521ˤ˸줿ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ#129. ŹȤƸȤʤˤ⤷ȤǤ
ư10:24դǡ夵Ρֻλյ (Judges 12:4--6) ˽ŵ shibboleth ֥ܥơפ˸ڤƤޤθϡ츻Ūˤϥإ֥饤ǡֹסʤ뤤ϡֹʪסˤ̣ šibbolet ̤ޤŨФ륨ե饤 (Ephraimites) [ʃ] ȯǤʤȤ顤쥢ǿ (Geleadites) Ũʬ뤿ˤθѤȤԥɤǤˤꡤ쥢ǿͤ42ͤΥե饤ͤʬȤޤcf. #3623. إ֥饤줫μѸ ([2019-03-29-1])ˡ̱²̤뤿Ρֻա礤աפǤ
OED ˤȡθαѸǤνФ1382ǯ Wycliffe ˤƤǤ
1. The Hebrew word used by Jephthah as a test-word by which to distinguish the fleeing Ephraimites (who could not pronounce the sh) from his own men the Gileadites (Judges xii. 4--6).
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Judges xii. 6 Thei askiden hym, Seye thanne Sebolech [1535 Coverdale Schiboleth, 1611 Shibboleth],..the which answerde, Shebolech [a1425 L.V. Thebolech, 1535 Siboleth, 1611 Sibboleth].
1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ܸꡤΡֻλյ (Judges 12:4--6) ѤƤޤ礦
4 Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim: and the men of Gilead smote Ephraim, because they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the Ephraimites, and among the Manassites. 5 And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; 6 Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
4 ǥեϥ쥢Ǥο͡ȤȤƥե饤襤쥢Ǥο͡ϥե饤ˤäϥե饤ब֥쥢ǤӤȤ衤ʤϥե饤ȥޥʥΤˤ륨ե饤ͤפȸäǤ롥5 ƥ쥢ǤӤȤϥե饤ϤϤΤǡե饤ͤϤ餻ƤפȸȤ쥢Ǥο͡ϡ֤ʤϥե饤ӤȤǤפ䤤οͤ⤷֤ǤϤޤפȸʤС6 ޤοͤˡ֤Ǥϡإܥơ٤ȸäƤʤפȸοͤȯ뤳ȤǤʤǡ֥ܥơפȸȤϡοͤᤨơϤǻλե饤ӤȤݤ줿ΤϻͤǤä
YouTube ư11:03ʹߤǡ夵饤ʸǡ֥ѥפ̣֥ѥ̥ĥפȯüԡʤΥѥˤӽ뤿ѤƤȤäƤޤζ٤ӽǽˡܤƤߤƤϤǤ礦
ˤĤƤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ⤪äޤ#723. shibboleth ֻա --- ζ٤ӽǽǤ
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1]) ήʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤĤƱѸ˾Τ⤷¤1ĵ
ʬΥѤῼʹ֤ infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤǻؤ뤳Ȥε ([2022-12-11-1]) dzǧOED 1927ǯˤθƾΤνФϿƤ롥infinitive-splitter ȤƾΤƸꤺä5̤äˡѸ˾ο "infinitive-splitter" ¸ߤ륺οؼ Reginald Pecock (1395?--1460) Ǥ롥
ʬΥλ14ʤ뤤13ˤ긫ФȤ뤬ˤˤ Pecock ۤɤζڶ infinitive-splitter ϤʤΩ Chaucer ϤۤȤɻȤʤäLayamon Wyclif Ϥ⤦¿ȤäΤѤ櫓ǤϤʤ Shakespeare Kyd ԻѤä18ˤƤ褦䤯٤ޤäƤȤήѸѸˤƤλˡPecock infinitive-splitter ȤƻȵƤΤʤबʬΥ¿ѤΤʬʤVisser (II, § 977; p. 1036) ⡤Τ褦˸ǤäƤ롥
Quite apart, however, stands Reginald Pecock, who in his Reule (c 1443), Donet (c 1445), Repressor (c. 1449), Folewer (c 1454) and Book of Faith (c 1456) not only makes such an overwhelmingly frequent use of it that he surpasses in this respect all other authors writing after him, but also outdoes them in the boldness of his 'splitting'. For apart from such patterns as 'to ech dai make him ready', 'for to in some tyme, take', 'for to the better serve thee', which are extremely common in his prose, he repeatedly inserts between to and the infinitive adverbial adjuncts and even adverbial clauses of extraordinary length, e.g. Donet 31, 17, 'What is it for to lyue þankingly to god ...? Sone, it is forto at sum whiles, whanne oþire profitabler seruycis of god schulen not þerbi be lettid, and whanne a man in his semyng haþ nede to quyke him silf in þe seid lovis to god and to him silf and nameliche to moral desires (whiche y clepe here 'loves' or 'willingnis') vpon goodis to come and to be had, seie and be aknowe to god ... þat he haþ receyued benefte or benefetis of god.') . . .
It is not ascertainable what it was that brought Pecock, to this consistent deliberate and profuse use of the split infinitive, which in his predecessors and contemporaries only occurred occasionally, and more or less haphazardly. Neither can the fact be accounted for that he had no followers in this respect, although his works were widely read and studied.
˵ƤʸǤϡޡ forto ư츶 seie and be δ֤ˤʤ57줬ޤƤ롥Pecock ˻˾Ƕ infinitive-splitter ȤξιͿ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ܥ֥ǡ6Ⱦˡ#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1])#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1])#4062. ƥ spirare ©ˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2020-06-10-1]) ε⤽ο OED3 ԽԤμˤ spirit ιܤ˴ؤ֥ That's the spirit: revising 'spirit', n. for OED3 åפƤ
spirit ϡΤΤʤĶŪʻؼоݤ¿Ǥꡤʸ˾פǡĻ٤⤤ñʤΤǡOED ΤʤǤ礭ΥȥȤʤäƤ롥ԽԤȤƤϡΤ褦¿˴ؤƸνˤ뤫ȤΤȤʤ롥Ȥ櫓ñξˤϡ¿ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿ˡѸˤˤȤɤޤäƤ¤ꡤʣθֽȤȤޤ̣ʤʤΤºݡ͡ʸ14 Wycliffe αˤƽФƤ롥Ū§פ OED ΥݥꥷȤơ¿̻Ū˴طŤΤϤޤޤ OED ⤽ΥեˤƥˤˤޤǿƧ߹ळȤϤʤΤǡνϤʤǺޤä褦ǤʸᤷʤƸʬꡤʤ٤ŪʽܻؤƻԺʤɡޤޤԽϤͻҤε֤Ƥ롥
ۤˡǤǤ spirit ιΤȤǰƤ Holy Spirit ǤǤΩθФȤΩƤ줿ȤʸŪʰյˤƽפʲԤȤ٤
OED Τ褦ʡޤ philology ܤΤԽԤο͵ܤˤΤ褦ɸ崶εäOED ζҤƤϼԻˤޤĤϫ褯ʬ뵭Ǥ롥ᡥ
̣ȤΤ coriander ʥꥢˤѸǤ coliandre ʤɤ l İ۷ԤʤƤȤȤΤär l ؤ븽ݡä˸ƱҲ2ĸ˰ؤ븽ݤϡ۲ (dissimilation) ȤΤƤꡤˤȤϤȤ褷ƵǤϤʤεȡ
#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])
#259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1])
#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])
#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1])
#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])
MED Ƥߤȡcoria(u)ndre (n.) colia(u)ndre (n.) ̸ФΩƤƤ롥¾θ츻ŵξͤ碌ȡr Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > OF coriandre > ME coria(u)ndre Ȥȥ졼ȤʼѤή줬ꤵƤ褦l Ԥη֤ˤĤƤϡL coriandrum > VL *coliandru(m) > OF coliandre > ME colia(u)ndre Τ褦ˡ¯ƥʳǰ۲ФΤѸäȤ롼ȤꤵƤ롥
⤷ΤϡMED Τ줾θФΤȤ˼Τ褦 Wycliffite Bible 㤬ǺܤƤ뤳ȤEarly Version Ǥ r l ξȤƤ뤳Ȥǧ롥
a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Num.11.7: Manna forsothe was as the seed coryaundre [WB(2): seed of coriaundre], of the colour of bdelli.
a1425 (a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4) Ex.16.31: The hows of Yrael clepide the name of it man, that was as the seed of coliaundre [WB(2): coriandre] white, and the taast of it as of tryed floure with hony.
ޤƱʸˡˤƤ⡤츻ȤδطˤĤƻŦߤ롥
a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)17b/b: Coriandrum: coliandre.
ĤǤ OED ȤƤߤȡǤ coriander coliander 2ĤθФΩƤƤ뤬ԤνФΤۤᤤʰʲʸˡ l ϽѸǸѤȤʤäƤ롥
c1000 Sax. Leechd. I. 218 Genim þas wyrte þe man coliandrum & oðrum naman þam gelice cellendre nemneð.
ŪȤƤߤС۲ФƤʤפη֤ɸ˼Ѥ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬ѸξŪ¸ƤȤΤϤ⤷̾۲ϡr l Ѳפʤɤ̻ŪʸݤȤƸ뤬ξζ¸ȤŪʴįƤߤΤ1Ĥƶ
#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ
| 1066 | The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England. |
| 1204 | King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent. |
| 1258 | King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament. |
| 1337 | The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism |
| 1348--50 | The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century |
| 1362 | The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English. |
| 1381 | The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest. |
| 1384 | John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible). |
| 1400 | Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry. |
| 1476 | William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty. |
Sir John Cheke (1514--57) ϥ֥åؤζꥮꥷֺ¤ν嶵äα͡˻ߤ줿ǤꡤCheke 1550ǯˡ֥ޥפӡ֥ޥ륳פκǽΰκݡ#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1]) ǸȤꡤCheke ϸŪ (purism) Ωꡤˤ괶ΤʤФʣˤѤCheke ϡThe Authorised Version (1611) ٤ƽŪȤФи Tyndale (1525) ⤵˽ŪǤꡤ̤ä14Ⱦ Wycliffe ӤƤʼ롥ʲˡ֥ޥפꤤĤˤĤӤ褦p. 239ˡ
| Cheke | Wycliffe (1380) | Tyndale (1525) | Authorized Version (1611) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʥХӥء˰ܤ | outpeopling | transmygracioun | captivate | carrying away | chap. i. 17 |
| ͽ | wiseards | astromyens | wyse men | wise men | chap. ii. 16 |
| Ƥ | mooned | lunatik | lunatyke | lunaticke | chap. iv. 24 |
| ߤĤ | tollers | pupplicans | publicans | publicans | chap. v. 46 |
| ɴĹ | hundreder | centurien | centurion | centurion | chap. viii. 5 |
| frosent | apostlis | apostles | apostles | chap. x. 2 | |
| Ȥ | biwordes | parablis | similitudes | parables | chap. xiii. 3 |
| freschman | prosilite | ư칽ʸ | proselyte | chap. xxiii. 15 | |
| ͤˤ줿 | crossed | crucified | crucified | crucified | chap. xxvii. 22 |
14Ⱦ Wycliffe ʰˤˤϡѹˤˤΤߤʤ餺ѸˤˤƤפʤǤȤǤ롥ƥ츶ŵ鴰ȤƽΤΤǤꡤϤ뤫ꤷֽספΤΤä
Wycliffe ϡˤα褦Ȥθ夬Wyclif's Treatise, De Officio Pastorali (Chapter 15) ˸롥ѸƥȤιɤŬƤսȻפΤǡCrystal (198) ˷ǺܤƤ빻ƥȤѤ褦
Also the worthy reume of Fraunse, notwithstondinge alle lettingis, hath translated the Bible and the Gospels, with othere trewe sentensis of doctours, out of Lateyn into Freynsch. Why shulden not Engliyschemen do so? As lordis of Englond han the Bible in Freynsch, so it were not aghenus resoun that they hadden the same sentense in Engliysch; for thus Goddis lawe wolde be betere knowun, and more trowid, for onehed of wit, and more acord be bitwixe reumes.
And herfore freris han taught in Englond the Paternoster in Engliysch tunge, as men seyen in the pley of York, and in many othere cuntreys. Sithen the Paternoster is part of Matheus Gospel, as clerkis knowen, why may not al be turnyd to Engliysch trewely, as is this part? Specialy sithen alle Cristen men, lerid and lewid, that shulen be sauyd, moten algatis sue Crist, and knowe His lore and His lif. But the comyns of Engliyschmen knowen it best in ther modir tunge; and thus it were al oon to lette siche knowing of the Gospel and to lette Engliyschmen to sue Crist and come to heuene.
ҤΤǤ롥٤ΥեǤʤƤǤϤʤޤɽ̱ˤȤäƤ⡤ѸΤۤ䤹ǤϤʤβ桹ˤȤäƤϼ¤ͳŤ14ΥɤǤϡιͤϰüüä
ˡλˤϡŪʰü⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤⾰ʥƥȤɮΤ˱ѸäƤȤȼΤޤΩȤϤʤäƤʤäƱΥ硼ʸؤѸǽ櫓켫ΰǤꡤ¸äȤͤ롥ˤ뤬ֱѸǽפȤ٤ǤʤäȤϡΩĽѸǤ⤽ä³ѸǤꡥϢơ#2861. Cursor Mundi ԤѸǽͳ ([2017-02-25-1])#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
#148. եޥȥ ([2009-09-22-1])#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤˤƥϤȤӤνˡصŪ˴ϢѼ Low Dutch ȤޤȤƻؼ뤳ȤˤθüѤϡѸ줫Ѹޤڤ뤳Ȥʤ³ƤǤ12--13ˤϡɤȥեɥȤηкѴطӤιȤȼ濴˱ɤƤꡤХ (75) θ褦ˡ֥Ȥȥ֥塼ȤϡɤȤӤ2Ĥ˼äס
ˤ⡤ͽ۰ʾᤤ饤ɤȥեɥ̾ϹԤʤƤǤ9ˡեå粦ϥեɥϤϻϼԥܡɥ2̼եꥹȷ뺧Ƥꥢϥܡɥ5̼ΥޥƥǤȷ뺧Ƥ롥ԤؤϡΥꥢ2ȥإ1ޤ©Ҥޤ졤˥إ1פѤ̤쥢ǥȤ̼ޤƤΤ褦˥ɤӤϡԤδ֤ǤⲦ²δ֤Ǥ⡤Ť̩ܤʴطݤäƤΤǤ롥
ѸˤӤν줫¿μѸ줬ήñΤʤˤϡѸȤƤܸȤƤ߿ΤʤʤʲΥѸĤƤߤ13ˡֿƬפΰդäƤ poll ϡ17ȯãĴפΰ̣Ǻ̤ѤƤ롥clock ϡɥ1ξեɥλͤˤꡤ14˥ɤˤ⤿餵줿Ҥʤμ顤pickle ⤿餵졤ӡ˷礫ʤ hop ѸäطǤϡ13 buoy , 14 rover, skipper Ѥ졤15 deck, freight, hose ⤿餵줿ȴطǤϡgroat, sled 14ˡguilder, mart 15äƤ롥¾13 snatch, tackle 14 lollard 15 loiter, luck, groove, snap 줾ѸäΰȤʤä
äפñ lollard ˤĤƿƤθϡ1300ǯ¿ͤϤ͡äƤΤؤƤ줬ΤƥդҤˤŬѤ褦ˤʤä餬Ӥ䵧äƾƤΤˤ̾ˤΤȤ⤵Ƥ롥ѸǤνϥɤˤФľ1395ǯǤ롥
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
ѸαѸǽ줿ʸؤˤĤơȤ Baugh and Cable 110 "Middle English Literature" (149--51) ˰͵Ѹˤ˴Ϣϰ绨Ĥ˳礷
Ѹ줬ҲŪˤɤä̿ȡѸʸؤ̩ܤ˥Ƥ롥ΥޥˤꡤեäήʸŪϹϡʤեǽ줿ʪظäƤꡤѸǽ줿Τ˥ѥȥդǽϳ̵äѸʪԤȤϳΤǤꡤ̤ŪǽȤ٤ԤʤäƤΤǤ롥ϡѸ줷ʤ̱̽˥ꥹȶ۶褦ȤǮ˶줿Ԥääơ1150--1250ǯѸ˱Ѹǽ줿Τϡۤܤ٤ƤŪ͡ŪʸؤǤ롥Ancrene Riwle Ormulum (c. 1200) Τ褦ʡβܤ䡤űѸͳ褹ⶵξƤľλαѸʸؤä㳰Ū Layamon's Brut (c. 1200) The Owl and the Nightingale (c. 1195) Τ褦ŪʸؤФ㳰ȸäƤ褤λϡ§Ȥ "Period of Religious Record" ȸƤ٤
100ǯ֤ϡեФƱѸ줬ᡤѸ줬깭ʸؤȤɽ蘆褦ˤʤäƤեǽ줿ʸؤʤɤơ14ˤƱѸʸؤƤŪˤϡŪʥޥ (romance) Ȥ뤬ѸȤΤ˾褻褦ˤʤä1250--1350ǯαѸʸؤλϡ"Period of Religious and Secular Literature" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ
14θȾޤǤˤϡɤˤƱѸϤܴۤ (reestablishment_of_english) ̤λѸʸػˤˤڤθ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Canterbury Tales Troilus and Criseyde ȤäĤ Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400) ȤơҲŪ Piers Plowman (1362--87) 路 William LanglandʪĤ⤷ John Wycliffe (d. 1384)Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ۤ3ĤζŪŪʼ̤λĤͤ졤ޤ "Period of Great Individual Writers" ȸäƤ褤
15ϡChaucer ʤɤΰͤαƶǡѸʸػ˾塤ƤȤʤäƤꡤ"Imitative Period"뤤Ͻ Shakespeare ޤǤΤĤʤλȤ̣ "Transition Period" ʤɤȸƤФƤ롥ʸػŪˤŪ˲ᾮɾƤ餤뤬Lydgate, Hoccleve, Skelton, Hawes ʤɤηʪƤ롥åȥɤǤ⡤Henryson, Dunbar, Gawin Douglas, Lindsay ʤɤʤˤ Malory Caxton 뤬15θؤʸؤϤäȿ˰Ƥ٤Ǥ롥κǸλθءʸŪˤĤƤϡ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ӡ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ǡ15 Wycliffe ؤΥ˸ڤԼԤԽˡˤĤƤ Kuhn ʸɤǡĤȯäΤ𤹤롥
ƤΥˤĤƽҤ٤ȡ1425ǯ̵̾ԼԤ Wycliffe οФԤǤꡤ168դ British Library MS Royal 17.B ˽Ƥ롥ʬ Wycliffe Early version ȤˤƤ롥ƥȤɽ蘆Ƥ1415ˤƤ East Midland Ǥꡤ Wycliffe ɤθ˻Ƥ롥
ΥΤıѸŪʰյ2Ĥ롥1ĤϡKuhn (266) ˤС"apparently the first concordance to an English book" ǤȤƥΥ륬ؤΥۤǤϤ뤬13ΤƤꡤ1517ˤơԽӤȯ줿ƥ쥳Ԥޤ줿ѸȤƤΥΤƤʤѸǥԼԤϡ餯ƥǤԽˡؤӤȤäơѤΤȻפ롥
⤦1Ĥɮ٤ϡΥʥե٥åȼ˴ŤԤޤƤȤǤ롥췲ե٥åȽ¤٤ȤȯۤΤΤϡűѸθý伭Ǥ⸫뤬¿ñκǽ1ʸΤߤե٥åȽ¤١2ʸʲϽθʤȤΤäθΤ⡤2ʸ3ʸ餤ޤǤǤꡤñνʸޤŰƬŰե٥åȽȤȤȯۤϤʤäΤǤ롥㤨С8Ѹý Epinal Glossary 1ܤΤߤιθǤꡤCorpus Glossary 2ܤޤǤιθˤȤɤޤ롥10 British Museum MS Harley 3376 Ѹý1ʸܤΤߡ11 British Museum MS Cotton Cleopatra A ѸýϤ2ʸܤޤǡ14˻äƤ⡤Ѥʤäơ15ΥԼԤƴե٥åȼ̤˻äΥʸĤȸƤ
ʸ˴줭äͤˤϿȤ#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) (6) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤ1604ǯȤʳǤ顤Υե٥åȽθϰ̤ˤϹޤäƤʤä15ˤƤ䡤Ǥ롥ΥԼԤϹ⤯ɾ٤ܿͤʸ (ff. 3a--b; Kuhn 271) ǼΤۤɤƤ롥
Þis concordaunce sueþ not oonly þe ordre of þe a, b, c in þe firste lettris of wordis but also in þe secounde, in þe þridde, in þe fourþe, & so forþ. Wherfore Aaron stondiþ bifore Abba, ffor þe secounde lettre of Aaron, which is a, stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore b, which is þe secounde lettre of Abba. And Abba stondiþ bifore Abel, for þe þridde lettre of Abba, þat is b, stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore þe þridde lettre of Abel, which is e. Þus conferme stondiþ bifore confounde bi cause þe fifþe lettre of þis word conferme stondiþ in þe a, b, c bifore þe fifþe lettre of confounde, þat is o. ffor in þe firste foure lettris of þese two wordis, whiche ben c, o, n, & f, in no þing þei discorden. Wherfore, if þou fynde ony word in þis werk þat is not set in þis forme, vnkunnyg or neglygence of þe writere is in cause, and liȝtly bi oon þat can, may it be amendid.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
Ѹֻ줢뤤¿ˤĤƤϡme_dialect spelling εʤɤǸڤƤֻɸಽϲƤ븽δФ餹ȿʤȤѸνɤϤDzȤäƤΤǤ롥ѸƥȤ˸礦θԤˤȤäƤϡºݾǺޤȤ¿#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥ֤
ѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
θŪ褹٤ MED (Middle English Dictionary) ˻Ȥȡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǰֻɽǽˤʤɡؤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ѹ¿ֻͤؤΤϡ˸θԤʤΤѸνɤ⡤Ƥ졤ϤؤϴƤΤǤϤʤ餳٤ФʤǤϤ뤬ˤֻɸಽܻؤ줿ΤǤϤʤֻɸಽˤĤƤ spelling standardisation γƵȡˡ
Crystal (227) ˤȡѸüԤϤؤƤȤ⤷롥15 Wycliffe οΥʱѸ˾ΥˤԤԤäե٥åȽˤ餶ʤä̵̾ԻԤϡֻηǤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤɼԤǤäƤɬפäΤǤ롥ʲϡ1425ǯ East Midland ΥƥȤǡBritish Library MS Royal 17.B ff. 5a--b Kuhn ι (272) Ѥ褦
Sumtyme þe same word & þe self þat is writen of sum man in oo manere is writen of a-noþir man in a-noþir manere. . . . Þese diuerse maneris of writyng ben to be considerid in þis concordaunce. ffor per chaunse, aftir my manere of writyng, sum word stondiþ in sum place, which same word, aftir þi maner of writying, shulde stonde in anoþir place. If it plese to ony man to write þis concordaunce, & him þenkiþ þat summe wordis ben not set in ordre aftir his conseit & his manere of writyng, it is not hard, if he take keep wiþ good avisement in his owne writyng, to sette suche wordis in such an ordre as his owne conseit acordiþ wel to.
ˤʤä顤ɼԤϼʬǥʤȸФθĴΤ褦˸Ҥ٤ʤФʤʤääΤ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
ε#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ³ơѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥΰǤ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]) Ǥ57줫ʤñʰBaugh and Cable (185) Ȥơ⤦Ĺ123ΰȤŪǤϤʤץˤʤ
Ѹˤϡƥ14--15濴ɴۤɤѤ줿Ȥ롥طԤؼԤ̤ơäդäΤ⤢뤬ȤʸäΤǤ롥ƥ줫Ѹؤ˺ݤƸѤȤطʤꡤWycliffe ȤμդˤŵBartholomew Anglicus ˤ De Proprietatibus Rerum Trevisa ݤˤɴΥƥ줬äȤ㤬 (Baugh and Cable 184)
abject, actor, adjacent, adoption, allegory, ambitious, ceremony, client, comet, conflict, conspiracy, contempt, conviction, custody, depression, desk, dial, diaphragm, digit, distract, equal, equator, equivalent, exclude, executor, explanation, formal, frustrate, genius, gesture, gloria, hepatic, history, homicide, immune, impediment, implement, implication, incarnate, include, incredible, incubus, incumbent, index, individual, infancy, inferior, infinite, innate, innumerable, intellect, intercept, interrupt, item, juniper, lapidary, lector, legal, legitimate, library, limbo, lucrative, lunatic, magnify, malefactor, mechanical, mediator, minor, missal, moderate, necessary, nervous, notary, ornate, picture, polite, popular, prevent, private, project, promote, prosecute, prosody, pulpit, quiet, rational, recipe, reject, remit, reprehend, requiem, rosary, saliva, scribe, script, scripture, scrutiny, secular, solar, solitary, spacious, stupor, subdivide, subjugate, submit, subordinate, subscribe, substitute, summary, superabundance, supplicate, suppress, temperate, temporal, testify, testimony, tincture, tract, tradition, tributary, ulcer, zenith, zephyr
ʤֻǼϡѸٽ̤1000̰ٸǤFrequency Sorter ˡƥѸ˰ճȿȶ¦̤뤳Ȥ狼
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ѹ news ̾ԲĻȤư롥Ȥˤ an item [a piece, a bit] of news Τ褦ѤNo news is good news. Τ褦̵Ǥ褯Ȥ롥
news εϸ s ˼̤ꡤʣǤ롥ƻ new ̾첽졤줬ʣȤʤäΤ news Ǥ롥ֿʻʪפ̣̾ȤƤκǤᤤϡ13˸ (see MED neue (n.)) ƻ new ̾̾ʤΤǡ괧ĤСʣˤʤä
θϡֿοʪפȤʣѤ뤳Ȥ¿äΤǡʣ̵ɸηȤʤäƤä褦ηˤϡƥեδͿǤ㤨С14Ⱦ Wycliffite Bible ˸뼡ʸƤߤ褦
(a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959) Ecclus.24.35: A king..þe whiche fulfilleþ as phison wisdam & as tigris in þe daiys of newis [WB(2): newe thingis].
of newis бƥʣ°ʤ novorum Ǥ롥ƥʣ nova ϡʩǤ noveles ʣǼ졤Ѹʣ news θ경ˤΤǤϤʤ
ֿʪפֿפؤỌ̇̄礹ȡŪʡ֥˥塼פȤʤ롥OED MED ˤСθǤνϼΤΤȤ롥
c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24) st.179: Awak..I bring The newis glad.
θϡ̤ˤ16ʹߤȤʤäޤ16Ⱦϡnews ŪñDz㤬褦ˤʤ롥OED ˤȡνϼ̤ꡥ
1566 Pasquine in Traunce 36, I hearde speak of it, when ye newes therof was brought to Pope Iulie the seconde.
θ塤19ޤ news ʣñ㤬¤ΩĤŪñ̾ȤƤˡΩƸ˻äƤ롥
̾ʣŪ뤤Ū˲졤ñȤʤäƤ椯ϡ̾ʤɤŵŪ˸롥economics, mathematics, politics, statistics ʤɤϡ̾ȤƤñŪʼʤ̤ɽ魯ˤʣȤʤ롥
ѸϤˤ̤䤨֤ʤƥ줫äѤƤѸˤǤ褯夲ϡűѸ[2009-05-30-1]ȽѸ[2009-08-19-1]Ǥ롥Ԥϥʸ䥭ꥹȶȤܿȴϢԤϥͥåθŵĬή餦Ȥ礭֤ˤϤޤ줿Ѹϥեαƶä[2009-08-22-1]ƥ줫μѤϱƤΤΡäȷ³ƤȤϳФƤƤ褤
ѸˤѤ³줿طʤˤϡɤμͤƥ̤䤨֤ʤŵʸءѡŷʸؤʤɤؤǤȤ𤬤롥ޤ John Wycliffe (1330?-84) Ҥݤˡƥθŵ1000ʾñѤȤ⤢ä
λΥƥѤħȤƤϡѸˤޤǻĤäƤä¿Ȥ롥ѸˤʤäƤΤ⾯ʤʤΤȤϡƥñ줬ΤȤѤƤϼΤƵƤäѸηоȤʤ
ѸΥƥѸĤƤWycliffe ФΤΤֻäϽǯ
actor (c1384), adjacent (a1420), adoption (1340), ambitious (c1384), ceremony (c1384), client (?c1387), comet (?a1200), conflict (?a1425), contempt (a1393), conviction (a1437), custody (1453), depression (1391), desk (1363-64), dial (1338), diaphragm (a1398), digit (a1398), equal (a1390), equator (1391), equivalent (c1425), exclude (c1384), executor (c1290), explanation (c1384), formal (c1390), gloria (?a1200), hepatic (a1393), impediment (c1385), implement (1445), implication (?c1425), incarnate (1395), include (1402), index (a1398), inferior (?a1425), intercept (1391), interrupt (?a1400), item (a1398), juniper (c1384), lector (a1387), legitimate (a1460), library (c1380), limbo (c1378), lucrative (a1412), mediator (c1350), picture (a1420), polite (a1398), prosecute (?a1425), quiet (c1384), recipe (a1400), remit (c1375), reprehend (c1340), requiem (c1303), saliva (?a1425), scribe (?c1200), scripture (a1325), testify (a1378), testimony (c1384), tradition (c1384), ulcer (a1400)
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ. 69--70ǡ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ. 80.
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