ưβʬˤ {-ed} ȡư3ñ뤤̾ʣ {-(e)s} ȤǤϡֻˤդۤʤ롥褽ʿŪ˿Τ褦˸ơȺ٤ʰ㤤롥Carney (18--19) Ūʴ顤äƤΤǡѤ褦
. . . The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).
There is very similar allomorphic variation in the noun plural and 3rd person present tense of the verb with its variants /ɪz/ (watches), /z/ (warns) and /s/ (waits). The two sets of phonetic variants are often cited together as equivalent examples of morphemic spelling. If we look closely at the details, however we find in fact that they are dealt with rather differently in the writing system (table 5).
Table 5 English plural and past tense inflections
{-ed} ending {-(e)s} ending 1 /-ɪd/ matted /-ɪz/ masses 2 /-ɪd/ mated /-ɪz/ maces 3 /-t/ hopped /-s/ (No *hoppes) 4 /-t/ hoped /-s/ hops, hopes 5 /-d/ planned /-z/ (No *plannes) 6 /-d/ planed /-z/ plans, planes 7 /-d/ hurried /-z/ hurries 8 /-d/ radioed /-z/ radios 9 /-d/ vetoed /-z/ vetoes, or vetos
Table 5 gives examples of each suffix in its three phonemic variants. The words provided as contexts include a preceding long vowel followed by a single consonant, a preceding short vowel followed by a single consonant, and the spelling variation found after <o>. The past tense has a constant <ed> spelling across all these contexts which is only varied by merging with a final <-e> in the long vowel words (e.g. hope -- hoped). The marking of the long vowels is also done indirectly by using <C>-doubling to mark a previous short vowel --- absence of doubling marks the long vowel. This is not done in the noun plural suffix, so there are no equivalents in rows 3 and 5 to <hopped> and <planned>, that is *<hoppes> and *<plannes>. Nor is there a variant spelling *<vetod> to spoil the uniformity of <-ed>. The <e> of <-oes> and <-ies> is best treated as a marker of the long vowel. Grammarians refer to the two inflections as the -s form and the -ed form and this is in accordance with the traditional spelling rule that one adds <-s> and <-ed> respectively to the base form.
If we try to use a consistent <-ed> morphemic spelling in chopping up words into correspondences without any overlap, this lack of symmetry becomes apparent. In scribbles we have /əl/<le> and in scribbled we have /əl/<l>; in hopes we have <e>-marking of the vowel as /əʊ/<o..e>, /p/<p>, /s/<s>, but in hoped we have /əʊ/<o>, /p/<p>, /t/<ed>, while the long vowel is marked by absence of <C>-doubling. In a process description, and indeed for any human speller, this is catered for by 'dovetailing' so that <hope>+<ed> becomes <hoped>, <eight>+<ty> becomes <eighty>, etc.
Carney ϡֻθ "a constant spelling for a morpheme" "the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts" δ֤ΥХξΩĤΤǤꡤ줬ġֻʵ§ˤΤʤʣʬƤ뤳ȤƤ롥ʬΰ㤤{-ed} {-s} ˤ⸽Ƥȹͤ롥ʤʤΤˤĤƤϡ̻ŪʴޤƤĴ٤ɬפ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ7ε -ish ŪŸޤ
ϡܤ뤳ȤξʤΤ줶ˤǤ-ish Τ褦Ωʤ1ĤäƤߤƤ⡤˭ˤͤޤäƤ뤳ȤȤޤchaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" ([2012-10-21-1]) ʤ̡"every affix has its own history" Ȥ櫓Ǥ
ιͤ˾ñ̤ؤȱĹС"every phoneme has its own history" Ȥʤޤޤ¤Ǥ羮ñ̤ѲѰۤˤ餵ƤꡤƱˤ̵ñ̤ŪäηϤƤꡤȤƵǽƤȤΤϡä٤ȤǤϤʤǤ礦
ϢܵΤʤǿ줿ܼ (productivity) ˤĤƤŪ˳ȯʵ깭ƤޤΤǡʲδϢ
#935. (1) ([2011-11-18-1])
#936. (2) ([2011-11-19-1])
#937. (3) ([2011-11-20-1])
#938. (4) ([2011-11-21-1])
#940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1])
#2706. ܼ ([2016-09-23-1])
ϢܵƤϡ#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩ ([2009-09-07-1]) Ǵά˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡ⤴Ʊξܺ٤ˤˤĤƤϡʲƤޤΤǡŪʴؿΤϤȤ
"The Suffix -ish and Its Derogatory Connotation: An OED Based Historical Study." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 108 (2011): 107--32. *
67Ωؤʤɤθब77?126ǯλɽոԸԤؤŪʴϤˤ褦ȿ˿ǯˤơϵμȿžڵȤɤƱؤȤơꥢζϤʥ饤Хȶ礦ȤˤʤȤ줿̾ϡ֥Х˥ (Chibanian) Ǥꡤ⤷ǧСͳϼ̾ȤƤϽƤΤΤˤʤȤ
֥Х˥פ֥ƥǡդλספĤƤ뿷ʹä˾ʤ̰´Τǡΰ´νߤ˵Ƥ
֥С (Chiba) ʬȡ֥˥ (-nian) ʬʬ褦ޤǽ2ǡ֥˥ (-nian) 顥-nian ϡΤ˵ȤƤϥƥηƻ̤Ȥϸʸ̩ˤϡǽ n Ԥ촴°Τȹͤɬפ뤬ˡΥƥǤ -nian ǽ뤳ȤϤꤨʤ˱餫ζղäơ-nianus -niana ʤɤȤƸϤǤ롥Τ褦ʸʤȤȤϡ-nian ǽϡƥȤƤθǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥ϸ衼åѸθǤꡤ𤫤ݸȤƤαѸθȹͤΤ-nian ϡŪˤϥƥͳ褹ȤȤǤƤ⡤줬줿ζŪϡƥ°ƤȤϸ餯Ѹ°ƤȤ٤֥ƥǡդλספȤϡˡʸ츻ͳˤȶ֤λ¡ʸߤν°ˤƱƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
֥Х˥פƥñȤߤʤȤΰ´ϡ֥פʤɤѸñȤߤʤ´ƱΤΤǤʡ#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1]) ȡˡ֥ (sea) ֥ (chicken) ⡤Ūˤ餫˱ѸͳñǤ롥Ȥ߹碌֥ (sea chicken) ϡ˱ñκۤƤˤ衤ʱѸص͢ʤ¤˱Ѹθäˤ¸ߤʤʾܸñȸ虜ʤϱѸǤäƤ⡤ߤζŪʽ°ܸʤΤǤ롥
ˡ1ǤΡ֥С (Chiba) ˤĤơϡ-nian ȰۤʤꡤŪˤ⸽ߤζ֤ȤƤäȤܸñǤȸڤäƤ褵ɬ⤽ǤϤʤȵ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤŪܸǤȤȤ˰Ϥʤ¤طʡʤŪϼؤ˶ȤŪäʸ̮θСΰѤ̾ȤƤΡ֥Сפؤ˰㤤ʤ̿̾ԤܿԤʻޤơ¿ܿͤϡܤ̾ȤƤΡաʸԸԡˡפռ˰㤤ʤ˼줿Ĥˤϡष줿Ȥͳˤꡤ֥Сפ̾Ȥʤ̾ϡ˳줿ΤȤƤȤ館ȤȤθ츻餫ˡΤΤäȤƤ⡤ŪˤϡΤΤǤϤʤ뤳ȤǤǤ롥ǤϡǤϤʤñʤΤȤС褯ʬʤΤñȽҤ٤ˤȤɤƤͭ̾θ°ʤΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) Ȥ줿
ʾꡤ֥Х˥ ȹͤ2ĤǤΤˤĤƤ⡤Ūʴϡ֥ƥǤפȤϷ褷ƸʤʤοʹԤܤΩƤƤȤϡ´褦ȤƹͤȤʸϤˤƤߤǤ롥ܶǸؤƤߤȤȤǡ餺
ɤΤȤ֥Х˥פϱѸʤΤǤʤвʤΤ
ε#2878. comfort m ȯ ([2017-03-14-1]) ˰³ǼĤǴ줿ˤĤơƥƬ com- ϡ³ǤƬ f ξˤϡ̾ con- ѲϤǤϤʤȤǤ롥Τ conference, confident, configuration, confine ۤȤɤΥ con- ȤʤäƤ롥comfort(table) 㳰Ȥʤꡤ¾㳰 comfort ˴Ϣ줫comfit ̡ˡcomfiture ̡ˡcomfrey ʥե饵ʥҥϥ°¿ǯˤ餤ΤΤǡ˵Ǥ롥
Ƭθ츻ˤĤƤ com- ϥƥ "with, together" ̣ cum ƬȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǡƥ줫ľܡޤե줫Ū˱ѸäŪʸΤʤǤϡ m ϲƱˤ͡ʸ̾ϡb, p, m ʤɤǤ com- Τޤ뤬l Ǥ col- Ȥơr Ǥ cor- Ȥơ첻 h, gn, w Ǥ co- ȤƸ졤ʳξˤ con- Ȥʤ롥㳰¿comfort ⤽1ĤǤ롥
Upward and Davidson (142) ϡդΤȤʲΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ뤬comfort comfit ˤĤƤñ㳰ŪȻŦƤΤߤǡθˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ
Before B and P, OFr normally wrote CUM-: cumbatre 'to combat', cumpagnie 'company'. Although this was later altered back to the Lat COM- spelling, Eng retained the pronunciation related to CUM-, whence the /ʌ/ vowel of comfort, company, compass, etc.
In comfort and comfit, the CON- was altered in Eng to COM-: comfort < OFr cunforter < Lat confortare 'to strengthen'; comfit < ME confyt < OFr confit.
ˡcomfort ˤĤ Barnhart θ츻ŵäƤߤȡťե줫μѤ˴ϢƤ䤳𤬤褦ǡֻ˴ؤƤ con- ä˱Ѹ¦ com- ؤѲȤŦ롥
Probably before 1200 cunfort a feeling of consolation, in Ancrene Riwle; later confort (about 1200 and about 1280); borrowed probably through Anglo-French from Old French cunfort, confort, from earlier noun use derived from the stem of Latin cōnfortāre strengthen. Apparently the noun and verb were borrowed separately in English, though the noun replaced earlier Old English frōfor; however, it is possible that the later verb is from the noun. The phonetic change of con- to com- before f took place in English.
Skeat θ츻ŵǤ⡤ϤѸˤ con- com- ѲȤ¤ܤƤʤ
Though the verb is the original of the sb., the latter seems to have been earlier introduced into English. The ME. verb is conforten, later comforten, by the change of n to m before f. It is used by Chaucer, Troil. and Cress. iv. 722, v. 234, 1395. [The sb. confort is in Chaucer, Prol. 775, 7788 (A 773, 776); but occurs much earlier. It is spelt cunfort in Ol Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 185; kunfort in Ancren Riwle, p. 14.]
ѸǤΰֻʬۤťեǤֻܤĴƤߤʤ¤ꡤcomfort m Ρ֤ʤפˤϡʾ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ롥
ʤcomfit ֻˤĤƤϡإåץѸ츻ŵ٤ confectionery ιˡ̣Ū comfort ȴˤ䤫˴ϢŤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤλŦ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ֹפ̣ wilderness θ츻ưʪνפǤʹȡ̣ʤ
θαѸǤνФϡ1200ǯⶵˤƤǤ롥OED ˤСǤ롥
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 161 Weste is cleped þat londe, þat is longe tilðe atleien, and wildernesse, ȝef þare manie rotes onne wacseð.
θϸűѸǤʸڤʤΤºݤˤ *wild(d)éornes ʤɤȤ¸ߤƤǽϤ롥Middle Low German Middle Dutch ˤ wildernisse ȤƳǧƤcf. ɥĸ wildernis奪 wildernisˡ
ȤƤϡ"wild" + "deer" + "ness" 3Ǥʤ롥"deer" ϡ#127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])#128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1]) Ǹ褦ˡűѸ줫Ѹˤơưʪפ̣顤"wild deer" ȤפˡưʪפǤ롥-ness ̾Ǥϡֽ衤פۤɤζŪʰ̣ɽ魯ΤȤƻȤƤ롥-ness ̾ϳΤ˵ǤϤ뤬héahnes (highness) ǡĺפɽ路ꡤsméþnes (smoothness) ǡʿϡפɽ路ꤹ㤬ʤɡ̵ǤϤʤΤȤơwilderness ΰ̣ϡưʪνפȤʤꡤͤνǤʤΥ롥
-ness ϡ̾ƻδΤ³̾Τǡwild deer Ȥ̾³Ƥ뤳ȤϰΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤˤĤƤϡwild deer ˷ƻ -en դƤǤ wildern ΡˤΤȤʤꡤ -ness ³ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ºݡwildern ϡűѸ mid wilddeorenum toþum ȤƽФƤꡤѸǤ¿ϤʤʸڤƤΤǡθ츻ΤۤϤ⤤褦˻פ롥
ʤ촴2첻 wild /waɪld/ Ф, wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ Ǥñ첻Τϡ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]) ǽҤ٤ΤƱˤǤ롥
#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s ([2016-10-21-1]) εǡ-s -n ġhern, hisn, ourn, yourn, theirn ʤɤŪʽͭ̾˿줿η֤ɸѸˤϻĤʤäǤϺ⸽Ǥ롥Upton and Widdowson (82) ˤ롤hern ʬۤʲ˼ȾʬˡȹʬۤƤ뤳Ȥʬ

-n ˤĤƤϡWright (para. 413) ǤƤꡤ19ˤνǹѤƤȤΤ롥
-n ϡɸŪǤϤ뤬¤ηŪ˹Ƥ롥mine, thine ޤơΩˡνͭ̾줬Ӥ [-n] ǽ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ष[-n] [-z] ߤƤɸѸηϤϡʬ礤ƤȤ⤤롥
ʤmy mine Τ褦ˡΰ㤤ϡUpton and Widdowson (83) ˤСͭ̾ (attributive possessive pronoun) Ƚҽͭ̾ (predicative possessive pronoun) ȤѸˤäƶ̤Ƥ롥뤤ϡconjunctive possessive pronoun disjunctive possessive pronoun ȤѸȤƤ롥
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
Ѹǡ?ΤΡפ̣ͭ̾ϡ1;ñ mine -s դyours, his, hers, ours, theirs Τ褦ˤʤ (it бͭ̾줬¾ʤˤĤƤϡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) ȡˡüŪˤС̾νͭʤӡ?ΤΡפ̣ -'s ̾ˤѤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬̲ΤϤۤɸŤʤ15ΤȤǤ롥Ǥϡˤϡͭ̾ɽϲäΤ
űѸѸǤϡ;̾νͭʤΤޤͭ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ17ޤǸ줿ˤСͭʤ your, her, our, their ʤɤΤޤͭ̾ȤƤѤƤȤȤѸǤϡͭ̾Ȥ̤κ⸽졤¹ԤѤ褦ˤʤäǤϡ hers, ours, yours, ours ˤĤʤ -s դ֤a1325 Cursor Mundi ˸¤߽Ф롥
Ǥ -s ʤ -n դ hern (hers, theirs) ?a1200 Ancrene Riwle Ǹ졤Ѹˤ hisn, yourn, ourn, theirn ⸽줿 -n ȼ֤ϡmy/mine thi/thine ˸褦ʸؤȹͤ12;ñˤĤƤϡűѸ mīn, þīn ˽ͭ̾ȤƤˡǤ¸ߤˡ -n ϸǤ˸ꤵʤɤơŪǤϤʤ
ŪˤϡѸ˸줿 -s ĺνͭ̾줬15ʬۤư̲ɸȤƸѸäȤˤʤ롥
ñˤ -ate ĤΤ¿ϥƥ1ưβʬθ˸ -atus, -atum ͳ褷ѸǤϸͽۤƻ̾ȤƵǽƤФ꤫ưȤƤⵡǽƤ롥ʻ줴ȤˡĤ褦ʤˤϡʣʻͤƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥ˵Ť
̾졧 advocate, legate, centrifugate, duplicate, mandate, vulcanizate; alcoholate, ferrate, acetate, carbonate; episcopate, pontificate, professorate, rabbinate
ƻ졧 consummate, degenerate, inanimate, Italianate, temperate; branchiate, chordate, foliate
ư졧 activate, assassinate, camphorate, capacitate, chlorinate, concentrate, domesticate, evaporate, fractionate, hyphenate, locate, negotiate, orchestrate, pollinate, pontificate, substantiate, triangulate, ulcerate, vaccinate, venerate
-ate ϥƥβʬͳ褹Τ顤ѸǤƻȤơ뤤Ϥ̾ˡͳ̾ȤѤȤΤ䤹ѸǤ -ate 줬ưȤѤ㤬¿ष-ate ıñȤСޤư㤬פ⤫֤ΤǤϤʤʤ -ate ưȤʤΤ
ͳˤĤƤϡƻ줬ưʻž (conversion) 뤳ȤϱѸˤʤ-ate ƻ⤽η˾äƼͳưؤʻžΤȸƤ롥ΤǤ white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty ʤɤǷƻ줫ưؤʻžϸ뤷եѸǤ clear, humble, manifest ʤɤ㤬롥顤ƥͳ褹 -ate ƻ⤽ΤޤưȤѤƻ졤ˤβ̲˵ڤǡȤȤΥƥ1ưϤȤˤ -ate ȼưȤƱѸ˼ޤȤ夷ΤȤ (see #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]))
嵭ϡBaugh and Cable (222) ǤѤƤꡤ˶ᤤΤȤʤäƤ롥OED -ate, suffix3 ǤƱܤƤ뤬κǸˡΤ褦ʥȤդդƤꡤ̣
(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the pa. pple. identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their pa. pples.)
κǸθȴϢơ#1860. Ʊβʬ ([2014-05-31-1])#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ȡ#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤ-ate ̤¦̤#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#1880. -ee εȯŸ (1) ([2014-06-20-1]) ǰäƤΤǡɤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ֻȯߺѤˤĤơ#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) #2407. margarine ȯ ([2015-11-29-1]) ǿƤƱߺѤδ顤adviser advisor κ۲ä McDavid ˤ뵭ߤĤΤǾҲ𤷤
adviser advisor ϡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) 㼨褦ˡۤʤټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) ĥڥǤ롥̣ϡadviser ŪʽԤؤΤФơadvisor ä˥ꥫѸؤλƳؤξۤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ֻΤߤǤꡤȯˤƤ̾襤 /ədˈvaɪzɚ/ Ȥʤ롥ʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡMcDavid ͤȯɽ1942ǯȤʳǤϡadvisor Ф /ədˈvaɪzˌɔɚ/ Τ褦ȯʹ줿餷
McDavid ϡadvisor ֻȯȯãΤ褦ʬϤƤ롥ޤŪʰ̣Ǥ adviser Τߤ¸ߤƤȤˡؤˤֻƳפ̣ΤȤ <advisor> ʤֻ߽Ф줿ϡadjustor, auditor, chancellor, editor, mortgagor, sailor, settlor, tailor ʤɡ-or ĸ¿Ū俦Ȥɽ路Ƥˡ˾褸ƽκ۲߽ФȤ̤ޤadvisory supervisor Τ褦ֻؤäƤ⤷ʤΤ褦ֻζ̤߽Ф줿Ȥˡadvisor ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θˤꡤǽ /ɔɚ/ ȯ褦ˤʤä
Ĥޤꡤadvisor Ϥޤ줿̣Ȥ̿ơֻˤƿ˺Ф졤ƺǸȯѷȤˤäơ adviser ΩǤȤΩȤȤˤʤ롥θϾҤ̤ adviser ƱȯؤȲƤäΤǤꡤߤǤ advisor ϻŪΩ (cf. #2432. Bolinger λŪǡ ([2015-12-24-1])) ȤƵǽƤȲ᤹٤
McDavid, Raven I., Jr. "Adviser and Advisor: Orthography and Semantic Differentiation." Studies in Linguistics 1 (1942).
ε#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1]) ǡBolinger λŪ (visual morpheme) ȤѸФˤȡΰˤϡ𤷤ʤľŪɽ㤬ȤBolinger (335--38) ϸѸˡֻȤơĤμʬƻҲ𤷤Ƥ롥¾䤤ʤ⤷褦
(1) Ʊָ (homonyms) 㤨С"Sea is an ocean and si is a tone, as you can readily see." ȤͷӤ˸褦Ǥʸ̮ΥҥȤͿƤ뤬3줬ñΤȯж̤ĤʤˤƤ3ԤΤ˶̤롥äơܤ˸Ƕ̤ǤȸƤǤ褤⤷ȤǤϡ"The big clock tolled (told) the hour." "The danger is safely passed (past)." Τ褦ˡñФλȤʬۤȤɰ̣ΰ㤤˷ӤĤʤ褦⤢롥
(2) ֻΰ̣ȯã (semantic evolution of spellings) ŪˤƱñֻۤʤ餻뤳Ȥˤꡤ̣ǽ㴳㤨륱롥let us let'sgood and good ʤɤǤ롥gray grey ǤϡԤ She has lovely gray eyes. ʤɤΤ褦˹ŪѤ뷹ΤФơԤ It was a grey, gloomy day. ʤɤΤ褦ŪѤȤ롥check/cheque, controller/comptroller, compliment/complement ʤɤȤȤ館뤫⤷ʤʤHall (17) ϡ (2) μֻ "semantic representation" ȸƤǤꡤʸإȤƤ fantasy ȸۤȤƤ phantasy ΰ㤤䡤Ye Olde Gifte Shoppe ʤɤˤ;Ū final_e θ̤ܤƤ (cf. #13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2])#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1])) (1) (2) ΰ㤤ϡԤ homonymy ǡԤ polysemy бȹͤФ褤
(3) (constellations) ֻĸ췲˶̣ͭĤȤֻỌ̇̄ӤĤ褦ʾ롥㤨Сټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) -or ϡadjustor, auditor, chancellor, editor, mortgagor, sailor, settlor, tailor ʤɤ˼褦ˡ-er ٤ҿι⤵ްդ褦Ǥ (see #1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])) ޤ -y -ie ǤϡԤΤۤؾ (diminutive) ȤƤʤ褦˴롥Τ褦ʻ㤫顤ˤ phonaesthesia νǤȤ "graphaesthesia" ʤѸäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
(4) Ūʳݻ (visual paronomasia) ŪϸȤơ˰Ƥ City Haul ǤȤտŪʸֻȤƸŤᤫ The Compleat Military Expert ʤɡֳ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1]) #825. "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-31-1]) ⻲ȡ
(5) ֻǤϤʤ (punctuation) ѤΤ⤢롥the dog's masters the dogs' masters ϸߤ˰ۤʤ̣ɽ魯the longest undiscovered vein the longest-undiscovered vein ۤʤ롥#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) ⡤μ˿
ʾ "visual morpheme" ϡˤΤͿƤ뵡ǽǤ롥
Bolinger. "Visual Morphemes." Language 22 (1946): 333--40.
Hall, Robert A., Jr. "A Theory of Graphemics." Acta Linguistica 8 (1960): 13--20.
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ̾ʸư̾-ing ȸʬ -inde (or -ende or -ande) ŪͻŪʺФȤϡε#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) Dz⤷ȤǤ롥ŪˡѸʹߡ-ing Ȥͣη֤ư̾줪Ӹʬξǽ̤ƤȤˤʤä
Ѹˤơ嵭 -ing -inde ˲ä -en(ne) ⲻŪʺ˻ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ롥θϤ夤첻ȼ夤ɡħŤ졤ʬ -inde d æ뷹äꤹ (cf. #2121. Ѹˤˤ /t/ æ ([2015-02-16-1])) Τˤ٤Ƥ /-ən/ ۤɤ˼̤Ƥޤäǽ롥Mustanoja (569--70) ϡθκˤޤؤˤĤơʤҤ٤Ƥ롥
One has to take into consideration . . . certain phonological and morphological processes which seem to have brought about a confusion between the verbal noun, the present participle, and the infinitive. . . . [T]he present participle occasionally ends in -en instead of -end, as in he saȝ þe roke And þe brinfires stinken smoke (Gen. & Ex. 1164), probably also in þat heo heora wil-daȝes wælden weoren (Lawman A 1799), and the inflected infinitive may end in -ende, as in to flende (Lawman B, to fleonne, A) and suffraunce may aswagend hem (Patience 3; cf. also Purity 1291). In the North and N Midlands, in the 15th century even in the South, -ng may occur as -n (e.g., drynkyn for drynkyng, Norfolk Gilds). Cf. also unknowen for unknowyng (Deonise 5, MS Kk) and, conversely, I am moche beholdyng [for beholden] unto hym (Malory MD 86).
While admitting that the examples here given are uneven with regard to their chronology and dialectal distribution, it is difficult to believe that this confusion of forms did not bring the noun in -ing into close connection with the present participle and the infinitive and thus promote its use as the gerund.
ϤޤϲŪʼ岽ȤʾäΤ⤷ʤ줬Ūͻ߽Ф쵡ǽξͶȯȤʥꥪΤǤСޤ˸첻μ岽ޤοƤӡSVOؤθȤѸ˾ΥʥߥåѲ⤦1ĤλȤʤ롥ѲˤƤϡΤ褦ˡְưפȤ롥
Mustanoja εƤǤϿʤ嵭ɾˤϡƱͻäȽɬפ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ѸǤϡʬ (present participle) ư̾ (gerund) Ʊ -ing Ȥ뤬εǽϲʬƤ롥2Ĥνư礷ơ-ing פȸƤʸˡȤ⤤뤬Ū˸ƤʬƤΤˤŪʻ𤬤롥Ťϸʬư̾ϡǽκϤ뤳Ȥʤ顤ŪˤΤ˰ۤʤäƤĤޤꡤ2νưϡϴΩƤˤǸߤߴäƤȤаޤ롥ʲ (118--20, 187--91) ȤơʽŪͿ褦
űѸǤϡư̾ȸƤ֤Ȥεǽϡto դˤäɽ蘆Ƥư -ing ղä֤ϤˤϤäϽ̾Ǥꡤ줿̾ϡߤư̾ȰۤʤꡤưȤƤۤȤɤ⤿ʤ̾äξ֤ϡۤѸΤ³ѸѸˤơ褦䤯 -ing (1) Ū(2) ȶ(3) λư֤ǽȤʤꡤ(4) ̳ʤμʤɡưŪʤӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ褦ˡư̾̾ȤƽȯȤȤ˾ưȤƤʤƤäʸˡܤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ʬϡűѸ줫Ѹ̤ơ-inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤθȼä¸ߤʸѰۤˤĤƤѸä#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ȡ˵ϿޤȡˡѰ۷ΤʤǤ -inde ϡޤưפ /in/ Ȥʤäư̾ -ing ޤƱͤ /in/ Ȥʤ뤫顤ư̾ȸʬϲŪͻ礹ǽƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ŪͻβǽȤơǤξԤεǽϤɤˤɸŪˤСϤΤϡbe + (on) + -ingפȤʸǤȹͤƤ롥űѸbēon + -indeפʤɤ칽¤ԤʤƤ13ʹߡ嵭β־ͻˤbe + -ingפƤ롥űѸǤϡֻ -ing ̾Ѥbēon + on + -ingפιʸԤʤƤֻ on Ū˼岽[on] > [ən] > [ə] > [ø] ȺǽŪ˾üƤޤȡŪˤιʸιʸƱΡbe + -ingפؼ̤ʳˤơư̾줪ӸʬȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ2Ĥνư줬֡Ū˷ӤĤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
嵭ȯŸβѸʸˤŪ˼Сʲ̤ˤʤ롥3ʸɽ魯̣ζդ줿
(a) The king is on hunting.
(b) The king is a-hunting.
(c) The king is hunting.
ޤȤСʬư̾ϡ֡γ¦̤ˤߤ˺Ѥʤ顤ƯŪȯãƤȤȤǤ롥踽ʬɽ魯 -inde ư̾ưŪʤͿ̾ɽ魯 -ing ϸʬˤβ֤ߤФΤǤ롥
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
̾ˤϡacoustics, aesthetics, bionomics, conics, dynamics, economics, electronics, ethics, genetics, linguistics, mathematics, metaphysics, optics, phonetics, physics, politics, statics, statistics, tectonics Τ褦 -ics ΤĤΤŪ¿-ic ǽ arithmetic, logic, magic, music, rhetoric Τ褦⾯롥ǯdialectic(s), dogmatic(s), ethic(s), metaphysic(s), physic(s), static(s) ʤɡ -ics Фơɥĸեˡ˱ƶ -ic ѤФƤƤꡤ䤳
-ic -ics ΰ㤤ϡüŪˤзƻ줫ž̾ñʣΰ㤤Ǥ롥?˴ؤפ̣ƻ̾첽ơ?˴ؤ뤳ȡפȤˤäƤϤʣˤơ?˴ؤפȤơΤȤμɽ魯Ȥ츻ºݾ塤ñʣΤ˰̣Ūʶ̤ĤƤ櫓ǤʤΤǡ䤹
-ic -ics Τ줫뤫Ȥϡ̣Ȥϡ֤ˤ˾Ȥ餷ƹͤɬפ롥ʥǤ륮ꥷޤ̤äƤߤ褦ꥷǤϡ̾ technē, theōria, philosophia ʤɽ̾ɽ蘆Τ̤Ǥꡤƻ -ikos ͳ褹̾⤽ν -ikē ȼäɽ蘆줿ēthikē, mousikē, optikē, rētorikē ǡǤ롥
-ikos ʣ -ika ϡ?˴ؤפۤɤθȼäʸ̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥä (ex. ta politikē) ʸ̾ϡΤޤ̾ؤỌ̇̄ŪȯŸ뤲뤳Ȥäᡤʣ -ika νñ -ikē ϤȤ˳̾ɽ魯ƱȤʤä (ex. physikē / physika, taktikē / taktika)
θ줬ƥؼѤ줿Ȥʤ뺮Ʊꥷ -ika -ikē ϡƥǤƱ -ica ȤƼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ƥǤϡŪˤθ줬ñͳ褹Τʣͳ褹Τ̤ĤʤʤäΥޥɥĸǤϡϰӤñʽ˷ͳ褹ΤȲᤵ졤ߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡ1500ǯμѸ˴ؤƤϡñȲᤵ졤ե臘 arsmetike, economique, ethyque, logike, magike, mathematique, mechanique, musike, retorique ʤɤ֤줿15顤ꥷʣ̤Ȥ˴ŤαѸΤʤȤ etiques ʤɤη롥16ȾϡꥷǤ⤿ɤäʤʸ̾ͳƳ̾ؤȯŸѸǤ֤ⷫ졤1600ǯʹߤϡ-ics ̾ɽ魯ŪȤ夷Ƥ-ics γ̾ϡ־ʣȤ뤬ѸǤ졦̣ǤñȤʤäƤ롥
绨ĤˤСѸˤȤäƸŤ -ic -ics ȤʬۤȤˤʤ뤬ζܤ16դȤ̣⡤ŵؤƴݤħŤ줿ѹͥθŪȿǤ⤷ʤ
ɽ3ϡ -en Ȥؾ (diminutive) λؾϡޥĸ *-īnam (neut.) ̤롥äơűѸʸڤ cicen mægden ̾Ǥ롥
chicken β֤ȯãϴˤ餫ˤƤʤޥĸ *kiukīno ̤Ȥ롥촴 *kiuk- ϡ*kuk- 첻αƶ i-mutation ФΤǡθ캬 cock űѸǤ cicen ʤɤȤʸڤ (cf. Du. kuiken, G Küken, ON kjúklingr) æ chike (> PDE chick) ϡ֤Ҥ褳Ҥʡפΰ̣ǡѸ˽Ф롥
kitten ϡťե chitoun, cheton (cf. ե chaton) ΥΥޥ *kitoun, *ketun Ѹ˼ѤΤȤ롥Ūˤ -o(u)n ȤˤƤȤ̵طä17˷ŪˤⵡǽŪˤؾ -en Ʊ
maiden ʲˤϡűѸ mægden ʤɤȤʸڤ롥mægden ѸޤǤ˸æΤ mæide Ǥꡤ줬 maid Ϣʤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸΩĻˤ maid ؤܼźäˤ maiden ȹͤ뤬ºݤ˱Ѹ˾ʸڤϡmaiden Ǥꡤü maid ȤȤǤ롥ξϸߤ˻ޤǡ־פΰ̣äƶ¸Ƥ롥⥲ޥĸ *maȝaðiz ʾˤ̤ꡤϴϢűѸ magð ʾˤƤ롥ˡ־פɽ魯Ѹ may (< OE mǣġ (kinswoman)) Ʊȹͤ졤Ϣη֤Ọ̇̄ʣǤ롥ʤmaid ѸǤϡ̤˻ҡפɽ魯Ȥ⤢ä
-en ˤ¾ˤⵯۤˤ͡ʥפ롥#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1])#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1])#2221. vixen ν ([2015-05-27-1]) ȡ
#2219. vane, vat, vixen ([2015-05-25-1]) ȡ#2220. ѸǸƬͭʤäͳ ([2015-05-26-1]) ǡvixen ʻĥ͡ˤȤ˿줿ɸѸθäΤʤǡƬͭŪðۤǤȽҤ٤ƤθˤϤ⤦1Ūðۤ롥ϡŤޥν̾ͳ褹 -en ȤɤƤ
ߡ̾줫б̾礿Ȥ -ess 롥ϡꥷ -issa ƥ줬Ѥ -issa եͳ -esse ȤƱѸäƤΤǤꡤǤ롥ޥϤΤΤȤƤϡ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) ǿ줿ޥ췲ˤߤ -estre 뤬˽ɽ魯ΤȤƸΤ spinster ΤߤǤ롥ˤƤ -en ⥲ޥɤˤߤǤꡤޥĸ *-inī, *-injō űѸ -en, -in ȯŸΤǤ롥űѸȤƤϡgod (god) Ф gyden (goddess)munuc (monk) Ф mynecen (nun), wulf (wolf) Ф wylfen (she-wolf) ʤŪ˴ޤޤƤ i ˤ i-mutation θ̤աˡ
vixen ˴ؤƤСḥ̂ͤ̾ȤƤϡűѸˤϼгʤȤƤ fyxan 1ΤʸڤˤʤMED fixen (n.) ˤȡѸǤ fixen 뤬fixen hyd (fox hide) ȤѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤η֤ϸűѸν̾ǤϤʤƻ fyxen (of the fox) ͳ褹Ȥͤ뤫⤷ʤѸǤ̾ȤƤ ffixen Τʸڤ졤رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤС16ʹߤˤϸƬͭߤ vyxen Ϣʤ֤褦ˤʤOED ˤ15ˤˡ
ɥĸǤϽȤƤ -in ϸǤꡤFuchs vs Füchsin Τߤʤ餺Student vs Studentin, Sänger vs Sängerin ʤɰŪѤ롥ѸǤϽκפ vixen ˻ĤΤߤȤʤäƤޤäޥθȤơѸˤƤ뵮ŤǤ롥Ƭ v ȹ碌ơѸŪ˴ǽ
-th 롥ǽ3Ĥν first, second, third ϡ#67. ˤ佼ˡ ([2009-07-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸üǤꡤfifth, twelfth #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦˴θ촴Ҳ̵Ƥ㳰Ūˤߤ뤬¾ϴŪˤϴ -th ĤФ褤fourth, tenth, hundredth, millionth ΤȤ§ŪǤ롥
§ΤʤԵ§ȸƤӤΤˡtwentieth ninetieth ޤǤ8Ĥ -ieth 롥twentieth ǤСȯ */ˈtwentiθ/ ʤ /ˈtwentiəθ/ Ǥꡤ e ȯ뤿ˡΤȤ3Ȥʤ뤳Ȥդʤľ twenty + th ֻȯˤʤʤΤ
űѸǤϡ20, 30, 40 . . . δ twēntiġ, þrītiġ, fēowertiġ Τ褦ˡȾҲ ġ ǽäƤδˤˤϡĤʤ첻Ƭˤΰ۷ -oða, -oðe ղätwēntiġoða, þrītiġoða, fēowertiġoða Τ褦ˤˤƤϡˤȾҲԤ첻 /i/ ˵ۼƾüˤƤϡȾҲΤĤʤ첻Ϣۣ첻 /ə/ ȤĤäΤȹͤ롥Ĥޤꡤtwentieth ΤԵ§ֻȯϡŪˤϡ10ܿɽ魯줬ˤλҲŪ ġ ݻƤȤʬŪ˵Ȥ롥
ºݤŪȯŸϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤƾˤ褦ľŪä櫓ǤϤʤ褦ȤΤϡűѸǤĤʤ첻Τʤ twentigþa Τ褦ֻϤäѸǤ twentiþe, twentythe ʤɤľֻ̤ˤߤ줿 (cf. MED twentīeth (num.)) षߤη֤ϡ16ˤʤäƤ鸲ˤʤäƤ㤨СShakespeare ǤϡQuarto ǤǤ twentith1st Folio ǤǤ twentieth (MV 4.1.329, Ham 3.4.97) ֤Ƥꡤ̻ŪѲƤ롥餯ϡˤäơˤäơĤʤ첻̵ͭϤФиؤȻפ졤ѸˤɸಽήΤʤǡĤʤ첻Τ֤줿ȤȤʤΤǤϤʤ
ʲͤޤǤ OED ˤ -th, suffix2 βŽĤƤ
Forming ordinal numbers; in modern literary English used with all simple numbers from fourth onward; representing Old English -þa, -þe, or -oða, -oðe, used with all ordinals except fífta, sixta, ellefta, twelfta, which had the ending -ta, -te; in Sc., north. English, and many midland dialects the latter, in form -t, is used with all simple numerals after third (fourt, fift, sixt, sevent, tent, hundert, etc.). In Kentish and Old Northumbrian those from seventh to tenth had formerly the ending -da, -de. All these variations, -th, -t, -d, represent an original Indo-European -tos (cf. Greek πέμπ-τος, Latin quin-tus), understood to be identical with one of the suffixes of the superlative degree. In Old English fífta, sixta, the original t was retained, being protected by the preceding consonant; the -þa and -da were due to the position of the stress accent, according to Verner's Law. The ordinals from twentieth to ninetieth have -eth, Old English -oða, -oðe. In compound numerals -th is added only to the last, as 1/1345, the one thousand three hundred and forty-fifth part; in his one-and-twentieth year.[ | ѥڡ ]
ɸΤ褦ˡѸ have Ե§ѲưǤ롥has -s 뤷, had -d ⤢뤫顤Ե§Ȥϼ㴳Ե§Ȥ٤ʤ *haves *haved ǤϤʤΤ
ŪˤߤСߤǤϵƤʤ haves haved ¸ߤűѸ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤȡưϽ˵§ŪʶޤưǤϤʤä٤˵§ŪǤꡤ̤ϻ¾ε§ѲưȹͤƤƺ٤ʤűѸ䡤Ȥ櫓ѸǤϡhaves haved ֵ§Ūפʽ֤Τ˹ԤƤΤǤ롥
űѸ habban (have) ζɽϡ#74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1]) ǷǤʲ˰۷֤ޤɽƷǤ褦
| habban (have) | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Preterite Indicative | Preterite Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | hæbbe | hæbbe | hæfde | hæfde | |
| 2nd sg. | hæfst, hafast | hafa | |||
| 3rd sg. | hæfþ, hafaþ | ||||
| pl. | habbaþ | hæbben | hæfdon | hæfden | habbaþ |
űѸ -estre, -istre (< Gmc *-strjōn) Ͻιټ̾ (agentive suffix) ǡιټ̾ -ere ΩƤޥ췲˻ȯŪ˸ǡMLG -(e)ster, (M)D and ModFrisian -ster ƱHG, OS, OFrisian ˤʸڤʤűѸ줫θȤƤ hlēapestre (female dancer), hoppestre (female dancer), lǣrestre (female teacher), lybbestre (female poisoner, witch), miltestre (harlot), sangestre (songstress), sēamstre (seamstress, sempstress), webbestre (female weaver) ʤɤ롥¤ˡˤΤäȤꡤѸˤ spinnestre (spinster) ʤɤƤ롥Ѹʹߡޤǡ16ޤǤˤǤ⡤˸¤餺Ū˹ټ̾Ȥȯã㤨С1300ǯǽ줿 Cursor Mundi Ǥϡdemere ǤϤʤ demestre ̤˴طʤȽ (judge) ΰ̣Ѥ줿ˤ seamster songster ñȤǤ˽ζ̤Ĥʤʤꡤ̤Ĥ٤ -ess ä seamstress songstress 줿
-ster ϡñʤư̾ -er ФơŪʴްդäƿȤ佬ɽ魯 (ex. fraudster, gamester, gangster, jokester, mobster, punster, rhymester, speedster, slickster, tapster, teamster, tipster, trickster) ηŪʶϡƥͳǤϤ뤬Ūټ̾ -aster Υͥƥʴްդαƶͤ (cf. criticaster, poetaster) -ster ƻղäȤƤϡoldster, youngster 롥̾Ǥ뤫ͭ̾ȤʤäΤ⤢ꡤ嵭 Webster ΤۤBaxter (baker) ʤɤߤ롥
ۤˤ¿ -ster 줬뤬̾ȤűѸΤϡspinster ΤߤȤʤäƤޤäθˤĤƤϡ̤δ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1]) ǿ줿Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿
Ѹˤư츽߿;θ -th -s ѲˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ˴Ϣ Bambas ʸɤߤκǿθ̤ȿǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ⤷ʤˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤ롥
ѸˤǤϡ1600ǯդξȤ The Authorised Version Լˤ3ñ -s ̵Ǥ뤳ȤФˤ롥Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȤΤƤ롥顤ʸŪʸǤ -s ϸŪˤȤΤ̤äΤǤϤʤȤ¬Ωġ Jespersen (19) ϤΤ褦ʰոǤ롥
Contemporary prose, at any rate in its higher forms, has generally -th'; the s-ending is not at all found in the A[uthorized] V[ersion], nor in Bacon A[tlantis] (though in Bacon E[ssays] there are some s'es). The conclusion with regard to Elizabethan usage as a whole seems to be that the form in s was a colloquialism and as such was allowed in poetry and especially in the drama. This s must, however, be considered a licence wherever it occurs in the higher literature of that period. (qtd in Bambas, p. 183)
Bambas (183) ˤСꥶ٥īλʸȤΥƥȤĴƤߤȡºݤˤ1590ǯޤǤˤʸŪʸˤƤ -s ǧƤꡤƤͻҤϤʤθ⡤Ŀͤˤä٤ΰ㤤礭ΤΡ-s 줿ȹͤͳϤʤȤJespersen θϡ-s βᾮɾǤȡ
The fact seems to be that by the 1590's the -s-form was fully acceptable in literary prose usage, and the varying frequency of the occurrence of the new form was thereafter a matter of the individual writer's whim or habit rather than of deliberate selection.
ơ17 -th -s ˼äƵˤʤäƤäȸ롥Wyld (333--34) ۩
From the beginning of the seventeenth century the 3rd Singular Present nearly always ends in -s in all kinds of prose writing except in the stateliest and most lofty. Evidently the translators of the Authorized Version of the Bible regarded -s as belonging only to familiar speech, but the exclusive use of -eth here, and in every edition of the Prayer Book, may be partly due to the tradition set by the earlier biblical translations and the early editions of the Prayer Book respectively. Except in liturgical prose, then, -eth becomes more and more uncommon after the beginning of the seventeenth century; it is the survival of this and not the recurrence of -s which is henceforth noteworthy. (qtd in Bambas, p. 185)
Bambas Ϥˤ۵Ĥ롥Wyld θϡ-eth βᾮɾǤȡĤޤȤ Bambas ϡ1600ǯǯδ֡-s -th ŪˤԤԤִȤήǤϤ뤬ξ¸λȤߤΤŬڤǤȤոΰո٤ΤϡBambas ȤԤä16ȾФ17ȾФˤƤλʸˤĴ̤Ǥ롥Bambas (186) ɽƸ褦
| Author | Title | Date | Incidence of -s |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ascham, Roger | Toxophilus | 1545 | 6% |
| Robynson, Ralph | More's Utopia | 1551 | 0% |
| Knox, John | The First Blast of the Trumpet | 1558 | 0% |
| Ascham, Roger | The Scholmaster | 1570 | 0.7% |
| Underdowne, Thomas | Heriodorus's Anaethiopean Historie | 1587 | 2% |
| Greene, Robert | Groats-Worth of Witte; Repentance of Robert Greene; Blacke Bookes Messenger | 1592 | 50% |
| Nashe, Thomas | Pierce Penilesse | 1592 | 50% |
| Spenser, Edmund | A Veue of the Present State of Ireland | 1596 | 18% |
| Meres, Francis | Poetric | 1598 | 13% |
| Dekker, Thomas | The Wonderfull Yeare 1603 | 1603 | 84% |
| Dekker, Thomas | The Seuen Deadlie Sinns of London | 1606 | 78% |
| Daniel, Samuel | The Defence of Ryme | 1607 | 62% |
| Daniel, Samuel | The Collection of the History of England | 1612--18 | 94% |
| Drummond of Hawlhornden, W. | A Cypress Grove | 1623 | 7% |
| Donne, John | Devotions | 1624 | 74% |
| Donne, John | Ivvenilia | 1633 | 64% |
| Fuller, Thomas | A Historie of the Holy Warre | 1638 | 0.4% |
| Jonson, Ben | The English Grammar | 1640 | 20% |
| Milton, John | Areopagitica | 1644 | 85% |

#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤҲ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.
켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
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