |
| characterise | 52.2% (1398) | 47.8% (1278) | 2676 |
| summarise | 61.4% (1164) | 38.6% (731) | 1895 |
| specialise | 70.7% (1163) | 29.3% (481) | 1644 |
| apologise | 68.8% (1084) | 31.2% (492) | 1576 |
| advertise | 99.5% (1542) | 0.5% (7) | 1549 |
| authorise | 64.5% (987) | 35.5% (543) | 1530 |
| minimise | 65.4% (984) | 34.6% (521) | 1505 |
| surprise | 99.9% (1345) | 0.1% (1) | 1346 |
| supervise | 99.8% (1303) | 0.2% (3) | 1306 |
| utilise | 68.9% (798) | 31.1% (360) | 1158 |
| maximise | 63.2% (719) | 36.8% (418) | 1137 |
| symbolise | 49.2% (324) | 50.8% (334) | 658 |
| mobilise | 45.5% (286) | 54.5% (342) | 628 |
| stabilise | 53.5% (334) | 46.5% (290) | 624 |
| publicise | 69.4% (419) | 30.6% (185) | 604 |
Bauer ȤƤƶ̣ȻפäΤǡϤä -esque ˤĤƤǤ롥ϡ˿̾äˤθղä졤бƻ뵡ǽġ
Caravagg(i)esque
Cassanovesque
Chandleresque
Chaplinesque
Dickensesque
Disneyesque
Garboesque
Hemingwayesque
Shawesque
Bauer (266--68) ˤȤħϡ
(1) ?ħŪͼäפΰ̣ηƻ
(2) Ȥ˥Ȥ
(3) Το̾ñΤΤˤϤĤˤ Shaw-esque 㳰Ϥ뤬
(4) 첻ǽΤο̾ղäˤϡȤο̾Ƚ̤줦¤ˤƤ첻Ͼä
κǸħʤȤˤϰͤͤ롥ȤΤϡΤȯΡ첻פǽǤϤʤˡΡ첻פǽŬѤ뵬§ȤȤðۤǤ롥
ֻɤʤäƤ뤫ȤλޤȤΤϡդäդФƲ餫ι«ϡƶϤäƤڵ̾ƶϤϵդǤ롥Υ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲 spelling_pronunciation ⡤դƳȤʤץϤޤ㳰ŪǤ롥
-esque ղäˡξǤ (4) ˤĤƾܤߤƤߤ褦Casanova -esque ղä Cassanovesque ȤʤꡤΤ˴θ <a> ɽ첻 /ə/ ä롥Disney ƻˤƤϡ<ey> ɽ첻 /i/ äʤChandler Shaw ⲻȤƤ첻ǽäƤ뤬ƻ줫餽첻ϾäƤʤ첻äƤʤ̾˶̤ƤΤϡȯȤƤ첻ǽäƤ뤬ֻȤƤ첻ǽäƤʤȤȤǤ롥δѻ顤ʤ (4) ǡ첻פǤϤʤ첻פξ郎ɬפʤΤ狼롥
ǤԽʬǤ롥Caravaggio 첻ǽäƤΤǵ§̤첻ä Caravagg(i)esque Ȥʤ뤬Garbo 첻ä Garboesque Ȥʤ뤫Ǥ롥ǡ֤Ȥο̾Ƚ̤줦¤ˤơפȤդä뤳ȤˤΤCaravagg(i)esque ߤƤȤο̾ Caravaggio Ǥ뤳ȤưפĤ⤷ *Garbesque ߤȤ顤Ȥ̾ Garbo Ǥ뤳ȤϤۤɼǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ȥ̾Ǥ뤫ɤȤΤϡüԤμ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿Ȼפ졤§Ȥ꼰ΤǤ롥ֻȤɬפäꡤǽ٤θɬפäꤹΤǡˡΩ줫ϡ-esque ղõ§ȤΤϷ빽ǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡ(3) (4) ξϡߤ˴ϢΤǤϤʤȻפäñο̾ˤĤȡʬ˶ʤȤˤʤꡤ̾ΤΤΩʤʤäƤޤ줬롥Τ2ʾ夢СΤΤɤ2Ȥ֤줦Τǡ̾Ƚ̤䤹ʤ롥Caravagg(i)esque Carboesque ξˤ⡤Ԥ¿ǤꡤȤο̾뤿 clue ¿ΤǴθ첻äƤʤԤ2 clue ʤ椨ˤȤηݤäƤȤͤǤ褦˻פ
ֿ̾ + -esque פϡ夷ƤΤ⤢뤬äǤξδ֤˹碌Ȥư¤Ѥ褦ʻ⤢Τ褦 nonce usage Ǥϡ̾ޤ̩ܤͻ礷Ƥ̾Ƚ̤Ǥ褦ݤƤۤȤСήΡפϡ*Hottesque *Hotta-esque ڤܤϤäꤷۤɤ꼰ϤˤϤ֤Ȥο̾ǽ١פݥȤʤΤǤϤʤ
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
[2009-10-01-1]ε i-mutation ˤĤƲ⤷ȶ˺ƤȤ̱²ƻ줬롥̱²̾̾ɽˤϡ-ish θĤΤ뤬 /i/ ȤʤäơΤ첻꤫ˤʤäƤ롥ĤɽŪʤΤƤߤ褦
| űѸ̾ | űѸƻ | Ѹƻ |
|---|---|---|
| Angle (pl.) | Englisc | "English" |
| Franca | Frencisc | "French" |
| wealh | wīelisc | "Welsh" |
| Scottas (pl.) | Scyttisc | "Scottish" |
¤ǽϤι⤵ϥꥫѸμħΰĤƤǤꥫˡ ( Americanism ) ϤȤ˥ꥫ⳰αѸüԤ뤳Ȥ롥֥ꥫ֤פȤʰ̤ʤפȤŪͳǤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤˤ줬ƩΤ餺Τ餺Τ˳Ū˻ȤäƤȤȤ¿롥
Τ褦 Americanism ΰĤȤơ˥ꥫ3ΤȤʤ Thomas Jefferson 1782ǯ¤줷 belittle ?롨?βͤפҲ𤷤褦बθѤȤŨ㤷äϡΤ褦ʸФƤޤ Jefferson μͳۤФǤäơ˸Ūʺ˴ŤǤϤʤä
㤨СAmericanism 椷 Robley Dunglison ϡꥫˡ ( Americanism ) ǤϤʤĿˡ ( indivisualism ) Ȥäơޤ˼갷äƤʤޤThe American Dictionary of the English Language Noah Webster ⡤ Americanism ӤǤϤ1828ǯǤμΤʤǡ"rare in America, not used in England" ȸäƤꡤJefferson ¤ɾƤʤ褦Mencken ˤСºݤˤϤκǤ belittle ϥꥫǤϰŪʸȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥Ф꤫θϥꥹˤϤĤĤäȤ
ߤǤϡưϹ̤˼ƤꡤϰΤʤäΤȻפ碌ۤɤǤ롥α̿ȤΤϡ줿ˤɾǤʤΤΤ褦
ƻ be- Ĥư¿Ϥʤ¾ˤ befoul ֱʤפ benumb ֤Ӥ줵פ롥㤬ʤȤȤϰŪ¤ˡǤϤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ Jefferson be- ȤƬ¤줷ΤդϸĿͤ¤ΥȤȤˤʤΤΤ indivisualism ȸƤӤʤ뵤狼ʤǤϤʤ
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963. Pages 5 and 50.
[2009-08-30-1]εǡ-ot Ȥ ؾ ( diminutive ) Ҳ𤷤⤦ġ ( Dutch ) 뤤ϥեޥ ( Flemish ) Ѥ줿̣ؾ롥ήԤ̾ղä -kin ȤǤ롥
ϡΦޥˤƱ ( cognate ) 롥㤨СɥĸǤ -chen бǡKindchen ־ʻҶסHaüschen ־ʲȡסMädchen ־פʤɤ˸롥ȤűѸˤ cognate ʤʤMED ǤϸűѸ˵Ȥ⤬Ƥ롥
ѸǤ̾ղä㤬12˸Ϥ뤬ΤۤȤɤ졦եޥ줫̾ȼڤƤΤΤ褦ǡ-kin Ѹ¦Ū˻ȤʤϤۤȤɤʤʲΤ褦̾롥
Dawkin, Haukyn, Janekin, Melekin, Perkin, Piperkin, Potekin, Simkin, Tymkin, Watekin, Wilekin
1400ǯʹߡ-kin դ̾̾ȤƤήԤʤʤäȤƤ -s -son դäǸߤˤĤäƤ ( e.g. Dickens, Dickinson, Jenkins, Perkins, Watkins, Wilkinson )
̾饹ȤȡѸʹߤϰ̾ˤ -kin դ褦ˤʤäѸʤΤѸ¦ǤθʤΤΥ⾯ʤʤ
̾ȤƤϡnapkin, lambkin ʤɤ롥
[2009-09-09-1]˰³̱²̾ -i ꡥ-i ѸθùܤȤưäƤ褤Ȥä⤷äƤ褤ȤˤƤ⡤ϤȤʤ롥
ϡƤΤΤIJ餫ξˤäղä롥ŵŪˤϴΤβ֤ξŪʾǤ롥㤨С̤̱²̾ -ese ǤСΤ /n/ ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ ( ex. Cantonese, Chinese, Japanese, Milanese, Pekinese, Taiwanese, Viennese ) ξ硤Ȥȸ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ŪʾȤƤϡ[2009-09-07-1]ˤ褦ˡ -ish Ͽ̸Ȥղä뷹Ǥ롥ޤ㳰ȤϤ-ish ̾ƻդΤ§Ǥ롥ˤȤŪ¤äƤ롥
Ȥ̱²̾Τ -i ξϡ郎ʣðۤǤ롥Τˡϰ̾ΤղäȤŪʾϤ롥ˡڤϤʤΤΡ餯 *Lebanoni, *Libyai, *Moroccoi ʤɤȤϲŪʾ˥֥åʤȿ¬ ( Bauer 253 )ϤǤϤʤ졦פȤؤäƤΤǤ롥äξ郎ȯǤΤФξϤޤǸ쳰ξǤ롥ðۤǤ롥
ŪʾȤΤϡ¸㤫ȽǤ¤ꤳΤ褦ʾ郎ꤵƤ褦ȤΤΤǡ夳ξۤ줬ǽꤹΤǤϤʤ绨ĤˤäƲϿޤα⤬ -i ˤȤä prototype ϰǤȸ롥ߤ鳰ǽϤ뤬гۤ -i ŬѤǽ㤯ʤȹͤ롥

ʾ塤Bauer (254) ˼Ƥ븫⤷ƻвƤߤprototype -i ղä줦ŪΰŬѤȤȯۤ⤷Ȼפä
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983. 253--55.
ѸθǤϡ̱²̾δΤ餽ο͡ɽ̾ƻȤȤ̤˹ԤƤAmerican, English, Japanese ʤɡ¾塤ϰο¸ߤȤäƤ褤ˤ͡ꡤ̱²̾Ȥˤɤ줬դϷޤäƤ뤬̤Τʥ롼ϤʤΤβ֤ˤäͽۤդ⾯ʤʤ롼ȤƤޤȤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
̱²̾ΰĤ -i 롥ŪǶΤΤǡ䥢ιϰ̾ΤղäΤħǤ롥OED ǤϼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
a termination used in the names of certain Near-Eastern and Eastern peoples, as Iraqi, Israeli, Pakistani.
¾ȡʲΤ褦ʤΤ롥
Adeni, Afghanistani, Bahraini, Bangladeshi, Bengali, Bhutani, Bihari, Iraqi, Israeli, Kashmiri, Kuwaiti, Pakistani, Punjabi, Yemeni, Zanzibari
Ȥ夳ΰ⤽ OED Ǥϸ츻ͿƤʤ¾μˤ -i ϥӥʤɥηƻȤꡤΤȤȤ˼ѸȤƱѸäƤȤ٤Ƥ㤬Τ褦 -i դǼѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Kashmiri ʤɤ OED ǤϡKashmir ȤΤФƱѸ줬Ū -i ղäǤȤƤ롥ȤȡѸϡǤ -i ΤĤǼѤ줿줫 -i ƱѸȤڤФŪѤ褦ˤʤäȤˤʤ롥
˱ѸȤŪ˳ưϤȹͤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤĤѸǥȤñ ( analogy ) Ưȹͤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤θС-i ȤƱѸ첽ȤϸڤʤΤǤϤʤ꤬Τϡ-i ޤ㤬ʤѸȤƤɤΤפ뤳ȤǤʤǤ롥
-i 줬Ƥ椯ѻƤ椱Фϲ褵뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ʵϤۤɴԤǤʤ¸ιϰˤϤǤ̾ΤͿƤΤ ( ex. Egyptian, Iranian, Lebanese ) -i ˤϡϰ褬ʤФʤʤᤤ衤䥢˹ʤȤƤ⡤ۤ¿εȤϹͤˤ
-i αѸȤƤϡŪˤϤ뤫⤷ʤ줬뵡ʤȤȤϡ¾塤ʤΤƱȤǤ롥ʤΤǤСѸθùܤȤΩƤɬפϤʤˤܤɬפʤ
ʾͳǡ-i ϱѸ塤ܤʤΤǤ롥
Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983. 253--55.
Ѹ -ish ˤķƻȤФȻפ⤫٤뤳ȤǤEnglish, foolish, boyish, selfish, feverish, yellowish, oldish δΤߤƤߤȡ̾줫ƻǤ롥̾ -ish ղäȡν°ɽƻ줬졤ƻղäȡ֤פȤ֤ݤפΰ̣ź롥ޤСsomewhat ΰ̣źơ¾夹٤ƤηƻղäȤäƤǤϤʤ
Τ褦 -ish ι⤤бűѸ -isc ϡ̱²ɽ̾ˤĤƤηƻĤȤǽ˸ꤵƤ㤨СEnglish Angle ֥͡פ -isc ղäȼ i-mutation Ȥ첻ѲФ Englisc ȤˤΤܤ롥British, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish ʤɤƱͤηǤ롥
̱²̾줫ƻȤñǽä -ish Ȥ餽εǽ礵̱²˸¤餺ͤɽ̾عղä褦ˤʤächildish, foolish, womanish ʤɤǤ롥ηƻϡΤ̾λؼоݤΤ˥եơղŪʰ̣Ƥ̣childish ñˡֻҶΡפǤϤʤֻҶäݤפǤ롥դΰ̣Ѳλϡ̱²ƻ줬Ƥ̱²̾ñʷƻǤФǤʤŪʰ̣礤ʤɴŪ connotation ĤȤˤϢƤ褦˻פ롥
-ish ղäˤäơפΰ̣Ȥѥ夹ȡͤɽ̾Ǥʤ̤̾ˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥bookish feverish ʤɤǤ롥ޤ̾ˤĤơ?̣äפ̣ޤ줿 ( bluish, reddish, etc. ) ˤĤơ?餤פɽɽʤɤϡѸǤ¿Ѥ ( ex. "I get up about sevenish in the morning" )
ޤȡϳϻߤޤʤ̾ʤɤϤΤޤƻˤʤ뤳ȤƤΤ⤷ʤ̾ǤϤʤƻˤղä졤֤ס?ݤס?äפʤɤΰդɽ褦ˤʤäbrightish, coldish, narrowish ˤϡֻղä줿 uppish ʤɤ⤢롥
ˤĤϡΩʸź졤ʸդԳΤ mood ȤƤˡǧ롥ex. "I've finished preparing the food. Ish. I just need to make the sauce."
ʾ塤-ish μϰϤγɤäƤߤϩϥǤϤʤȤ狼롥
̱²̾좪̾좪̾좪̾졦ƻηѸ좪ƻ좪ֻʤɷƻŪʰ̣¾ʻ좪ˡ
̣ȵǽˤơȯŸηϩ̮ʤʤ꤬뤳Ȥ褯ʬ̤˵ǽ礷Ƥ椯ѲˤϡѲΤʳȼʳ̮ǤΤΤ褦Ʊꤹ뤳ȤȤʤ롥
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. 95. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
ϽıɼơɼȤȤȤοϡ
????????
ĤȤ
Ǥʢåˡ
Ѹǡɼѻˡפ ballot (paper)פ balloon ǡȤ ball ֵפǤ롥ĤƤϾɼȤȤˤʤࡥ
촴ϤȤ˶̤ǡۤʤΤΤߤǤ롥ballot ϡꥢ ballotta 16˼Ѥ줿ǡ-ot ȤĤƤ롥ϡ־Ρפǡؾ ( diminutive ) ȸƤФ롥balloon ϥե ballon 16˼Ѥ줿ǡ-oon ȤĤƤ롥ϡ礭Ρפǡ缭 ( augmentative ) ȸƤФ롥Ԥ16˼Ѥ줿ˤϡ֥ܡ륲פΰ̣ä18Ⱦˡֵ塤פΰ̣ȯŸ
줾쥤ꥢȥե줫μѤǤȤȤϡΤ ball ֵפޥϤθ줫Ȼפ䡤ϥޥϤθǤ롥줬٥ޥؼѤ졤ؾ缭ղä줿֤ǡƥޥϤαѸäƤȤаޤǤ롥
ؾ -ot ¿ʤ¾ chariot ָƮϼ֡, galliot ־졼, loriot ֥ΰ, parrot ֥פʤɤ롥
缭 -oon ⾯ʤbassoon ֥Х, cartoon ̡, saloon 繭֡פ롥cartoon ϡ̡褬Ƚλʥɡˤ줿Ȥͳ褹롥ʤߤˡ缭 -oon ΥեǤȤ -on Ȥ缭ꡤ flagon ֺٸӡפ million ɴפʤɤˤߤ롥
츻Τ⤷ϡ츫ȤĤʤΤʤĤθδ֤˶ȯ뤳ȤǤ뤳ȤǤ롥ɼη̡ƬƵ㤭Τϡ̤Ƥɤޤ
[2009-08-01-1], [2009-08-02-1]εǡܸ첽֥åפˤĤƽꥷ줫Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Ϥޤ -ic Ǥꡤܸǡ֥åפڤФΤʬ ( metanalysis ) ƯȽҤ٤ޤʤʬϤäΤˤĤƤϡdrama ֥ɥޡ: dramatic ֥ɥޥåפʤɤΡܸȤƤѸȤƤ褯Τ줿ΥڥǥˤʤäǽȻŦ
ϡ餿ơ֥åפޤܸñ줬ɤ줯餤뤫Ĵ٤ƤߤʲϡCD-ROMǡعϻǤǸ줿ꥹȤΤǤ롥֥åס֥ƥåפ¾Ѹ -s ղä̾첽֥åס֥ƥåפǤäƤߤϼѸʤΤǡξˤϼѸʤۤȤɤѸˤǤ֤դƤꥷͳ褷ʤ֥åʥƥåˡϾʤƤ ( ex. ֥ƥåס֥֥ƥå )
֥Хå acrobatic, ֥å athletics, ֥å atactic, ֥ꥹȥƥå aristocratic, ֥å isotactic, ֥å exotic, ֥ƥå egoistic, ֥ƥƥå Ästhetik (German), ֥饹ƥå elastic, ֥å erotic, ֥ȥޥå automatic, ֥ץ饯ƥå chiropractic, ֥å cosmetic, ֥å gothique (French), ֥Хͥƥå cybernetics, ֥ƥޥå systematic, ֥å syndiotactic, ֥㡼ʥꥹƥå journalistic, ֥ץå sceptic, ֥ƥå static, ֥ޥƥå semantics, ֥ƥå tactics, ֥ǥ⥯ƥå democratic, ֥ɥޥå dogmatic, ֥ɥƥå domestic, ֥ɥ饹ƥå drastic, ֥ɥޥå dramatic, ֥˥ҥꥹƥå nihilistic, ֥Хߥå biomimetic, ֥ѥƥå pathetic, ֥ѥݥƥå power politics, ֥ҥ塼ޥ˥ƥå humanistic, ֥ҥ塼ꥹƥå heuristics, ֥եʥƥå fanatic, ֥եƥå fantastic, ֥եɥå field athletics, ֥եͥƥå phonetics, ֥ץ饹å plastic, ֥ڥߥƥå pessimistic, ֥ڥå pedantic, ֥ۥꥹƥå holistic, ֥ݥƥå politics, ֥ޥͥå magnetic, ̡å, ֥ߥƥå mystic, ֥إå, ֥ꥢꥹƥå realistic, ֥ƥå logistics, ֥ޥå romantic
ع٤˷ǺܤƤΤǤ49줢롥ܸΡ֥åڤФΥǥȤʤäǽΤ drama -- dramatic ƱפȤƤϡdogma -- dogmatic mime -- mimetic 롥إåˤĤƤϥɥĸȱѸ ( hybrid ) Ǥ뤳Ȥ[2009-08-02-1]ǿ줿ܸȤ hybrid ȤƤϡֲåפơ̡åפع٤˷ǺܤƤͣǤ롥
hybrid Ǥ֥إåפ̡åפơ֥å줬20ġ֥ƥå줬27ĤǤ롥ǯܸǤ֥ƥåפȯˤʤäƤƤΤǡ塤֥åפ餿֥ƥåפܸ夹ʤΤ⤷ʤ
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