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2020-02-29 Sat

#3960. Ҳûλ [sound_change][vowel][consonant][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ ([2020-02-28-1]) ˰³űѸ줫Ѹ⤦1Ĥ첻̤ѲȤơҲû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters (= SHOCC) or Pre-Cluster Shortening) λRitt (98) ѸǤη֤ǾҲ𤷤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

kepte'kept'
brohte'brought'
sohte'sought'
þuhte'thought'
demde'deemed'
mette'met'
lædde'led'
sprædde'spread (past)'
bledde'bled'
fedde'fed'
hydde'hid'
softe'soft'
fifta'fifth'
leoht'light'
hihþu'height'
dust'dust'
blæst'blast'
breost'breast'
fyst'fist'
mist'mist'
druhþ'drought'
clænsian'cleanse'
halja'holy (man), saint'
mædd'mad'
fætt'fat'
wræþþo'wrath'
cyþþo'kin'
feoll'fell'
fiftiȝ'fifty'
twentiȝ'twenty'
bledsian'bless'
wisdom'wisdom'
wifman'woman'
hlæfdiȝe'lady'
ȝosling'gosling'
ceapman'chapman'
nehhebur'neighbour'
siknesse'sickness'


SHOCC ̤̾ꡤ2İʾλҲľˤäĹ첻ûѲǤ롥꼰мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__CCX
where CC is not a homorganic cluster


ΰʬ̤ꡤSHOCC kept, met, led, bled, fed ʤɸ촴ǽѲưβʬŵŪˤߤ롥ޤfifth 󤲤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˤϤʤδ against û첻 /ɛ/ ǤȯˤĤƤͻ뤳ȤǤcf. #543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) ([2010-10-22-1]
SHOCC ϡäƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) Ȥ褽ƱƤꡤ䴰Ūʴطˤ벻ѲǤ뤳ȤդƤʲ⻲ȡ

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-02-28 Fri

#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ [homorganic_lengthening][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][monophthong]

űѸ줫ѸˤȤ롤ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ȸƤФ벻Ѳ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǵñ˲⤷̤ѸŪˤ2첻 child û첻 children ΰ㤤ݤ˰礤˽ФפʲѲ1ĤǤcf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]
ϤäƤ⡤child/children 첻ĹûŪƤʳˡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸѸθβˤĤƤΤȤС¤Ϥ¿ιϵ󤬤ʤ#2862. wilderness ([2017-02-26-1]) ε wild/wilderness κۤ˿줿Τ褦˾꤯ۤǤ롥Ritt (82) 󤲤ƤƱĹФ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

 Pre-HOLPost-HOL
ld:cildcīld
 feldfēld
 goldgōld
 geldangēldan
rd:wordwōrd
 swordswōrd
mb:climbanclīmban
 cembancēmban
 dumbdūmb
mb:behindanbehīndan
 endeēnde
 hundhūnd
ng:singansīngan
 langlāng
 tungetūnge
rl:eorlēorl
rn:stiornestīorne
 georngēorn
 kornkōrn
 murnanmūrnan
rð:eorðeēorðe
 weorðewēorðe
 wyrðewȳrðe
 furðorfūrðor
rs:earsasēarsas


ΤƱĹϡʤѸ climb behind 2첻ĤΤƤ롥ΰΤʳθˤĤƤϤޤ근ŪǤϤʤƱĹˤĹ첻ΤˤǺƤû첻ʤɤƸ˻äƤ뤿ᡤϤθ̤ޤ괶ʤȤϤѸŪˤܤ٤첻ѲǤϤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-29-1]

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2020-02-27 Thu

#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][sonority][neogrammarian][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)

MEOSL Formula

      The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority

      and inversely proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

   In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).


ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ᡼͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼᥿Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) β᤬ŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻᤬ŤȡĹˤ

ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-26 Wed

#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][final_e]

Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ϡ12--13ˤȤפ첻Ѳ1ĤǤ롥ŵŪ2ˤơû첻ǽ볫Τû첻Ĺ첻ѲǤ롥#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡnama nāma, beran bēran, ofer ōfer ʤɤ㤬ŵǤ롥
βѲʹԤƤѸǤθȸѸǤθ¤٤뤳ȤǡŪʻǧƤʲRitt (12) ꡥ

EMEModE
laborlabour
basinbasin
barinbare
whalwhale
wavenwave
wadenwade
taletale
starinstare
stapelstaple
stedesteed
blerenblear
repenreap
lesenlease
efeneven
drependrepe
deriendere
denedean
-stocstoke (X-)
solesole
motemote (of dust)
motemoat
hopienhope
clokecloak
smokesmoke
brokebroke
oferover


¤ΤȤ MEOSL ˤ㳰¿ȤΤƤ롥Ritt (14) ꡤξˤ⤫餺Ĺ첻äƤʤǤ褦

EMEModE
adlenaddle
aleralder
alumalum
anetanet
anisanise
aspenaspen
azürazure
baronbaron
barratbarrat
barilbarrel
bet(e)r(e)better
besantbezant
brevetbrevet
celercellar
devorendeavour
desertdesert
etheredder
edischeddish
feþerfeather
felonfelon
bodigbody
bonnetbonnet
boþembottom
broþelbrothel
closetcloset
kokercocker
cokelcockle
cofincoffin
colarcollar
colopcollop


Ǥϡξ򤵤̲ MEOSL ŬѤ̵ͭͽ¬ǤΤ뤤ϡɭñ줴ȤǤꡤȤ虜ʤΤܳŪ˼ȤΤ Ritt θǤ롥
MEOSL ϡѸˡˤ "magic <e>" εˤؤ뤷첻ܡ (gsv) ؤϤ󶡤Ѹ˾˽פʲѲǤϤ뤬ճ¿βѲ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-27-1]

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2020-02-25 Tue

#3956. ȱӤ褯פƤűѸȰפʤʤϤ᤿Ѹ [prosody][meter][syllable][french][loan_word][rsr]

(wordform) ȱ (foot) ϡơΩñ̤Ǥ롥Ϸֲñ̡⤦ϱΧñ̤Ȥơơۤʤ٥ôäƤ롥ξԤϰפ뤳Ȥ褯롥ºݡ2θϸ§ȤƱӤ˾
ŪˤߤȸȱӤΰ٤ϸˤ褦Ritt (122) Τ褦Ƥ롥

It seems that English changed from a language in which isomorphy between feet and wordforms was relatively common into one in which it was the exception rather than the rule. . . . Old English word stress fell, as a rule, on the leftmost syllable of the stem. Furthermore, Old English wordforms tended to consist of a stem plus inflectional endings, so that Old English wordforms would typically consist of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. Since this type of structure is practically identical with the optimal foot structure, it is easy to see why Old English wordforms very often tended to coincide with feet. It can be assumed that this tendency of feet and wordforms to coincide remained unchanged until well into the Middle English Period. Then, however, the relationship became unbalanced due to two factors. First, the number of monosyllabic words, which was already high in Old English, increased steadily until monosyllabism became typical of English wordforms. A comparison of Old English texts (Beowulf and The Battle of Maldon) and Middle English ones (The Owl and the Nightingale and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) shows that in Old English less than half of all wordforms used were monosyllabic, while in Middle English roughly two-thirds were. Second, a large number of French loan words were integrated into the English lexicon, and many of them were stressed on their final syllables. It is easy to see that the combination of these two factors must have decreased the probability of feet to coincide with wordforms considerably.


űѸθŵŪˡ1θ촴ʶˡ1ζ޸ʼˡפȤʤΤǡ2αӤȤ줤˽Ťʤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤѸˤƶ޸ष1θƤȡ1ĤθΤߤ1ĤαӤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤֲȱΧ߹ʤʤäƤ롥Ѹˤϡۼʶ§ (= Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ĥե󥹸줫μѸ줬̤ήѸΡֶפθȤȤˡּ嶯פʤɤθƤơ跿αӤɬʤȤ¿ʤäƤĤޤꡤűѸ줫ѸˤƤΰϢѲ̤ơѸ෿ŪˤäƸȱӤפ䤹פθ줫פˤפθؤȥեȤƤȤˤʤ롥
෿ŪʥեȤϲ̣Τ͡ʴߤȻפ뤬1ĤˤϱΧκѤ줬ֲñ̤ǤʷˤȤ⡤礭ʶȤäñ̤ذܤѤäȤȤ롥ֲñ̤Ǥʷˤ¦ߤСΧΥץå㡼ʤʤꡤʬΧˤǤβѲä̤ѲˤȤä̤äСʷˤꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤοȸʷˤ1ᲽˤĤƤϡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο ([2016-07-05-1]) 򻲾ȡޤޤοȥե󥹼ѸƳȤ2ĤװϡˤȤɤޤ餺ѸαΧ͡ʷǥѥȤͿȹͤ뤬ŦƤ٤⤦1Ĥνפϵӱ (rhyme) ƳȤδطǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ ([2011-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-02-23 Sun

#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο [me][vowel][spelling][ormulum][final_e][meosl][digraph]

ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ

#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])

첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5󤲤褦

(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻򼨤ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]

(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1]

(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
󥰥䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-22 Sat

#3953. ꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽε [ame][ame_bre][rhotic]

첻³ʤĶ r ϡŵŪ˥ꥫѸǤϴȯ (rhotic)ꥹѸǤȯʤ (non-rhotic) ϱѸαƺΤʤǤǤ褯ΤƤ㤤Ǥ롥ŪʱѸˤǤϡκۤε17ʹߤΥꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νпϤˤ롥Ǥ򷫤֤ʤϿޤȤȤˡ#2261. ꥹ饢ꥫؤΰ̱νп (1) ([2015-07-06-1])ӡ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ȡ#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ۤƱرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡؽ2011ǯˤرѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡʸҡ2016ǯˤǤ֤ⷫƤ
󥰥 non-rhotic ȯ̱ȤȤ˥ꥫΰϰ˻ۤ줿Ȥ嵭Ūʲϡ¤Ϥʤñ㲽ΤǤꡤ¾ϤäʣǤ롥ºݡɥն non-rhotic ȯήԤäƤΤ18ȾФΤȤǤꡤꥫ̱17ˤϡޤ non-rhotic ϰŪǤϤʤääơ嵭ˤϥʥɺΤˤĤ Minkova (281) βʹ

The development of North American rhotic accents is to a considerable extent a function of settlement patterns in colonial times. Though the original settlers on the East coast were mostly from the south and east of England, which are now non-rhotic, they arrived in the colonies long before 'dropping the -r' had become fashionable and codified there. The problem is not explaining where American rhoticity came from, --- it came from Southern and East Midland England originally, and later waves of settlers from Scotland and Ireland vigorously reinforced it --- but rather why non-rhoticity shows up anywhere in America. Since it only shows up in centres of education along the East Coast, not including Philadelphia, which has always been, and continues to be, rhotic, it may be that in the major political and trading centres, namely Boston, New York, Norfolk, Savannah, Alexandria and Charleston, the newly fashionable British r-less accent took root and was reinforced by regular travel to Britain. The Civil War is a watershed in the perception of rhoticity as prestigious: prior to it r-lessness was associated with the Bostonian and Virginian elite, but after 1870 New York was increasingly rhotic, the British model was much less important and rhoticity grained prestige.


ꥫѸ rhotic ȯʬۤ뤳Ȥϡ¿פʤ̱λˤϡ󥰥ɤΤɤǤǤˤޤ rhotic ŪǤꡤ줬ꥫˤΤޤ޻ۤ줿ȹͤФ褤ष non-rhotic ȯˤƥꥫΰϰ˸ƤΤȤΤȤʤ롥̱ꡤnon-rhotic ȯ󥰥饢ꥫˤ⤿餵줿ȤΤϡˤҤ٤褦˥ʥǤ롥षɥȷӤĤζ Boston, New York, Virginia ʤɤθɥȤǤܿ³䤬ƥɥ夷Ƥ non-rhotic ȯΤε¦Ǥ⿿뤳ȤˤʤäȹͤۤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-14-1]

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2020-02-21 Fri

#3952. 2018--2020ǯ٤Ф줿´ʸ [hel_essay][hel_education][sotsuron]

ǯ٤ʸʸ칶´ʸ13Ф졤´ʸܤ̵˽λޤϳǯ٤´ܰܥ֥ sotsuron ˷ǺܤƤޤǯ֤ϷǤƤʤäΤǡ2018--2020ǯ٤3ǯʬ´34쵤˼Ȼפޤμݤϡ³´ɮ˻ͤȤʤ褦ˡƺǶγδؿ򼨤Ǥ˴ˤϤޤʬ̤¤٤Ƥߤޤ

A Phonological Relationship between the Northern Dialect of Middle English and Old Norse --- Was 'qual' Pronounced /kwal/?
The Analysis of Development of Rhoticity in Scottish English
Difference in the Usage of Onomatopoetic Terms in English and Japanese: Through the Comparison of Onomatopoeia Related to the Act of Laughing and Smiling
The Details of the Great Vowel Shift on the History of English Language --- The Great Vowel Shift's Power on the History of English Language
Original Reference and Native Etymological Spellings in Ad-Words: Comparison of Their First Attestation Dates
On the Use of <you> and <ye> in Proverbs --- Focusing on Proverbs Derived from the Bible
The Contemporary Flat Adverb in Written American English: Approaching the Real Use
On the Minority Use of Subjunctive Should in the United States --- The Reason Why the American Still Use Should in the Subjunctive Clause
An Analysis of Preparatory Subject it Constructions and Top-Heavy Sentences
The History of Perfect Construction: What Factors Have Influenced the Transition from BE PERFECT to HAVE PERFECT?
The Difference between Suffix -er and -or: The Aspect of Meaning
Semantic Intensification Derived from Human Psychological Aspects: Negativity and Abnormality Evoke Impressiveness
Color Metaphors Representing Mental States in English: Semantic Analysis of Color Terms
A Comparison of Adjectives of Taste between English and Japanese --- Antonymous Taste System Based on Collocation Analysis
Analysis of Differences in Recognition of Kawaii among Native Speakers of English
The Changes in the Reactions to American English in the Early Stage of Hollywood Talkie Films
The Relationship of Gender, Character and Social Power: Consideration from the Movies of Harry Potter Series
The Analysis of The Times Headlines: A Historical Study from the Early Days to the Present
The Difference of the Verb Expressions between Male-Named and Female-Named Hurricanes --- Alternative of the Traditional Reference to Hurricanes with Female Pronouns
Disappearing Trench: The Effect of War on the Language
A Study of the Feature of Mixed Languages based on Pidgins, Code-Switching, and Senkyoshigo
The Role and Status of English in India: Analysis on Indian Movies
An Effect of Eye Dialect in Literary Works --- Cockney in Plays and Musicals
The Linguistic Difference between Korean Language and English from Translation Perspective
Attempts to the Overcoming of Imperialism from the Point of View of Emoji and Pictogram Use
The Distribution of Celtic Elements of Place-Names in England
What's Business English? Consideration from Comparison of BtoB and BtoC and the ESP
Trump's Accommodation Affects Hispanics at the Television Debate
What are Some Meanings of "SHITHOLE" Donald Trump Said
A Comparison between President Obama's Speech and President Trump's Speech
Standardization of Written Language and Changes in Language Awareness: A Historical Comparison of English and Japanese
Looking Back on the Transition in English Textbooks with the Japanese History of English Education: Qualitative Analysis on English Textbooks
To Seek Principled Explanations: An Historical Study on Autonomous Linguistics
Influence of Language on Thought and its Cultural Differences

Τ褦ǯ١ıѸ˥ߤǤϡɤʲʸˡ꤫顤ѸѼθŪħҲŪǽȤäȥԥåƥꥫΤαʬϤޤ´椬ԤʤƤޤ¿ͤ򤷤ǤǤɬѸˤˤʤޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-02-20 Thu

#3951. Ѹˤ /h/ ʬۤϤषȤäƤ롩 [h][consonant][phonotactics][spanish][link][ame]

Ѹˤˤ /h/ ȤҲǤΰ֤Ť԰äȤˤĤơǶǤϡ#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1])#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä ([2020-02-07-1])#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã ([2020-02-14-1]) ǿƤˤʲεϤȤ h εˤƤ

#214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])
#459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])
#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])
#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])
#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])

ǤϡѸˤ /h/ ϤɤΤ餤԰ʤΤɸѸ줫Υ Cockney ޤ¿Ѽ /h/ ¸ߤȤ¤ΤС԰ꤵΤ⺣⤵ۤѤäƤʤ뤬Ǥʤ餷Minkova (115) ϡष /h/ 벻ĶϳȤäƤȤ¤ȤŪˤ /h/ ϸ§ȤƶΤ촴Ƭˤʤä䤽ʳδĶǤ⸽褦ˤʤäƤȤ⡤ʬۤγ˹׸Ƥװ1Ĥʤ /h/ ⤿ʤϤΥڥȤΤäɤǼǤ롥

The overall picture is clear: in native words /h-/ remains stable only if it forms the single onset of a stressed syllable, which is tantamount to saying that in the native vocabulary this consonant is historically restricted to stem-initial position. The distribution of /h-/ is broadening, however. In the last century, Spanish-English bilingualism in the American Southwest has resulted in the formation of new varieties of Latino Englishes, which in their turn influence AmE. One such influence results in the acceptability of stem-internal /h-/, as in jojoba, mojo, fajita. Also ... /h-/ is retained in borrowings in the onset of unstressed syllables: rioha (1611), alóha (1825), mája (1832), fáham 'an orchid native to Mauritius' (1850), an it is formed natively as in Soho (1818), colloquial AmE doohickey [ˈduːhɪkɪ], yeehaw [ˈjiːhɑ], most recently the blend WeHo [ˈwiːhoʊ] 'West Hollywood' (2006).


Ѹ줬ڥ <j> /x/ ȤˡѸβǤȤ¸ߤʤ /x/ ˡİаݤζᤤ /h/ Ǽཬ뤫顤ȤΤѸ /h/ Ǥ⤿ʤʤֻȤƤ <h> ġ˥ƥޥ󥹽줫¿ʱƶʤ顤ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) 쥹ڥ /x/ ѤȤĤġճ /h/ ϰ̤䶯ƤΤ⤷ʤ
ˤ Latino English ˤĤƤϡ#2610. ƥ󥢥ꥫϱѸѼ ([2016-06-19-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-02-19 Wed

#3950. ǥåüԤΥꥫܽѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [yiddish][loan_word][phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][phonotactics][contact][borrowing][phonaestheme]

ε#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ ([2020-02-18-1]) ˰³褦 Minkova (148--149) 󶡤εǡŪʸݤȤƸƬ [ts-] ȤҲΩļѸҲ𤷤˺Ƕܤ٤ƬλҲȤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] 󤲤롥Ѹ˵ĤȤѸŪʻҲϢǤϤ뤬͡ʸ򥽡Ȥ [ts-] Ȥϰۤʤꡤۤꤵ롥ΥϤο͡ѤƤ륤ǥå (yiddish) Ǥ롥ǥåϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) ΥޥɤηޤǼ褦ˡȤޥ췲°Ǥ롥
2塤ꥫ罰ϤȤѸ˹ܽǥåüԤθäȤȤˡ嵭ħŪʻҲϢѸ˻ơüԽĤʸŪʱƶϤ椨ˡλҲϢѸΤʤǡֻ̱פƤȤǤ롥Ρֻ̱פ䡤褦ʡɤ褦äδߤĤġŪ̥ϤäƤΤǤ롥Ȥ schmaltz ʲ٤δ, schmooze (٤, schmuck , shtetl ʾʥĮ, shtick ʤäʾ̡, shtum ۤä, shtup ʥåˤʤɡschm- [ʃm-] ˻äƤϡäβ (phonaesthesia) 򼨤ŪǤȤʤäƤ롥
Minkova (148--149) βѤ褦

After World War II, Yiddish is spoken by more people in English-speaking countries --- US, Canada, Australia and Great Britain together --- than in Continental Europe or Israel. Large Yiddish communities in New York, Los Angeles, Melbourne and Montreal have contributed to the recognition and integration of new vocabulary and new consonant clusters: [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-], which have become productive phonaesthemes in PDE. With at least a quarter of a million Yiddish speakers in North America, and a strong presence of Yiddish culture in film, TV and literature, familiarity with these clusters is to be expected and there is no attempt to assimilate them to some native sequence. What is more, the onset <schm-> [ʃm-], treated as a 'combining form' since 1929 by the OED, is clearly productive in playful reduplication, generating mildly disparaging or comic attention-getters: madam-shmadam, able-shmable, holy-shmoly, the Libros Shmibros lending library in Los Angeles.


夲 [ts-] ˤƤ⡤ [ʃm-, ʃl-, ʃt-] ˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬͡ʸܿäƱˡտ魯äʲǤаޤ褯ʬ롥ܿ (contact) ε¿СŪʷDzηϤˤ⤽αƶڤ֤Ȥ򼨤Ȥ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-02-18 Tue

#3949. ȤѸβηϤ˵ڤܤƶ [phonology][phoneme][phonemicisation][phonotactics][consonant][japanese][loan_word]

ѸǤ [ts] ȯⲿȤʤcats, hits, let's, nights, watts ʤɡt ǽΤʣ3ñ -s ղäС˸벻Ϣ˻2ĤηǤޤ֤뤿ᡤŪˤϤޤDz /t/ Ȳ /s/ ơΩΩǡν¤ΤȲᤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ[ts] βɽϤޤ /ts/ Ǥꡤ/t͡s/ ǤϤʤ
ѸޤǻȡǶޤ櫓ǤϤʤ [ts] ⸽¸ߤ롥줫μѸ tsar/czar ʹˤ [zɑː] Ȥȯ뤬[tsɑː] Ȥȯ롥ܸ줫μѸ tsunami [ts] ȯ롥¿ʤʳ [ts] Ѹ϶ʹƤƤꡤ/ts/ ǤϤʤ /t͡s/ ΰռƤƤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ⤷ǤкǿβDz (phonemicisation) λȤʤꡤѸ첻˾ΰյġ Minkova (148) εͤˤʤ롥

. . . /ts/ is phonotactically non-native but not universally unattested. The earliest <ts->-initial borrowing in English is from Slavic: tsar (1555); the voiceless alveolar affricate onset [t͡s-] in this word and its many derived forms is most commonly assimilated to a singly articulated [z-], though the affricate [t͡s-] pronunciation is also recorded. Only three more [t͡s-] words were added in the sixteenth to seventeenth century, nine in the eighteenth century, and twenty-three between 1901 and 1975, with sources from languages from all over the world: Burmese, Chinese, German, Greek and Japanese. All of the most recent borrowing preserve the [t͡s-]; apparently the phonotactic constraint which generated the [z-] in tsar is no longer part of the system: no one would say [t͡s-] or [zuːˈnɑmi]. In other words, [t͡s-], although of more recent lineage, is likely to join [ʒ] ... as an addition to the consonantal inventory. The still marginal acceptability of a [t͡s-] onset can be related to its relative complexity and lower frequency of occurrence, though tsunami is hardly a rare item in English after 2011.


[t͡s-] ǻϤޤñ줬ޤʤƤ٤㤤Τǡ/t͡s/ βDzäƤȤϤޤǴˤ䤫ʤΤȤѤκǸˤ褦 tsunami Ϸ褷ƥ쥢ñǤϤʤҳ䵤ݤʤϵĶѲ˷ǰƤ븽¿ο͡ܤ륭ɤ1ĤǤ롥ñ줬ٲȤΤϻ䤿ˤȤä˾ޤʤȤѸβηϤ¦ߤ /t͡s/ ¤ʲDz˹׸ƤȤ⤤롥
κǿβDzȤСѤˤ⿨Ƥ褦 /ʒ/ 󤲤뤷/ŋ/ ⤢롥ԤˤĤƤϡ#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1]) (2) 򡤸ԤˤĤƤϡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-17-1] [2020-02-19-1]

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2020-02-17 Mon

#3948. رѸ춵٤Ϣ12֤ʤꥫѸϥꥹѸȰۤʤäƤΤ [rensai][notice][sobokunagimon][ame_bre][link]

214ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ3ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡȤƤϺ󤬺ǽȤʤޤǸϡ֤ʤꥫѸϥꥹѸȰۤʤäƤΤפǤ

رѸ춵2020ǯ3



ꥫ罰ȥꥹȤӤ硤ŵŪʥ᡼ȤƤϡꥫϿιγ׿ꥹϸŤιݼȤäȤǤ礦ꥫѸȥꥹѸѸѼȤӤ硤Υƥ쥪פϤФƤϤޤޤ󡥤षꥫѸΤۤŤˡ褯ݻƤꡤꥹѸΤۤջȤȯãƤȤȤ褯ޤ󥹥ƥ쥪̤˥ꥫѸ줬׿ŪǡꥹѸ줬ݼŪǤȤ⾯ʤʤȤϻ¤ʤΤǡΤȤƤСξѸѼϳ׿ݼȤǤȤΩ⡤ñ͡Ǹߤ˰ۤʤäƤɽۤΤ褦˻פޤѼΰۤʤˤϡɽŪįǤϸƤʤŪ͡ʥѥ󤬤äΤǤ
ϢܵǤϼȯֻαƺ˾ơꥫؤΰ̱Υߥ󥰤䥢ꥫͥΥ֥ˤֻפȤäҲŪװˤѼ֤κۤ⤿餷Ҳ𤷤ޤʤꥫѸǤ car, four, star ʤɤ r äδȯΤˡꥹѸǤϻҲȤȯʤΤʤ color ơ/colour ʱѡˡcenter/centre, traveling/travelling Τ褦ֻκ¸ߤΤ⡤Ѹˤ򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤäͳ餫ˤʤޤ
εDZѸαƺ˴ؿäϡܥ֥ΰʲεʤ ame_bre ˤ⤪ɤߤ

#357. American English or British English? ([2010-04-19-1])
#359. American English or British English? β ([2010-04-21-1])
#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])
#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])
#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])
#312. ʸˡαƺ ([2010-03-05-1])

#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1])
#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])
#1266. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (1) ([2012-10-14-1])
#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2) ([2012-10-15-1])
#1268. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (3) ([2012-10-16-1])

#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])
#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])

12ϢܤɤǤɼԤˤϡ1ǯ֤դ礤ޤƤ꤬ȤޤϢܤ̤ƼĥƤȤϡߤαѸŪ˱Ѹ줬ѲƤ̤λѤǤ롤ȤȤǤäΤˤСѸѤҲΤŪ˱ѸѲƤ̤λѤǤ롤ȤȤǤѸˤ̤ƿѸθΥĥܤäǤ礦ֱѸˤΥĥܡפϡܥ֥Ǥ³ɵᤷƤͽǤȤꤤפޤ

ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ12󡡤ʤꥫѸϥꥹѸȰۤʤäƤΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ3桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ21462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-01-1]

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2020-02-16 Sun

#3947. Ҳˤ l æ [l][phonetics][sound_change][etymological_respelling][anglo-norman][french]

#2027. 󥰥ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡܲ󥰥ɤ첻³ʤ l 첻ȤѲʹǤ롥ŪˤߤСl 벻ĶˤФæƤȤѲϷ֤ƤƤꡤ򺣤Ѳ l μ岽ȤŪʷΤ⤦1ĤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
l æ˴ؤᤤϡѸǧ롥űѸ hwylc (= "which"), ælc (= "each"), wencel (= "wench"), mycel (= "much") Τ褦˻ c ٤礦Ķ l æѸˤ hwich, ech, wenche, muche ȤƸƤ롥ۤ˸űѸ ealswa (= "as") Ѹ als(o)/assceolde (= "should") shudwolde (= "would") wud ʤɤѻ졤Ѹ˼˹ٸˤ l æƤȤ狼롥Ѹ˶Ťȡfolk halfpenny ʤɡ俰٤ΰ֤ˤƤ l æä
Τ褦 l μ岽ϱѸˤˤŪʷȲᤷƤ褤褦Ѳ٤Υե󥹸᤯Ƥ¤ˤդƤMinkova (131) ԤŦƤ̤ꡤѸ˾ l æϡΩݤȤߤƤ褤ե󥹸ƱѲϤƤȤǽ롥

An important, though often ignored contributing factor in the history of /l/-loss in English is the fact that Old French and Anglo-Norman had undergone an independent vocalisation of /l/. Vocalisation of [ɫC] clusters, similar to [rC] clusters, started in OFr in the ninth century, and although the change in AN seems to have been somewhat delayed ... , the absence of /lC/ in bilingual speakers would undermine the stability of the cluster in ME. Thus we find Pamer (personal name, 1207) < AN palmer, paumer 'palmer, pilgrim', OE palm 'palm' < Lat. palma ? OFr paume, ME sauder, sawder < OFr soud(i)er, saudier 'soldier', sauf 'safe' < Lat. salvus. The retention of the /l/ in some modern forms, as in fault, vault is an Early ModE reversal to the original Latin form, and in some cases we find interesting alternations such as Wat, Watson, Walter.


ѤθȾˤ褦ˡե󥹸 l æ̤ϱѸ줬Ѥ¿Υե󥹼ѸˤȿǤƤꡤ줬Ѹֻ l 褵츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ѰդȤѸ˾ήˤդϢήϡl λҲȤƤ԰ꤵ¾ڤƤ褦˻פ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-11-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2020-02-15 Sat

#3946. űѸƬ ge- βŪĤ [prefix][sound_change][etymology][german]

űѸθäˤϡge- ȤƬ䤿ղäƤ롥͡ʻˤޤä ge- ǻϤޤñ줬ޤ¿ΤǡŵŪʸűѸ켭ǤϤΤ褦ʸ g ιܤˤ֤줺ge- ³촴ʬƬʸʸˤä֤ۤɤɥĸ ge- /ɡe/ 륲ޥϤθŤƬűѸǤ /ɡe/ ǤϤʤ𲻲 /je/ Ȥȯ줿νűѸ칻ܤǤϡ𲻤 <g> 뤿Ǥä ġe- ɽ뤳Ȥ¿
ƬϡűѸޤǤˤǤ𲻲Ƥ餤顤θ岽ΰӤé뱿̿ǤꡤѸˤ /je/ /i/ ٤˼岽θȤʤȹϰϤǾüѸˤϡƬȤ狼ǻĤäƤϻ¾峧̵äȤäƤ褤
ĤƤ ge- κפŪĤäƤñ⡤¤ϤۤȻĤäƤ롥Ȥ enough θƬ <e> Ǥ롥űѸ genoh 夺֤ʤ⡤ޤӤƤǤ롥
ۤ afford, alike, aware ʤɤθƬ a- ⡤űѸƬ ge- ̤롥ơθűѸ geforþian, gelīc, gewær Ǥ롥
ޤŸȤäƤ褤 yclept ?ȸƤФ롤?Ȥ̾ΡˤȤθƬ <y> ⤢롥ϡűѸǡָƤ֡פ̣ clipian/cleopian Ȥưβʬͳ褹ex. a giant yclept Barbarossa ֤ҤȸƤФ͡ˡˡƱʬȤƤϡϤŸ yclad (= clothed) ⤢롥ϸűѸưβʬ˰Ūղä줿Ƭ ge- Ĥä¤ʤȤäƤ褤
θűѸƬˤĤƤϡ#150. ꥫѸؤΥɥĸι׸ ([2009-09-24-1])#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])#1710. of yore ([2014-01-01-1])#3432. ꥹIJεȤ⤤٤󥰥 witenagemot ([2018-09-19-1]) γƵǤ⿨ƤΤǰɤ

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2020-02-14 Fri

#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã [digraph][spelling][orthography][latin][greek][consonant][h][exaptation][gh]

Ѹˡˤ <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤɡ2ʸ1Ĥβɽ魯2Ż (digraph) ʤ餺¸ߤ롥1ʸ1줤бΤե٥åȤۤȤС2ݏߤ뤳Ȥۤΰæˤۤʤʤ¤ˤϸűѸΤ鸽ߤ˻ޤǡ¿2ŻѤƤ켫Τˤαɸˤ餵Ƥ
ϡ˵󤲤2ʸܤ <h> 2Ż夲褦"verb second" θʤ "<h> second" 2ŻǤ롥 "<h> second" 2Żϡ§ȤñҲб롥<ch> /ʧ/, <ph> /f/, <sh> /ʃ/, <th> /θ, ð/, <wh> /w, ʍ/ ʤɤǤ롥<gh> ˤĤƤϡȤ /f/ ʤɤб뤬̵б뤳ȤŪ¿ȤդäƤʡ#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]
Ѹˤߤ "<h> second" 2ŻѸǻȤϤ᤿Τϡ褽ѸѸΤȤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <th> Ҳϳơ <c>, <ȝ>, <f>, <þ, ð> 1ʸ֤Ƥ<sh>, <wh> Ҳϳơ <sc>, <hw> Ȥ̤2Ż֤Τ̤ä
<ch> <th> ˤĤƤϡƥˡǺѤƤȤѸμ̻⸫ƤȤϤ˼ΤǤ롥ޤ<ph> ˤĤƤϥꥷʤ뤤Ϥ˼ѤƤƥˤμѤǤ롥
Ѹϡƥ䥮ꥷ줫Ѥ줿嵭Τ褦2Ż˿ȯǡ˥ե󥹸ǤʿŪ2ŻλѤߤ줿Ȥؤäơ2ʸܤ <h> Ŀ2Ż򼫤ȯƤ˻ä<gh>, <sh>, <wh> ʤɤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡѸ "<h> second" 2Żϡƥˤä2Żľܡܤ˱ƶΩΤǤ롥ʤ⤽ƥǤ2ʸܤ <h> Ѥ2ŻȯŸΤϡ<h> ʸбꤵ /h/ ȤҲƥޥ󥹽λ˸ƾüƤȤʬ̤ꡤŪ԰ʲǤäϢư <h> ʸ¾ʸ٤¸ߴäΤȻפ롥<h> Ȥʸϡ֤ͷƤȤ館졤ζ̤ƱȤä̤εǽ򤢤Ƥ줿ȹͤ롥γŬ (exaptation)
¤ϡѸǤⲻǤȤƤ /h/ ¸ߤɬŪǤϤʤ̣ǤϥƥȻäξäΤ褦˹ͤСѸǤ⡤Ⱦü¸ߤǤ <h> 2ŻιǤȤѤǤĶäƤǤ롥cf. #214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])#459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1]
ʾ塤Ȥ Minkova (111) 򻲾ȤȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ

#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
#3337. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ (2) ([2018-06-16-1])
#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-13-1] [2020-02-20-1]

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2020-02-13 Thu

#3944. prosody meter δط [prosody][meter][terminology][stress][methodology]

ɸ2ĤѸ prosody {{cat('meter')} (or metre) ζ̤ϰճ񤷤ԤˤäƤơλؼΤۤʤäƤ⤢뤷ФˤäξȤֱΧפ롥ŪʲˤäƤС⶯ȡꥺʤɤ˴Ϣ뤬prosody äդ°ŪʸݤǤꡤmeter ϻ°üʸݤȤ롥Minkova (323) ϡξԤδطˤĤƼ٤ͿƤ롥

The term prosody, as used here is restricted to stress phenomena in the spoken language, so 'prosody' is short for 'speech prosody' . . . . Meter describes the modes of versification, where linguistic material is arranged in specific recursive frames; as used here, 'meter' is short for 'verse or poetic meter'. Meter always draws on the prosodic structures available in the language. The two systems rely on the same fundamental distinctive categories and relations, though meter obeys verse-specific conventions such as repetition, alliteration and end-rhyme, and not all prosodic features have to be harnessed into a specific verse form. Nevertheless, there are important correspondences between the structure of verse and the structure of the ambient language. This makes meter a valuable source of information about language. The linguistic competence of the poet provides the raw material for verse; the way in which that material is manipulated to fit the metrical constraints of a particular tradition reveals the poet's, or the copyist's intuitions about prosody.

 
Ѹˤޤ᤿˸ؤˤơǽҤ٤Ƥ prosody meter ߴط򤷤ƤȤϡȤƤפǤ롥¿ξ硤¸뤫ĤƤν񤭸դλ˴Ťơбäդ prosody 뤳ȤϺˤ롥ʸɤ߼ meter ꤬ˡȿǤƤꤵŪäդ prosody ʤΤʤˤˤ򡤤٤Ǥǽ롥prosody meter ˴Ū󶡤meter ϤѤƻȤȤˡprosody Ƥ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-12 Wed

#3943. Τ rhyme ϾʤȤ -VC -VV ǹƤʤФʤʤ [phonology][syllable][germanic]

ñβṽ¤ˤϸ󤬤롥a, the ʤɤμĵǽΤ rhyme ʤȤ2⡼ǹƤʤФʤʤȤΤǤ rhyme Ȥϲṽ¤ñ̤ΤȤǡ#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 ([2019-06-29-1]) Ρ첻ʡܻҲˡפʬؤ
ʬ2⡼ʤФʤʤȤȤϡפ˺Ȥơû첻1Ҳ (VC) Ĺ첻2첻 (VV) Τ줫ǤʤФʤʤȤȤƬ (onset) ˻Ҳ뤫ɤʤʬû첻פΤߤǽ褦ñϵʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤû첻פζĸϤʤֻҲû첻פǤ롥Τ˵ǽμ /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ɒ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /ə/ Τ褦ʸϤʤ˲餫ƬҲäθ¸ߤʤѸˤơβṽ¤˶㳰ˤĤƤϡ#3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#3776. ǽζȼ岻 (2) ([2019-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
¤Ϥޥ췲˶̤ΤΤǤ롥ޥɤȯã North-West Germanic ȸƤФʳǡβṽ¤η줿ͳ餫ǤϤʤˤû첻Τߤǽ붯ĸϸˡ٤ȤʤäŪû첻ǽäƤˤϡ§ȤĹ첻Ȥǥ롼˹碌뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥Ϣ Minkova (70) Ѥ롥

. . . we noted the absence of word-final stressed short, lax, non-peripheral vowels [ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ] in PDE; words such as *se with [-ɛ], *decrí with [-ɪ], *bru with [-ʊ] are ill-formed. This constraint on the shape of the final stressed syllable in English can be traced back to OE and even earlier. In all North-West Germanic languages the final vowels of lexical monosyllables became uniformly long, that is, they were lengthened if the original vowel was short. In some instances the long vowel appears to be a compensation for the loss of PrG final /-z/: PrG */hwaz/ > OE hwā 'who', PrG /wiz/, OE 'we'. Lengthening without loss of a syllable coda is attested in OE 'now', Goth. nu, OE swā 'so', Goth. swa; in this second set the process is evidently driven by the preference for co-occurrence of stress and syllable weight.


ϡ1˴ؤˡΡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ˤ⡤ŪʤαƤȤƤˤʤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-11 Tue

#3942. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤμפ첻Ѳ [vowel][indo-european][germanic][sound_change][centralisation]

ɸϡĸη֤ñθ츻ƳȤǽפμǤ롥Ԥϡ츻 OED θ츻ɤǡΤäƤǤͭѡMinkova (68--69) ꡥ

a PIE *al- 'grow', Lat. aliment, Gmc *alda 'old'
 a 
o PIE *ghos-ti- 'guest', Lat. hostis, Goth. gasts
    
ā PIE *māter, Lat. māter, OE mōder 'mother'
 ō 
ō PIE *plōrare 'weep', OE flōd 'flood'
    
i PIE *tit/kit 'tickle', Lat. titillate, ME kittle
 i 
e Lat. ventus, OE wind 'wind', Lat. sedeo, Gmc *sitjan 'sit'


ȤСĸ *māter "mother" ā Ĺ첻äƤ줬ޥĸޤǤ ō ˲Ƥ뤳ȤաºݡűѸǤ mōdor ȤƸƤ롥Ĺ첻 o ؤû˰ʾ夬ä u ȤʤꡤǽŪ岽˻äƸ /ʌ/ ˤɤĤѸ첻ϡ56ǯΤ顤͵§Ѳ³ƸԤΤΤˤʤäƤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-10 Mon

#3941. ʤ hour, honour, honest, heir Ǥ h ȯʤΤǤ [h][sobokunagimon][silent_letter][spelling_pronunciation]

ǤѸˤδ͡ʵʤƤޤŪϽФƤޤ󡥤äơʲǤϲͿΤǤϤʤѸŪطʤ뤳ȤǰƤޤ餺
ѸǸƬ <h> ֤ƤΤ /h/ Ȥȯʤñϡθ˸¤ޤɸ hour, honour, honest, heir ϤᡤδϢǤ hourly, honourable, honesty, heiress ʤɤ󤲤ޤ/h/ ȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ȯʤȤ⤢ herb, historical, humour Τ褦㤬ʤ餺¸ߤΤ¤Ǥcf. #461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1]
ȤʤäƤ hour, honour, honest, heir ϡѸ˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿Ǥե󥹸ؤȤΤͤǤС֤Ƥ <h> ϰȯʤȤȤΤäƤ뤫ȻפޤäơѸΥե󥹼ѸˤĤƤϡե󥹸Ǥδ̤ꡤ<h> ֤ƤƤ /h/ ȤȯʤΤȻפ뤫⤷ޤ
­ʲȤϤʤޤ󡥥ե󥹼ѸϱѸñ̤ήƤꡤΤʤˤ <h> ǻϤޤΤʤ줬ե󥹸Ǥ̵ hפݤ鷺¿ޤޤƤޤθϡhour honour ޤྯθơɸѸǤϤ٤ƳΤ /h/ ȯƤΤǤhabit, heritage, history, host, human ʤˤȤޤޤ󡥤äơhour honour ֥ե󥹸ȯͼפ򿿻椨ˡ/h/ ȤȯʤΤȤϡɬְ㤤ȤϤʤΤΡԽʬˤȤɤޤޤ
ϡʤ̵ h- ΤʤǤξθԥݥȤФ졤֥ե󥹸ȯͼפ˽äƤΤȤȤǤդˤСʤʳΤ٤Ƥ h- 줬֥ե󥹸ȯͼפ˽äƤʤΤȤȤȤʤޤΡ֤ʤפ䤤ˤϡޤ­ΤͿƤޤ
򿼷ꤷƤȡλѤäƤΤǤޤɸѤʵϡ֤ʤ hour honour ʳΤۤȤɤ h- 줬ե󥹸ȯͼ˱ƶƤʤΤפȤ˥ѥե졼뤳Ȥˤʤޤκꤵ줿伫Τ⡤ˤλ¤Τȡƥѥե졼ʤФʤʤȤ˵ŤޤȤΤϡѸʹߤ˥ե󥹸ʤƥ䥮ꥷˤѤ줿 h- ˤ뤹٤Ƥ <h> ϡĤƤαѸǼ¤ȯƤʤäǽ뤫ǤѸѸǤϡ h ¤ȯƤʤä᤬ΤǤˤĤƤϳسˤƤȤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤬡#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤκ򤬤ޤ
<h> ֤ƤƤ /h/ ȯʤäΤĤƾ֤äȤСߤΤۤȤɤ /h/ ȯ褦ˤʤäƤΤϤʤǤ礦ϡѸˤѸɸಽʹߤηŪֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) η̤ȹͤޤʤ⤷줬ǤСѸ˾äȤηŪ˼줿ֻȯλȤޤˡ<h> ֤ƤΤ /h/ ȯ褦ȤŪʽ񤭸ե١εϰռʤޤǤ˹ޤä̡ŪȯϤɤǤ졤Ȥˤ¤ /h/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäΤȹͤޤɤ櫓ɸ˵󤲤ξθ췲ˤޤǤϡȤڤФʤä褦ʤΤǤ
˺֤ʤ hour honour ʳΤۤȤɤ h- 줬ե󥹸ȯͼ˱ƶƤʤΤפȤ䤤ϡޤ伡Τ褦˥ѥե졼뤳Ȥˤʤޤ֤٤Ƥ h- 줬ĤƤϥե󥹸ȯͼ򿿻̵äΤˡʤæ /h/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäΤסơ֤ʤ hour honour ʤɤξθϡե󥹸ȯͼαƶ餤ޤæˤΤפǤ
ǰʤ顤ɸεDz褹뤳ȤϤǤޤѤʵžžơʼεˤƤޤޤ伫ȤɤΤǤΤ褦򤯤˱Ѹˤ򸦵椷Ƥ뼡Ǥ
Ϣ h ˴ؤܥ֥ΤĤε򻲾Ȥ

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2020-02-09 Sun

#3940. ƻ -al -ar [suffix][adjective][morphology][dissimilation][r][l]

ѸηƻŵŪ (suffix) -alabdominal, chemical, dental, editorial, ethical, fictional, legal, magical, medical, mortal, musical, natural, political, postal, regal, seasonal, sensational, societal, tropical, verbal ʤ˿¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥ϥƥηƻ -ālis (pertaining to) Ѹ˥ե󥹸ͳäƤΤǡŪǤ롥
褯 -ar ȤΤ⤢롥褷ƾʤʤangular, cellular, circular, insular, jocular, linear, lunar, modular, molecular, muscular, nuclear, particular, polar, popular, regular, singular, spectacular, stellar, tabular, vascular ʤ¿㤬󤬤롥εϤϤƥˤꡤƻ -āris (pertaining to) ˤΤܤ롥ξΰ㤤 l r ߤ˴طƤΤ
Yes Ǥ롥ŵŪ l r ΰ۲ (dissimilation) ȤʤäƤ롥ƥˤǥեȤ -ālis Τ l ޤޤȤˤ l νʣäơ l r ؤȰ۲ä˴ΤֻҲ -leפǽˤϡؤȤƻҲθ u (anaptyxis) ƻ -ular Ȥ򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
l r ΰ۲ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])#3904. corianderl ǤϤʤ r ([2020-01-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-05-1] [2021-01-01-1]

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2020-02-08 Sat

#3939. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ (2) [kanji][history][archaeology]

4ǯۤˡ#2505. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ ([2016-03-06-1]) Ȥ񤤤Ĥͥåȥ˥塼ȿʹϢ뿷äƤ23īʹī3̤Ρʤ˺ǸŤʸפȤƬҲ𤷤褦

Ԥ»פǤߤĤäȾʵˤʤˡʸʴˤϤǽ񤫤ƤǽȡʡԤθԤ餫ˤǽ񤫤줿ʸȤйǸŤȤʤ롥ֳƤǤϽǧǤʤäȤʤɤ鿵Ťʰո⤢ꡤƤǤ롥


Υ֥˽񤤤4ǯξϡޤǸȤѤƻȯ줿ˤȤɤޤꡤܤˤŪʸѤζڵȤޤǤǧʤäȯϡ餷ƻʸ񤫤Ƥǽ򼨺ǡܤμŪʸѤγǯ˴ؤ˰ФꤸΤȤʤäСȾʵˤܤˤѤäȤȤˤʤ롥
θ餷Τ˽񤫤ƤʸϡֻҡפȤפȤפȤɤΤΤ褦ƤΤʤȤϤۤȤɳǧǤʤԤΤǿ⶯褦Ǥ롥
ܸüԤθؤȤơǤᤤܤʸѤμäȤСϴ򤷤¤ΤΤ뤳ȤפǤ롥⤷ȯʸѤǯ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ⡤ʤʤƤ⡤¤餫ˤʤФ褤Ȼפ
Ϣơ#3486. ͭʸȯʤäȤƤġġ ([2018-11-12-1]) 򻲾ȡäơ#3138. ȻѤǯ ([2017-11-29-1]) #3545. ʸμƤ3ʸμơ ([2019-01-10-1]) ɤ

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2020-02-07 Fri

#3938. Ƭˤ첻 h Ф꤬뤵졤Ҳ h ˤ⤵ʤä [h][sound_change][consonant][aphaeresis][phonotactics]

ε#3937. hospital humble h 200ǯˤȯƤʤä ([2020-02-06-1]) ǡƬ <h> ֤Ƥʤ /h/ ȯʤʸ췲뤳ȡޤθ췲ΥС̻ŪѲƤȤߤΤ褦㳰Ūʿ񤤤򼨤췲ʤɤΤ褦ˤФƤΤǤꡤΤȤŪʼҲŪȤǤ⤤ˤȤۤʤ褦˻פ롥
ȤȤǤС⤦1ĴϢ븽ݤ롥嵭㳰оݤ h-dropping 񤬺оݤϡ˥ƥ졤ե󥹸졤ꥷ줫μѸθƬˤ첻 h Ǥ뤳ȤСh ξü褬ҲŪҿȤʤ뤫ɤϸ츻䲻Ķ˰¸ƤȤȤʸ츻ȤδϢˤĤƤϡ#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ츻䲻Ķۤʤ륱Ǥϡ⤽ h ˤʤäƤʤȤ¤롥
ŪˤСθƬˤƻҲ˸ h Ǥ롥űѸǤ hring (= "ring"), hnappian (= "to nap"), hlot (= "lot"; cf. #2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]))hwīt (= "white") ʤɤθƬλҲϢ夢Ѹ11--12 h 岽æϤ᤿ (Minkova 108--09) βѲˤĤƤϡ#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) Ǿ줿٤Ѹ˾첻֤Ǥ h ξüʤ뤤԰ꤵˤȤ̵طǤϤʤҲϢˤ h ξüϡȯˤֻˤ⺯פĤʤ餤˴뤷hw- ʸ <wh-> ֤뤳ȤˤʤˤΤߤ㳰ȤˤĤƤϡ#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1])#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ˤ衤űѸ¸ߤƬΡh + ҲפϡѸޤǤ˴˾üŪˤҲŪˤȤʤʤäѸޤǤȤʤ٤ĤäΤϡ켫ȤĹˤġh + 첻פˤ h ä˲ǾꡤƤˤѸŪʷƻǤꡤӼҲŪҿ꤬ޤäơߤˤޤ³h פΩƤΤǤ롥
h ϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˾θȤФΤŪˤŪȸ虜ʤ˾ɬŪʥץåȤҲŪŪʥȥץåȤѤ줿Ȥ˸ΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-06 Thu

#3937. hospital humble h 200ǯˤȯƤʤä [walker][h][lmode][sociolinguistics]

ε#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ ([2020-02-05-1]) ˰³Minkova (108) ˰͵򤷤ʤ h ˴ؤ󶡤
ɸѸǸƬ h ȯʤȤƤΤ heir, honest, honour, hour 䤽δϢʤɾ˸¤Ƥ뤬h ̵ͭɤ򼨤ȤȤǤ herb, historical, humour ʤɤɲä롥ºݡ#461. OANC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-01-1])#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> ([2010-08-02-1]) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤˤȡɤλϾʤʤ
ŪˤΤ褦ɤ줬ߤȤȤϡ̻Ūˤ͡ѰۤѲäȤͽۤ롥ºݡŪǶȤ⤤Ѹ˾ʤäƤߤƤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥200ǯۤεŪȯǤФ John Walker Critical Pronouncing Dictionary (46) 򻲾ȤƤߤ褦Ƭ h ϾȯȤȤˤʤäƤ뤬θˤƤ㳰Ū h ȯʤȤơ15줬󤵤Ƥ롥

heir, heiress, honest, honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, humorous, humoursome


ˤϸ h ̵ͭɤ򼨤ޤޤƤ뤬ΤȤƤȸεϤ礭ۤʤ櫓ǤϤʤΤʤǤ hospital humble ˴ؤƤϡѸǤ /h/ ȯΤ̤Ĥޤꡤ200ǯۤɤδ֤ˡʤȤ⤳2˴ؤƤȯʤεϡˤѤäȤȤʤޤǵϤѲǤäơºݤαѸüԤȯѲΤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤳Ȥաˡ
200ǯδ֤δˤ䤫ʵϤѲ̣Τʤ¾θǤϤʤ hospital humble ѲΤʤϻĤ롥ѸȸѸȤѲƤʤΤϡλˤƤ⡤<h> ֤ʤ /h/ ȯʤθ줬뤳ȡƤΤäƤ뤳ȤܤξڤǤȤȤ⺣⡤h Henry Sweet Ȥ "an almost infallible test of education and refinement" Ǥ⤢ꡤLynda Mugglestone "symbol of the social divide" Ǥ⤢³ƤΤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Walker, John. Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: Robinson and Cadell, 1971.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-07-1]

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2020-02-05 Wed

#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ [greek][loan_word][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][h][etymological_respelling][spelling][orthography][standardisation][prescriptivism][sociolinguistics][cockney][stigma]

Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥ󥹴ˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ򶯤뤳Ȥ˹׸Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳Ȥϡοͤζܤ򼨤Х᡼ȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤ򤷤Ȥ櫓ѸŪ΢դ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥

Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].


Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-04 Tue

#3935. ե٥åƬ⤭ߤ [initialism][abbreviation][shortening][punctuation]

#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1]) ʤɤεǡˤδˤ륢ե٥åƬ (initialism) Ȥάˡ夲ƤѸǤ CEO, GDP, EU ʤɤ˵󤬤뤷aka (= "also known as"), asap (= "as soon as possible"), imho (= "in my humble opinion") ʤɤ褯ΤƤ롥
Ѹ˴ؤƤСΤ褦άˡ (abbreviation) ϳΤ20ʹߤ˸ǤꡤƸŪʸݤȤäƤ褤cf. #875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1])#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ ([2011-09-22-1])ˡˤ⸫ʤä櫓ǤϤʤե٥åʸŪĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ衼åˤƤϡե٥åƬλѤΤΤϥ޻ˤǧ롥褯ΤƤΤϡƥǡ֥ޤθϷȿ̱פ̣ Senatus Populusque Romanus Ƭ첽 SPQR Ǥ롥ƥ츶ʸǤϳʸθǤ졤ˤäƤάˡǤ뤳Ȥʬ뤬ϸαѸˤ Prof., Dr. ʤɤξάɽ魯ԥꥪɤϢʤΤȤ롥
ե٥åƬˤϡ1ʸ1ɽ碌Ȥ롥Ȥ櫓褯ΤäƤ䤿ˤȤäơɽʸͭϡ䤹ǤޤǤ⡤ˡΧʸ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤä褦ʤȤˡ̩׵ᤵˡΧʸǡȤʣβե٥åƬϤդ路ʤȽǤ졤ɤˤѤػߤ뤳Ȥˤʤäαƶ³Τθ10ޤǥե٥åƬߤλޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
10ˤʤ򼨤Ȥ櫓11--12ˤϡƬʸѤѤȯŸȼ˴طѸͭ̾ʤɤե٥åƬɽ褦ˤʤäδϡ̤³ܻν˻äƺƤӿषƤäƤθ塤˽Ҥ٤̤ꡤ20˺Ƥ衦礷ƤȤΤˤήǤ롥Τ褦ˡե٥åƬϲ٤⤭ߤˤФƤΤ
ʾϡSaenger (64--65) β˰͵򤷤ʤSaenger ϥե٥åƬΤȤ "suspension abbreviation" ȸƤǤ롥

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-11-1]

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2020-02-03 Mon

#3934. ꥹ er ȥꥫ uh [interjection][spelling][pronunciation][ame_bre][rhotic][onomatopoeia]

դˤĤݤʤɤθɤߤŵŪ filler Ȥơɸθ줬롥er uh ȯ纹ʤ /ə, əː, ʌ/ ǰפƤȤäƤ褤ڥ󥰤礭ۤʤꡤǤ̡δ (interjection) ȤưƤ롥ŪˤСer ꥹѸ졤uh ꥫѸŵŪ filler Ǥ롥
ʬۤϡƤߤФʤۤɤǼǤ롥ɸŪˤ non-rhotic Ǥ륤ꥹȯʶŪˤ RP ʤɡˤǰƬˤСer Ȥڥ󥰤첻ΤߤȯбƤΤ̤ΤȤǤ롥rhotic ʰ̥ꥫѸʶŪˤ General American ʤɡˤǰƬˤȡer Υڥ󥰤첻ΤߤȯбΤˤ񹳤Τ⤷ʤꥫѸǤϡer Υڥ󥰤ȯδ֤Ե§ȤȤǡuh Ȥ̤֤ȯפ줿ΤǤϤʤCook (183) դλ˿Ƥ롥

. . . characters who hesitate in British novels say 'er', whereas those in American novels say 'uh', though the sound is doubtless the same. The American correspondence of <er> would have to be /ər/, whereas <uh> can correspond to /ə/ in a more straightforward way.


ʤer uh ɤߤ˺ݤ뿴ŪŪʺѤη̤Ȥȯ줿򥹥ڥ󥰤˽񤭵ηΤϤʤ꿷OED ˤȡer Ͻ㤬1862ǯuh 1962ǯǤ롥
Ѽ֤Υڥ󥰤κۤϤޤȵ󤲤뤳ȤǤ뤬cf. #244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])ˡȯ non-rhotic/rhotic ΰ㤤ڥ󥰤κ̩ۤܤ˴ϢƤ뺣Τ褦ϤۤȤɸȤʤäȤ er uh ϥڥ󥰤κۤǤϤʤܼŪˤϸκۤǤȵ뤳Ȥϲǽ⤷ʤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-02-02 Sun

#3933. ޤ䥳Υڡ [emode][punctuation][printing][typography]

Ѹζˡ (punctuation) δѤˤȡޡcomma; <,>ˡcolon; <:>ˡߥ (semicolon; <;>ˤʤɤˤϥڡ줺ˤϥڡ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ʴѤȤȤѲƤζλѤ̲ƤΤϡ#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1]) ǤߤȤѸˤƤλѤκˤĤƤɬŪǤϤʤäcf. #2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ ([2016-08-14-1]
Cook (170) ˤȡѸǤϥޤ䥳ΥڡˤĤɤ줬ߤ줿ޤ˴ؤƤȤ˥ڡʤȤ㤬̤ä˴ؤƤϤषȤ˥ڡ뤳ȤԤʤƤϥե󥹸δѤαƶȤ

A word space following punctuation marks was not necessary 'in a Fixion,in a dreame', though there is a space both before and after the colon, following a French convention.
   A comparison of the Folio and Quarto editions shows considerable variation:
   
   Folio: Ham. I ʃo,God buy,ye : Now I am alone.
   Quarto: Ham. I ʃo,God buy to you,now I am alone,


ʹߡˡδѤϡ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵻ѤȯŸʿŪѲƤޤ衼åѤ¾ζˡܤǸ臘Ȥ⤢СȼδѤȯãƤȤ⤢äǤ϶ˡ⡤ֻ䤽¾θȰۤʤ餺̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤˤ餵ƤȤȤ

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-02-01 Sat

#3932. ʬ񤭤ʤä鸡ؤθФȤȯۤФƤʤ [distinctiones][lexicography][word][dictionary][alphabet]

䤿ϡɽʸޤܸν񵭤ˤ³ (scriptura continua) ʤΤ˴Ƥꡤä򴶤ƤʤǤɽʸǤ륢ե٥åȤѤǡ⤷³񤭤ʤƤȡƬˤʤ롥ºݤˤϡϢεǼ夲Ƥ褦ˡ줬ŵꥷŵƥǤϾ֤äΤǤϤ뤬 (cf. #3929. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (1) ([2020-01-29-1])#3930. ʤꥷȥޤ³񤭤Ѥ (2) ([2020-01-30-1])#3931. θ경ʬ񤭡 ([2020-01-31-1]))
ͤδФ餹ȡե٥åȤʬ (distinctiones) ȤȯơäȤʤʬ񤭤ʤäɤʤΤ뤳Ȥ餷ʤ褯褯ͤƤߤȡʬ񤭤ˤζڤ꤬ΤʬȤΤϼ¤ˤ꤬ȤǤ롥³񤭤Ǥϡɤ߼꤬ζڤȽǤʤФʤʤ̤Ϣʤ³ڡΤʤǡ򸡺褦ȤȤʬ񤭤³񤭤ǤϡԡɤŷϤۤɰۤʤʬ񤭤ϡθȤȤ˳̿ŪǽΨ⤿餹Τ
ˡθ礿륵ӥȤ󶡤뼭 (dictionary) ý (glossary) ƼκͤƤߤ褦μǤϡùܤե٥åȽʤɤη줿ǡƬ˸ФȤΩƤƤ뤫餳䤹ΤǤäơ⤷䡹Ϣʤ³񤭤줿ʸΤʤŪθùܤθФõʤФʤʤȤ顤⤽⸡ӥѤ­ƤʤȤߤʤʬ񤭤ȤƤΤǤ롥ΤȤƵŤ餷ʤäȤ
Τ褦դƤ줿ΤϡSaenger (90) λŦǤ롥Ū³񤭤ä졤Ūʬ񤭤ȯãƤƽơѤ­뼭ŪʤΤ줿ΤȤƱͤˡե٥åȽ¤٤Ȥ⡤ܼŪˤʹߤ˽иȯۤȤäƤ

It is difficult to imagine an alphabetical dictionary functioning as a reference tool when written in scriptura continua, even after the codex had supplanted the scroll. For the Greeks and Romans, alphabetical order was chiefly an aid to grammarians in assembling collections of grammatical definitions, such as that of Pompeius Festus, and as a mnemonic tool for relatively short lists of names. The alphabetical principle was never used to facilitate rapid consultation, as in modern indexes.


ʬ񤭡ե٥åȽ硤ԻȤΤϡ٤ƴؤ꤬ȤȤϢơ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1])#1451. Ѹ˾Υ󥳡󥹤ȴե٥åȼ ([2013-04-17-1])#2930. ϤȰθġؿջྶ١ ([2017-05-05-1])#3365. ϤȰθġؿջྶ (2) ([2018-07-14-1]) ⻲ȡ

Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.

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