
354Ѹ (hel_ogiri) XdzŤޤϡž (metathesis) ƤȤǤ¤Ӥ2Ĥβְ㤤η̤Ҥä֤äƤޤäΤΡ¤ӤɸŪˤʤäƤޤäȤֱФפΤ褦ʻǤְ㤤Ȥʹ֤ˤäƿʸޤƤޤȤΤϡͶΤΤѲΤʤǤ͵ΤȥԥåǤ
Ȥä㡤ꤤ㤬äƤ뤫ȤСñʤǤ⤢ޤŵŪǶʽŪϤĤäƤޤθ夬³ʤΤǤ˻äΤǤ³ޤ¿λüԤ⤬ʤõץ饤ѥݥȤ̤ƤƤäǡ⤷Τ³ȴƤޤʲˡޤȤƤȻפޤ
aks/ask
beorht bright
brand/burn
brid bird
cocodrile crocodile
fersc fresh
forst frost (cf. freeze)
gærs grass
hros horse
iern(an), yrn(an) run
mansk Manx
nutrition, nutriment/nurture
patron pattern
purpose/propose
tax/task
three/third
thirl thrill
þurh through
wæps wasp
wal (whale) + ros (horse)
worht(e) wrought (cf. work)
crocodile ˴ؤƤϡ#5999. crocodile αѸ --- إåץѸ츻ŵ٤ΰճƶ ([2025-09-29-1]) ȤƤ
ʤǽ˴줿Ƥϡ~ߤˤʲʣʻǤ
lamella (ƥ)
la lemelle (ե)
ʬ
l'alemelle
(ؾ)θ
l'alemette
ž
l'amelette
첻Ѳ
l'omelette
omelette (Ѹ)
ܵƱݤǡ314 heldio ˤ#1749. ž --- ޤäƤޤϤޤΤǡҤ⤪İС
μͭӥ Mond Ǥ˲ޤ
![[t] ƲϤĤ顩 --- Mond μ](https://user.keio.ac.jp/lib/mond_20230831.png)
ȤƤϡt Ʋ (flapping or tapping) ٤ȤѸʹߤƤȤȤˤʤޤɤǰ۲ȤƹԤʤƤΤ17ʹߤ˥ꥫޤϤ˰ܿѾ줿ΤȻפޤt ƲϥꥫѸŵŪħǤȤݤǤ¾¿ΥꥫѸħȤȤˡºݤεɤ˵줽Ǥ
ǤϺĴ˺ݤäŵƤޤǤ Dobson (Vol. 2, p. 956) Minkova (147--48) ˵ޤDobson εҤȤƻĤƤޤ
(4) Intervocalic [t] becomes [r]
385. From early in the sixteenth century there appear the forms porridge, porringer, &c. for earlier pottage, potager (see OED, s.vv.), though the older forms also survived (thus Salesbury has potanger and Bullokar potage). Coles gives porridg and porringer as 'phonetic' spellings of pottage and pottinger, from which it appears that written forms with t may sometimes conceal spoken forms with [r].
Ϣơ#61. porridge ϰƼѹ٤ ([2009-06-28-1]) r rhotic ε⻲ȡ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻƤ
(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥
(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ
(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥
Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.
#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 첻ǤƤʤäΤǡϱѸˤˤ첻βѲˤĤơפʤΤޤȤ
ȤϤäƤ⡤Ѹ˾βѲϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⼨褦ˡ첻ѲΤۤäȼ䵬ϤäơμѲˤޤȤ夲ΤǡCruttenden (72) ˽äơűѸȸѸ첻ηϤоȤȤ˺ΩĥݥȤ6뤳Ȥǡ̤βȤ
(1) OE rounded front vowels [yː, ʏ] were lost by ME (following even earlier loss of [øː, œ]).
(2) Vowels in weakly accented final syllables (particularly in suffixes) were elided or obscured to [ə] or [ɪ] in ME or eModE.
(3) All OE long vowels closed or diphthongised in eModE or soon after.
(4) Short vowels have remained relatively stable. The principal exception is the splitting of ME [ʊ] into [ʌ] and [ʊ], the latter remaining only in some labial and velar contexts.
(5) ME [a] was lengthened and retracted before [f,θ,s] in the eighteenth century.
(6) The loss of post-vocalic [r] in the eighteenth century gave rise to the centring diphthongs /iə,eə,ɔə,ʊə/ (later /ɔə/ had merged with /ɔː/ by 1950 and /eə/ became /ɛː/ by 2000). The pure vowel /ɜː/ arose in the same way and the same disappearance of post-vocalic [r] introduced /ɑː,ɔː/ into new categories of words, e.g. cart, port
(3) 첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ϢѲǤ롤
Ѹ˾¿첻ѲΤʤDzŻ뤷ͭյȤ뤫ȤΤϤʤʤʤΤƾιܤ˹ʤä̯Ǽ롥˻ͤˤʤꥹȤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
hellog 饸ǤϡܸüԤȤѸ l r ζ̤ˤĤƤǤƱԲȤ r ҤȤĤǺѤޤгڤʤϤʤΤˡʤѸǤϤ虜虜 l r 2ĤβʬΤΤ褦ݤϡҤƤۤȤʤäȤʤȤǤI eat rice. ʻƤ٤ޤˤ I eat lice. ʻϤߤ٤ޤˡI love you. ʤʤƤޤˤ I rub you. ʤʤޤˤʤɡܸüԤ l r ζ̤Ǥ뤳ȤˤäƬ른硼⤢ޤϲȤ֤ʤС
ȤȤǡʲβİ۲ (dissimilation) βǤ⤢ޤ
ѸǤϸߤΤߤʤ餺Ūˤ⤺ä l r ۤʤ벻ǤȤƶ̤ƤޤŪˤäξƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤξؤؤƤȤ pilgrim, marble, colonel αñΤɤäƤˤΤʤ˳ǧΤǤl r ϱѸǤäѤƤ
˴ؿäϡ##72,1618,1817,3684,3016,3904,3940εåɤ
#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1])#4068. Ѹ -ir, -er, -ur ͻβŪᥫ˥ ([2020-06-16-1]) εǡr ֤첻Ūͻ礷ƤܤѸβѲȤǤ Dobson (724) "No consonant exercises greater or more varied influence on the development of the words in ME and ModE than r." ȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ˾夭ƱƶϤ礭ʲѲǤ롥
βѲˤĤ Hickey ʸɤൡäޤȤƤͭפʤΤǡβսѤ褦 (99--100)
The BIRD-TERM-NURSE merger
For his discussion of short vowel centralisation before /r/ Dobson discusses /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ separately and in that order. However, he sees the development of all three vowels as similar and as having taken place in the early seventeenth century, in "Standard English", though earlier "in the dialects" (Dobson 1968, 746). The centralisation took place "because of the influence of the following r to the central vowel [ə]". He continues to state that "[t]he reason for the retraction was to anticipate the pronunciation of the r, for [ə] is a vowel closely allied to the ModE [r]". Lass (2006, 91) sees the centralisation for all three ME vowels as having taken place somewhat later and mentions Nares (1794) as the first writer to say that "vergin, virgin and vurgin would be pronounced alike".
Dobson (1968, 746) states that the schwa vowel "must have been of approximately the same quality as PresE [ə] which later develops from it when the r is vocalized to [ə]". There is an important conclusion from these remarks, namely that centralisation presupposes the existence of a following /r/ so that the loss of rhoticity must be dated after the centralisation. Confirmation of this is found from prescriptive authors of the eighteenth century. For instance, John Walker in his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of 1791 has 'bu2rd' for bird, his u2 represents schwa (in his principle 172 he states that the vowel value is the same as that in done, son). Walker also transcribes bird with "r" but we know that he favoured the retention of non-prevocalic /r/ even though he recognised that it was rapidly losing ground during his lifetime.
NURSE Merger ΥΥˤĤƲƥݥȤȴФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
(1) ͻ礬ϡ1718ޤǤȽ֤
(2) ɸѸǤɸѸ٤ä
(3) ޤ첻ɤ岽ͻ礷θ˸첻ͻ礷
(4) 첻ͻ /r/ ξü
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
Hickey, Raymond. "Vowels before /r/ in the History of English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 95--110.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 43--108.
Nares, Robert. Elements of Orthoepy. 1794. Reprint. Menston: Scolar P, 1968.
ɸβѲϡܥ֥Ǥ⤹Ǥ˰ä褦ˡ#3507. NURSE Merger ([2018-12-03-1]) ȸƤФƤ롥βŪᥫ˥ˤĤ Minkova (277--78) βʹƤߤ褦
A coda /-r/ is a neutralising environment. For the short vowels neutralisation of [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ] results in merger into the featurally neutral schwa outcome. The phonetic rationale behind this is the coarticulation of the short vowel + /-r/ which affects both segments: it lowers and centralises the vowel, while the adjacent sonorant coda becomes more schwa-like; its further weakening can eliminate the consonantal cues, leading to complete loss of the consonantal properties of /r/. The difficulty of perceiving the distinctive features of pre-/r/ vowels is attributed to the acoustic similarity of the first two formants of [ɹ], [ɻ], and [ə ? ɨ] . . . .
(coda) /r/ ϡľ첻岽ʤۣ첻ˤˤ /r/ ȤҲŪ첻˶Ť̤Ȥơ/r/ ϻҲ˼Ȥˤʤꡤľû첻ȹήбĹ첻Ȥʤ롤ȤſϸͭβŪݻƤ2ߤƱ (assimilation) Ĥˤдˤä [əː] ؤȽ뤷Ȥʤ褦ʡ餷ʤ褦ʷ̤줬ñθˤϰƤΤʤ
Ϣơ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) εɤ
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ѸΡĹ첻 /r/פ뤤ϡ2첻 /r/פβϢϡѸˤƤĤθߤ̩ܤʲѲФƤʲMinkova (279) ƤƸ褦ǰƬˤ륿ॹѥϡѸ줫18?19ˤƤǤ롥
| Late ME to EModE | Schwa-insertion | Length adjustment | /-r/-loss | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -əir ? -ʌir | -aiər | -aɪər | -aɪə | fire (OE fȳr) |
| -eː̝r ? -iːr | -iːər | -ɪər | -ɪə | deer (OE dēor) |
| -ɛːr ? -e̝ːr ? -iːr | -iːər | -ɪər | -ɪə | ear (OE ēare) |
| -ɛːr ? -eːr | -eːər | -ɛər | -ɛə | pear (OE pere) |
| -æːr ? -ɛːr | -ɛːər | -ɛər | -ɛə | hare (OE hara) |
| -ɔːr | -ɔː(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə) | oar (OE ār) |
| -oːr | -ɔː(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə)r | -ɔ(ː)(ə) | floor (OE flōr) |
| -oː̝r ? -uːr | -uːər | -ʊər | -ʊə | poor (AN pover, pour) |
| -əur ? -ʌur | -auər | -aʊər | -aʊə | bower (OE būr) |
rhotic ʥꥫѸפȡnon-rhotic ʥꥹѸפȤΩϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ωñ㲽ƤȤ館뤭餤ꡤºݤˤϥꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽ⤢СꥹѸ rhotic Ѽ⤢롥ꥫѸΰǤʤ non-rhotic ȯԤʤƤ뤫ˤĤƤϹäˤꡤܺ٤Ϥޤ餫ˤƤʤ (cf. #3953. ꥫѸ non-rhotic Ѽε ([2020-02-22-1]))
⤽ non-rhotic ȯ߽ФȤˤʤä /r/ üȤѲϡʤϤޤäΤMinkova (280) ϡ/r/ ü˺ѤŪҲŪװŦĤġֻ˸경줿 <r> Ʊξü˻ߤˡʣʹ˰礤η̤Ȥơrhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸뤳ȤˤʤäƤΤ⤯
While loss of /r/ may be described as 'natural' in a phonetic sense, it is still unclear why some communities of speakers preserved it when others did not. One reason why the change may have taken off in the first place, not usually considered in the textbook accounts, is loan phonology. In Later Old French (eleventh to fourteenth century) and Middle French (fourteenth to sixteenth century), pre-consonantal [r] was assimilated to the following consonant and thereby lost in the spoken language (it is retained in spelling to this day), producing rhymes such as sage : large, fors : clos, ferme : meesme. Thus English orthography was at odds with the functional factor of ease of articulation and with the possibly prestigious pronunciation of recent loanwords in which pre-consonantal [-r] had been lost. This may account for the considerable lag time for the diffusion and codification of [r]-loss in early Modern English. Rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations must have coexisted for over three centuries, even in the same dialects. . . . [C]onservatism based on spelling maintained rhoticity in the Southern standard until just after the first quarter of the nineteenth century.
ǿƤե "loan phonology" ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤϡ¿ʻǤ롥
ּʡײեˤ /r/ üֻˤ <r> ݻ --- /r/ üϤʤŪҲŪװȡ˻ߤ褦ˡŪװȤĹˤ錄˰깭Ū1700ǯ鸽ߤޤǤ300ǯʾˤ錄ä rhotic non-rhotic ξȯ¸³ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
ѸηƻŵŪ (suffix) -al 롥abdominal, chemical, dental, editorial, ethical, fictional, legal, magical, medical, mortal, musical, natural, political, postal, regal, seasonal, sensational, societal, tropical, verbal ʤ˿¿뤳ȤǤ롥ϥƥηƻ -ālis (pertaining to) Ѹ˥եͳäƤΤǡŪǤ롥
褯 -ar ȤΤ⤢롥褷ƾʤʤangular, cellular, circular, insular, jocular, linear, lunar, modular, molecular, muscular, nuclear, particular, polar, popular, regular, singular, spectacular, stellar, tabular, vascular ʤ¿㤬롥εϤϤƥˤꡤƻ -āris (pertaining to) ˤΤܤ롥ξΰ㤤 l r ߤ˴طƤΤ
Yes Ǥ롥ŵŪ l r ΰ۲ (dissimilation) ȤʤäƤ롥ƥˤǥեȤ -ālis Τ l ޤޤȤˤ l νʣäơ l r ؤȰ۲ä˴ΤֻҲ -leפǽˤϡؤȤƻҲθ u (anaptyxis) ƻ -ular ȤȤˤʤ롥
l r ΰ۲ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])#3904. coriander 2Ҳ l ǤϤʤ r ([2020-01-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
̣ȤΤ coriander ʥꥢˤѸǤ coliandre ʤɤ l İ۷ԤʤƤȤȤΤär l ؤ븽ݡä˸ƱҲ2ĸ˰ؤ븽ݤϡ۲ (dissimilation) ȤΤƤꡤˤȤϤȤ褷ƵǤϤʤεȡ
#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1])
#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])
#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1])
#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])
MED Ƥߤȡcoria(u)ndre (n.) colia(u)ndre (n.) ̸ФΩƤƤ롥¾θ츻ŵξͤ碌ȡr Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > OF coriandre > ME coria(u)ndre Ȥȥ졼ȤʼѤή줬ꤵƤ褦l Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > VL *coliandru(m) > OF coliandre > ME colia(u)ndre Τ褦ˡ¯ƥʳǰ۲ФΤѸäȤ롼ȤꤵƤ롥
⤷ΤϡMED Τ줾θФΤȤ˼Τ褦 Wycliffite Bible 㤬ǺܤƤ뤳ȤEarly Version Ǥ r l ξȤƤ뤳Ȥǧ롥
a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Num.11.7: Manna forsothe was as the seed coryaundre [WB(2): seed of coriaundre], of the colour of bdelli.
a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Ex.16.31: The hows of Yrael clepide the name of it man, that was as the seed of coliaundre [WB(2): coriandre] white, and the taast of it as of tryed floure with hony.
ޤƱʸˡˤƤ⡤츻ȤδطˤĤƻŦߤ롥
a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)17b/b: Coriandrum: coliandre.
ĤǤ OED ȤƤߤȡǤ coriander coliander 2ĤθФΩƤƤ뤬ԤνФΤۤᤤʰʲʸˡ l ϽѸǸѤȤʤäƤ롥
c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 218 Genim þas wyrte þe man coliandrum & oðrum naman þam gelice cellendre nemneð.
ŪȤƤߤС۲ФƤʤפη֤ɸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬ѸξŪ¸ƤȤΤϤ⤷̾۲ϡr l Ѳפʤɤ̻ŪʸݤȤƸ뤬ξζ¸ȤŪʴįƤߤΤ1Ĥƶ
#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸŪˤͭɸβפǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)
Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ첻 (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥
ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) ȡ
ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ
ܸüԤϱѸ줽¾θǶ̤벻 /l/ /r/ ζ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰۤʤ벻ǤǤϤʤޤǥԻҲ /r/ 2Ĥΰ۲Ȥ֤ŤǤ뤫顤̵ʤѸؤְʾ塤ȯʬİʬɬפ뤳Ȥǧ뤬̤ζꤽΤΤ̵ȤСϿǤ롥ŪʶȤϤ鷺ȤŪʶǤ롥ɤ褦ʤܸüԤξζ̤ʤΤϡŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ⡤ޤDzŪʱѸ켪ǤƤʤȤ٤ǤꡤǽϤȤϹ¤Ȥɬפ롥
DzŪʴ餤äƤ⡤l r ϡϤᤤǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ΤȤϤäȶĴ٤Ȥή (liquid) ȾΤ졤İŪˤ첻˶ᤤή褦ʻҲȰ֤Ť롥ĴŪˤ l r ۤʤΤϳΤä r Ǥ벻ǤμºŪĴϼ¤͡Ǥʡ#2198. 衼åѽ͡ r ([2015-05-04-1]) ȡˡΤʤˤ [l] ȻŤȤ٤ r Ĵ⤢ºݡܸüԤǤ⡤ԻҲŪʻƤ [ɾ] ȤƤǤʤ¦ [l] ȤȯüԤ⤤롥l r ϡĴŪˤİŪˤϤʤΤǤ롥
¤ϡ/l/ /r/ ̤٤ۤʤ벻Ǥɸ֤ƤѸˤƤ⡤ŪˤξؤƤ褦ʸݡ뤤ξԤѥȯãƤ褦ʸݤߤ롥褯ΤƤȤƤϡƱ̤ pilgrim ʽԡˤ peregrine ʳΡˤ l r ΩǤ롥츻ŪˤϸԤ r ǤꡤԤ l ϡñ2 r 뤳ȤäƤΰ۲ (dissimilation) Ȥ롥Ʊͤˡե marbre Ѹ줬Ѥ marble ȤΤ۲κѤȤ롥۲ȤϡñˤСƱȯϢ³äơȯڤؤȤȤǤ롥
äơ嵭Τ褦ʥڥ顤ѸǤ l r ϳΤˡƱײǤϤʤʤȤײǤ뤳Ȥڤ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥ顤l r ŪˤϤᤫäǤᤤ
Ϣơʲε⻲ȡ
#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1])
#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1])
#1818. ܸ /r/ ([2014-04-19-1])
#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])
Φ纴̣ colonel ϡֻ /ˈkəːnəl/ ȯ롥̤ñ kernel ʳ˿ˤƱȯǤ롥l ۻ (silent_letter) ǤФ꤫첻⡤ȯȤбΤʤΤ狼ʤۤɤԵ§Ǥ롥Ϥʤ
ñαѸǤνФ1548ǯΤȤǤꡤΤȤֻ coronell äl ǤϤʤ r ƤΤǤ롥бե줫μѸǡ coronnel, coronel, couronnel ʤɤ֤ƤΤ褽ΤޤޱѸäƤȤˤʤ롥Υեñ켫Τϥꥢ줫μѤǡꥢǤ colonnello, colonello Τ褦֤ƤĤޤꡤꥢ줫եϤäȤˡǽή l r ؤؤ줿ΤǤ롥ϥޥǤϤ褯۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ (cf. Sp. coronel) l 2ٸ뤳ȤäƤβѲʱѸ˴ؤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ȡˡ
˸츻̤Хƥ columnam ʱˤ˹Ԥ夭ʼΤʥˡפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäեѲ coronnel ֻˤĤƤСָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤ corona, couronne "crown" ȴطŤݤ줿եǤ16Ⱦˤ l ֻᤵ졤colonnel ȤƸߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡֻ˴Ť l ǤϤʤ r ȯθѤ³ֻ˴ؤƤ16Ⱦ˸ֻȤ l ᤵ뤳Ȥˤʤäեˤ l Ʊ˻ȤΤȻפ롥18ȾޤǤϸŤ coronel ¸³Ƥ˾äƤߤ colonel ֻͣȤʤäȯϸŤΤ˿졤ֻѲ椨ˡߤˤޤ³ֻȯΥåפƤޤäȤ櫓
ºݤηаޤϡǽҤ٤ۤñǤϤʤä褦ֻ l ᤵ줿Τ˸ƱȯǤ l ᤵ줿ȳǧϤꡤ/ˌkɔləˈnɛl/ ʤɤȯ19ޤѤƤȤȯ벻ˤĤƤ̻ŪѲߤ졤3ä17ȾФ2Ȥȯ㤬졤19ޤǤˤϤ줬̲ĤĤä
<colonel> = /ˈkəːnəl/ ϡֻȯδطʣˤФơŪԵ§˸ǤޤäƤλ1ĤǤ롥
Ѹ hoarse ʤ㤬Ρˤˤ r ޤޤƤ뤬űѸǤη hās Ǥꡤr Ϥʤäפʸ츻ŵˤȡ r ѸˤǤȤ̣Ū˴ˤϢѸ harsk (harsh, coarse) ʤɤȤƤ롥
r εϡäȸŤȤˤǽ⤢롥ޥĸǤ *χais(r)az, *χairsaz ƷƤꡤȤ r s ꤵƤ夷ƤΤϲž (metathesis) δͿˤΤȹͤˡºݤˡޥʸڤ֤ϡ(M)HG heiser, MDu heersch, ON háss (< *hārs < *hairsaR) ʤɡr ޤǤ뤫ʤȤʳ r ¸ߤƤȤƤ롥
űѸƱͤ r 礯֤⾯ʤʤOFr hās, OS & MLG hēs, OHG heis ʤɤǤ롥ɤ顤ˤ뤬Ѹˤ餺ʣθѼˤơr ̵ͭɤƤ褦ȤȡűѸ r ޤ֤ʸڤ줺Ѹˤʤäƽʸ˸줿ȤäơűѸ r ޤäȤƤʤäȤϸڤʤʤ롥
ѸǤϡhoos, hos, hors ʤɤ¸Ƥꡤºݤ3Ĥֻ Piers Plowman, B. xvii. 324 ΰۼܴ֤˸롥ֻˤĤƤϡMED hōs (adj.) ⻲ȡ
r ǤϤʤ r ξüȤˤĤƤСѸ˾塤Ȥɤѻ롥㤨С#452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1])#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü ([2015-10-21-1]) λΤۤarse r 19æ ass Ȥʤä⤢롥Τ褦 r ʤȸ褦ʡȤäƤ褤ʤ#500. intrusive r ([2010-09-09-1])#2026. intrusive r (2) ([2014-11-13-1]) ȡˡ
#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) Ӻε#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ˰³/r/ ꡥܸ /r/ βŪ¸ˤĤƤǤ롥
ܸΥԤλҲ /r/ ϡŵŪˤϡͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸롥äˡ֤פΤ褦ˡ첻˶ޤ줿ĶǤϤ줬̤Ǥ롥βϡBrE merry AmE letter 2ҲȤŵŪ˸벻Ǥ⤢롥ĴŪˤϡβͭĺ /d/ ˤʤᤤ[ɾ] ǤȻԤˤĺ夯λ֤ûȤħ롥֥饤פʤɤθƬ֥å顼פʤɤ¥θǤܿʤꡤ/d/ ˤ˶ŤĺγϼǤ롥
ճΤƤʤȤܸüԤθĿͤˤäƤϡͭ¦ܶ [l] ˶ᤤҲԻҲȤѤƤ롥ƬθǸ뤳Ȥ¿첻֤Ǥ¦˶ʤͤ⤤롥ԤäβɸϤʤͭ [ɖ] ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ܿĹΡˤͭ¦ܶ [l̺] ˤᤤΤǡѤˡ⤢롥ͭ¦̤Ϥ [ɺ] ϡ [l] ϤΤ˥Υ㥬ʤɤʹҲǤ롥
ۤˤ֤٤ᤨĴפŵŪȤͭԤդ뤨 [r] ܸ /r/ μͳ۲ȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥
ʾ塤ƣ (91) Ⱥƣ (43) Ȥ
ƣ ˡܸ첻ٲǡƲ2013ǯ
ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
Ѹ /l/ /r/ ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ʤɤǰäƤȤ櫓ĴˤĤơ#1618. Ѹ /l/ /r/ ([2013-10-01-1]) dzפϰʣΤΡƤε Crystal (245) ˰͵ƽ
εǤ⸫褦ˡѸβ /l/ ϡ͡ʲȤƼ¸롥[l] δŪĴϡԤܤ¦̤ƵȴΤΤȤ˱礭2ब̤롥줾 "clear l" "dark l" ȸƤФ롥 [l] ϡ夬Ÿ˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP Ǥ첻 [j] ֤ǵ (ex. leap) [ɫ] ϡ夬˸äƾ夬Τǡ첻ζRP ǤϤʳΰ֤ǵ (ex. pool) clear l dark l ʬۤϡѼˤ͡Ǥꡤ㤨СIrish ΰǤ֤ clear l ʹ줿ꡤScots AmE ¿Ǥ֤ dark l ʹ롥ޤplease, sleep Τ褦̵Ҳθ֤Ǥ̵ [l] Ѥ롥Τۤbottle Τ褦˲粻Ū l ǤϡԤ [t] ¦ȼCockney RP Ǥ顤peel ʤɤ dark l 첻[piːo] ʤɤȤʤ롥
Ѹβ /r/ ϡ餯Ѽˤ뺹ĿͺǤ¿ҲǤ̤ˤͭܶ [ɹ] ȤƼ¸롥d ˸³ˤϡ褬Ԥ˸¤ʤܶᤷ (ex. drive) 첻˶ޤ줿֤䤤ĤλҲθ֤ǡܸŵŪʥԤλҲƱ褦ͭԤϤ [ɾ] Ȥʤ (ex. very, sorry, three) ©ȼ [ph, th, kh] θ֤Ǥ̵Ȥʤ (ex. pry, try, cry)
Ѽˤ۲ȤƤϡǤͭ̾ʤΤͭܶ [ɻ] ǡԤ첻βӤӤ롥General American ŵŪۤˤ⥤ѼǤʹ롥ͭԤդ뤨 [r] ϡScots Welsh ΰʹ뤬¾ѼǤĴ⤤ȯˤƸ뤳Ȥ롥ΤۤեɥĸǰŪʹͭ [ʁ] 뤤ͭդ뤨 [ʀ] åȥǤʹ졤"Northumbrian burr" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥʡ#1055. uvular r θ춭ۤ ([2012-03-17-1]) ȡˡǸˡ19ȾΥɤǡred [wed] ȯ褦 /r/ [w] Ѥ뤳ȤϤäȤդäƤ
ʤǤȤƤ /r/ ǤϤʤAmE matter t ͭԤϤ [ɾ] ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿party t ͭϤ [ɽ] ȯ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) εǡ/l/ /r/ θؤƤܸüԤϡѸؽ塤ξμ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ褯ΤäƤΤǡμ˴ؿ䤹ξƤ뤳ȤΤäƤ뤬ŪˤϤɤΤ褦˻ƤΤϡѸ /l/ /r/ Ӥΰ۲˴ؤ벻Ūʻ¤Ҳ𤷤ʲ罤۱Ѹػŵ (325--28) ξˤĤƤεҤ롥
Ѹ¦ /l/ ԤˤĤĴ뤬Ǥΰ֤˱2Ĥΰ۲̤롥첻 /j/ ǤŸ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ clear l ȯ롥ٻߤȻҲǤϡ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ dark l ȯ롥/l/ ϸ§Ȥͭ©ȼ /ph, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵롥ŪˤС/l/ 첻ŪǤꡤŪʤʻҲȤϰۤʤʥեޥȤ1եޥ (F1) 2եޥ (F2) clear l Ǥ첻ħŪΰ˸졤dark l Ǥϸ첻ħŪΰ˸롥
/r/ ϡĶơޤüԤѰ˱ơĤ۲Τ줫ȤƼ¸롥Ƭ첻³֡/d/ ʳͭ³֤ǤϡܶȤȯ롥/d/ ˸³ˤͭȤʤ롥©ȼ /ph, th, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵Ȥʤ롥첻֡뤤 /θ, ð/ /b, g/ θ֤ǡȤƲѤ롥ޤĴ⤤ϯɤʤɤưѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ūˤϡ/r/ ¦ /l/ Ʊ͡첻ŪǤ롥/r/ /l/ βŪʺϡȤ F3 եޥȿܤ˸롥Fry, D. B. (The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: CUP, 1979) ˤl r Υڥȥפ罤۱Ѹػŵ (327) ƷǤ褦

줾 mallow marrow ȯڥȥդˤ̤Ǥ롥/l/ Ǥ F3 첻 F3 ȤۤƱΰ˸ΤФ/r/ Ǥ F3 ë롥 F3 οκۤϡ첻Ωݻ롥Ѹ /l/ /r/ ʹʬΤ˺ܸüԤϡʤξˤ F3 ưФƴ٤㤤ȤȤˤʤ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
ܿͤζȤȯΥڥɽȤ [r] [l] 롥rice lice ƱȯˤʤäꡤI love you I rub you ˤʤäȤ䤨ʤ⤽⡤ܸˤϡξԤ˲ǤȤƤζ̤ʤΤ顤ְ㤨ƤʤȤ⤤롥ֻʤפȳľäƤ褤ͳĵƤߤ褦
ܤϡ⤽ [r] [l] ϲŪ˻Ƥ벻Ǥ롥褷ܿͤμ̵ǽʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤƴְ㤤ʤƤΤϡήפȸƤФ졤ȤȻԤѤĴ롥βȹ줷ơ첻Τ褦ʲ˲ǤƤ롥줯餤ƤΤ顤ְ㤨Ƥȳľ뤳ȤǤ롥
ܤϡ[r] [l] ȤʬƤüԡ㤨бѸüԤǤ顤ξԤؤ뤳ȤäĤθΤʤ [r] ٤ФƤȡγ餫üԤǤߤˤʤ롥ξˤϡäΰ֤餷Ƥۤäȯ䤹ȤȤ⤢ꤦ롥ʤȤ [r] [l] ȯƤϤɤ뤤ϤεդϤɤʤɤȤˡ줿ȯԹʤɤˤäơȤƱäĤβưۤʤ벻Ȥȯ褦ˤʤ뤳Ȥ۲ʺѡ ( dissimilation ) Ȥ
۲ζƤߤ褦pilgrim ֽԡפϡ<l> <r> ޤǤ뤬츻ϥƥ peregrīnum ֳ͡פǤ롥ܤ <r> ۲ <l> Ȥʤꡤ줬ѸäϢ peregrine Ρפϰ۲ФƤޤĤ <r> ݤäƤ롥
Ʊͤ marble Сפ⡤ƥǤ marmor <r> Ĥä13˱ѸäƤȤˤ <r> Ĥ֤ä褦ܤ <r> <l> ؤȰ۲֤Ԥ줿褦Ǥ롥ܤ <m> <b> ѲΤƱʺѡˤ뤬ά
Ǽ褦ˡ[r] [l] ϡŪ˶ᤤǤʤդȤʬƤüԤǤ顤۲Ѥˤäξؤۤɤ̩ܤʴطʤΤǤ롥
ǡ⤦ä /r/ /l/ ְ㤨!?
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