#6250. ʤűѸʸˡ̾ޤ֤ stan ʤΤ (2) ([2026-06-07-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤإᥤȤ ykagata ֡θűѸ̾ɽ stn ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡƤ롥 Smith (66) ѤƤ롥ʲ˺ƷǤ褦
OE nouns can be classified into five groups, or declensions. In decreasing order of frequency of occurrence in OE, these declensions are:
(1) General Masculine Declension
(2) General Feminine Declension
(3) General Neuter Declension
(4) the -an Declension
(5) Irregular Declensions
ǡ̾ޤηˤĤŪ̻Ūʥ٥ѤŪŪʥ٥ѤƤ뤳Ȥykagata ϾƤ롥
(1) (5) ٤ι⤤¤٤ƤȤȤΡ١פΥϤɤƤΤ餯ˤǤϤʤűѸŪQuirk and Wrenn (20) εƤΨʤ뤤Ϥ餫Υˤ˰͵ƤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥οͤɽǤޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤͽ̤ۤꡤŪ̻Ūʥ٥뤬ѤƤաˡ
| Noun Class | Value |
|---|---|
| masculine a-stems | 0.36 |
| masculine n-stems and minor declension | 0.09 |
| feminine o-stems | 0.25 |
| feminine n-stems and minor declension | 0.05 |
| neuter a-stems | 0.25 |
| neuter n-stems | insignificant |
ε ([2026-06-06-1]) ³ɸ夲롥ȤΤ⡤إᥤȤ ykagata Ȥ note ǺεȿäƤΤ֡θűѸ̾ɽ stān ǻϤޤܡϤޤʤܡ졤űѸʸˡतʣĴơ̾ޤιܤѲ a-stem ̾ stān "stone" ǻϤޤʤΤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥ǤϲǻϤ뤫ȤСѲ n-stem ̾ nama "name" ȤΤȤ
nama 礹ϳΤˤ롥nama - naman - naman - naman; naman - naman - namena - namum ¤ֶɽϡstān - stān - stānes - stāne - stānas - stānas - stāna - stānum Ʊ餤ˡž˺ݤƸϤ褤ޤּѲפȤäƸѲΤǡȤƤôڤstān ǤĤޤؼԤȤƤ⡤nama 餤ʤƧߤȤɤޤ뤫⤷ʤޤnama ɽѲɽϡμѲɽȤۤƱʤΤǡDZѤؽΨɤ
ʸѸ٤СȤâդǡˡֶŪʸפɸ֤űѸɽȤơѲ¤ϼʼѲ̾äƤȤϥϤ롥ޤѸ˻ĤäƤѲκפޤ̾ǡϼǤ롥oxen, children, brethren -en ȤƤȤΤؤλǤ롥εդȻפ뤬stān ζޤϡʣ -s ͭʤ -'s ͳƤȤ롥
̾ǻϤȤ褤ŪϤʤθűѸʸˡɼоݡηʤɡ͡ʥѥȳơνŤդ衤űѸʸˡतǤäȤƤ⡤ӸؤѸʸؤȤƳؽŪʬѤǽ뤳Ȥ¿ästān ǤĤޤ褦ʽؼԤǽ餫ꤷƤʤäȤƤ褤ѸˤűѸؤδؿ椬Ǥ⥸兩ȹäƤʤƻȤƤϹƤ˺षפɼоݡפƹͤƤߤΤȻפɤ̾ϤΤȤ䤤ϡޤ餺⸽Ū䤤ä
μȤäӽ ykagata ˴դޤ
ʤ610ȯͽΡرѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ٤Ǥϡ11Ǥϡפ stān ɽǺܤƤޤ
ӽʰءˤ X OE ̾ޤäƤʤγѲ̾ stān ФƤޤ͡ȤƤä
ΤˤΤȤűѸζʽ̾ޤΥǤϡۤɬ stān "stone" ǽζɽȤú¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ʤΩƤ stān ʤΤʤСפȤ̣ñ줬ȥåץХåФƤΤˤϱѸ˶顦ؽƤȤ櫓ؽԤؤζŪθͳĤⱣƤ褦˻פ롥ʲǵƤߤ֤ʤפФͳΤΤȤ⡤ʤβȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤ
1طʤȤơʸˡȤҷΤΤŪ롥ϸؤΰŪʷűѸʸˡ˸¤餺褽ʸˡȤˤϡǽ˺줿֤ηΤޤζʽؼѤ䤹Ȥ롥
˲äơӸؤζǤʥطƤ롥Ӹؤˤơޥ̾ޤҤݤˤϡäȤϤζѲ a-stem ̾ζޤϤΤŴ§ȤʤäƤ롥űѸ stān ϡޤˤ a-stem ̾1ĤǤ롥
a-stem ̾Τʤˤϡۤˤ¿ñ줬¸ߤ롥Τʤǡʤˤä stān ФΤȤСñ줬ζޤΤʤǤäȤ⥯ʤȹͤ롥֥ʤפΰ̣5ĤδͤƤߤ
(1) ɽΤʤǸ촴βθؤʤűѸ̾ˤϡñʣ뤤ϳʤΰ㤤ˤäƸ촴˴ޤޤ첻ҲؤΤʤʤȤ dæg "day" ñʷʣʷǤ dagas Ȥʤꡤæ a ؤȸؤ롥ޤmū "mouth" þēof "thief" ʤɤθ촴̵ñʰʳǤϡֻˤϸʤΤΡͭ롥Фơstān ϡñʤʣͿʤ˻ޤǡ촴ֻȯ stān- Ȱɤ뤬ʤ
(2) 촴1Ǥ롥cyning "king" ʤɤ a-stem ̾ν2̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ˶Ĥ3Ȥʤȡžˤ⤿Ĥ촴ñ stān ϡդäȤ⥯ꥢ˸뤷žˤꥺब褤
(3) ޤǤ˰̣ؼоݤѲۤȤɤʤűѸ stān ϸѸ stone бǯ⺣ܵѤ餺СפǤ롥Ʊ褦˥ΤʤñȤ hund 뤬Τ˶ɽȤƤǡɤԤäƤ褦ˤפ뤬Ǥϰ̣֡ʰŪʡ˸ (dog) ĸ (hound) ؤȶޤäƤ롥stn ˤϤΤ褦ʰ̣ѲΥΥʤ⤦1ĻפĤ bāt "boat" ϤʤʤͭϸǤꡤºݤ stān äƺѤƤ붵ʽä褦˻פʶŪʽ̾ϼǰˡ
(4) ֻγؽԤܤˤȤäư۾ǤϤʤȤ fisc "fish" Ȥñ˴ŪγؽԤȡ <sc> /ʃ/ ȯɽ魯ʤɡűѸֻͭ§βӶޤʤФʤʤʤ롥stn ǤС stone Ȥб첻ĹС˰Ǥ롥
(5) ̣ؼоݤ̵ʪ꤬ʤʸˡ§˳ؤʳˤƤϡñ줽ΤΤỊ̇Ṳ̄ʪȤƤʤɡˤϡȤʸˡ (gender) ȺƱƳؽμȤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤ̵ʪΡСפǤСʾʤ꤬ۤʤ⸽ߤ⡤ä˼ҲӤӤƤñǤʤ
ƾʤǤȡstān ȤñϡűѸʸˡ礹ؽԤˤȤäơäȤǡ볦ꥢȤƵǽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̣ǤõʤСפȥåץХå̳Ƥظˤϡ嵭ǤζŪηäŽ̤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ʤߤˡǯ2˿줿90ǯʾˤͭŪʽظűѸ졦ѸǤ⡤ stān ȥåץХåȤƷפƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
Ѹ night бűѸñ niht Ǥ롥ϸűѸη֥ƥȤƤѲ̾ʤΤѲ̾¿ɤȤϾۤʤɤΥ롼פ°̾ʤΤդɬפǤ롥
ŪˤС¿ɤǤñʤñгʤȤ٤ȤǡԤ -e դȤۤߤΤɤǤξԤ̵ƱȤʤΤǤ롥ޤɤǤϡʣʡгʤ -a 餺 -e ǰפ Ȥħ⤢롥
ɽ (paradigm) ΤᤤޤѲ̾¿ɤ°2Ĥ̾졤û캬 ġiefu "gift" Ĺ캬 lār "teaching" ζɽ
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |
| N. | ġief-u | ġief-a, -e | lār | lār-a, -e |
| A. | ġief-e | ġief-a, -e | lār-e | lār-a, -e |
| G. | ġief-e | ġief-a, -ena | lār-e | lār-a, -ena |
| D. | ġief-e | ġief-um | lār-e | lār-um |
| Sing. | Pl. | |
| N. | niht | niht-e |
| A. | niht | niht-e |
| G. | niht-e | niht-a, -ena |
| D. | niht-e | niht-um |
ʸˡǤϡư§ư (regular verbs) Ե§ư (irregular verb) Ȥʬ롥Ե§ưΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§η㤷ư㤨 be, have, can ʤɡˤϡ§ư (anomalous verbs) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥§ư§ϡŪˤϤ٤ǤΤΡʣǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤŪʴϡ§פȤ롼פɤäƽƤȤˡŪ˺ѤƤ롥
űѸˤ⡤Ūʴ§ư¸ߤwillan (= PDE "to will"), dōn (= PDE "to do"), gān (= PDE "to go") Ǥ롥űѸˤƤ鶦Ūˡ§פȤդƤޤΰۿưζɽHogg (40) Ǥ褦Ť§ŪäΤ
| Pres. | willan | dōn | gān |
| 1 Sing. | wille | dō | gā |
| 2 Sing. | wilt | dēst | gǣst |
| Sing. | wile | dēð | gǣð |
| Plural | willað | dōð | gāð |
| Subj. (Pl.) | wille (willen) | dō(dōn) | gā(gān) |
| Participle | willende | dōnde | --- |
| Past | |||
| Ind. | wolde | dyde | ēode |
| Participle | --- | ġedōn | ġegān |
ε#5442. إ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ͽ֤ĤŤȯס ([2024-03-21-1]) ǡֿפ̣ư blow θѸǤγѤȤȯ˿줿Ȥ櫓 blew ֤ä /bluː/ ȯդ¥ᤰäơ֤ Voicy heldio Ǥ夲ƤΤǡİ褷ƤС
#1023. new ϡ֥˥塼פ̡֥פ --- ѲȸóȻ
#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blown
#1026. ʤ now know ȯ㤦Ρ
blow ϸűѸˤƤ϶Ѳư7°ưäƱ7°Ӥ٤ưȤ know, grow, throw 롥ơѸ know - knew - known; grow - grew - grown; throw - threw - thrown Τ褦 blow Ȥ褯Ѥ4ưˤĤơűѸǤ4ޤȤƤ4ʤɸűѸ춯Ѳưξܺ٤ˤĤƤϡ#2217. űѸ춯ѲưΤޤȤ ([2015-05-23-1]) #42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) ȡˡ
| 1 | 2 | ʬ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "blow" | blāwan | blēow | blēowon | blāwen |
| "know" | cnā_wan | cnēow | cnēowon | cnāwen |
| "grow" | grōwan | grēow | grēowon | grōwen |
| "throw" | þrāwan | þrēow | þrēowon | þrōwen |
Hogg and Fulk (202--203) Ȥơޥĸ (Proto-Germanic) ȸűѸ (Old English) 1;ñ̾γʶޤ¤٤Ƽ
| PGmc | OE | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | *ik | iċ |
| Acc. | *mek | mē |
| Gen. | *mīnō | mīn |
| Dat. | *miz | mē |
ɽκ¦ PGmc γƶޤˤƱ¦ OE η֤ѲˤϤʣ (analogy 䲻Ѳ (sound_change) 䤽¾βƯƤȤHogg and Fulk (203) βΤޤްѤ褦
nom.sg.: *ik must have been the unstressed form, with analogical introduction of its vowel into the stressed form, with only ON ek showing retention of the original stressed vowel amongst the Gmc languages (cf. Lat egō/ǒ).
acc.sg.: *mek is the stressed form; all the other Gmc languages show generalization of unstressed *mik. The root is *me-, with the addition of *-k borrowed from the nom. The form mē could be due to loss of *-k when *mek was extended to unstressed positions, with lengthening of the final vowel when it was re-stressed . . . . More likely it represents replacement of the acc. by the dat. . . . as happened widely in Gmc and IE . . . .
gen.sg.: To the root *me- was added the adj. suffix *-īn- (cf. stǣnen 'made of stone' < *stain-īn-a-z . . .), presumably producing *mein- > *mīn- . . . . To this was added an adj. ending, perhaps nom.acc.pl. neut. *-ō, as assumed here.
dat.sg.: Unstressed *miz developed in the same way as *hiz . . . .
ǸΤȤ PGmc *miz ˤ OE mē ˤʤäΤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (198) ȤƤϤ礦3;ñʤ PGmc *hiz OE *hē ȯãΤʿŪȯãȤ*hiz z ˤ벼θ̤ *hez Ȥʤꡤ˸Ҳ rhotacism Ф *her Ȥʤä˾ü *he ȤʤꡤǸ˶ȤĹ첻 hē ˻äȤ롥
;̾Ϲ٤εǽȤƶȼθؤ㤷Ȥ⤤뤷˿ȼޤ³Ȥ⤵롥嵭βѤǤ⡤Ӹؤʬ롥Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ
#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])
#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1])
#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])
#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])
#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1])
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤä
ˤᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤäƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ (Ringe 237)
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||
| active | infinitive -a-ną | |||
| sg. | 1 -ō | -a-ų | --- | participle -a-nd- |
| 2 -i-zi | -ai-z | ø | ||
| 3 -i-di | -ai-ø | -a-dau | ||
| du. | 1 -ōz(?) | -ai-w | --- | |
| 2 -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | -a-diz(?) | ||
| pl. | 1 -a-maz | -ai-m | --- | |
| 2 -i-d | -ai-d | -i-d | ||
| 3 a-ndi | -ai-n | -a-ndau |
she θ츻ˤĤơϢ Laing and Lass ʸ夲Ƥcf. #4769. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ξҲ ([2022-05-18-1])#4770. she θ츻 --- Laing and Lass ˤ "Yod Epenthesis" ɾ ([2022-05-19-1]))
Ʊʸμʴؿ3;ñ̾ʤη֤ˤĤƤгʤͿʤη֤ˤĤƤƤ롥űѸɸŪʥѥˤСгʤ hīeͿʤ hire η֤äˤߤ餫̤ꡤͿʷгʷ߹ǡŪ herפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤС¾3;̾ǤƱȤäƤ롥ñͿʤ him г hine ߹ߡʣͿʤ him г hīe ߹ʸˤ켫Ȥ them ִ줿ˡ
3;̾˴ؤͿʤгʤ߹ȤθݡͿؤгʤοʿˤϤޤܤ줺褽ĺΤȤäΤȵ䤬뤬ñ˴ؤƤ Laing and Lass (209) ˤǫä
By the time ME proper begins to emerge, and to survive in the written record in the mid to late twelfth century, the new 'she' type for the subject pronoun already begins to be found. For the object pronoun the levelling of the 'her/hir' type from the OE DAT/GEN variants is also already the majority for direct object function. For the fem sg personal pronoun used as direct object ($/P13OdF), LAEME CTT has 60 tokens of the 'heo/hi(e)' type across only 7 texts. If one includes hi(e) spellings for IT ($/P13OdI) showing survival of feminine grammatical gender in inanimates, the total rises to 77 tokens across 14 texts. Only 2 texts (with 3 tokens between them) have 'heo/hie' exclusively in direct object function for HER. The other 5 texts show 'her/hir' types beside 'heo/hie' types. Against this are 494 tokens of the 'her/hir' type for HER found across 51 texts. Or, if one includes 'her/hir' type spellings for IT showing the survival of grammatical gender, the total rises to 590 across 58 texts.
פˡгʤͿؤοʿϡճѸʳǤǤ˿ʤǤȤȤˤʤ롥餯ñʣǤ褦ʾä뤬ˤĤƤ̤ɬפ롥
ȴϢƴϢơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#4080. ʤ she νͭʤŪʤ her ƱˤʤΤǤ ([2020-06-28-1]) ȡ
űѸ3;̾ζɽˤĤơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1]) ǤߤȤñǤʣǤ⡤鷺η֤ h- ǻϤޤ롥ŪˤߤСűѸ h- 3;̾ޡεǽ̤ƤȤäƤ褤礦ɸѸ th- ŪؼŪʸΥޡǤꡤwh- ɽ魯ΥޡǤΤƱ褦
ʬ䤹ħǤϤ뤬ʤȤˡħѸˤ3;̾ζηϤȺ⤿餷ʤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡh- ³ʬ첻ΰ㤤ˤʤٶ̤Ƥ䤬ƶοʿȡʤζ̤ƤޤäȤиűѸ hē (he), hēo (she), hīe (they) ѸǤϡˤ뤬ˤ hi ʤɤη֤˼̤Ƥޤäh- ΤΤѲʤäˡäƺ褿Ȥˤʤä櫓ĤƤϡʬ䤹ħפä h- षո̤ȤʤäƤޤäȤˤʤ롥
ǡ褹٤Υᥫ˥बưh- ǤϤʤ̤λҲƬˤ she ñʤˡϤۤʤҲƬˤ they ʣʤ˿ʽФѸޤǤ˸ŷ֤ΤǤʤ˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵͡ ([2011-04-10-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲ ([2011-12-27-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1]) ȡˡ
ơűѸˤ h- ϶Ūˤ3;̾ޡäȽҤ٤̻Ūˤߤȡɤñ h- ʣ h- ϵۤʤ褦Ĥޤꡤh- ϸűѸޤǤ˷Ūˡʬ䤹ħפȤʤäˤˤξϱ郎ʤäΤȤLass (141) Ȥ Marsh (15) ϡñ h- ϰĸľ *k- ˤΤܤꡤʣ h- ϰĸλؼ̾ *ei- ? -i- ˤΤܤȤԤԤ˴Ť (analogy) ˤꡤ夫 h- դȤȤ餷ĹŪˤߤСѤϸűѸˤƤͭѤʥޡȤƲä⤿餷ѸˤƤϤषǤѤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤǽҤ٤ƤȤ̷⤹뤬#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤ ([2010-08-07-1]) Ȥ⤢ΤǤ⻲ȡ
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ѸˤϤߤʤ²¿θǤϷƻ (adjective) ˶ (inflection) ߤ롥˥ޥɤνˤƤϡƻޤ˴ؤợŪʴ鶯Ѳ (strong declension) ȼѲ (weak declension) 2ζ̤ߤʳơξˤĤƤϡ#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) ȡˡΤ褦ʶζ̤ϡޥɤħ1ĤȤƤꡤӸŪ˶̣cf. #182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])ˡ
ѸǤϡűѸˤϤζ̤Τˤߤ줿ѸˤƶοʿʹԤȡƱ̤ϤθˤƼƤäcf. #688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1])#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-28-1]) ˡѸϡƻζޤζ̤ϤޤΤΤäƤꡤʬޥŪǤŪǤʤʤäƤȤ롥
űѸˤƻζѲȼѲζޤ#250. űѸζɽΥ祳 ([2010-01-02-1]) ȴФƤ

ǤϡʤűѸ䤽¾ΥޥˤϷƻζޤ˶ζ̤Τΰ㤤ܤ뤳Ȥˤꡤƶ뤳ȤǤ롥ѲޥѥįƤߤȡ̾춯ѲޤȻؼ̾ޤξѥߤƤ뤳Ȥ˵դϡƻ줬Ȥ֤̾ȤơʶѲ̾ŪʶޤƤȤˡؼ̾ζޥѥʬŪ˿ƤΤȹͤʤ⤦ܤϡ#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) ȡˡ
ѲζޥѥϡħŪ n ޤǼѲ̾ζޥѥˤäǤ롥Ϥƻ̩̾ܤʴطˤäΤѲ̾ζޤŵŪˤߤ n εϰĸ *-en-/-on- ˤȤ졤ϥƥ䥮ꥷ̾ˤФи (ex. Cato(nis) "smart/shrewd (one)", Strabōn "squint-eyed (one)") Τ褦ʸͭ̾Ѥ뤳Ȥ顤ɤѲޤϸ̲εǽ̤褦Ǥ롥ȤȡűѸηƻѲޤȼ se blinda mann "the blind man" ȤϡȤ "the blind one, a man" ۤɤƱŪʶäȹͤ롥줬䤬ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤȤʸˡƤȤ߹ޤƤȤˤʤäΤ
ʾ塤Marsh (13--14) Ȥơʤޥɤηƻ˶2ζޤΤ˴ؤ1ĤҲ𤷤
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
ε ([2020-03-30-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤƤˤΤܤäƤߤޤ礦ƤޤȤСѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡεȤʤűѸ³ˡǤľˡ٤п;ѲǤꡤεʿ;ѲѸˤ -n ξüˤ꼺Ƥޤä顤ȤȤˤʤޤǤ⤦Ƨ߹䤦Ƥߤޤ礦űѸȤʳˤƤľˡ٤³ˡο;ѲäȤΤϡäɤͳˤΤǤ礦
űѸƱ²ΥޥɤθŤߤƤߤޤȡ³ˡˤľˡƱͤʣʿ;ѲäȤ狼ޤѸ to bear Ϣʤư³ˡߤο;ѲɽʥޥˤLass (173) ȤȤ˰Ѥޤ礦Go ϥȸ졤OE ϸűѸ졤OIc ϸťɸؤޤ
(iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:
(7.24)
Go OE OIc sg 1 baír-a-i ber-e ber-a 2 baír-ai-s " ber-er 3 baír-ai " ber-e pl 1 baír-ai-ma ber-en ber-em 2 baírai-þ " ber-eþ 3 baír-ai-na " ber-e
The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
. . . .
(iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).
鼨ΤϡŤޥǤ³ˡǤľˡƱ褦˴ʿ;Ѳꡤɽ6åȤΤˤȼθäƤȤȤǤŪ˸Ť褯ĤƤȤ뺸Υȸ줬ŵȤʤޤȤűѸǤϤȤȤʣʿ;Ѳ餫λñ㲽ޤ
Ǥϡ餫λȤϲǤ礦ΰѤǤƤޤ1ĤˤϤϤ겻ѲͿƤޤűѸˤˤơȸθ˼तθ첻Ҳ˼岽üȤȤޤη̡³ˡߤñ bere ؤȼ̤ޤ³ˡߤʣϡ3;Τθ˴ޤޤƤ n ʥȸθ baír-ai-na ȡˤ (analogy) ˤä12;Τؤ礷 beren ȤѤʣޤޤ嵭ϡʶѲưΡ³ˡߤˤĤƤǤ³ˡǤ褦ѤޤѲư⤪褽Ʊ褦ʲɤޤ (Lass 177) ̤ȤơűѸǤΤȤƿ;Ѳ³ˡηϤǤäΤǤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
ѸβˡǤϡƻʸߤȲˤľˡˤߤ褦ʿ;ѲߤޤˡߤǤϿ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ưϸΤΤǤˡǤ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ŵŪ -ed ǽľˡƱ֤Ѥޤ
äȤ⡤ͤƤߤľˡǤ3;ñߤ -(e)s ٤ǤΤǡѸǤϿ;ѲŪ˵Ȥޤbe ưϿ;ѲʣǤľˡˤƤϿ;Ρʤӿˤ˱ƸǤ is, am, are ̤졤Ǥ were, were ̤뤫ǤˡˤƤϸǤѤ be Ѥ졤ȤʤѤ were ѤޤʸǤϲˡ If I were you . . . ʤ If I was you . . . Τ褦ǽǤʸˡǤ were Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˡbe ưᤰüˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˤȤ
ѸˤδҤȤƤΤϡʤˡˤϾ嵭̤;ѲڤߤʤΤȤǤˡŪˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤФΤǡϸԤѸȤäƤޤѸ to love ʱɽˤϢʤűѸư lufian ο;ѲɽʺɽˤįƤߤޤ礦
| űѸ lufian | ľˡ | ³ˡ | Ѹ love | ľˡ | ³ˡ | |||||||
| ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | ?????? | ???? | |||||
| | 1; | lufie | lufiaþ | lufie | lufien | | 1; | love | love | love | ||
| 2人称 | lufast | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufaþ | 3人称 | loves | |||||||||
| 1; | lufode | lufoden | lufode | lufoden | 1; | loved | loved | |||||
| 2人称 | lufodest | 2人称 | ||||||||||
| 3人称 | lufode | 3人称 | ||||||||||
3֤ˤ錄ɸȯŸƤ ([2018-05-08-1], [2018-05-09-1], [2018-05-10-1]) 4ơʺǽˤȤơˤ⤦Ҥͤä
wolves ʤӴŪ wivesˤطʤˤϡűѸѲ̾ζޥѥˤơʣʡʡгʡ˷Ȥ -as ղäȤ𤬤äˤűѸ wulf wulfas Ȥʤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤿ͭΤƤwīf ˤĤƤ⡤ѲȤ̤Υ롼פ°Ƥꡤˤ wives ؤȯãʤ wulf/wulfas פ˱ƶ졤 (analogy) ˤ wives ؤȵ夷СʤǼ
Τ褦ˡ-ves ʣˤĤƤϤΤŪǽϻѤñ°ʷܤƤߤǽŪˤϸѸνͭʤ -'s ϢʤޤǤ롥ʲñ°ʷĴʤ顤űѸ wulf wīf ζɽ餿ƷǤ褦
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ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζդϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥƤʲˡζɽǤ褦
| Ѳ̾ | ñ | ʣ |
|---|---|---|
| wīf | wīf | |
| г | wīf | wīf |
| ° | wīfes | wīfa |
| Ϳ | wīfe | wīfum |
ɸϡ#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǽ夲#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ǤŪΡ⤦1ĤαǤ롥wolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤʤɡñ /-f/ ʣ /-vz/ ؤȰ츫Ե§Ѳ㤬Ĥ̾˸롥㤨Сcalf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤǤ롥Ϥɤäͳ
űѸǤϡ̵ /f, θ, s/ ϡξ¦ͭ˶ޤȼͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ벻§ΩƤε§ϡŬѤ벻Ķξ郎Ѳ뤳Ȥ⤢СˤäƤޤޤѸʹߤǤ⤷ФФܤˤ롼Ǥ롥ɬݤäŬѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̣DZѸˤ̤Ƹư³Ƥ§Ȥ롥ͭ (fricative_voicing) ʤɤȤ̾ͿƤ롥
ɸ˾Ȥ餷ʲǤ /f/ ξʤwolf ϵˤϸűѸǤ wulf Ȥ֤ä̾ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǡʤȿ˱ưʲΤ褦˶ޤ
| Ѳ̾ | ñ | ʣ |
|---|---|---|
| wulf | wulfas | |
| г | wulf | wulfas |
| ° | wulfes | wulfa |
| Ϳ | wulfe | wulfum |
ѸǺǤʣʶޤưȤСbe ưǤ롥ޤ˿षƤ븽ѸˤäơޤʣݤäƤͣưޤ٤⤹ơԵ§ʤΥѥबĤäƤޤäΤ
űѸˤƤ⡤ζޤοθȤƤ⡤be ưζޤϤϤʣäʲˡűѸ bēon ȸѸ be ζɽǤ褦 (Hogg and Fulk 309)

餫˰ۤʤ캬ͳ褹η֤ޤäơɽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Сbe ưζɽ佼ˡ (suppletion) κǤǤ롥be ϡӸŪˤ "athematic verb" ȸƤФư1ĤǤꡤΤʤǤǤʣˤɤäƤHogg and Fulk (309--10) ˤСűѸ bēon ν֤Ϥ餯4Ĥθ캬̤롥
1ܤϡPIE *Hes- ͳ褹ΤǡűѸ첻뤤 s ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤƤs ǻϤޤΤϡ *Hs- ͳ褹롨 cf. ƥ sumˡ
2ܤϡPIE *bhew(H)- ͳ褷űѸǤ b ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤcf. ƥ fuī 'I have been'ˡűѸǤϡηϽŪ뤤̤δްդȼȤ¿ä
3ܤϡPIE *wes- ̤ꡤűѸʤƸѸ˻ޤǡˤǤϤäѤη֤ȤѤ롥϶Ѳ5ưǤꡤ߷äƤűѸޤǤ˲˸ꤵ줿
4ܤϡűѸľˡ2;ñ eart ٤Ȥ PIE *er- ꤵƤcf. ƥ orior 'I rise' Ʊ캬ˡ
be ưΥѥϡűѸ褢٤ϴάƤΤΡʤĹˤΤʤݤ줿ʣϷߤǤ롥
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
3ñ -s ѸءѸ˾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ 3sp ε¿äƤˤĤƤϿǯĴ٤ƤΤ1ǯۤɤδ֤˸ƬȯɽʸȤƸɽ뵡äΤǡܥ֥ǤƤ
Ѹ˸褷ʸؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá١ʲջҡԡˡǤ줿Τʤǡ3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪפꤹ뾮ƤƤܽϡ2014ǯ525˳줿ܱʸز86ʱ̳ƻءˤǤΥݥ֥ХαѸ춵顽Ѹˤιפθ濴Ԥޤ줿Τǡ伫ȤϤȯɽԤǤϤʤäΤΡʸδ˺ƤȤǤʥݥطԤѸˡѸ춵鸦ԤΥ롼פƤˤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ʸΥȥ뤬̤ꡤѸˤȱѸ춵ռʤ鼹ɮ뤳ȤԤƤΤ֤ȱѸ˴ˤʤäƤޤäʢȿʡˡܥ֥Ǥϥ֥ȤǥŪˤʤä3ñ -s ˴ؤġʸȤκۤȤ뤳ȤˤäơΤȤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פʸǤϡ#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1]) ʤɤεȯŸǡȤ櫓̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (variation) Ż뤷Ÿ
Ѹ춵Ȥ顤ˤĤä˶ĴäȤϡ˼ʲμĥǤ롥
3ñ -s ȤϡʸˡŪȤɽŪȤƲ٤ΤǤϤʤषϱѸؽԤˡ(1) γؤǤоݤɸŪŪѼǤȤ¤˰ռ(2) ظ¿ɸѼޤŪ˻ѤƤȤѸ¿θ¤˵ŤμεȤ (3) ѸѼʤ줿ܸѼˤФ봲Ƥ乥εƤ롤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤƤ
ʤʸμɮԤϰʲ̤ꡥȤ櫓Ѹ춵ȪɤǤȴǤ
ϤˡѸˤȱѸ춵 ջ ѸˤȱѸ춵ͻ硡Applied English Philology λ Ѹ춵ˤѸ ë 콬μѸˤζŪ ľȥ ѸȯãѸؽȯãءˡư쥹ä ¹ ХʱѸáѸˤö ߷ 3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪ δ ѸˤȱѸ춵ꥨ鸫Ѳ ջ
δ졡3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ
űѸηƻζѲѲζ̤ˤĤƤϡޥɤθħȤơ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#785. ޥ٤¬뤿10ܡ ([2011-06-21-1])#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) Ǽ夲ѸˤޤοˤĤƤ ilame γƵˤ
ѲȼѲζ̤ϸűѸǤ̾ˤߤ줿Ѳƻζޤ̾ΤȷŪˤ褽ʿԤƤȤäƤ褤㴳κۤ롥Ȥ˷ƻζѲޤǤϡб̾ζѲޤȰۤʤ꤫˸롥Ūˤϡΰ㤤Τսˤ̾ǤϤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) ζǤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸηƻ춯Ѳޤϡ̾ޤ̾ޤ礷褦ʤΤȤʤäƤ롥ηаޤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (146) ˼褦
As in other Gmc languages, adjectives in OE have a double declension which is syntactically determined. When an adjective occurs attributively within a noun phrase which is made definite by the presence of a demonstrative, possessive pronoun or possessive noun, then it follows one set of declensional patterns, but when an adjective is in any other noun phrase or occurs predicatively, it follows a different set of patterns . . . . The set of patterns assumed by an adjective in a definite context broadly follows the set of inflexions for the n-stem nouns, whilst the set of patterns taken in other indefinite contexts broadly follows the set of inflexions for a- and ō-stem nouns. For this reason, when adjectives take the first set of inflexions they are traditionally called weak adjectives, and when they take the second set of inflexions they are traditionally called strong adjectives. Such practice, although practically universal, has less to recommend it than may seem to be the case, both historically and synchronically. Historically, . . . some adjectival inflexions derive from pronominal rather than nominal forms; synchronically, the adjectives underwent restructuring at an even swifter pace than the nouns, so that the terminology 'strong' or 'vocalic' versus 'weak' or 'consonantal' becomes misleading. For this reason the two declensions of the adjective are here called 'indefinite' and 'definite' . . . .
Ū˶ѲޤΤɤŪ̾ŪǤϤʤ̾ŪȤȡacc.sg.masc (-ne), dat.sg.masc.neut. (-um), gen.dat.sg.fem (-re), nom.acc.pl.masc. (-e), gen.pl. for all genders (-ra) Ǥ (Hogg and Fulk 150)
ѲѲȤ֤˴ŤޥӸؤŪʶʬѸϡűѸηƻˤĤƤϲȤͭѸʹߤˤϤۤȤ̵̣ȤʤäƤΤǤꡤ̻ŪˤϤӤ졦̣Ūʵǽܤ (definiteness) (definiteness) Ȥ̤Τۤ⤷ʤ
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
3;ʣ̾줬Ѹˡ h- ťΥɸͳȤ th- ؤ֤ƤäȤϡѸˤǤϹΤƤ롥th- ؤִϡʤˤäƥߥۤʤäƤ (see #975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]), #1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])) ٤ƤǷ֤줿ѥϡޤʤ°ʤǸ˼гʡͿʤгʤͻ礷Ρˤ th- ذܹԤȤѥ㤨С Ormulum (?c1200) ǤϡǤᤤʳǼʤ þeȝȝ ݤˤʤäƤꡤ°ʤǤ¿ h- Ĥʤʬ þeȝȝre гʤǤϵդ¿ þeȝȝm ʤ hemm ܤǤ롥
ɥǼʤ þei Τ14ǤꡤChaucer Ǥ þei / her(e) / hem ȤѥबѤƤ (#181. Chaucer ο;̾ηϡ ([2009-10-25-1])) 15ˤʤȡ°ʤ their her(e) ȶ礹褦ˤʤꡤˤ Caxton ʤɤ their ¾ͣȤʤ롥them ϺǤ٤Chaucer μ Lydgate Hoccleve Ǥޤ hem ΤߤǤꡤCaxton Ǥ them ΤΡޤ hem Τۤͥä16νˤʤäơ褦䤯 them 夷ɸѸξã뤳Ȥˤʤä (Lass 120; Mustanoja 134--35)
äơ3;ʣΥѥϡˤƤ⡤ǯ夳ۤʤ졤̤ưʲ3ʳФȤˤʤ (Lass 121)
| I | II | III | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þei | þei | þei |
| Genitive | her(e) | her(e) ? þeir | þeir |
| Oblique | hem | hem | hem ? þem |
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