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hypercorrection - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-12-28 Sat

#5724. Ѹֻˤե󥹸αƶ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ10 [hakusuisha][french][rensai][furansu_rensai][contact][spelling][orthography][diacritical_mark][h][consonant][hypercorrection][heldio]


furansu_202501.png

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1223Ҥηؤդ󤹡2025ǯ1Ԥޤǯ١ƱϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פƤƤޤ10ֱѸֻˤե󥹸αƶפǤ
ʤȺϡؤդ󤹡٤100ǯȤǰ٤Ǥ"Revue France, 100 ans!" ɽˤꡤý֤դ100ǯפǺܤƤޤΤ褦ʵǰΰˡե󥹸ˤʤ̱ѸˤϢܵܤƤΤ϶̤Ǥ⤢ꡤӤǤ⤢ޤʽִ֤Ω碌ƤҤˤⴶդޤ

1. Ѹֻϰճȥե󥹸
ΥޥαƶǡθαѸֻˤϥե󥹸ֻ¿ʬȿǤƤޤñֻ¤ϥե󥹸ŪǤ뤳ȤϤޤΤƤޤ
2. ɹפ īs ice
Ѹֻϡե󥹸αƶΤѸˤ礭Ƥޤֲ꽤פη̡㤨иѸ ice ˤߤ褦 -ce ֻѤޤ
3. ԻҲֻ c ch
ե󥹸αƶˤꡤűѸǤ c ɽ줿ԻҲѸ ch ؤִޤˤñ child church ʤɤֻΩޤ
4. äűѸʸ
űѸǾѤ줿ʸ (æ, ƿ, þ, ðˤϡե󥹸¸ߤʤäȤ⤢ꡤѸʹߤ˿षƤǽŪˤϾǤޤ
5. ʤѸֻϥե󥹸줫֤줷Τ
ѸֻϡDzܻؤΤǤϤʤषҿե󥹸ֻ뤳Ȥˤꡤ㴳ʣޤե󥹸ϸϤȶܤθäΤǤ

Ѹֻˤե󥹸αƶϡѸֻѲűѸʸѤ˸˸ޤˤűѸŪֻϱƤᡤäƸŪʸɤֻȤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
˾ܤϡľܡؤդ󤹡1˼äƤɤߤС9Ϣܵ hellog furansu_rensai ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ
ȴϢơheldio Ǥ#1305. Ѹֻˤե󥹸αƶ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ10ơꤷƤäƤޤΤǡ⤪İ



δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡10󡡱Ѹֻˤե󥹸αƶסؤդ󤹡2025ǯ1桤ҡ2024ǯ122352--53ǡ

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2024-06-26 Wed

#5539. Chancery English ˤߤ츻Ūֻ [etymological_respelling][chancery_standard][hypercorrection][spelling]

15αѸΡֽ񤭸ɸפȤƻŦƤ "Chancery English" ˤĤƤϡchancery_standard γƵǼ夲ƤChancery English Υ󥽥Ԥ Fisher et al. (34) ˤϡ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤƾҤ롥

Prefixes which appear in MnE with Latin ad still usually appear in their French form a. The MnE noun advice is 32 times a (avis, etc.) and 19 times ad; the MnE verb advise is six times a and five times ad. Adnullacion and adnulling appear once each alongside annullen once. Hypercorrection appears when an official hand notes on the dorse of a petition "he hath be resumed to þe kynges advayle [avail]" (227.20).


ۤˤϡ "Glossary of Forms" ðǰˤɤäƤȡ츻Ūֻ򼨤ñ򽦤äƤȤǤ롥Ǥ "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation" ܤ66θùܤȤ濴ˡGlossary ȴФȤΤǤϢܤƷǤֻɮԡˡS (= the Signet letters), P (= Privy Seal), C (= Chancery), N (= the Indentures) ʤɤεϥ󥽥ŵؤܺ٤Ʊ˾롥

- adnullacion n. a law voiding specified grants of a previous reign. (1) C5 (D.227.11). MED gives ad as a variant for an; no tion form OED obs. 1670.
- aduis(e) n. (17) S1, P2; auis(e) (10) S1, P2; auys (7) C8, C1; avis(e) (6) S1, P3; S1, C2; avys(e) (4) S1, C3; auice (1) C5; aduyce (1) C4; aduyse (1) N5.
- assault(e) n. (3) C3, C4 (D.195.7, 11); assaut(e) (6) C3, C4 (D.1995.1 etc.).
- auctorite n (35) C1, P3; autorite (8) C2, C3; auctoritee (6) P2, C3; auctoryte (2) C3, C5; aucorite (1) C3 (D.202.44); pl. autorites (1) C3.
- avail n. (1) P1; availle (4) C3, C4; avayle (2) C3, C5; availl (1) C3; advayle (1) C5; avaylle (1) C4.
- avise inf. advise (1) P2; past part. aduised (5) S1, P2; auised (2) P3; aduysed (1) C5; auysed (1) S1, C4; avysed (1) S1.
- convent n. (1) C5 (D.226.2); couent (7, all Signet Office documents) S1; conuent (6) C1, S1.
- doute n. doubt. (1) P2; dowte (4) S1 (1), C1 (3); dobȝthe (1) C5 (D.218.16).
- endorsement n. (1) P3; endocement (1) P3.
- endosed vb. past part. indorsed. (1) C3; endoced (1) P2 (D.122.6). OED obs. 1613.
- parliament n. (18) C3, C4 (D.194, 195, 199, 213, 216 only); parlement (104) C1, S1; parlament (1) C4; parlemet (1) C5 (D.226.21 error?); pl. parlementes (2) C5; parlementȝ (2) C5.
- receit n. act of receiving. (1) C3; receyte (1) C4 (D.210.28); pl. recepts (1) P2 (D.115.19).
- souereign n. (5) C3; souerain (55) S1, P2; soueraigne (41) C2, P2; souuerain (21) P2, P3; souerayne (18) C3, C5; souerayn (12) C3, P4; souereyne (10) P2 (D.213); soueraign (9) C2, C3; souueraign (8) P2; souereyn (6) P1, C3; souereigne (5) C1, C3; souuerayn (4) P3, C3; souueraigne (3) P2; souuerein (2) P3, C3; souuereigne (1) P2; souerainge (1) P1 (D.112.12); soueragne (1) C3; souerein (1) P1; pl. soueraines (1) S1.


ޤǻĤʤä adnullacion (cf. "annul"), auctorite "authority", advayle "avail" ʤɤֻܤαޤ롥ֽ񤭸ɸפȤ̾ФǡChancery English λϡޤޤɤη㤷äȤʬ

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature30 (2015): 41--58.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-06-27-1]

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2024-01-17 Wed

#5378. Ūָ̱츻 [folk_etymology][spelling_pronunciation][etymological_respelling][analogy][hypercorrection]

̤ˡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ϴ㤤θ츻ȤߤʤƤ롥Ū˿¤θ츻ʤФСֳؼԸ츻פȤˤȤϰۤʤä츻ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿
źˤָ̱츻λ¿षѲνפʸưϤ1ĤǤѶŪɾ뤳ȤǤ롥ΥݥƥʸˤĤƤϡ#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1]) #5180. ֳؼԸ츻פȡָ̱츻פ餿õ츻פȡֲ츻 --- ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) κǿ ([2023-07-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Fertig ˤ (analogy) ˴ؤܤɤǤơָ̱츻Ϳ̡ŪơĤޤŪָ̱츻פ㤬뤳ȤΤäϢսѤ롥

The fact that we say churchyard rather than *churchard, which would show the normal phonetic reduction of the second, more weakly stressed element of the compound (as in orchard), and the widespread pronunciation of forehead as /fɔrhɛd/ rather than reduced /fɔrɪd/ can be ascribed to speakers analyzing these compounds just as they do in cases of folk etymology, the only difference being that here their analysis is historically accurate.


ä󤳤ָ̱츻ªΤäƤޤȡȥФθäѤ롥forehead ɽֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ˤϡŪָ̱츻פ㤬¿Ⱥ often [ˈɔ:fn] ǤϤʤ [ˈɔ:ftən] ȯꡤassume [əˈʃu:m] ǤϤʤ [əˈsju:m] ȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤΤ⡤ָ̱츻äΤȵŤ˻롥
˹ͤʤƤȡȤȥƥͳñʤˤȤμ˴Ťdoute <b> doubt ʤɤ֤츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) θݤ⡤ŪˤŪ츻˶ŤƤäȤǡŪָ̱츻פ֤Ȥˤϰտ̵ͭȤؤäƤǤꡤɤΤ褦֤ȤΤȤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
Fertig "hypercorrective folk etymology" ָֽ̱츻 (60--61) ɽƤ뤬θݡʤθϿǶ̣

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-08-20-1]

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2020-01-12 Sun

#3912. ʵΡ˸츻ŪֻŪɾ (1) [etymological_respelling][silent_letter][hypercorrection][renaissance]

doubt <b> Τ褦ʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ϡŪˤϸѸƤȯֻЪΥθȤŪˤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ŵŻ뤹16αѹͥ󥹤ĬήΤʤǡƥθ츻¸ߤ <b> λҲ줿ѸֻΤʤᤷƤ뤳Ȥˤäơѡñ˸˥ƥ̣ȰҿղäȤ¯ʪŪʻλʪȤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ褦¯ʪ椨ˡαѸؽԤԿԤۻ (silent_letter) դ蘆뤳ȤˤʤäޤäΤȡ
ˡisland ˤ <s> Τ褦ˡƥθ츻Ȥ줺¯ʪȯƤޤäθ츻Ūֻ (pseudo-etymological spelling) 뤤ϡ츻Ūֻ (unetymological spelling) ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1])ˡʤɡߡϡݽФѤ꽤 (hypercorrection) λȤߤ¿
ε#3911. ηϤϡƱŪʣλΤֽвä̤Ǥ ([2020-01-11-1]) Ǽ夲֥顼λۤˤСʵΡ˸츻ŪֻȤݤϡΡʸνפʥ⡼ȡפȤƹŪɾ뤳ȤǤ롥̤ȤȯֻЪΥȤǤʤʾˤθݤȤưξڤȤơֳ줿饹ʤ󥹡פ䤷ʤĤߤȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥αѸ줬ƤҿηǡȤפФơƥˤ䤫ȤֲפФ뤳Ȥˤäơʥ󥹤߽Ф줿Τȡ
Υ󥹤Ϥ᤿ץ饤ࡦ֥Ȥ1ĤȤ doubt <b> Τ褦̾äǽ롥դ꤫鳫Ϥ줿Ϣήϡ䤬Ƶθ츻Ūֻ߽ФޤǤ˻ä⸽ݤȤߤɬפϤʤΧŪѰۤȤơʥ󥹤ΰȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ë (89) ѤС֥ץ饤ࡦ֥ȤϤޤϡʥԡǤϤʤषĤˤĤơȤ⡤Τ褦ԲŪѷή켫ΤΧŪѰ (mutant) ߽ФΤס
island <s> ʤɤؤơֵθ츻ŪֻפȤȤΥͥƥ֤ʽֵΡפϡ֥顼θˤСषߤ볫줿ǽ䡤ͳǼŪ¤Ȥƥݥƥ֤ɾΤʤΤȯۤž¥줿Ȼפ

ë ΡְۤG֥顼ηǯˤĤơסʸؤؤξԡ ԡˡҦ˼2012ǯ85--117ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-12-1] [2020-01-13-1]

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2019-01-22 Tue

#3557. Ѹˤ3ñѰ [variation][variety][world_englishes][new_englishes][3sp][verb][agreement][conjugation][inflection][link][nptr][hypercorrection]

źΡѸˤơ3ñưϤɤΤ褦˶ޤƤΤĹ餯ɤƤǡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤ 3sp γƵǼ夲Ƥ

#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1])
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])

ߤΡѸˤƤϡ3ñθϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤMesthrie and Bhatt (66--67) εҤޤȤƤ
3ñ -s ȥؤ륱ϡ¿𤵤Ƥ롥ʥꥢѼ쥢եꥫѼϤᡤꥫǥѼѼɷեꥫѼեꥫѼեԥѼ (e.g. He go to school.)󥬥ݡѼʿѼʤɤ롥
ɸѸȿФԤ̣Ѽ⤢롥ñǥȤʤꡤʣ -s ȤʬۤꥫǥѼΤʤǤ⥤쥿²Ѽ (Isletan) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ㤬ǧȤ

there are some parties that goes on over there.
Some peoples from the outside comes in.
All the dances that goes on like that occur in the spring.
The women has no voice to vote.

Maybe the governor go to these parents' homes.
About a dollar a day serve out your term.
This traditional Indian ritual take place in June.
By this time, this one side that are fast have overlapped.
The governor don't take the case.


쥿²ѼƱͤηʿѼǤǧȤ (e.g. They drink and they makes a lot of noise.)
ɸѸεդԤѼʸˡ⤢̣ǤϹŪȤ롥줬ñǤм̾ˤҸưˤ -s 줺줬ʣǤФˤ -s ղäȤǰӤƤ뤫Mesthrie and Bhatt (66) ϡηϤ "-s plural symmetry" ȸƤǤ롥
"-s plural symmetry" 򼨤Ѽ inherent variety ʤΤ뤤üԸĿͤɸѸʤɤɸȤƲ꽤 (hypercorrection) ̤ӸݤʤΤϡĴԤʤФʤʤޤѼ郎󥰥ɤŪ Northern Present Tense Rule (nptr) Ū̴طΤɤ⿵Ť˸ƤʤФʤʤ

Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-09-1]

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2016-01-25 Mon

#2464. Ѳθ [phonetics][phonology][causation][language_change][substratum][spelling_pronunciation][folk_etymology][hypercorrection][assimilation][dissimilation][terminology][epenthesis]

Ѳϸν̿Ȥ⤤ۤŪʤΤǤꡤźȤ줿Ϥʤ줯餤׺ߤƤʤ⡤θޤ餫ȤƤʤΤԻ׵ĤȤԻ׵ĤǤ롥⤽⡤ְ̣פȼʤʱˤѲȤΤϤɤȤʤΤạ̈ѲȤΤ򤷤䤹Ѳ뤳Ȥï򤹤ȤΤؤκǤ򤫤̥ŪǤ롥
ѲθˤĤƤϡŤ͡⤬ƤAlgeo and Pyles (34--35) 򻲾ȤơĤɽŪʤ Ҳ𤷤褦
ޤ2ĤθABܿAüԤBԴ˽ȤAȯħBػۤȤȤ롥СˡظȯħƳ륱ϡظ첾 (substratum_theory) ȸƤФ롥դˡظȯħظ˻ۤ졤Ū˸Ԥ˲Ѳˤ "superstratum theory" ȸƤФ롥
ʤ٤ߤηֳ֤Ȥʤ褦ĴƯΤǤϤʤȤ "phonological space" ʲ֡ˤδ⤢롥ܸΤ褦첻Ȥ [i, e] 첻Ȥ [u, o, ɑ] 첻ηϤϡ褯ѹդμ줿֤ǤꡤŪѲˤѹդμƤʤ֤򼨤ϡѹդܻؤѲ䤹⤷ʤ
Ʊ (assimilation) ۲ (dissimilation)æ (elision) (intrusion)ۤˡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) Ǽ褦ʳƼβظˤϡ "ease of articulation" ĴưפˤȤưŤ褦˻פ롥Ť龧ƤǤϤ뤬⤷줬ѲͣθȤС٤Ƥθ줬Ĵ䤹νؤȵ夷ƤޤȤˤʤäơϡĤꤦ븶1ĤˤʤȤ롥
üԤΰռٴͿβѲ⤢롥#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1]) Ǹ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ȥƿ줿褦ˡcomptroller ֻҲ [mptr] ȯ褦ˤʤäȤˤϰ spelling_pronunciation äȤˤʤ롥ޤ#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡchaise longue chaise lounge Ȥȯ褦ˤʤäΤϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤΤǤ롥
ҿȯؤΰռ뤳Ȥˤä꽤 (hypercorrection) ⡤Ѳ1װȹͤ롥talkin' somethin' Τ褦 g æȯ¤ޤפޤꡤ g ͽʤĶǤ g [ɪŋ] ȯ褦ʥǤ롥㤨 chicken Virgin Islandschicking, Virging Islands ʤɤȯѲ롥Ϣơrajah, cashmere, kosher ʤɤλˡͽʤä /ʒ/ 褦ˤʤä̲ (overgeneralization) ⤢롥
͡ʲ⤬ƤƤñȤDzѲԤȤϤǤʤʣװͿƤ뤳 (multiple causation of language change) Ȥɬפ
Ѳθ˸¤餺Ū˸Ѳθ˴ؤƤϡ#442. Ѳθ([2010-07-13-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-04-08-1]

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2015-03-17 Tue

#2150. Ѳˤʹ [phonetics][phonology][language_change][causation][teleology][hypercorrection][assimilation][dissimilation]

#2140. ѲΥ饤ե ([2015-03-07-1]) εǡǯβѲʤӸѲ̡ˤθˤơäʹ䤬׻뤵褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Τ褦Ԥ1ͤ Ohala 롥Ohala (676) ϡäδͿꤷ§ȤƲѲʹˤäƼƳȤΩäƤ롥줾ϢʬȴФ

. . . variation in the production domain does not by itself constitute sound change since there is no change in the pronunciation norm; the listener is able (somehow) to reconstruct the speaker's intended pronunciation.

Misperceptions are potential sound changes because they may result in a changed pronunciation norm on the part of listeners if their misperceptions are guides to their own pronunciation.


ȯε ("pronunciation norm") ѲΤȤѲȸƤ֤ΤǤС줬夹ʹΤʤǤꤻʤʹϼνִ֤äˤʤȤ̣ˤƤϡβѲŪ˼¸ΤäȤƤȯù԰٤ˤƤǤϤѲΤϡʹȤƤôäƤȤǤ롥ʹϡ̾äˤ뵬ϤæѰŪȯŬڤˡֽפ뤳ȤǤ뤿ᡤϤΤΤݻΤ˹׸롥Ȥʹ꤬Ŭڤˡֽפ뤳Ȥ˼ԤȡʹεϤΤΤѲǽ롥ΩˤСѲŵǤƱ (assimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τʤ (hypocorrection) Ȥơޤ۲ (dissimilation) ʹˤ뽤Τ (hypercorrection) Ȥª뤳ȤǤ (Ohala 678)
Ohala (683) ϡνΤۤǡѲ̵Ūä̵ͿʹνŻ3碌ƶĥƤ롥βѲˤŪŪʸȡäʻС˽Ż˿øȿФɷŪǤ롥

. . . sound change, at least at its very initiation, is not teleological. It does not serve any purpose at all. It does not improve speech in any way. It does not make speech easier to pronounce, easier to hear, or easier to process or store in the speaker's brain. It is simply the result of an inadvertent error on the part of the listener. Sound change thus is similar to manuscript copyists' errors and presumably entirely unintended.


̻μ̤ȤϤ⤷Ȥʸ̤˼äƤõ򤹤Ȥ̣Τ褯ʤȤ򤢤ƤСФ̻ˤ̤ΤΤȼ㤨夷Ȥ񤭸վθѲϡ̵ǤϤʤ⤷ʤʤȤⲻѲ椷¿ˤʤȤϽҤ٤Ƥ褤Ȥˤϡ"at its very initiation" ʤˤƤϡˤâ񤭤Ż뤷
Ohala μĥʹƤȡѲ̤ˤʹƹͤɬפΤǤʤȻפƤΤϳΤ

Ohala, John J. "Phonetics and Historical Phonology." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 669--86.

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2015-02-24 Tue

#2129. ɥĸˤˤ final e [final_e][ilame][orthography][spelling][prescriptive_grammar][german][hypercorrection]

Ѹˤˤ final_e ϡȯˤƤֻˤƤפǤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤʹԤ޸οʿ (levelling of inflection) νɾΤfinal e ξüϸαѸˤ˺Ǥ⹭ϤʱƶڤܤȤäƤ褤ˤꡤűѸ줫̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζηϤǷѸ򴬤Ƿ뤳ȤȤʤää˷ƻ -e ˤĤƤϡilame γƵǰäƤ
ѸޤǤˤϡ final e ϲŪ̵ȤʤäƤȹͤ뤬ֻݻ줿褷ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʵǽĤĤäChaucer νܤǤϡʼ⤤Τۤ final e 褯ݤƤʤɤλ¤ǧƤꡤ final e ΤݼȵռƤȤ롥ѸޤǤ϶޸ȤƸŪǽͭƤ final e Ѹʹߤˤʤ˵ڤǼҲŪʸŪǽô褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥˶Ѹˡؤδؿޤꡤֻ final e ¸ε§ˤĤƤε⤫ޤӤʤä
final e μҲ񲽤ȤƤ٤ʾ嵭αѸ˾θݤϡ̣Ȥˡɥĸˤ㤬ߤ롥 (113) ˤСɥĸˤ final e βξüϡ15˳礷16ȾڤȤ (ex. im Lande > im Land) ϡѸۤ٤ޤ17 e ֻξǰտŪ褷ͻҤ륿ǤʪθŪ顤ޤʸˡˤߤ뵬ŪʥȤΤ롥17դޤǤˤϡe ղäŪȤʤäƤ褦
⤷ΤϡƥȤˤ뤬̾ñͿʤ e aus dem winde in ihrem hause ʤɤΤ褦褷ФǤϤʤ;̾ؼ̾Ϳʤ e zu ihme sieder deme Τ褦褷Ƥꡤ-ung, -in, -nis νˤ e ղä Zuredunge, nachbarinne, gefengnisse Τ褦˸뤳Ȥ e 16ʹߤ˰̤ˤ褻17ʸˡǤȤƤΤǤʹġp. 114ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) Ȥ롥
Ѹˤ final e ȤʤΤϡˤ뤬Ѹ줫ѸȤäƤ褯Ѹ˸ԤˤȤäƤĹƬˤμǤ³ƤɥĸˤǤγϤ٤ۤĹ³ΤǤϤʤä褦ˡʤɤθŪϤ򴬤ǤȤʤäǡξݤӤ롥޸οʿȤޥν̿Ūʸݤ˵ final e ϡ˻ǤϤ뤬̣ӸؤΥơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

ԡ֥ɥĤȽĴ1649ǯˤ˵줿ȤСס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù԰١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ105--32ǡ

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2014-12-13 Sat

#2056. ե󥹸ȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (1) [etymological_respelling][spelling][french][latin][hypercorrection][renaissance][hfl]

ѸѸˤƤαѸθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȯȳظˤϡбե󥹸Ǥθ츻ŪֻμäΤȤˤĤƤϡ#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1156. admiral <d> ([2012-06-26-1])#1790. ե󥹤Ǥ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ʤɤεǿƤȤǤ롥
äơѸˤ뤳ͤͤ褦ȤСե󥹸ˤ򻲾Ȥ򤨤ʤ14--16ե󥹸θ츻ŪֻμˤĤơZink (24--25) Ѥ褦

   Latinisation et surcharge graphique. --- L'idée de rapprocher les mots français de leurs étymons latins ne date pas de la Renaissance. Le mouvement de latinisation a pris naissance à la fin du XIIIe siécle avec les emprunts opérés par la langue juridique au droit romain sous forme de calques à peine francisés.... Parti du vocabulaire savant, il a gagné progressivement les mots courants de l'ancien fonds. Il ne pouvait s'agir dans ce dernier cas que de réfections purement graphiques, sans incidence sur la prononciation ; aussi est-ce moins le vocalisme qui a été retouché que le consonantisme par l'insertion de graphèmes dans les positions où on ne les prononçait plus : finale et surtout intérieure implosive.
   Ainsi s'introduisent avec le flot des emprunts savants : adjuger, exception (XIIIe s.) ; abstraire, adjonction, adopter, exemption, subjectif, subséquent. . . (mfr., la prononciation actuelle datant le plus souvent du XVIe s.) et l'on rhabille à l'antique une foule de mots tels que conoistre, destre, doter, escrit, fait, nuit, oscur, saint, semaine, soissante, soz, tens en : cognoistre, dextre, doubter, escript, faict, nuict, obscur, sainct, sepmaine, soixante, soubz, temps d'après cognoscere, dextra, dubitare, scriptum, factum, noctem, obscurum, sanctum, septimana, sexaginta, subtus, tempus.
   Le souci de différencier les homonymes, nombreux en ancien français, entre aussi dans les motivations et la langue a ratifié des graphies comme compter (qui prend le sens arithmétique au XVe s.), mets, sceau, sept, vingt, bien démarqués de conter, mais/mes, seau/sot, sait, vint.
   Toutefois, ces correspondances supposent une connaissance étendue et précise de la filiation des mot qui manque encore aux clercs du Moyen Age, d'où des tâtonnements et des erreurs. Les rapprochements fautifs de abandon, abondant, oster, savoir (a + bandon, abundans, obstare, sapere) avec habere, hospitem (!), scire répandent les graphies habandon, habondant, hoster, sçavoir (à toutes les formes). . . .


ȤƤϡ(1) ե󥹸Ǥϥͥ󥹤Ω13ƥѤǤꡤȼäƥƥ˴Ť츻Ūֻ⸽Ƥȡ(2) ȸλҲæƤȤ˸츻ŪʻҲ褵ȡ(3) 츻Ūֻ򼨤Ĥñ줬ʩξˤƶ̤뤳ȡ(4) ե󥹸ξˤϸ츻ŪֻƱ۵ɤ̤䤬äȡ(5) ե󥹸Ǥ츻Ūֻ˴ŤĹ꽤ߤ줿ȡ󤲤롥Ϥ褽Ѹθ츻Ūֻˤ⤢ƤϤޤꡤʩξݤͿƤ뤳ȡäȸХե󥹸줬ѸرƶڤܤȤ롥(5) ˵󤲤꽤 (hypercorrection) αѸǤˤĤƤϡ#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
츻Ūֻ˴ؤƱʩǰۤʤȻפΤϡ嵭 (4) ե󥹸Ǥϡ츻ŪֻƳϡƱ۵ (homonymy) ̤ΤäȤС񵭤ˤƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) 򤱤뤿ˡ츻Ū§˴ŤƸߤ˰ۤʤֻƳȤȤǤ롥ƥ줫ޥ󥹽ػβѲη̡ե󥹸ǤñƱ۵줬̤˻ä񵭤ˤƲ褹Ȥơ츻ŪֻѤ줿ΤǤ롥ܸΤҤ餬ʤǡ֤פȽ񤤤ƤɤΡ֤פ̤դʤΤǡǡֹֻաסָספʤɤȽʬȻƤ롥ˤƥե󥹸νηϤϡɽŪʤΤ顤ɽŪʤΤؤȰŤȤ
ѸǤƱ۵ͤ򤱤뤿˸츻ŪֻƳȤϤʤä褦˻פ뤬ǽŪʸ츻ŪֻưդȤˤĤƤϡ⤦տͻͤꤽ

Zink, Gaston. ''Le moyen françis (XIVe et XV e siècles)''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990.[sic]

Referrer (Inside): [2014-12-15-1]

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2014-11-07 Fri

#2020. ۩Ѳθ "expressivity" Ǥ [neolinguistics][hypercorrection][accommodation_theory][language_change][causation][stylistics][history_of_linguistics]

#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1])#2013. ꥢ (1) ([2014-10-31-1])#2014. ꥢ (2) ([2014-11-01-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ˰³ܲؿǤػ˾1ȶꥢɤˤĤ󶡤롥Leo Spitzer ϡؤˤ˶ƤؼԤ1ͤؽѻǥꥫ¤ؤµ Leonard Bloomfield դäȤ롥Bloomfield ǯˤȱε Spitzer 򤤤ʤȤſʤΤ2ͤ϶̣ɤळȤǤ롥
Spitzer ϡѲθȤ "expressivity" ɽϡˤؤߵ᤬ȤؤμĥۤȤ櫓̱²μɽȤƤʸΡפȤǰ̤˲Фɤεϡؤβʳɸ֤ Bloomfield ˤȤäƤϼ줬ĥäSpitzer ϤޤǤεˤ롥㤨Сƥ줫ޥ󥹽ػǤβѲ e -- ei -- oi -- -- ϡƥ e ɽ˭˼¸뤿˳̱²ʳǷФƤȯŸεפǤȵ롥βˤơLeón Aragon ǤɤλĹ³ΤФCastile ǤŪ᤯ ʳǸ경ԤԤŪ "chaotic" Ǥ, "restlessness" "anarchy" ħŤƤǤȷ (Spitzer 422) ̤εǤϡHitler Deutche Volksgenossen ȯˤ2Ĥ o a ˶ᤤ첻ȤƼ¸ƤȤ夲ˤ Hitler Υȥꥢ¤ɸŪʡɤץɥĸָȤطʤäΤǤϤʤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤɥ̱²΢Ǥ줿꽤 (hypercorrection) Ȥĥ (Spitzer 422--23)
Τˡ̱²ŪǥޥŪʸΤ褦ʹ롥ǯμҲؤǤƱθݤ accommodation ä accommodation Ȥ diversion; cf. #1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˤʤɤѸǤФиڤǤꡤ줬ñ̤ĿͤʤΤ뤤̱²Τ褦ʽĤʤΤΰ㤤ϤȤƤ⡤ߤǤϤۤɥå󥰤ʵǤϤʤ褦ˤפ롥ɤϡμҲؤؤνפ򤤤ĤꤷƤȤ롥
Spitzer ϡѲΤߤʤ餺̣ѲˤƤʤ䡤̣Ѳˤˡ"expressivity" νǧƤ롥Ūˤϡ׿ϡ"expressivity" ˻Ϥޤꡤ"standardization" ФˡƤӼγ׿ؤ³Ƥ椯ǤȹͤƤ롥

Moreover in the field of semantics as in that of phonology the same cycle may be noted: first there is the period of creativity in which an individual innovation develops in expressivity, and expands; this period is followed in turn by one of standardization and petrification---which again brings about innovation and expressivity. Historical semantics offers us many parallels of the endless spiral movement in which words that have ceased to be expressive give way to others. (Spitzer 425)


εϡ˹#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1]) #1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) Ǹ褦ʸѲȿѤλ۵롥Τ褦ˤ⡤ĤμθѲ1ĤθѤΤȤŪ褦Ȥؤָ롥
üԡʽġˤ "expressivity" ؤߵѲκܸȤƿƤʾ塤ɤạ́ʸΤ˶ؿ󤻤ȤϼԤäºݡSpitzer (428) ϡؤβϽפʽˡʸʡʸˡ줿ʸˡ̣Ǥ⤤Ƥ롥

Spitzer, Leo. "Why Does Language Change?" Modern Language Quarterly 4 (1943): 413--31.
Bloomfield, Leonard. "Secondary and Tertiary Responses to Language." Language 20 (1944): 45--55.

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2014-07-23 Wed

#1913. ǤѸ첽űѸȡǤޤǥե󥹸첽Ѹ [spelling][contact][borrowing][french][hypercorrection][terminology]

#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1]) εǡűѸΥƥѸϡѸ첽ֻǤϤʤƥΤޤޤֻǼ෹뤳ȤŦΥƥѸϱѸ첽ֻǼ뷹äȤͤȡѤ෿δ餤СűѸ˸ä substitution ٹ礤礭ʤäɽǤΤǤϤʤȡ
ơѸȡѸֻηϤ̤Ÿ򼨤̤Υե󥹼Ѹ줬ήˤĤ졤ȤȤ˥ե󥹸켰ֻ⶯ƶϤ᤿αѸ˾νǶ̣Τϡե󥹸켰ֻ˽äΤϥե󥹼ѸΤߤǤϤʤäȤ;äˤޤDZƶڤܤűѸ켰ֻ֤ƤäפʤΤ󤷤Ƥ⡤űѸ <c> (= /ʧ/) ϥե󥹸켰 <ch> ִ줿<cw> <qw> , <s> ΰ <ce> ء<u> <ou> ؤִ줿椨ˡǤ⸽Ѹˤ <chin>, <choose>, <queen>, <quick>, <ice>, <mice>, <about>, <house> ʤɤ֤褦ˤʤäƤ롥ֻηϾΥΥޥ󡦥󥯥ȤȤǤ⤤٤ΤǤꡤξ׷ܤˤСűѸΥƥ켰ֻˤ٤ substitution ʤɡ襤Ƥۤɤϡե󥹸켰ֻѸ˵ڤȤǡ#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡβ꽤 (hypercorrection) ȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤʤۤˡ#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]) ӡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) ⻲ȡˡ̾ hypercorrection ññ̤ñȯ˺ѤؤȤ¿嵭ξˤϹϤ˱ƶεڤǤΤħŪǤ롥ե󥹸켰ֻηŪ substitution Ȥ
Horobin (89) "rather than adjust the spelling of the French loans to fit the native pattern, existing English words were respelled according to the French practices" ȽҤ٤ȤϡѸ줬ե󥹸Ѹ첽褦ȤΤǤϤʤѸ켫餬ե󥹸첽褦ȤƤħؤƤΤǤ롥
#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ ([2012-08-17-1]) #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) ˤ褦ˡե󥹸αѸؤαƶϡäСֻˤǤ⸲ˡηŪ˸Ƥ롥̾ñȯλѤ substitution hypercorrection ȤѸ򡤤Τ褦ηŪʸѲŬѤȿƶΤǤϤʤȤ뤬

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

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2014-07-08 Tue

#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ [latin][etymological_respelling][h][spelling][orthography][prescriptive_grammar][hypercorrection][substratum_theory][etruscan][stigma]

ѸˤˤҲ /h/ ԰ˤĤơ#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ۤh h-dropping ʤɤε¿夲Ƥ
Ѹʸ塤ҲŪʴؿŪȤʤäƤѸѼ h-dropping εˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬Ѹˡ<h> ֻ򼨤Τη褷 /h/ Ȥȯʤե󥹼Ѹ줬̤˱ѸήǤȤľܡܤαƶͿƤȤȤϡǧƤ褤ե󥹸Τߤʤ餺ڥ䥤ꥢʤɤΥޥ󥹽 /h/ ȯʤΤϡƥʳƱæǤ롥äơѸ h-dropping ʥϡȸĶơǽŪˤϥƥ1ĤβѲ˵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤷ȤˡƥǤ /h/ æ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤζܿͤϡæ¯ŪȯȤ񤹤褦ˤʤäΤȤϡˡȤ <h> ֤٤ǤϤʤȤ <h> Ƥ뤳Ȥ޾ФĤäƤ뤳ȤΤ롥λ h-dropping Ф꽤 (hypercorrection) äΤǤꡤۤɤޤǤ h-dropping ŪäȤ򼨤ڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥λϡޤٳ Gaius Valerius Catullus (84?--54? B.C.) ˤΤǤ롥ʲCatullus Poem 84 ±Ǥ롥

1CHOMMODA dicebat, si quando commoda uelletARRIUS, if he wanted to say "winnings " used to say "whinnings",
2dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,and for "ambush" "hambush";
3et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,and thought he had spoken marvellous well,
4cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.whenever he said "hambush" with as much emphasis as possible.
5credo, sic mater, sic liber auunculus eius.So, no doubt, his mother had said, so his uncle the freedman,
6sic maternus auus dixerat atque auia.so his grandfather and grandmother on the mother's side.
7hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus auresWhen he was sent into Syria, all our ears had a holiday;
8audibant eadem haec leniter et leuiter,they heard the same syllables pronounced quietly and lightly,
9nec sibi postilla metuebant talia uerba,and had no fear of such words for the future:
10cum subito affertur nuntius horribilis,when on a sudden a dreadful message arrives,
11Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,that the Ionian waves, ever since Arrius went there,
12iam non Ionios esse sed Hioniosare henceforth not "Ionian," but "Hionian."


Ȥʤսϡ1ܤ <commoda> vs <chommoda>2ܤ <insidias> vs <hinsidias>, 12ܤ <Ionios> vs <Hionios> Ǥ롥<h> ɬפΤʤȤ <h> ֤Ƥ򡤲꽤ȤޤäƤ롥θǤ뤫ˤϡοǤ롥λ˴ؤ Harrison ɾˤС12ܤ <Inoios> <Hionios> ȡʵϼŪʴ鸫ơ˸äֻǽ񤤤ȤˤꡤˤߤɽФƤȤHarrison ". . . the last word of the poem should be χιoνέoυς. When Arrius crossed, his aspirates blew up a blizzard, and the sea has been snow-swept ever since." (198--99) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤä <Hionios> ꥷ χιoνέoυς (snowy) ȰäƤΤȲᤷƤ롥ơ10ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤷤ƤȤ⤤Arrius β꽤ˤ /h/ 7ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤵤Ƥ褦ˡ٤򴬤Ȥ硼
Harrison (199) ϡϤ򤿤ޤơCatullus Τ褦ʥޤζܿͤˤ h ˴ؤκϡ¿ Venetic ¤Фиʤظαƶ (substratum_theory) ˤ뼪ʥƥѼФŪɾˤΤǤʤȤƱͤ Etruscan ¤ФиȤ򾧤Ԥ⤤褦θϤˤ speculation ΰФΤǤϤʤḽѸ h-dropping ؤ stigmatisation ȽŤ͹碌ƹͤȶ̣

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Harrison, E. "Catullus, LXXXIV." The Classical Review 29.7 (1915): 198--99.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2014-07-09-1]

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2014-05-21 Wed

#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s [verb][inflection][aave][sociolinguistics][hypercorrection][creole][nptr][3pp][3sp]

AAVE (African American Vernacular English) Ǥϡľˡư3ñʤ餺Ȥ -s դȤ롥츫ȡɤο;ΤǤǤ -s դդʤäʤΤǡ˸ۤɤҸϤȤ櫓ҲŪʴ¿ʤƤ褦-s νиͽۤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ȤAAVE ȤѼKΤǤϤʤϰԻԤˤäƤۤʤ뤷Ŀͺ礭ȤȤ롥
AAVE θ߷ -s ϡɸѸȰۤʤʬۤ򼨤ȤǡѼħŤܤ1ĤȤܤƤŪʴϡ -s ʬۤεδؿȤʤ뤬ϤȤʤ AAVE εɤˤ뤫ȤŪľ뤹롥AAVE ε creolist Anglicist ϤĤȤΤƤ뤬߷ -s ⡤ݱʤˤΤʤذޤ뤳Ȥˤʤäcreolist ϡAAVE ľˡߤưδϥ쥪벽ͳ褹̵ɸѸεϤΰϤˤ -s Фɬװʾ˸Ȥ꽤 (hypercorrection) 򾧤롥Anglicist ϡ-s 򲿤餫ʬۤǤĥꥹͳѼ郎ʣΤͤȹͤ롥Anglicist ϡɬ⸽β꽤βǽꤹ櫓ǤϤʤʳ˥쥪벽ꤷʤ
Ϥ˾ܤʤ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤĴƤ椯ʤǡAAVE -s ˴ؤ1Ĥʸˤɤ夤 Schneider Τ Anglicist Ǥ롥γ˿ϼʬ (104)

Apparently, the early American settlers brought to the New World linguistic subsystems which, as far as subject-verb concord is concerned, were characterized by two opposing dialectal tendencies, the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs, and a southern one favoring the zero morph. In America, the mixing of settlers from different areas resulted in the blended linguistic concord (or rather nonconcord) system, which is characterized by the variable but frequent use of the -s suffix . . ., which was transmitted by the white masters, family members, and overseers to their black slaves in direct language contact . . . .


ˤϡ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1]) #1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 dialect mixture Ȥͤ롥βǽϽʬˤȻפϤȽϤˤĤƾܺ٤˽Ҥ٤ƤʤΤϤȤʤѼ郎ʤΤǤäꤷҤ뤳ȤϡŪˤä˸Ǥ񤷤ʣѼ򤴤ޤˤȤˤʤ롤ˤʤȤǤϡϤʤ褦˻פ롥
ޤ"the originally northern British one using -s freely with all verbs" ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬 "freely" ŬڤǤϤʤ󥰥ˤ -s ʬۤˤϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) Ǹ褦쵬§ѤƤꡤ褷ƼͳʬۤǤϤʤä
ˡSchneider 19ȾФλ AAVE ˤĤƤϤۤȤɵҤƤ餺õʸȤƤϡ夤Ȥ虜򤨤ʤ
󡤾嵭 Anglicist β⤬줿Ȥdialect mixture ιͤѤʤȤȤˤϤʤʤषƸŪʼҲؾǤ AAVE εȡѸ3ʣ -s ε󤯴ͿƤǽͤȤ̣ǡȯŪǤϤ롥

Schneider, Edgar W. "The Origin of the Verbal -s in Black English." American Speech 58 (1983): 99--113.

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2014-03-25 Tue

#1793. -<ce> 꽤 [spelling][french][etymology][hypercorrection][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲ ([2009-07-18-1]) εǡonce, twice -<ce> ϸ츻Ūˤ°ʸ -s ɽ魯ե󥹸ֻƤ֤ΤǤȽҤ٤¾ hence, thence Ʊͤ츻Ūʣ -s ɽ路 pence Τ褦⤢롥ޤice, mice ʤɤθ캬ΰɽ魯 /s/ Ǥ顤ȴɤΤե󥹸Ū -<ce> ֤褦ˤʤäȤƤ /s/ <ce> ɽ路ȤפζäƤ褦οǤ롥
Horobin (88) ŦƤ褦ˡ -<ce> ̯ʬۤ򼨤Ƥ롥嵭̤긽Ѹʣ mice -<ce> 򼨤ñ mouse ǤŪ -<se> ֻݻƤ롥louse -- lice ƱͤñʣΤˤֻͭƤʤȤΤˤʤȤǤ롥Ȥ櫓 -<ice> ȤֻϢޤȤȤΤ褦
Ǥϡ-<ice> ĸ餤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ褦OALD8 곺ʣϽˤ򽦤Ф62줬줿嵭 ice, lice, mice ۤȤɤե󥹸쵯Τ츻ˤλҲ <s> ֤ƤΤϰʲ22Ǥ롥

advice, apprentice, choice, coppice, cowardice, device, dice, juice, lattice, liquorice, poultice, price, pumice, rejoice, rice, service, sluice, splice, suffice, surplice, vice, voice


㤨Сadvice ϥե󥹸 avis бΤǡѸ¦ -<is> -<ice> Ȥˤʤadvice ˤĤƤϡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡƱͤˡrice ϸťե󥹸 ris ʸե󥹸Ǥ rizˤбΤǡϤѸ¦ -<is> -<ice> Ⱥե󥹸ɸŪֻȰۤʤΤ⤢ꡤե󥹸¦ǤֻѲθɬפϤ뤬ǤѸȤơˤեŪʳ򼨤 -<ice> 夷ƤȤ̣
αѸ¦ιưϡ (hypercorrection) ȸƤǤʤ餳β꽤ϰӤƵä櫓ǤϤʤᡤѸֻηϤˤ⤦1Ĥκ𤬤⤿餵뤳ȤȤʤä-<ce> /z/ ǤϤʤ /s/ դɽ魯ȤǤȤǡξɽ路 -<se> ⵡǽŪȤϸ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2014-03-15 Sat

#1783. whole <w> [spelling][phonetics][etymology][emode][h][hc][hypercorrection][etymological_respelling][ormulum][w]

whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle 󤲤Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥

a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.


15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) 򼨺 diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æ򼨤ΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤񵭾Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻ򸡺ƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä

 <whole><hole>
E1 (1500--1569)7132
E2 (1570--1639)682
E3 (1640--1710)840


Ǥϡwhole Τ褦ˡ츻Ū <w> Ѹ˸Ƭ줿ΤϤʤˤϸƬ [hw] [h] æ [w] ȤʤäѲؤäƤ롥űѸˤ <hw>- ֻɽ蘆줿ȯ [hw] 뤤 [ʍ] äȯϽѸ줫ʸΰ֤εž <wh>- Ȥɽ褦ˤʤ<wh>- ε§ŪʻѤϡ1200ǯ Ormulum ˡƱˤϡǤȯȤ [h] βħ졤[w] ؤѲĤĤäħǧ롥㤨С<h> ֻ礤 wat, wænne, wilc ʤɤʸڤ롥[hw] [h] Τ԰ꤵ椨ˡбֻ <wh>- <h>- ԰äΤȯֻ԰ꤵѸˡؤδؿȡɬ⺬Τʤʤ˸岡ơ<whole> <whore> Τ褦츻Ūֻ߽ФΤȹͤ롥
ʤwhole ˤϡƬ /w/ /woːl/, /wʊl/ ʤɤֻȯƼʹ롥EDD Online WHOLE, adj., sb. v. 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2013-03-02 Sat

#1405. ̤ [gvs][scottish_english][scots][weakly_tied][social_network][sociolinguistics][phonetics][functionalism][hypercorrection]

ε#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ǵפ֤ Great Vowel Shift 夲̤δؿ GVS ˤĤƺƹͤ褦 Smith (Chapter 6) ɤľGVS äƤϡ줬͡ˤ줷ѲǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǽǰƬ֤ƤȤɬפȲǧˤĤƤϡ#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1]) ǵƻפ٤̤첻ܤˤĤƿƤ
Ѹˤˤơ첻ܡפ̾ΤƤΤϡɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ǵäɸѸˤη̤ȿǤƤ롤ϢĹ첻ѲǤ롥֥ƥγǡ褽Ӥˤ褽Ӥ褦Ĺ첻ѲäƤ롥ǤŪ褯ΤƤΤåȥɤǵä첻ܤǤ롥ǤĹ첻Τߤ˾夲2첻졤б첻ǤϲѲƤʤäơout ϥåȥǤ [uːt] ΤޤޤǤ롥ʹߡ󥰥첻ܤ "Southern Shift"åȥ첻ܤ "Northern Shift" ȸƤǶ̤ʲ޻ȡˡ

The Southern Shift
The Northern Shift

Southern Shift Northern Shift ϡѲ첻ηϤ㤷ƤΤǤ뤫顤̤ۤʤäƤ첻ܤСξܤȤ̤纹ϤʤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡȸˤĤƤϤɤξܤδ֤ˡϢŪѲʹԤ丶ˤĤơ餫Ŧ뤳ȤϤǤΤꤷʤͳϤĤ⤢롥Smith (153) ϡƤΤ "mechanical developments consequent on change elsewhere in the system" ȤޤΤߤǤꡤ"no reference to southern 'influence' is needed to account for the development in the north, and the similarity between Northern and Southern Shifts seems essentially coincidental" ȡξܤδϢڤΤƤ롥

[I]s the Great Vowel Shift (singular) a unitary phenomenon? It would seem that the triggering and implementation of the Shift differed in different parts of the country. It was not some sudden, massive movement but rather a series of very small, individual choices which interacted diachronically, diatopically and sociolinguistically, resulting in at least two distinct sets of phonological realignments. The term Great Vowel Shift remains a useful label but, as has been pointed out by, among others, Roger Lass (1988: 396), only in the same way as 'Industrial Revolution' is a helpful shorthand method of referring to how a series of minor technological advances ultimately brought about a major cultural change. (153)


Smith ϡƿܤθˤĤƤϢȤϤʤȤ̤ȼŸƤ롥phonological space γǰѤ첻ηΰϤ˴ؤͻꤦ첻ηϤ෿Ūͻͥåȥ˴Ťּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ƱΤ޲ȤʤäҲŪ accommodation hyperadaptation εʤɡˡʻ̤οܤڤäƤ椯
Smith ϡηϤ򤪤˹θƤʤɤɾеǽŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϥХХΰȹͤƤ褤

Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-19-1] [2018-07-29-1]

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2010-09-03 Fri

#494. hypercorrection ˤ h [h][hypercorrection]

[2010-07-30-1]εǡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮Ūطʤ򸫤ǤϱѸäˤ <h> [h] δط3ѥʬʬ䤹޼Ƥߤ褦< > ֻ[ ] ȯɽ魯

 [h]no [h]
<h>hosthour
no <h>?able


host ȱ able ϡh ˤޤĤŪʷаޤϰۤʤ뤬ߤǤϷŪֻȯפƤ췲ɽǤ롥 hour ֻȯפƤʤǤ롥ޥȥåˤСֻȯפʤŪȤ߹碌Ȥƺޥβǽʤ <h> ֤ʤ [h] ȯ㤬뤬ºݤˤΤ褦ϤΤ
ͤƤߤ¤Ǥϡ餯ɸѸȤƤ¸ߤʤɸѼǤ <h> [h] ΰפ˴ؤ뺮𤫤 ( hypercorrection ) ꤦ롥꽤ϡؿѸؼŵ٤ˤ뼡Τ褦롥

ѡʷˡɸȯ˼ΤʤͤѡʷˡɸȯռƤäƸäѤ뤳Ȥǡovercorrection ľˤȤ hyperurbanism ʲԲˤȤ⤤η꽤 ( hypercorrect form ) Ȥ


[2010-07-13-1]ǿ줿褦ˡ꽤üԤѤȸѤκ򤢤ٰռƤ뤫餳츽ݤǤ롥h ξǤС¿ܤΤʤüԤ <h> [h] κˤĤƤ٤ϰռƤ뤫餳Ū첻ΤߤǤ褤Ȥ򡤤虜虜 /h/ ԤȯƤޤȤȤˤʤ롥
β꽤򼨤Ѹ˾ζ̣ȤƤϡ16դ˽񤫤줿 Henry Machyn Diary 㤬롥ϥɥλΩλ֤äǡŪʤɬɸŪֻ򼨤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤǸΤ褢٤ǤʤȤ˸ <h> ֻǤ롥Helsinki Corpus Ĵ Nevalainen (127) ˤȡMachyn playing Ȥ٤Ȥ playhyng ֤ꡤordained Ȥ٤Ȥ hordenyd ֤äƤ㤬Ȥ
ξˤ <h> ä֤Ƥꡤ餯 [h] ȯƤΤȹͤΤǡ̩ˤ playhyng hordenyd ΥޥȥåκޥȤϤʤʤΤ褦Ū /h/ 꽤ȤƻŪʸѤξѤƤȤȤϡɸֻ <h> ʤäȤƤ /h/ ȯ줿¿äȤ򶯤롥ߤǤ⡤ɸˡ˸¤кޥ¿ޤΤǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡNevalainen (127) ˤ hypercorrect /h/ λѤ񤵤褦ˤʤΤϵϼΩ18꤫ǤꡤMachyn λˤϤޤ٤ѤȤϤʤäƤʤäȤΤȤǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-07-08-1] [2012-11-09-1]

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