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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-08-09 Tue

#4852. ;Τˤ餺ư -s դ [3sp][3pp][conjugation][verb][inflection][historic_present]

ư -s ˤĤơhellog ǤŪʴ͡˼夲Ƥ
ɸѸǤ3ñ (3sp) ˤΤ -s դȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬ŪʱѸѼ䡤Ǥϰ衦ҲѼˤơ3ñʳΥåȤ -s դȤϷ褷ʤդˡ3ñǤäƤ -s դʤѼȤΤ⡤ŪˤⶦŪˤäʤư -s ȤΤϡ¤ϻפƤ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣ뵭䲻ۿ󤲤Ƥ

#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])
#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰۡ ([2019-01-22-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#3542. CNN English Express2αѸýǺܤޤ ([2019-01-07-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
heldio #177. 3ñΥ򼨤󥰥
#4693. YouTube 2ơʣ3ñEbonics ([2022-03-03-1])

;Τˤ餺ľˡ߷Ǿ -s ȤȤƤϡ󥰥륺륺ν󤲤롥Ǥ I likes it., We goes home., You throws it. ʤɤ -s Ѥ롥do Ȥư졦ưˤĤƤС󥰥ǤϡưȤƤϾ dos /du:z/ ưȤƤϾ do ȤȤ褦ˡˡʬƤȤ (ex. He dos it every day, do he?) ʤߤˡǤưȤƤβ doneưȤƤβ did ѤȤ顤ʤ餪⤷ (ex. He done it last night, did he?)
嵭Ȥ̤ˡåȥɤ̥ɤ¿Ǥϡ12;Ρ3;ʣˤơνȽҤ٤Ūߡ (historic_present) ˡȤơư -s (ex. I goes down this street and I sees this man hiding behind a tree.)
ʾ塤Hughes et al. (28--29) ˰͵򤷤ƵҤ

Hughes, Arthur, Peter Trudgill, and Dominic Watt. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 4th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2005.

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2017-02-21 Tue

#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤ [link][notice][3sp][3pp][conjugation][verb][inflection][variety][rensai][sobokunagimon]

220ˡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ2Ȥʤ֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤҤΥȤ˥åץɤޤ3ñ -s ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ 3sp γƵǽ񤭤ƤޤΤΤϡѤʵפȤݤǤޤȤ᤿ȤȤʤäƤޤɤ
ϢܵΤʤǤϿޤǤ3ñ -s Ūˤϡ3;ΡʣߤդĤޤʣפζޤʿŪ˹ͤɬפޤμݤ顤ܥ֥ǤϡʣפˤĤƤ 3pp Ȥƥ꡼ΤȤ͡Ƥޤ碌ƤȤ
ޤϢܵǤ⡤رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡǤ⡤ܤ夲ޤǤ -th äƤ3ñѸˤ -s ֤줿аޤ˴ؤ꤬ޤ⡤Ѹ˾塤ɴФζ̣ǤƤߤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ ([2015-03-23-1]) ʤɤ

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2016-06-28 Tue

#2619. űѸѲ2ưޤ˸ -i- ѸǤξü [inflection][verb][oe][eme][conjugation][morphology][owl_and_nightingale][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][3sp][3pp]

űѸμѲ2°ưǤϡɽΤĤβս "medial -i-" (#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) θűѸ lufian ζɽ򻲾) -i- Ѹʹߤ˼ƤüΥߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤƥȤʤɤˤäưۤʤäƤʬۤΰȤƤϡݼŪǤ -i- ٤ޤݤ졤׿ŪǤ᤯˼줿
űѸμѲ2Ǥľˡ3;ñߤζ޸ -i- Ժߤ - Ȥʤ뤬б3;ΡʣǤ -i- -iaþ Ȥʤ롥äơѸʹߤ -i- ξüʤȡ޸ˤä3;Τñʣ̤뤳ȤǤʤʤä
üʹԤƤѸβϴˤϡκ⤢äΤǤϤʤȵ롥㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale ll. 229--32 򸫤Ƥߤ褦Cartlidge Ǥˡ

Vor eurich þing þat schuniet riȝt,
Hit luueþ þuster & hatiet liȝt;
& eurich þing þat is lof misdede,
Hit luueþ þuster to his dede.


֤ǵưϤűѸμѲ2ͳ褷3;ñμäƤ롥äơ -i- ʤϤschuniet hatiet Ǥ -i- Ƥ롥ʤ嵭 C ܤǤη֤ȿǤƤ뤬J ܤǤб֤Ϥ줾 schonyeþ, luuyeþ, hateþ, luueþ ȤʤäƤꡤ-i- ʬۤǤޤޤǤ롥
schuniet ˤĤƤϡԻ eurich þing ̣ʣȤƲᤵ줿뤤 alle þing ʤɤοʣäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤCartlidge (Owl 113) Ǥϡ"it seems more sensible to regard these lines as an example of the Middle English breakdown of distinctions made between different forms of Old English Class 2 weak verbs" Ȥθ򤬼Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ̤ʸǡΥƥȤˤ -i- ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤΤǡβսѤƤ

In both C and J, the infinitives of verbs descended from Old English Class 2 weak verbs in -ian always retain an -i- (either -i, -y, -ye, -ie, -ien or -yen). However, for the third person plural of the indicative, J writes -yeþ five times, as against nine cases of - or -þ; while C writes -ieþ or -iet seven times, as against seven cases of -, -ed, or -et. In the present participle, both C and J have medial -i- twice beside eleven non-conservative forms. The retention of -i in some endings also occurs in many later medieval texts, at least in the south, and its significance may be as much regional as diachronic. (Cartlidge, "Date" 238)


ˤϡ-i- ξüηˤäưۤʤäƤФǤʤɽΥåȤˤäƤ⥿ߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤۤʤäƤǽƤꡤѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) δ鶽̣

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Aevum 65 (1996): 230--47.

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2016-05-06 Fri

#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][hel_education][variation][sobokunagimon]

3ñ -s ѸءѸ˾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ 3sp ε¿äƤˤĤƤϿǯĴ٤񤭤ƤΤ1ǯۤɤδ֤˸ƬȯɽʸȤƸɽ뵡񤬤äΤǡܥ֥ǤƤ
Ѹ˸褷ʸؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá١ʲջҡԡˡǤ줿Τʤǡ3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪפꤹ뾮ƤƤܽϡ2014ǯ525˳줿ܱʸز86ʱ̳ƻءˤǤΥݥ֥ХαѸ춵顽Ѹˤι׸פθ濴Ԥޤ줿Τǡ伫ȤϤȯɽԤǤϤʤäΤΡʸδ˺ƤȤǤʥݥطԤѸˡѸ춵鸦ԤΥ롼פƤˤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ʸΥȥ뤬̤ꡤѸˤȱѸ춵ռʤ鼹ɮ뤳ȤԤƤΤ֤ȱѸ˴ˤʤäƤޤäʢȿʡˡܥ֥Ǥϥ֥ȤǥŪˤʤä3ñ -s ˴ؤġ򡤺ʸȤκۤȤ뤳ȤˤäơΤȤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פʸǤϡ#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1]) ʤɤεȯŸǡȤ櫓̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (variation) Ż뤷Ÿ
Ѹ춵Ȥ顤ˤĤä˶ĴäȤϡ˼ʲμĥǤ롥

3ñ -s ȤϡʸˡŪȤɽŪȤƲ򤹤٤ΤǤϤʤषϱѸؽԤˡ(1) γؤǤоݤɸŪŪѼǤȤ¤˰ռ(2) ظ¿ɸѼޤŪ˻ѤƤȤѸ¿θ¤˵ŤμεȤ (3) ѸѼʤ줿ܸѼˤФ봲Ƥ乥ε󶡤Ƥ롤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤƤ


ʤʸμɮԤϰʲ̤ꡥȤ櫓Ѹ춵ȪɤǤȴ򤷤Ǥ

ϤˡѸˤȱѸ춵 ջ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ͻ硡Applied English Philology λ
Ѹ춵ˤѸë
콬μѸˤζŪ ľȥ
ѸȯãѸؽȯãءˡư쥹޷ä ¹
ХʱѸáѸˤö߷
3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪ δ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ꥨ󤫤鸫Ѳ ջ


δ졡3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ

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2015-09-26 Sat

#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ [clmet][corpus][lmode][agreement][3pp][syntax][reanalysis]

#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ǡѸǶˤ٤ι⤤ζ (phrasal determiner) ˤ200ǯ;Ǥ뤳Ȥߤ19ޤǤϡζˤ lot ϡְ컳ȡġ췲פۤɤθѤƤꡤθ塤褦䤯¿¿̡פθȤȤäǡѸˤ a lot of lots of ǧ٤CLMET3.0 ʸ򽦤äƤߤʸ̤Υƥȥե
1 (1710--1780) Υ֥ѥ10,480,431ˤ4㤬ҥåȤ¿?פ̣ȤƤѤƤʤa lot of my own drawing Ǥϡ¿פǤϤʤְ컳פθȤѤƤꡤ"Annuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways; either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives" Ǥ餫ˡֽġפθǽʤɤǤϡ¿פؤȯŸƤʷϵϴ롥
2 (1780--1850) Υ֥ѥ11,285,587ˤ22㤬줿ͽ̤ꡤˡǻȤƤΤۤȸФĤʸ󤲤褦

You know when a lot of servants gets together they like to talk about their betters; and some, for a bit of swagger, likes to make it appear as though they knew more than they do, and to throw out hints and things just to astonish the others. (Anne Brontë, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848))
Therell be lots to speak for her! (ibid.)
. . . there's a high fender, and an iron safe, and some cards about ships that are going to sail, and an almanack, and some desks and stools, and an inkbottle, and some books, and some boxes, and a lot of cobwebs, . . . (Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1844))
. . . I ran on through a lot of alleys and back-slums, until I got somewhere in St. Giles's, and here I took a cab. (Punch, Vol. 1 (1841))


a lot of οΰפȽǤǤʸϾʤä1ʸ̣ a lot of servants Ф gets ȼƤ뤬ư -s ϡ³ some . . . likes ȽǤƤ⡤ʣ˰פʣߤ -s ȹͤΤʣ -s ˤĤƤ 3pp γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
3 (1850--1920) Υ֥ѥ12,620,207ˤϡɽټΤ384㤬ҥåȤlot(s) θѤƤ⾯ߤ뤬ŪˤϸѸ¤ȵ̤ۤˡ¿?פΰ̣ѤƤ롥1800ǯ˽Фθǯǰ쵤˹ޤäήԸˡǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-22-1]

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2015-08-24 Mon

#2310. 3ñΥ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][contact][do-periphrasis][lmode]

Ѹ˾3ñ -s 3ʣ -s ˤĤơ3sp 3pp ¿εǤ줾ƤǡޤΩʤ3ñΥȤ꤬롥褯ΤƤΤϡ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1])#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦 AAVE Ǥ -s æȤݤ뤷󥰥ɤǤ East Anglia ߻Υѥˤƿ;Ρˤ餺¤ߥȤȤ㤬롥
Wright (119) ˤ3ñΥ˴ؤˤγάˤСEast Anglia ˤ3ñΥε15ˤΤܤꡤŪʲˤС¾ο;θΥ3ñŪ˳ĥΤȤ뤬ܿαƶǤϤʤȤ⤢롥16ȾޤǤˤϡNorfolk β²41--77%ȤΨ -th ˥ѤƤȤ𤬤ꡤEast Midland Ϥθ3ñΥ򼨤濴ϤǤ³Ƥ롥Helsinki Corpus ĴˤСŪˤߤ3ñΥ2%Ȥ㤤Ψʤ East Anglia ˸¤餺ʬۤƤΤ¤ǤꡤŤѸʸˤƤޤ˽в񤦤ȤϤ롥
Wright κǿʸϡ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire пȤΤ뽾ͤˤ򥳡ѥȤĴ21%Ȥͽ۰ʾι⤤Ψ3ñΥѤƤ뤳Ȥͤߤ᤿Wright ϡEast Anglia ȤŪˤΥ줿ϰǡ餯λ˸ꤷơ3ñΥʬۤƤΤǤϤʤȿ¬ޤΰŪʬۤϡľ do ˡ (do-periphrasis) षľɸŪ -s 礷Ƥäޤ˰ܹԴκˤߤ줿ĤʤŪʬۤȷŤ
Wright εϹäƤ뤬ʤȤѸΤϤ¤ꡤ˱͡ʥѥबƤϾäƤäȤϳΤǤꡤ19Ⱦ West Oxfordshire ˸Ū˾嵭Τ褦ʾäȤƤ⡤äˤϤʤ

Wright, Laura. "Some More on the History of Present-Tense -s, do and Zero: West Oxfordshire, 1837." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 1.1 (2015): 111--30.

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2015-03-12 Thu

#2145. Ѹ3ʣ -s (6) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][3pp][nptr]

ɸˤĤƤ 3pp γƵǼ夲ƤϢ뵭Ҥ⤦1ĸĤΤǡʲ˵Ƥ#1301. Gramley αѸ˳Υѥ˥󥵥ȡ ([2012-11-18-1]) ȡ#2007. Gramley αѸ˳ܼ ([2014-10-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Gramley (136--37) ΰѤǤ롥

Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.


ƱѸ˽ѥ˥󥵥ꡤ6ϤΤ­ (p. 8) ˡ˾ܤ⤬ܤäƤͭѤǤ롥ޤǤ Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])) ˤ⿨ƤꡤδϢ Lass (166, 185) Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) ؤθڤ⤢롥
NPTR ˤŬѤ줿̤Ȼפʣ -s 󤲤Ƥ

they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)


Shakespeare ǤǤˤäʣ -s 줿äꤹ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ˤʸŪ뤤̻ŪʴްդꤽǤ롥

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.

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2015-03-09 Mon

#2142. Ѹˤ3ñʣθʬ [map][laeme][lalme][me_dialect][me][3sp][3pp][verb][conjugation][nptr]

ɸ䤤˼ü᤯ˤϡɽǻ­Görlach (68) ˤɽΰˡ

 SouthMidlandNorth
Present Indicative3sg.-(e)þ-(e)þ-(e)s
pl.-(e)þ-(e)n-(e)s


Ͽ޾˼ȡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ̤Ȥʤ뤬ܤʬۤȤˤ LAEME ʽѸˤ eLALME ʸѸˤ򻲾ȤΤǤ (cf. #1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1])) ʲǤϡξȥ饹줿ϿޤβŽդ褦ʥåȤ礭ʲˡޤϡ1150--1325ǯ򥫥С LAEME ꡤ3ñʺˤʣʱˤθʬۤ򤽤줾켨

LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: 3pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero
LAEME: 3sp 's' and 'th' LAEME: pp 's', 'th', 'n', 'e', and zero


ξϿޤ˽ޤִݤ -s ˽ޤĻͳѤ -th ɽʣθǤ¾˹ѤߤƤ뤬 -n ɽˡʣ̾ܤưθ߷ -e ޤϥθȤ "Northern Present Tense Rule" (NPTR; cf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])nptr) ʬۿޤ򸫤褦

LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero
LAEME: NPTR pp 'e' and zero


Ǥϼ˸Ѹʬۤ˰ܤ롥eLALME ǤϡμऴȤ̡Ͽޤޤ3ñ顥

eLAEME: 3sp 's' eLAEME: 3sp 'th'
eLALME: 3sp 's' eLALME: 3sp 'th'


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤޤ̤ -s ˡޤ̤ -th ʬۤƤΤ狼롥ʣˤĤƤϡ-s, -th, -n, -e (or zero) 4ˤĤƳơϿޤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

eLAEME: pp 's' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 's' eLALME: pp 'th'
eLAEME: pp 'n' eLAEME: 3pp 'th'
eLALME: pp 'n' eLALME: pp 'e' or zero


ʬۤ褯ѤǤꡤ -s ʺޡˡ -th ʱޡˤͥ -n ʺޡˤĥƤ뤳ȤƼ롥ŪˡѸȸѸʬ۴֤Ūʺϸ뤬Ūˤ礭ѲϤʤȤäƤ褤  *

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2015-02-07 Sat

#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ [verb][inflection][agreement][conjugation][paradigm][morphology][3sp][3pp][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡѸؽԤ٤ϤѤʵɽʤǤ롥ѸǤư3;ñ߷ȤƸ촴 -(e)s դΤ§ȤʤäƤ롥(1) 줬3;ΤǤꡤ(2) 줬ñǤꡤ(3) ߤǤȤ3Ĥξ郎٤·äȤˤΤղäȤ§ʤΤǡѸؽԤˤȤäƽˤʸ̩ˤ (4) ľˡǤȤɬסˡ伫Ȥ⡤Ѹä񤤤ꤹݤˤϡȤ櫓ư줬Υ줿ʤɤˡ§׵ᤵפ򤦤ä˺Ƥޤ3ñ -s ȤϲʤΤΤ¸ߤΤȳؽԤԻ׵Ĥ˻פΤ϶ˤƼǤ롥
Ѹˤ3ñ -s ϱοȻפäƤ롥ŪʴϡưΰפȤϤʸݤΰȤơεʬϤʤ줦롥Ω줫ϡ㤨ʸˡǤ InflP ȤǽƤΤȤǼ̾ȶ޼Ȥδط򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤǡɤΤ褦ʾư -s ղä뤫Ǥ롥Ͼˤʤ3ñΤȤ -s դΤͳ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ǽΩ줫ϡ-s ̵ͭˤꡤ(1) 줬3;Τ12;Τζ̡(2) 줬ñʣζ̡(3) ߤ󸽺ߤζ̤Ū뤳ȤǤ롤롥㤨С줬 Johnhe ǻؤ뤤 John and Marythey ǻؤΤ줫Ǥͽۤʸ̮ˤơ̾ʬʹʤäȤƤ⡤ʸ߻Ȥǡưθտʹ뤳ȤǤСפǤ롥Τ褦ǽ¤ˤơ-s ̵ͭϵǽŪȤȤǤä3ñ -s Ȥ§ⵡǽŪǤ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ǥ3ñ -s Ρ֤ʤפˤƤʤǽȤǽݤΤǤСä3ñ -s ĤȤˡǤϤʤ¾ˤ͡ˡͤϤʤ3ñ -p Ȥ -g ǤϤʤΤʤ3ʣ -s ǤϤʤΤʤ3ñ -s ǤϤʤΤ뤤ϡβǽ򤹤٤Ȥ߹碌ŬưΥѥǤ⡤Ʊ褦Ѥ­Ĥޤꡤ嵭εǽŪϡ3ñ -s ĸѸΥѥ˸¤餺Ʊ褦Ѥ­¾ΥѥˤѤƤޤȤȤǤ롥ɡǽŪϡʤѸ줬ˤä3ñ -s ĥѥͭƤΤʤ
ŪǤ쵡ǽŪǤ졤Ūʴεϡ3ñ -s ˴ؤͿ褦ȤϤƤ뤬ΰʤƤˤܼŪ䤤ˤƤʤ̻ŪʴߤС֤ʤפؤϤäƤǤ롥
̻Ūʲˡɸȯ⤦褦֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤפȤˤϡ֤ʤ3ñȤݥΤ;פʸĤʤФʤʤΤפȤռ롥¾ΥݥǤΤޤޤǤ褤Τˡʤ3ñ˸¤äݤʤȤ򤷤ʤФʤʤΤȡȤ̻ŪʻռȿФǤ롥̻Ūˤϡ3ñ -s ĤȤϡۤȤפʤȤ٤Ȥ¿ʤΤǤ롥ष䤦٤ϡ֤ʤ3ñʳǤϲĤʤʤäƤޤäΤפǤ롥
Ǥϡ򤭤ΤȤäȤơűѸư lufian (to love) ľˡߤζɽǤ褦

lufian (to love)SingularPlural
1st personlufielufiaþ
2nd personlufastlufiaþ
3rd personlufaþlufiaþ


ζɽʬ褦ˡűѸǤ3ñ˸¤餺1ñ2ñ1ʣ2ʣ3ʣǤⲿ餫θդƤѸδϡ3ñΤߤ˸դ3ñȤ̻뤷ƤޤűѸǤϡʤλ⤽ѸˤѸˤʬŪˤ뤬ˤ줾ο;ΡȤ߹碌Ʊ٤ˡ̡פǤꡤˤ줿դʤФʤʤäС3ñߤΤ褦⤤ݥä櫓ǤϤʤ
űѸΡ֤٤ƤΥݥ̡פȤ⤤뤳ΥѥϡѸ줫Ѹˤ礭Ƥ롥űѸʹߡ޸֤褦̵ˤơ岽ĤˤϾüȤ礭ʲѲĬήʹԤ嵭 lufian ǤС1ñ lufie θϼ岽α¿ȤʤꡤѸǤΤʸ첻⤿ʤ love Ȥʤä lufian Τ⡤ƱλҲ첻岽üɡָ love ؤȯŸο;ΤǤⶦ̤θűѸʣ lufiaþ ϡ޸ˤ첻μ岽üη̡3ñ lufaþ ȷŪͻ礷ƤޤäȤطƤȤ櫓Ѹǡ³ˡߤΥѥͳ褹 n Ȥ loven Ȥ֤ѤȤ n Τ岽ü䤹äᡤѸޤǤˤϤ褽Ǥ love ؤ夤2ñ lufast ˤĤƤϡ޸ȤƾüϤΤҲ2ĤäƤꡤǤФۤܤΤޤޤηǸѸޤĤϤäȤ2ñб̾ thou 餯ҲŪװ¸߰յ򼺤Ω you ؤϤƤ˵ڤǡ-ast ζ޸Τ뵡򼺤ѤȤʤä2ñζ޸ϡ2ʣб you Ʊ񤤤򤹤뤳ȤˤʤäᡤΥݥؤ love
Ĥ3ñ lufaþ Ǥ롥˾üˤҲäƤˡѸޤǤϤۤܤΤޤޤݤ줿Ѹͳ褹 -s ϤȤ -þ ֤ȤѲäΤΡ̤ȤƤ -s üˤꤷҲäᡤ줬ѸޤĤä¾Υݥζ޸Ūʼ岽üα¿Ȥʤäꡤ¾μפʸִƤʤɤơĤˤϾääΤФ3ñ -s ϲŪ˶ǤǰꤷƤȤͳǡɤʡˤޤ޺ޤĤäΤǤ롥3ñ -s ľˡߤζޥѥˤǸĤȤ롥
ƽҤ٤뤬̻Ūʻռϡ֤ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤפǤϤʤ֤ʤ3ñʳǤϲĤʤʤäƤޤäΤפǤ롥Ρ֤ʤפγάϾǽҤ٤ƤºݤˤϸġΥݥˤĤƤäʣʷаޤ롥ѸˤǤϡ޸οʿ (levelling of inflection) ȤΤ絬ϤʲΰüȤơפʣǤ롥
3ñ -s ϢνˤĤƤ 3sp γƵ򡤴Ϣ3ʣ -s ȤѸ˾ˤĤƤ 3pp γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2017/03/15(Wed)ϢơҤΥ֥ȾεȤ֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤ񤤤ƤޤΤǡȤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-06-29 Sun

#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) [verb][inflection][aave][nptr][3pp][3sp]

#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ˰³ƤꡥAAVE 3ñ -s æ뷹ˤĤơ#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ ([2014-06-25-1]) ǤҤ٤æ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤϤޤäñǤϤʤAAVE ȤäƤǤϤʤϰˤäưۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭Ȥ롥æ뤫ʤΥѥ᡼ʣ¸ߤ줾θѰۤ롥
㤨СSchneider (100) ϡĤԸ򻲾Ȥ3ñ -s æΥѡơޤȤƤ롥Harlem ǯĤĴ42--100% ʿѤ 63%ˡDetroit βήϫƯԳĴ71.4%5лĴ72.5%Oakland βήνĴ57.7%Washington, D. C. λҶĴ84%Washington, D. C. βήĴ65.3%ήⶵդĴ17--78%Maryland γĴ83.3%ʤɤǤ롥-s æŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤǡ绨Ĥˤä31 -s ƤȤȤǤ⤢ꡤæ§ŪǤȤȤϤǤʤ
AAVE ˤ3ñ -s Τߤʤ餺ư츽߷ -s ˴ؤ뽾θǤϡ͡ʡʼҲ˸Ūʥѥ᡼󵯤ƤɸѸ˸褦ʿ;ΤξϤȤꡤbe ư is ʣѤ븽ݤȤδͿɸѸεϤؤν١dialect mixture ʡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡꥹŪʱƶʤɡ͡Ǥ롥
͡ʥѥ᡼Τʤ Bailey et al. Ȥ櫓ܤդΤ줬̾ (PRO) ̾ (NP) ζ̤Ǥ롥ԸǤϡAppalachian English, Alabama White English, Samaná, Scotch-Irish English, black and white folk speech in Texas ʤɡAAVE ˸¤餺Ѽ䥤ꥹѼǤ⡤δबѤƤ뤳ȡʤ߷ NP 줬 PRO -s 򹥤򤹤뤳ȤŦƤηϡ#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) ǿ줿 "Northern Personal Pronoun Rule" ("Northern Present Tense Rule") θ̤Ƥ롥Bailey et al. ϡ "NP/PRO constraint" 1472--88ǯ˥ɥӾȤĤʽ the Cely Letters 17--18Υꥹ͹ҳΤѤ "Ship English" ˤߤ뤳ȤŦǡŪĴ̤ơƱ̤ AAVE νѼˤѤƤ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥Bailey et al. (298) ϡ"NP/PRO constraint" Ǥ줤˵ҤǤۤñǤϤʤȶĴʤ⡤˾ߤäƼΤ褦᤯äƤ롥

By examining data from EME and looking at parallels in present-day black and white vernaculars, we have shown that the NP/PRO constraint is a powerful one that has affected English for quite some time and that currently affects a wide range of processes. Although it is important to stress that this constraint does not account for all of the variation in the present tense verb paradigms of the black and white vernaculars in the South (for instance, -s used to mark historical present), it does play a major role in a number of previously unconnected phenomena.


Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila. "Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English." Language Variation and Change 1 (1989): 285--300.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-22-1] [2015-08-24-1]

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2014-05-30 Fri

#1859. Ѹ3ʣ -s (5) [verb][conjugation][emode][paradigm][analogy][3pp][shakespeare][nptr][causation]

ϡޤǤˤ 3pp γƵDz٤äƤ³ǤƤ褦ˡưľˡˤ3ʣ -s εˤĤƤϡ쳰ŪƶȡŪ3ñ -s ȤΩƤ롥Ū򾧤ԤȤơSmith 롥Smith Shakespeare First Folio оݤȤơ3ʣ -s 100ĤߤĤSmith ϡʬۤ򼨤ʤαƶ򶯤ꤷŪװΤߤǽʬǤǤμݤʸη褯ޤȤޤäƤ (375--76)

   I. That, as an historical explanation of the construction discussed, the recourse to the theory of Northumbrian borrowing is both insufficient and unnecessary.
   II. That these s-predicates are nothing more than the ordinary third singulars of the present indicative, which, by preponderance of usage, have caused a partial displacement of the distinctively plural forms, the same operation of analogy finding abundant illustrations in the popular speech of to-day.
   III. That, in Shakespeare's time, the number and corresponding influence of the third singulars were far greater than now, inasmuch as compound subjects could be followed by singular predicates.
   IV. That other apparent anomalies of concord to be found in Shakespeare's syntax,---anomalies that elude the reach of any theory that postulates borrowing,---may also be adequately explained on the principle of the DOMINANT THIRD SINGULAR.


פˡSmith ϡˤ⸽ߤˤ⸫3ñ -s ζŪкͥʤ줬3ʣΰؿȤϼǤ⤤Ƥ롥
Smith εˤ꤬¿1ˡShakespeare ΤߤäƽѸɽ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȡ2ˡƶˤ NPTR Northern Present Tense Rule; #1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) 򻲾) äƤ˽ʬդʧ鷺ˡƱӽƤ뤳ȡʤNPTR ˴ϢڼΤ p. 366 εˤˡ3ˡSmith ˸¤ʤƶȤΩƤꡤξԤȤͭȤ븫βǽӽƤ뤳ȡ
12ˤĤƤϡSmith 100ǯʾθŤǤ뤳ȤطƤ롥Τ褦ŦǤΤϡθ带椬ʤǤڵȤ⤤롥3ˤĤƤϡʤθƤʤƶˤϤ줾ζߤȼߤ뤬ξԤͻ¤ǤʤȤͳϤʤ褦˻פ롥
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) εǤߤ褦 McIntosh θ NPTR Ūȵڤ򼨺뤷 Smith λŦ붦ŪǸŪװ⤽ȤϤ롥װ궯ѤƤ뤫ȤܤζϤ줫Τߤ󤹤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤΩȤƤϡ#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) 褦ˡ3ʣ -s ˤĤƤѲ "multiple causation" Ȥ

Smith, C. Alphonso. "Shakespeare's Present Indicative S-Endings with Plural Subjects: A Study in the Grammar of the First Folio." Publications of the Modern Language Association 11 (1896): 363--76.
McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.

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2014-05-23 Fri

#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR [nptr][verb][conjugation][inflection][me_dialect][contact][suffix][paradigm][3pp][3sp]

ɸϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) Ǥñ˿줿Ϥ⤦ܤ夲ܤΤϡľˡ3;ñߤθȡʿ;ΤʤʣߤθǤ롥
ѸΰŪʬˤĤƤϡ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) #1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ľˡ߷ưθȤϡѸ礭3ʬ뤳ȤǤ롥 "the Chester-Wash line" ¦ (North)ʣ -eth ħȤ (South)δ֤˰֤ (Midland) Ǥ롥θˤĤƤϤ줾1ĤΥѥȤƤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡưȤŪʴط˱2ĤΥѥब̤롥쵬§ "Northern Personal Pronoun Rule" 뤤 "Northern Present Tense Rule" ʰʲ NPTR άˤȤΤƤꡤMcIntosh (237) ˤСΤ褦꼰롥

Expressed in somewhat simplified fashion, the rule operating north of the Chester-Wash line is that a plural form -es is required unless the verb has a personal pronoun subject immediately preceding or following it. When the verb has such a subject, the ending required is the reduced -e or zero (-ø) form.


McIntosh (238) ˤNPTR αդѸ3Υѥ򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

(1) North (north of the Chester-Wash line)

i) subject not a personal pronoun in contact with verb

North: i)sg.pl.
1st person -es
2nd person 
3rd person-es


ii) personal pronoun subject in contact with verb

North: ii)sg.pl.
1st person -e, -ø (-en)
2nd person 
3rd person-es


(2) Midland

Midlandsg.pl.
1st person -en, -e (-ø)
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


(3) South

Southsg.pl.
1st person -eth
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


ơ⤷ΤζնΤϰǤϡNPTR θѥ (1) Ȥθʤѥ (2) Ȥͻ礷褦ʡѥ (1.5) ȤǤ⤤٤Τǧ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥϡѥ (1) ˽äŪ NPTR ѤƤΤֲŪˤϥѥ (1) Ū -es ǤϤʤѥ (2) Ū -eth ѤƤΤǤ롥McIntosh (238) ˤꡤ֥ѥ (1.5)פ򼨤

(1.5) (1) (2) ζն "NE Leicestershire, Rutland, N. Northamptonshire, the extreme north of Huntingdonshire, and parts of N. Ely and NW Norfolk" (McIntosh 236)

i) subject not a personal pronoun in contact with verb

North/Midland: i)sg.pl.
1st person -eth
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


ii) personal pronoun subject in contact with verb

North/Midland: ii)sg.pl.
1st person -en (-e, -ø)
2nd person 
3rd person-eth


פˡϰǤϡֲŪŪħ򼨤ȤŪʥ٥ǤμѤȹͤ٤dialect mixture ȹͤ٤ŪˤҲŪˤⶽ̣򤽤븽ݤǤ롥

McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.

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2014-05-21 Wed

#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s [verb][inflection][aave][sociolinguistics][hypercorrection][creole][nptr][3pp][3sp]

AAVE (African American Vernacular English) Ǥϡľˡư3ñʤ餺Ȥ -s դȤ롥츫ȡɤο;ΤǤǤ -s դդʤäʤΤǡ˸ۤɤҸϤȤ櫓ҲŪʴ¿ʤƤ褦-s νиͽۤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ȤAAVE ȤѼKΤǤϤʤϰԻԤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭ȤȤ롥
AAVE θ߷ -s ϡɸѸȰۤʤʬۤ򼨤ȤǡѼħŤܤ1ĤȤܤƤŪʴϡ -s ʬۤεδؿȤʤ뤬ϤȤʤ AAVE εɤˤ뤫ȤŪľ뤹롥AAVE ε creolist Anglicist ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬߷ -s ⡤ݱʤˤΤʤذޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäcreolist ϡAAVE ľˡߤưδϥ쥪벽ͳ褹̵ɸѸεϤΰϤˤ -s Фɬװʾ˸Ȥ꽤 (hypercorrection) 򾧤롥Anglicist ϡ-s 򲿤餫ʬۤǤĥꥹͳѼ郎ʣΤͤȹͤ롥Anglicist ϡɬ⸽β꽤βǽꤹ櫓ǤϤʤʳ˥쥪벽ꤷʤ
Ϥ˾ܤʤ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĴƤ椯ʤǡAAVE -s ˴ؤ1Ĥʸˤɤ夤 Schneider Τ Anglicist Ǥ롥γ˿ϼʬ (104)

Apparently, the early American settlers brought to the New World linguistic subsystems which, as far as subject-verb concord is concerned, were characterized by two opposing dialectal tendencies, the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs, and a southern one favoring the zero morph. In America, the mixing of settlers from different areas resulted in the blended linguistic concord (or rather nonconcord) system, which is characterized by the variable but frequent use of the -s suffix . . ., which was transmitted by the white masters, family members, and overseers to their black slaves in direct language contact . . . .


ˤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) #1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 dialect mixture Ȥͤ롥βǽϽʬˤȻפϤȽϤˤĤƾܺ٤˽Ҥ٤ƤʤΤϤȤʤѼ郎ʤΤǤäꤷҤ뤳ȤϡŪˤä˸Ǥ񤷤ʣѼ򤴤ޤˤȤˤʤ롤ˤʤȤǤϡϤʤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ"the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs" ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬 "freely" ŬڤǤϤʤ󥰥ˤ -s ʬۤˤϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) Ǹ褦쵬§ѤƤꡤ褷ƼͳʬۤǤϤʤä
ˡSchneider 19ȾФλ AAVE ˤĤƤϤۤȤɵҤƤ餺õʸȤƤϡ夤Ȥ虜򤨤ʤ
󡤾嵭 Anglicist β⤬줿Ȥdialect mixture ιͤѤʤȤȤˤϤʤʤषƸŪʼҲؾǤ AAVE εȡѸ3ʣ -s ε󤯴ͿƤǽͤȤ̣ǡȯŪǤϤ롥

Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-12-09 Mon

#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1]) ˰³ƤꡥWyld (340) ϡѸˤ3ʣ -s αƶȤƤǤϤʤ3ñ -s ȼĥƤ롥

Present Plurals in -s.

   This form of the Pres. Indic. Pl., which survives to the present time as a vulgarism, is by no means very rare in the second half of the sixteenth century among writers of all classes, and was evidently in good colloquial usage well into the eighteenth century. I do not think that many students of English would be inclined to put down the present-day vulgarism to North country or Scotch influence, since it occurs very commonly among uneducated speakers in London and the South, whose speech, whatever may be its merits or defects, is at least untouched by Northern dialect. The explanation of this peculiarity is surely analogy with the Singular. The tendency is to reduce Sing. and Pl. to a common form, so that certain sections of the people inflect all Persons of both Sing. and Pl. with -s after the pattern of the 3rd Pres. Sing., while others drop the suffix even in the 3rd Sing., after the model of the uninflected 1st Pers. Sing. and the Pl. of all Persons.
   But if this simple explanation of the present-day Pl. in -s be accepted, why should we reject it to explain the same form at an earlier date?
   It would seem that the present-day vulgarism is the lineal traditional descendant of what was formerly an accepted form. The -s Plurals do not appear until the -s forms of the 3rd Sing. are already in use. They become more frequent in proportion as these become more and more firmly established in colloquial usage, though, in the written records which we possess they are never anything like so widespread as the Singular -s forms. Those who persist in regarding the sixteenth-century Plurals in -s as evidence of Northern influence on the English of the South must explain how and by what means that influence was exerted. The view would have had more to recommend it, had the forms first appeared after James VI of Scotland became King of England. In that case they might have been set down as a fashionable Court trick. But these Plurals are far older than the advent of James to the throne of this country.


ٻ礿ϡ(1) 3ʣ -s ϡ3ñ -s Ѥ褦ˤʤޤǤϸƤʤȡ(2) ɤΤ褦˱ƶͿΤǤʤȡ2Ǥ롥öŪǤꡤŪȤϤʤꤨʤΤΡΤ褦˻פ롥
1ĵˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥Wyld Ĥϡ1515ǯʸǡ"the noble folk of the land shotes at hym." ȤʸڤȤΥƥȤˤ3ñ -s ϸ줺3ʣˤ -ith 褯ȤȤ顤Wyld Ȥε󤲤Ƥ (1) Ȥ礷ʤ褦˻פ뤬ɤʤΤˤ衤ΩѸ3ñ3ʣζ޸ӸƤ뤳Ȥɬפ

Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-26-1] [2014-05-21-1]

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2013-08-20 Tue

#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

[2013-03-10-1], [2013-03-20-1]˰³ɸꡥƶ⤫3ñ⤫ǸʬƤ롥Ѹ򰷤äϤǡFennell (143) ϸԤٻơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In the written language the third person plural had no separate ending because of the loss of the -en and -e endings in Middle English. The third person singular ending -s was therefore frequently used also as an ending in the third person plural: troubled minds that wakes; whose own dealings teaches them suspect the deeds of others. The spread of the -s ending in the plural is unlikely to be due to the influence of the northern dialect in the South, but was rather due to analogy with the singular, since a certain number of southern plurals had ended in -e)th like the singular in colloquial use. Plural forms ending in -(e)th occur as late as the eighteenth century.


Strang (146) ƶٻƤ롥

The function of the ending, whatever form it took, also wavered in the early part of II [1770--1570]. By northern custom the inflection marked in the present all forms of the verb except first person, and under northern influence Standard used the inflection for about a century up to c. 1640 with occasional plural as well as singular value.


¤αѸ˲ Strang ε̣Τϡ2λŦˤƤǤ롥1ܤϡѸƱˡŤ be äƿ are Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤαƶ椨ǤȤ¤ȴϢʤ顤3ñʣ -s ˤĤƵƤ뤳Ȥare ʤμѤȤΤǤС3ʣ -s μѤǤȹͤΤǤϤʤȤ2ܤϡ̾ưοΰפ˴ؤ붦Ū̻Ūʻ顤3ʣ -s ͳǤϤʤ줬ƵǤͳ򼨺ƤǤ롥ΰʸ³սǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The tendency did not establish itself, and we might guess that its collapse is related to the climax, at the same time, of the regularisation of noun plurality in -s. Though the two developments seem to belong to very different parts of the grammar, they are interrelated in syntax. Before the middle of II there was established the present fairly remarkable type of patterning, in which, for the vast majority of S-V concords, number is signalled once and once only, by -s (/s/, /z/, /ɪz/), final in the noun for plural, and in the verb for singular. This is the culmination of a long movement of generalisation, in which signs of number contrast have first been relatively regularised for components of the NP, then for the NP as a whole, and finally for S-V as a unit.


̾ʣ -s ư3ñ -s θŪ򡤿ŪȯããȤȤ館ƶϱԤ3ʣνиαƶ3ñ䤫Τ줫˵ˤ衤ϵǤ롥ʤǤ뤫Ȥ̤ˤؤäƤϤ뤬ν˷Ū꤬Ūꡤ̻ŪʼؤȹäƤ椯Τ򴶤롥

Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2013-03-20 Wed

#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][ppcbme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ε³εǤϡPPCEME ˤ븡ǡ3ʣ -s 50ۤɼФȤǤȽҤ٤ʸ̮򸫤ʤȤȤ52㤬ǧ줿ʥǡΥƥȥեˡ
PPCEME ǤϡE1 (1500--1569), E2 (1570--1639), E3 (1640--1710) 3ʬƤ뤬ζʬȤ3ʣ -s 򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤʳƴΥѥ⼨ˡ

PeriodTokensWordcount
E1 (1500--1569)13567,795
E2 (1570--1639)18628,463
E3 (1640--1710)21541,595
Total521,737,853


Queen Elizabeth I's Boethius (E2), Thomas Middleton's A chaste maid in Cheapside (E2), Celia Fiennes's journeys (E3) ʤɤΥƥȤ˿ʾȤϤΤȤƾʤʤ⡤褽ʤʬۤƤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤʸįƤߤȡʲΤ褦˼ư֤ߤΤĤꡤѸΡthere is + ʣ̾פΤ褦ʹʸ۵롥

and after them comys mo harolds,
Here comes our Gossips now,
Now in goes the long Fingers that are wash't Some thrice a day in Vrin,


ơLass (166) 3ʣ -s ˤĤƴϢڤ򸫤ĤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤLass ϡ3ʣ -s εˤĤơñ٤л٤줿ΤΡŤȹͤƤ褦

The {-s} plural appears considerably later than the {-s} singular, and if it too is northern (as seems likely), it represents a later diffusion. The earliest example cited by Wyld ([History of Modern Colloquial English] 346) is from the State Papers of Henry VIII (1515): 'the noble folk of the land shotes at hym'. It is common throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a minority alternant of zero, and persists sporadically into the eighteenth century.


1617̤ƹԤʤƤȤȤϡ嵭 PPCEME dzΤǧ줿ʤѸ򥫥С PPCMBE 18ʹߤξĴ٤Ƥߤȡ6󤬤äΤοȴǰξǾȤ԰פɤΤޤޤƤ[2012-06-14-1]ε#1144. Ѹˤ԰פפ򻲾ȡˡѸǤ3ʣ -s ϳ̵˶ᤤȹͤƤ褵


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2013-03-10 Sun

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

ɸˤĤ Baugh and Cable (247) ˿Ƥꡤܤ椤3ñʤ3ʣˤ -s ϡѸǤʤѸǤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) βϿޤǼ褦ˡľˡ3;ʣǤ -es ܤäѸɸѼˤ3ʣ -s ȤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ȤΤϡλʸؤʸȿǤɸѼǤϡѸ East Midland -e(n) ṳ̈ȤƤΥͽۤ뤷ºݤʬۤȤưŪ3ʣ -s ϳΤ Shakespeare Ǥ⻶롥
ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (247) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Their occurrence is also often attributed to the influence of the Northern dialect, but this explanation has been quite justly questioned, and it is suggested that they are due to analogy with the singular. While we are in some danger here of explaining ignotum per ignotius, we must admit that no better way of accounting for this peculiarity has been offered. And when we remember that a certain number of Southern plurals in -eth continued apparently in colloquial use, the alternation of -s with this -eth would be quite like the alternation of these endings in the singular. Only they were much less common. Plural forms in -s are occasionally found as late as the eighteenth century.


ǡ3ʣ -s αƶǤϤʤȤ Baugh and Cable θϡWyld, History of Modern Colloquial English, p. 340 θڤäƤ롥षλ3ñ -s -th θؤʣˤŪӲФ̤ȹͤƤ롥ʤGörlach (89) ϡ餭Τñ餭ΤᤫͤƤ롥
ͻˤäơϤȤ⤢졤Ѹˤ3ʣ -s ʤ -th ʤ꤬ŪˤɤΤ餤٤ǸΤǧƤɬפ롥ǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ˤꤶäȸƤߤ180ȤϤΥѥ3ʣ -s 50ۤɡ3ʣ -th 60ۤɤ󤬤äʷ̥ƥȥեϺ򥯥åˡǯʸ̮ʤɤξܺ٤ʬϤϤƤʤŵŪ򾯤󤲤Ƥ


and all your children prayes you for your daly blessing.
but the carving and battlements and towers looks well;
then go to the pot where your earning bagges hangs,
as our ioyes growes, We must remember still from whence it flowes,
Ther growes smale Raysons that we call reysons of Corans,


now here followeth the three Tables,
And yf there be no God, from whence cometh good thynges?
First I wold shewe that the instruccyons of this holy gospell perteyneth to the vniuersal chirche of chryst.
and so the armes goith a sundre to the by crekes.
And to this agreith the wordes of the Prophetes, as it is written.
Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes:


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2012-12-28 Fri

#1341. Ѹʬ8ĤŪʷ [me_dialect][isogloss][dialect][methodology][geography][3pp][3sp]

ѸˤĤƤϡme_dialect γƵǰäƤɤʬŪʷ֤ʬۤˤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) Τ褦ϿޤƤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ˤȤꡤȤ˴ؤƤ͡Ū꤬롥Ѹؤ20ȾĹˤäƤꡤǯǤ LALME LAEME оˤ긦Ķ⤷ΤϳΤޤ¿꤬ĤƤ롥
ϡŪ Moore, Meech and Whitehall θѸθ˴ŤפŪ֤Ȥʬۤ򼨤Moore, Meech and Whitehall ϡ1400--1450ǯ˽񤫤줿266Ρʸʸ񤪤43ʸغʤ礿оݥƥȤȤ11μפŪħˤä MED ԻδפȤʤäǤꡤMED "Plan and Bibliography" ˤȿǤƤ롥 (96--106) 8ĤŪħˤĤ󤷤ɽ (98) ͿƤʤΤǡޤȤľΤ򲼤˼

FeatureIsoglossNNEMSEMWMSWSE
OE /ā/A/ɑː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː//ɔː/
OE /a/ + nasalD/a//a//a//ɔ//a//a/
OE /ȳ/, /y/, /ēo/, /eo/F/iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ//yː, y/, /øː, ø//yː, y/, /øː, ø//iː, ɪ/, /eː, ɛ/
/f/ -- /v/I/f//f//f//f, v//v//v/
/ʃ/ -- /s/C/s//s//ʃ//ʃ//ʃ//ʃ/
3rd pl. pronounEthemthemhemhemhemhem
3rd sg. pres. verbG-es-es-eth-es, -eth-eth-eth
3rd pl. pres. verbB, H-es-es, -e(n)-e(n)-e(n), -eth-eth-eth
  *  

Ͽ޾ɽ碌ФʤΤϾά롥3;ñʣưˤĤƤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) 򻲾ȡޤOE /ȳ/, /y/, /ēo/, /eo/ б첻ʬۤˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Moore, S., S. B. Meech and H. Whitehall. "Middle English Dialect Characteristics and Dialect Boundaries." Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature. 13 (1935): 1--60. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan Publication, Language and Literature.
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ

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2011-06-26 Sun

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬ [me_dialect][inflection][suffix][participle][lalme][map][3pp][3sp]

ѸħŤǤϿ¿뤬ʤΤ1Ĥ˸ʬ롥Ѹ -ing 礭ʬ -ing, -ande, -ende, -inde 4बꡤ줾ħŪʬۤ򼨤ʲϡLALME Dot Map 345--51 򻲾Ȥơ褽ʬۤƸΤǤ롥

Map of Present Participle Suffix in ME Dialects

-ing ϤǤ England ʬۤƤꡤħȸƤ֤ΤϤդ路ʤ⤷ʤΰ۷֤ȤƸ -nd(e) 첻ʬκ褯̤롥-ande ʬۤ Northern East Midlands ˤƤϰʤĤƤ Danelaw ˤ˰פ롥-ende East Midlands -inde South-West Midlands ˽椹롥ɥնʣΰ۷֤ѻΤϡϤޤ˽ζǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ƥ롥
ʬ¾ˤϡľˡ3;ñ߸ľˡʣ߸ħ褯ɽ魯ΤȤΤƤ롥2ܤʬۤϻǰʤľ LALME Dot Map ˤͿƤʤ޼ŪǤϤ뤬Burrow and Turville-Petre (31--32) εҤ򻲹ͤˡϿ޲Ƥߤ

Map of Present Indicative 3rd Person Singular Suffix in ME Dialects

Map of Present Indicative Plural Suffix in ME Dialects


3Ĥư޸ܤǤ⡤١ѸιʤߤǤ

McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.

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