Ҳؤ social_network ˤС뽸Ĥ˶ǤˤȤ߹ޤƤ餺¾Ĥȼ夯ӤĤƤ (weakly_tied) ĿͤŪȻΤ˽פ̤ȤJames Milroy θˤäƹΤ褦ˤʤäǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻֡ ([2013-01-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ˤĤơ⤦ܤ褦«θǤͥåȥϡ⤿餵μƤݼŪʷΤ褦ʥͥåȥȼ夤ĤʤĤˤʤĿͤϡγƤ䤹Υͥåȥˤγ߹ޤƤˤʤȤƶ̤θСּ夤嫡פħŤĿͤϡΡֶ嫡פħŤġΥͥåȥ֤ζϤ餸뤳ȤȤȤּ夤嫡פĸĿͤ˳ζϤ˹ȤȤǤϤʤζϤʤƤΤǤСˤΤ褦ʸĿͤؤäƤϤȤ (Milroy 176--79)
ǡWilliam Labov (351, 360, 364) ϡФƿøΩΩäƤ롥ŪȻΤϡˤ⳰ˤֶ嫡פäƤƳԤǤȤ⳰ҲŪ˰ܤֻ֤פȤʤƳԤγȻ˹ФơMilroy Labov ꤹ褦ˤäƤ⳰ˤäƤ濴ŪʻƳԤʤ¸ߤʤȿƤ롥
ºݤΤȤơٻ㤬ĤäƤꡤɤ餬ŪȤȤǤϤʤǤ롥Britain (2034) ϡRaumolin-Brunberg (2006) Ȥʤ顤ξȤ븫Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
[D]rawing on evidence from the Helsinki Corpus of Early English Correspondence, Raumolin-Brunberg (2006) was able to suggest that both the Labovian and Milroyian approaches to finding the social locus of the diffusers of change may be accurate, sometimes. For a number of different features, she examined the rates of change at different stages of progress, and was, thereby, able to shed light on the strength of innovators' network ties at those different stages. When changes were in their infancy, she found that it was those individuals who were highly mobile and who had social profiles characterized by many weak social networks that were leading the change. When the changes were somewhat more advanced, however, it was individuals who were influential central "pillars" of their communities, with strong multiplex social ties, that were leading. She was able to conclude, therefore, that the two positions are perhaps not mutually exclusive, but simply reflect the position at different points along the life-cycle of a change.
ޤBritain (2035) ϡξƱդƤ1ĤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ѲɤΤϡۤɤγ ("the upper working and lower middle classes") ǤȤȤ (cf. #1371. New York City ˤ non-prevocalic /r/ ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-27-1]))
̤ޤäƤ봶롥
Milroy, James. Linguistic Variation and Change: On the Historical Sociolinguistics of English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. "Leaders of Linguistic Change in Early Modern England." Corpus-Based Studies of Diachronic English Ed. Roberta Facchinetti and Matti Rissanen. Bern: Peter Lang, 115--34.
Britain, David. "Varieties of English: Diffusion." Chapter 129 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2031--43.
εǾҲ𤷤#2170. gravity model ([2015-04-06-1]) ϸѲŪŤͥ줿³⤢롥ΥǥǤϡŤͼ2֤εΥȳơοϤˤäޤȲꤵ뤬ºݤˤϤ2ĤΥѥΤۤˤ⤤Ĥװθɬפ롥㤨С˸¤餺ŪŤθԤäƤ Rogers ϡ(1) the phenomenon itself(2) communication networks, (3) distance, (4) time, (5) social structure 5ѿװȤƷǤƤ뤬gravity model äƤΤ (3) ȡ绨Ĥʰ̣ˤƤ (2) ΤߤǤ롥
ǤϡWolfram and Schilling-Estes (726--33) Ȥʤ顤¾װͤƤޤ "barrier effect" θʤФʤʤ㤨СɤȥåȥɤζϡΤޤפʱѸȤʤäƤ롥åȥɤζѲåȥȾˡ뤤ԻŤ뤳ȤäƤ⡤ۤƥɤζŤ뤫ɤϤ狼ʤդξǤ롥ŷͤͤζξ¦¼ǡͽۤʾ˰ۤʤäƤȤ⡤˵äθѲߤ˶ۤŤʤäȤ롥
ˡgravity model ϤȤʪؤοʸҲʳؤؤαѤǤꡤԤȤưǸ뤳ȤϤǤʤ㤨СʸʪŤͼȸŤͼ˴Ϳװϰۤʤ (cf. #2064. ʸμѼ (1) ([2014-12-21-1])#2065. ʸμѼ (2) ([2014-12-22-1])ˡ㤨СŤݤˤϡηϤؤ (embedding) ¦̤θɬפ뤬gravity model ϤΤ褦ʥѥǰƬ֤ƤʤηϤ˴ؤѥˤĤƤϡ#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1])#2011. Moravcsik ˤѤ ([2014-10-29-1])#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) ȡηϴ֤ŤѤˤƤɤ٤θ̤ĤˤĤƤŪʵ⾯ʤʤȤդäƤ
ˡgravity model ŪŤˤĤƤβǤꡤҲŪŤٳ뤷ƤȤ꤬롥1ĤϰˤʣμҲṲ̄Τ̤Ǥ롥ѲϰŤȤȤϰΤ٤ƤμҲƱŤȤϸ¤餺μҲˤΤŤȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥gravity model Ūʲμ˱äŤθƤʤѲŤͻǤϼҲŪʽĤμƱ餤˽פʤΤǤϤʤ
social_network ˤС夤 (weakly_tied) ĸĿͤ佸ĤѲŤĥܿͤȤʤȤ롥gravity model ϿϤ礭Ȥ龮ȤؤȤޥΥͥåȥռƤ뤬θĿͤ佸ĤδͿߥΥͥåȥϹθƤʤȤ롥η䤦Ȥơ#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻֡ ([2013-01-08-1]) ͤˤ줿
ǸˡϤξϰ褫礭ϰؤȡֵήפ "contra-hierarchical diffusion" λ𤵤Ƥ롥εǤ줿褦 Oklahoma Ǥϡ/ɔ/ -- /a/ εۼ gravity model ͽۤȤԻԤļˤؤ hierarchical ŤƤ뤬Ʊ Oklahoma ǽˡư fixin' to (= going to) ϤषļˤԻԤؤ contra-hierarchical ŤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ롥Tennessee ɡ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ εۼƱͤ contra-hierarchical ŤƤȤܸǤ⡤#2074. ѸѼαǥ ([2014-12-31-1]) Ǿˤ褦ˡؤήȤݤϰճ¿ߤ졤contra-hierarchical Ť褷ƵʻǤϤʤȤƤ롥
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie Schilling-Estes. "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion." The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003. 713--35.
Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 5th ed. New York: Free Press, 1995.
ε ([2015-03-21-1]) ǥꥦˤ#2154. Ѳͽ¬ԲǽפΩ2ε ([2015-03-19-1], [2015-03-20-1]) Lass ˤ볰Ŭ夲Ƥ줾ΩΤ褦˻פ뤬Ŭ¾θѲƱͤˤΤȤǤǤդβˤʤ Lass Ҥ٤Ȥ2Ĥ꤬Ĥʤä褦˻פѲǤդǤ꼫ͳǤȤˤĤơꥦ Lass Ωϻ̤äƤ롥
Lass (98) ϡŬˤĤƸƤʸ "The joys of idleness" ̵٤δӡˤꤹǽˤơ"historical junk" ŪʤˤФиѲξ뤳Ȥ˿ĤġۤȤΩʤ褦ˤߤबѲˤȤäƽפǤȤʤꤦ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
. . . useless or idle structure has the fullest freedom to change, because alteration in it has a minimal effect on the useful stuff. ('Junk' DNA may be a prime example.) Major innovations often begin not in the front line, but where their substrates are doing little if any work. (They also often do not, but this is simply a fact about non-deterministic open systems.) Historical junk, in any case, may be one of the significant back doors through which structural change gets into systems, by the re-employment for new purposes of idle material.
Crucially, however, mere 'uselessness' is not itself either a determinate precursor of exaptive change, or - conversely - a precursor of loss. Historical relics can persist, even through long periods of apparently senseless variation, and it is impossible to predict, solely on the basis of such idleness or inutility, that ANYTHING at all will happen.
ʤۤɡǽ㤱㤤ۤɳŬ뤿ξ郎ΤǤ뤫顤"conceptual novelty" ޤ䤹ȤȤˤʤʤɬޤȤϸ¤ʤˡΰ⤤ˤϰ츫ȵŪʶ褦˻פ뤬ޤǤ#836. ǽôȸѲ ([2011-08-11-1]) ʤɤƤȤǤϤ롥ηϤȤƤθȤ餤СΩεǽô (functional_load) ʤоʤۤɡʤƤ褤ΩȤȤˤʤꡤäƾüʤꡤ̵٤¸ߤ³ʤꡤ̤εǽ˼äʤꤹ뤳Ȥ䤹̤θСηȿΤʤ˶ǤȤ߹ޤƤ餺դդ餷ƤǤۤɡѲηˤʤ䤹ȤȤ#1232. ѲϱϳǤ ([2012-09-10-1]) #1233. ѲݤڤǤ ([2012-09-11-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѲηϤμˤ䤹Ȥ⡤̵٤δӡפȴط
¤ؤʤ餺ȤҲؤδ⡤ƱȤsocial_network ˤС夤嫤ǷФƤ (weakly_tied) Ŀ͡ηȿΤʤ˶ǤȤ߹ޤƤ餺դդ餷ƤװѲοޤˤʤ䤹Ȥ (cf. #882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1])#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1]))
Ҥ̵Ѥѡפ⤤ϡηȿ˴ؤ뤢ѲƤϤޤΤ⤷ʤ
Lass, Roger. "How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution." Journal of Linguistics 26 (1990): 79--102.
Ross (179) ˤȡ춦ƱΤĺٹ礤Ū嫤ζˤʬहȡ(1) closed and tightknit, (2) open and tightknit, (3) open and tightloose 3Ĥʬʤʤclosed and tightloose Ȥ߹碌ˤΤǾʤˡ(1) Τ褦Ĥ줿춦ƱΤǤϡ¾θ춦ƱΤȤܿǾ¤Ǥ뤿ˡŪˤ̻Ūˤ꤬ðۤǤ뤳Ȥ¿
ĺζƱΤθɽȤơФ Icelandic 夲롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1]), #903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1]), #927. ޥζޤοء ([2011-11-10-1]) ʤɤˤƤIcelandic ϥޥΤʤǤŤܤ褯ݤäƤȤ롥social_network ˤȡɤΤ褦ʡɤ嫤ǷФƤ롤ĺ줿ƱΤǤϡѲˤݼŪʸĤȤ롥Τ褦ʶƱΤǤⴰĺƤ櫓ǤϤʤѲ̵ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ǤϡŪĺ줿ƱΤ˵ѲȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤPapua New Guinea νθԤˤȡĺ줿ƱΤǤϡѲʣˡޤդνȤκΩ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ (Ross 181) Ūˤϰ۷ (allomorphy) 佼ˡ (suppletion) äʤɤˤԵ§ԤˤȤä뤳Ȥʤ롥ơΤ褦Ե§ϡäƶƱ嫤˺Ѥ롥ΤȤϡ#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]) ǰ礤˽Ф accommodation_theory ιͤȤפ佼ˡؤڤȤܤ
ĺ줿ƱΤθˤʣβϡThurston ȤؼԤˤ "esoterogeny" ̾դƤ롥β˴ؤơRoss (182) ΰѤ褦
In a sense, these processes, which Thurston labels 'esoterogeny', are hardly a form of contact-induced change, but rather its converse, a reaction against other lects. However, as they are conceived by Thurston their prerequisite is at least minimal contact with another community speaking a related lect from which speakers of the esoteric lect are seeking to distance themselves. Thurston's conceptions raises an interesting question: if a community is small, and closed simply because it is totally isolated from other communities, will its lect accumulate complexities anyway, or is the accumulation of complexity really spurred on by the presence of another community to react against? I am not sure of the answer to this question.
"esoterogeny" β⤬ްդΤϡդΥʤ줿ƱΤǤϡѲϤषñ㲽ȤȤϢơűѸȸťΥɸܿˤñ㲽ˤĤơ#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1]) Ȥ줿
Ross, Malcolm. "Diagnosing Prehistoric Language Contact." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 174--98.
#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) ȡ#1364. ʤϸŪݼŪʤΤ ([2013-01-20-1]) ǰä³ԡźΤۤɸ뤳ȤdzǧƤHudson (195) Ǥϡ "The Sex/Prestige Pattern" ȤŪʲȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
The Sex/Prestige Pattern
In any society where males and females have equal access to the standard form, females use standard variants of any stable variable which is socially stratified for both sexes more often than males do. (Hudson 195)
ʤΤ褦ʥѥŪʤΤȤˤĤƤϡ[2013-01-20-1]ε Trudgill 2ĤҲ𤷤Hudson (195--99) 3ĤƤ롥
(1) ҲŪϰ̤Ƥɸָ⡥ŵŪϼҲ˽ФơҲΤλŻˤäϰ̤롥ǡˤϡȰۤʤꡤҲΤλŻˤäϰ̤뵡ʤǡϡϰ̤ΤȷӤĤɸŪʸոѶŪ˳뤳ȤǡҲϰ̤νǤ褦ȤΤǤϤʤ
(2) ּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ͥåȥ⡥ͥåȥˤС夤嫤ǷФ줿춦ƱΤ䤽ιϡ깭춦ƱΤεϡʤɸŪѼ˽䤹ȿФˡ嫤ǷФ줿춦ƱΤ䤽ιϡʵϤ˽䤹ŵŪϻŻʤɤ̤ƶ嫤ζƱΤؤε°ռϵդ˼夤嫤ζƱΤؤε°ռäơ°ͥåȥζ٤Ȥ顤ɸŪʵϤؤȷΤǤϤʤ
(3) vs ⡥ϸŪˤˤ餷 ("masculinity" or "toughness") Ȥ Trudgill (1) Ȼ¾ƱΤǤ롥 (roughness) ˷ΤФơ (sophistication) ȤΡȽθ캹θϡϻŻȷӤĤϫƯԳȥۥ磻ȥ顼ȷӤĤήθ캹θϢưƤ뤳Ȥθ餫ˤƤ롥ȡ˽ȤΤߤǶ̤Ť⡤ϫƯԳ顦ȤפȽή顦ȤפȤΩ뼴Ƕ̤ۤˤʤäƤϤޤ
Hudson ϡ(2), (3) ˤĤƤϲǽǧƤ뤬(1) ˤĤƤŪʸƤ롥1ˡ(1) ϤäȤɸŪʷ֤ѤüԤǤ뤳ȤˤƤ뤬ºݤˤϽǤɸŪʷ֤ѤȤ롥2ˡTrudgill ˤ Norwich θĴǤϡΤۤ⼫θոºݤɸŪǤȲᾮɾ뷹뤳Ȥ줿ΤȤϡ(1) ˴ްդ롤˽Ȥϰ̤뷹ȤƤʤ3ˡ(1) ϡLabov θˤäƷŤ줿㤤ѲȤ¤礷ʤ
˽ϡܲҲؤǤȤ櫓ܤӤƤȥԥåǤ롥θοŸˤꡤ⤬뤫⤷ʤ
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
ε#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ첻 ([2013-03-01-1]) ǵפ֤ Great Vowel Shift 夲̤δؿ GVS ˤĤƺƹͤ褦 Smith (Chapter 6) ɤľGVS äƤϡ줬͡ˤ줷ѲǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǽǰƬ֤ƤȤɬפȲǧˤĤƤϡ#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1]) ǵƻפ٤̤첻ܤˤĤƿƤ
Ѹˤˤơ첻ܡפ̾ΤƤΤϡɥ濴Ȥ륤ǵäɸѸˤη̤ȿǤƤ롤ϢĹ첻ѲǤ롥֥ƥγǡ褽Ӥˤ褽Ӥ褦Ĺ첻ѲäƤ롥ǤŪ褯ΤƤΤåȥɤǵä첻ܤǤ롥ǤĹ첻Τߤ˾夲2첻졤б첻ǤϲѲƤʤäơout ϥåȥǤ [uːt] ΤޤޤǤ롥ʹߡ첻ܤ "Southern Shift"åȥ첻ܤ "Northern Shift" ȸƤǶ̤ʲȡˡ


Southern Shift Northern Shift ϡѲ첻ηϤ㤷ƤΤǤ뤫顤̤ۤʤäƤ첻ܤСξܤȤ̤纹ϤʤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡȸˤĤƤϤɤξܤδ֤ˡϢŪѲʹԤ丶ˤĤơ餫Ŧ뤳ȤϤǤΤꤷʤͳϤĤ⤢롥Smith (153) ϡƤΤ "mechanical developments consequent on change elsewhere in the system" ȤޤΤߤǤꡤ"no reference to southern 'influence' is needed to account for the development in the north, and the similarity between Northern and Southern Shifts seems essentially coincidental" ȡξܤδϢڤΤƤ롥
[I]s the Great Vowel Shift (singular) a unitary phenomenon? It would seem that the triggering and implementation of the Shift differed in different parts of the country. It was not some sudden, massive movement but rather a series of very small, individual choices which interacted diachronically, diatopically and sociolinguistically, resulting in at least two distinct sets of phonological realignments. The term Great Vowel Shift remains a useful label but, as has been pointed out by, among others, Roger Lass (1988: 396), only in the same way as 'Industrial Revolution' is a helpful shorthand method of referring to how a series of minor technological advances ultimately brought about a major cultural change. (153)
Smith ϡƿܤθˤĤƤϢȤϤʤȤ̤ȼŸƤ롥phonological space γǰѤ첻ηΰϤ˴ؤͻꤦ첻ηϤŪͻͥåȥ˴Ťּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ƱΤȤʤäҲŪ accommodation hyperadaptation εʤɡˡʻ̤οܤڤäƤ椯
Smith ϡηϤ˹θƤʤɤɾеǽŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϥХХΰȹͤƤ褤
Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Bloomfield (46) ϥꥫɽ빽¤ؼԤ̾ Language Ǥϡ˸ؤҲؤ褦ˤĤƤäۤ¿ƶŸƤ롥äΤ1Ĥˡ֥ߥ˥̩١ (the density of communication) ؤθڤ롥#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1]) 㤬褦ˡּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ҲǤϡƳ䤹ʤ䤹ȤʴϢ[2012-07-19-1]ε#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ספ⻲ȡˡϡǯμҲؤˤƸѲϳؤȤܤƤ복ǰBloomfield ᤤʳǤδŪʥǥäƤȹͤ롥
Bloomfield Τ "the density of communication" ϡʥХˤɽ蘆롥ȤɽġüԤߤ̵ǷӤĤ礤춦ƱΤΥͥåȥƤȤ
Every speaker's language, except for personal factors which we must here ignore, is a composite result of what he has heard other people say. / Imagine a huge chart with a dot for every speaker in the community, and imagine that every time any speaker uttered a sentence, an arrow were drawn into the chart pointing from his dot to the dot representing each one of his hearers. At the end of a given period of time, say seventy years, this chart would show us the density of communication within the community. Some speakers would turn out to have been in close communication: there would be many arrows from one to the other, and there would be many series of arrows connecting them by way of one, two, or three intermediate speakers. At the other extreme there would be widely separated speakers who had never heard each other speak and were connected only by long chains of arrows through many intermediate speakers. If we wanted to explain the likeness and unlikeness between various speakers in the community, or, what comes to the same thing, to predict the degree of likeness for any two given speakers, our first step would be to count and evaluate the arrows and series of arrows connecting the dots. We shall see in a moment that this would be only the first step; the reader of this book, for instance, is more likely to repeat a speech-form which he has heard, say, from a lecturer of great fame, than one which he has heard from a street-sweeper. (46--47)
Ƿ«Ƥ붦ƱΤɤ٤ϸߤ˺٤Ǵˤ䤫˷ӤĤƤꡤΤȤĤʤäƤȤϡҲؼԤ "social network" (Aitchison 49) οޤΤΤǤ롥
Ȥ˸ؤΩ줫鸫ƤפʤΤϡBloomfield ΰѤľˡХФƿľʼǤ̻֤פƤȤ¤Ǥ롥
The chart we have imagined is impossible of construction. An insurmountable difficulty, and the most important one, would be the factor of time: starting with persons now alive, we should be compelled to put in a dot for every speaker whose voice had ever reached anyone now living, and then a dot for every speaker whom these speakers had ever heard, and so on, back beyond the days of King Alfred the Great, and beyond earliest history, back indefinitely into the primeval dawn of mankind: our speech depends entirely upon the speech of the past. (47)
üԤϡƱƤ¾üԤȤΤĤʤΤߤˤäƸθƤ櫓ǤϤʤǯüԤˤŪʱƶäиηиκפϼθ˾ʤ餺ȿǤƤƱͤˡ餬ǯüԤ˸ŪƶڤܤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ϥХФƿľ˲ؤ̤ؤӤƤ椭źΤ٤ƤͥåȥΤɤ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
֤̻֤ζ̤ˡɬפBloomfield ΥХȤ˾Ȥ餻СξԤδ֤ΤʶʤȤͤ롥ξԤζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1]) #866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) #1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1]) #1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ۤdiachrony γƵȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.
[2012-07-07-1]ε#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷פǡܿθ̤ϡŪǷ³Ūʾ⡤³ŪʾˤƤΤǤȤĤμĥҲ𤷤϶ǯμҲؤǤȤΡּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ҲǤƳ䤹ʤ䤹Ȥĥб롥Τ褦ʼҲŪͥåȥ˴ŤѲϡMilroy ʤɤθ̤ơǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ[2011-09-26-1]ε#882. Belfast νŹפȡˡ
ĤϡιͤűѸȸťΥɸʲĤŪѸǤ֥ΥɸפѤƤˤȤθܿλ˶ŪŬѤդμҲŪŪ褦Ȼߤ[2012-07-07-1]εǰѤʸϤǤ롥˷ǤѤϡּ夤嫡ŬѤ˿䤷ʤᡤդޤʸϤǤ롥
ϡΥɤϤαǤϥ̲ͤȥɿͤδ֤ǸꡤˤηɤϤߤ졤ʼã⤽ϰ˽ߤĤ̲ΰ̱줿ΤǤäϰΥɿͤȰܽԤ̲ͤϤߤθդΰ㤤餤ˤƤʤä顤ࡼʲä̵äȤƤ֤ܿȲˤäưפ˽褿ǤΤ褦ʾϡ夤嫤ǷФ줿ԡߥ˥ƥ̤˽иξθΥꥨȤǤαӲǤ夤嫤ǷФ줿̲ͤ͡ɿ͡뤤ϤκͤΤǤꤨޤΤ褦ʿãοȤǰפʤɤ˷ȤΤ䡤뤤ʼΤ褦ˡϰФͤǤäơޤޤϤǶ嫤Ƥ륳ߥ˥ƥοãܿ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥ζ嫤Υߥ˥ƥ1ĤΤ塹Ѥ餺ƱϤĤǤ뽸ǤäΤ褦ʽˤɬ濴Ṳ̄ͤ¸ߤοͤꥢȤ뤳Ȥˤäơˤν˹ޤäƤΤǤ롥ƤθγΥᥫ˥ब¾θѲǤ߹礤Ū˥ǡϰˡʥӥȸƤФ롥Ȥϰۤʤäդ¿ޤȿΤǤäǡζϡǡϰ褬ɲˤäåޤǡ̿ͤϹԤ褬ԲǽǤäᡤϤϰ¿˳礷ΤǤ롥
εҤˤϡҲ˸ؾνפΩĤޤޤƤ롥ޤѲˤƼ夤嫤ζƱΤȶ嫤ζƱΤβ̤Ū䤬ɽƤ롥ˡĿͤȶƱΤ̤ĤġӤĤƤ롥ϡѲ (implementation) ȳȻ (diffusion) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ϢΩǤ롥ơŪѰ (synchronic variation) ̻ŪѲ (diachronic change) ߴط⼨Ƥ롥
ۤˤ⡤Ѳˤפ䷳ȤäҲư䡤β̤ʤɡܤ٤ޤޤƤ롥ˡּҲ˸ءפȤɽѤޤ˼Ҳؤ˸ؤȤռǤ롥
ͳإΥ꽻ˤȱѸؤαƶ١2012ǯ
20θȾˤϡҲؤʬǤĤβŪʥեɥ»ܤ졤Ѳμ֡ïġɤǡɤΤ褦ˡƤʤѲϤΤˤ餫ˤƤ[2010-06-07-1]ε#406. Labov New York City /r/פǾҲ𤷤ϤΤ1Ĥ̤οʼŪʸҲ𤷤ε#881. ťΥɸǤ͡ ([2011-09-25-1]) ǰ礤˽Ф Milroy (and Milroy) θǤ롥Aitchison (73--77) ˤƱȤĤġʲǾҲ𤹤롥
Milroy (and Milroy) ϡ̥ɤ Belfast ԳϼҲƤ벻ѲĴĤ첻ѲƤ뤬Τʤ grass bad ˴ޤޤ첻 /ɑ/ 岽 /ɔː/ ؤѲƤȤΤ롥 <grawss> <bawd> ֤뤫Τ褦ȯȤʤѲ첻Ѳ19Ⱦ국ϿƤꡤ褷ƿʤοʹԲˤ椬äBelfast ԳϼҲǰΧƤ櫓ǤϤʤʬۤФ꤬ȤΤǤ롥
ʬۤФˤĤƸˡBelfast ԳϤμҲŪطʤƤɬפ롥Belfast ԳϤϤѤƤꡤȡࡤµǯȺ̢䤹륹äΤʤǥץƥȤȥȥåΩΩäƤξĤϻǽʬƤꡤߤ˸ŪܿϤʪŪܿ⤢ޤʤޤܿϰ쿨¨ȯδϤǤ
ơμĴϡԳΥץƥȷϤĮ Ballymacarrett ȻԳΥȥåϤĮ the Clonard ǹԤʤ줿η̡첻Ѳ Ballymacarrett ̱˸˴ѻ뤳ȤʬäBallymacarrett ̱ϽΨ the Clonard ⤯μҲŪϰ̤ͭƤΤħŪǤ롥ϼҲŪĤʤˤäƸߤ˶ӤĤƤꡤνϤˤä Belfast ԳϤˤ첻岽οϤȤʤäƤȹͤ롥Ballymacarrett νˤĤƤϡ첻ѲۤɿƩƤʤޤĤƳƤѲǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥̤ˡɸŪؤθѲ¿뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ뤬η褯Ƥ롥
Ȥ̣Ȥ˻ԳΥȥåϤĮ the Clonard ˤƤϡƱ첻Ѳǯؤˤ¿ѻȤΤǤ롥2Ĥ椬롥1ĤϡBallymacarrett Ǥϡ첻ѲɸŪؤѲǤ뤳Ȥͽ¬̤Ƴγäthe Clonard Ǥϼ㤤ƳƤ褦˸뤳ȤǤ롥⤦1Ĥϡ⤽ξĤΤˤۤȤɼҲŪܿϤʤϤʤΤˡʤѲŤΤȤǤ Ballymacarrett the Clonard ؤŤƤ뤳ȤϳΤ餷ˡ
ϡBallymacarrett the Clonard μ㤤ȤΤ˲餫ܿ˰㤤ʤȤǤ롥ҲͤСۤɥޥåäꤽˤϻפʤޤޥåǤϤʤȤǤСܿεϤ롥ϡĮ濴ˤŹäthe Clonard μ㤤ϼ㤤⽢Ψ⤯ξĤ̤ѤĮ濴ŹŹȤƸۤƤ륱롥ϡBallymacarrett Ҥ˱ФݤˡȯʤǤ岽 /ɔː/ ΤǤϤʤŹؤ˹碌Ƹոؤ "shop-assistant phenomenon" ϡҲؤǤ accommodation ΰȤΤƤꡤ[2010-06-07-1] Labov θǤǧƤ̤Ǥ롥ξʡŪܿˤꡤBallymacarrett ȯ첻Ѳ㤤Źͳ the Clonard ؤŤƤΤǤϤʤ
첻Ѳʬۤ䤫˲ Milroy (and Milroy) μĴϡ˸ѲμҲŪͥåȥؤȯŸ롥ޤܤ˸ʤäѲŤθȤª뤳ȤǽˤŪʸǤ롥
ͤޤǤˡAitchison (75) Ƥ첻ٻؿ4.0ǹͤǤ롥
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Aged 40--55 | 40--55 | 18--25 | 18--25 | |
| East Belfast | 3.6 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 2.1 |
| West Belfast | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
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