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2013-01-08 Tue

#1352. ߥ˥̩٤̻ [sociolinguistics][diachrony][weakly_tied][social_network][language_change][contact]

Bloomfield (46) ϥꥫɽ빽¤ؼԤ̾ Language Ǥϡ˸ؤҲؤ褦ˤĤƤäۤ¿ƶŸƤ롥äΤ1Ĥˡ֥ߥ˥̩١ (the density of communication) ؤθڤ롥#882. Belfast νŹ ([2011-09-26-1]) 㤬褦ˡּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ҲǤϡ׿Ƴ䤹ʤ䤹ȤʴϢ[2012-07-19-1]ε#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ספ⻲ȡˡϡǯμҲؤˤƸѲϳؤȤܤƤ복ǰBloomfield ᤤʳǤδŪʥǥäƤȹͤ롥
Bloomfield Τ "the density of communication" ϡʥХˤɽ蘆롥ȤɽġüԤߤ̵ǷӤĤ礤춦ƱΤΥͥåȥƤȤ᡼

Every speaker's language, except for personal factors which we must here ignore, is a composite result of what he has heard other people say. / Imagine a huge chart with a dot for every speaker in the community, and imagine that every time any speaker uttered a sentence, an arrow were drawn into the chart pointing from his dot to the dot representing each one of his hearers. At the end of a given period of time, say seventy years, this chart would show us the density of communication within the community. Some speakers would turn out to have been in close communication: there would be many arrows from one to the other, and there would be many series of arrows connecting them by way of one, two, or three intermediate speakers. At the other extreme there would be widely separated speakers who had never heard each other speak and were connected only by long chains of arrows through many intermediate speakers. If we wanted to explain the likeness and unlikeness between various speakers in the community, or, what comes to the same thing, to predict the degree of likeness for any two given speakers, our first step would be to count and evaluate the arrows and series of arrows connecting the dots. We shall see in a moment that this would be only the first step; the reader of this book, for instance, is more likely to repeat a speech-form which he has heard, say, from a lecturer of great fame, than one which he has heard from a street-sweeper. (46--47)


Ƿ«Ƥ붦ƱΤɤ٤ϸߤ˺٤Ǵˤ䤫˷ӤĤƤꡤΤȤĤʤäƤȤ᡼ϡҲؼԤ "social network" (Aitchison 49) οޤΤΤǤ롥
Ȥ˸ؤΩ줫鸫ƤפʤΤϡBloomfield ΰѤľˡХФƿľʼǤ̻֤פƤȤ¤Ǥ롥

The chart we have imagined is impossible of construction. An insurmountable difficulty, and the most important one, would be the factor of time: starting with persons now alive, we should be compelled to put in a dot for every speaker whose voice had ever reached anyone now living, and then a dot for every speaker whom these speakers had ever heard, and so on, back beyond the days of King Alfred the Great, and beyond earliest history, back indefinitely into the primeval dawn of mankind: our speech depends entirely upon the speech of the past. (47)


üԤϡƱƤ¾üԤȤΤĤʤΤߤˤäƸθƤ櫓ǤϤʤǯüԤˤŪʱƶäиηиκפϼθ˾ʤ餺ȿǤƤƱͤˡ餬ǯüԤ˸ŪƶڤܤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ϥХФƿľ˲ؤ̤ؤ⿭ӤƤ椭źΤ٤ƤͥåȥΤɤ˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
֤̻֤ζ̤ˡɬפBloomfield ΥХȤ˾Ȥ餻СξԤδ֤ΤʶʤȤͤ롥ξԤζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#1260. ֤̻֤ ([2012-10-08-1]) #866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) #1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1]) #1076. 塼뤬֤̻֤ͥ褵3Ĥͳ ([2012-04-07-1]) ۤdiachrony γƵ򻲾ȡ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

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