hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

caxton - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-01-21 Tue

#5748. egg αѸ [old_norse][me_dialect][caxton][heltube][heldio][youtube][inohota][kdee][hel_herald][hel_education][oed][link]

egg פˤĤܥ֥ϤȤƼǥDz٤夲ƤѤ뤿ˡޤرѸ츻ŵ٤εҤǧƤOED egg, n.' ⻲ȡˡ


kdee_egg.png



Ҥ̤ꡤűѸǤŪ ǣġ ѤƤѸťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ egg 󥰥˸졤֤ƤäȤץФƤ롥ޤCaxton Eneydos (1490) νʸˤ롤ȿζ¸˴ؤѸ˾ͭ̾ʰäˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ롥
egg ᤰ뤳2ĤˤĤơޤǾʤ̥ƥĤäƤΤǡ󥯤ޤȤƤʤ֡heltube YouTube: heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥؤΥƤƤΤǡǽ˵󤲤Ƥˡ

(1) ťΥɸͳ egg

heltube #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2025/01/18)


heldio #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2021/11/29)
hellog #340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
hellog #2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
hellog #3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ ([2020-03-22-1])
hellog #4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ ([2022-07-08-1])
inohota ֤⳰졩Ѹͥƥʤ֤ΤʤѸ줿 (2022/07/08)

(2) ᤰ Caxton ΰ

heltube heldio #183. 륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2025/01/19)


heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2021/11/30)
hellog #337. #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
hellog #4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ ([2022-07-19-1])

߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2023-08-27 Sun

#5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lme][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][caxton][malory][negative][impersonal_verb][preposition][periodisation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ



伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥߤޤ󤫡ǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1] [2023-09-03-1]

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2022-07-19 Tue

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ [khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link][hel_herald][sobokunagimon][notice][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][caxton][printing][semantic_change][loan_word][french][latin]

711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰



伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ­ŪˤȤ

ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ

hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤ󡪶ˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ

ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ

hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá

ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư󡩡
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])

ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal

ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪ󤻤ȤΥեꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2021-11-30 Tue

#4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 [caxton][me_dialect][french][popular_passage][sobokunagimon][heldio]

ιֱ "English" "Englishes" ءǤäˤʤäΩ̿ؤܹꡤؤ󤪤⤷󶡤Ƥ餤ޤWilliam Caxton (1422?--91) egges/eyren ΰäˤơʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥ե󥹸פȴ㤤ΤȤǤ
ñطʤ⤷Ƥޤȡ˾αѸΰȤǤ Caxton 1490ǯ˽Ǥ Eneydos νʸΤʤǡѸ˴ؤäҲ𤵤Ƥޤ󥰥пȤȤܤͤ󥰥ΥƥॺαΦ˾夬äơפα˿᤿ȤäǤͤ egges ˤ˾ΤǤϤñ򤻤ե󥹸ʬʤޤͤϾͤǥե󥹸ʤäƤʤʤ egges ǤʤΤܤäȤ̤μԤäꡤͤäƤΡ egges Ȥϡʱ򤹤ǤȤΡ eyren ΤȤȲ⤷ƤưȤääǤ
αѸŦƤ᥿ȤȤơѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤäǤܥ֥Ǥ#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1]) ǤΤѸθʸǰѤޤơʲ˰ѤƤޤ

And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?


εϡʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥ե󥹸פȴ㤤ȤΤǤȤƤ⤪⤷Ȼפʤ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ޤŪǤΰäϻ¤˴ŤäȤϡCaxton ˤϺǤϤʤȤǰޤegges ˤ eyren ˤʬۤϻ¤ǤΤǡդʤǤϤʤȤϤäȤƤޤǤƤ봶ꡤ¿쾯ʤ Caxton äץͥǤǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤʸ촴ʣξǤ֤ۤʤ뤳ñտŪΤǤϤʤȤǡˡ⤷ϺȤƤ⡤ƱɼԤδ֤θ졦μͭƤ뤳ȤȤʤäƤϤʤΤǡ֥ե󥹸פ礤ˤưäˤߤä褦ȤΤΤϡɤ߲򤯲ͤꤽǤ
Ǥϡʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦餯ͤ¤ "Can I ask for eggs?" ȯ򤷤ΤǤϤʤޤϡο eggs ʬǤȤ⡤¾ʬ¤äƤ뤱ɤѸϱѸǧǤϤʤΤǡʤοͤϴοʬǽñɽΤȤ֤פä˰㤤ޤ󡥤ǡϡǽñΥ󥰥ɤˤɮƬǤե󥹸ñ˰㤤ʤȵäƤߤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
egges ʹơǽ˱ѸñǤϤʤե󥹸ñȴäդ꤬äȤƤϤ⤷ȤǤüԤαˤȤäơǤե󥹸ѸΤۤǽäȤȤˤʤ뤫ǤۤɤޤǤ˱ѸϰۤʤΤȤȤCaxton ϼäΤǤϤʤǤ礦ĥȤиĥΤ褦ˤⴶޤ
ޤΰäϡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤɮƬ줬ե󥹸äȤ⼨Ƥ褦˻פޤΥޥ3ʾФäƤꡤϤ䥤󥰥ɤˤƥե󥹸ϸξȤ˼Ѹϰ̤ܴۤ˼Ѹ줬뤲ƤǤϤޤե󥹸ϤޤʸȤƤΰҿݤäƤޤ礦ɸܤˤƱѸ줬ݸȤưҿݤäƤΤȻ褦ʾǤܤDZѸ줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤΤƱͤˡѸΥ󥰥ɤǤϥե󥹸줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤ櫓Ǥcf. #2622. 15˥󥰥ɿͤե󥹸ؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1])ˡ⾦ͤե󥹸ϤǤʤä褦Ǥե󥹸줬󥰥ɤ1ǤȤǧ϶ͭƤꡤ餳ե󥹸줬礤˽Ф줿ȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʾ塤βǤߤʤ󡤤Ǥ礦
ʤߤˡϢươֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ嵭ΰäѸθʸɤ߾夲ƤߤޤҤİ


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2021-06-06 Sun

#4423. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ10ҳȳǰѡפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][notice][history][link][slide][age_of_discovery][spanish][printing][caxton][cawdrey][dictionary][standardisation][age_of_discovery]

529ڡˤ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡ򳫹֤ޤ12Υ꡼Ǥ褤轪פäƤޤԼͳ¿ΤʤäƤ˴פޤĤ̤ꡤ䥳Ȥ¿ޤ
Τäμݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

15Ⱦ?16ȾΥ󥰥ɤϡ衼åѤǻϤޤäƤҳȳǰѤȯȤ˾طʤˡȤȤơޤήȤȤơɬĤϺƤǤκޤǤˡѸϥ󥰥ɤιȤ뤲ƤΤΡгŪˤС줿ƥΰҸˡޤؤȤϤޤǤѸˤǤŪΩʤƱܤ褿٤λؤ­館ޤ


ιֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸ޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

1. Ѹˤȸ츻10ҳȳǰѡ
2. 10ҳȳǰ
3. ܼ
4. 1. ҳ
5. ϩάǯɽ
6. ҳ夬⤿餷 --- Ѹˤδ
7. 1492ǯڥαɸ
8. 2. ǰ
9. Ѥάǯɽ
10. ƥ٥륯 (1400?--68)
11. ꥢࡦ㥯ȥ (1422?--91)
12. ѤȶȤƤαѸ
13. Ѥֻɸಽؤι׸
14. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
15. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
16. 3. ΰ줿Ѹɤ
17. Table Alphabeticall (1604) by Robert Cawdrey
18. ޤȤ
19. ʸ

Υ꡼11ϡ֥ͥ󥹤ȽספǤ2021ǯ731ڡˤ15:30?18:45˳ͽǤѸˤȤäơƥĤĤĤȤƼΩƤȤ⤬ƤƣλǤֺ¤ξܺ٤ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-20-1] [2022-03-12-1]

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2020-05-13 Wed

#4034. 3Ż <tch> ֻ˹׸ Caxton [caxton][spelling][orthography][consonant][trigraph][romaji][grahotactics]

ε#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1]) ˰³̵˻ [ʧ] б <tch> Ȥ3Ż (trigraph) ˤĤơҤ٤褦ˡѸǤϤλҲɽ魯ֻˤ͡ʤΤꡤ<cc>, <cch>, <hch>, <tch> Τۤ <chch> ʤĤȤ߹碌⤢äΤ褦˻Ҳ򤤤ĤŤ͹碌Τϡľ첻ûȤ򼨤ѸֻħŪʽʣ (doubling) δˤΤǤ롥 <chch> Τ褦ֻǤ¤ʽʣηäΤȻפ뤬緶˲᤮ȤռƯΤ䤬¾ֻʤϤƤȤˤʤäκݤ˱ƶϤԻȤǽΤѸΰ William Caxton (1422?--91) Ǥ롥Carney (121) ϡ<tch> ֻ Caxton ˵ɾƤ롥

We owe the <tch> spelling to Caxton. The literally 'doubled' spelling <chch> was in use in Middle English, though it was often simplified to <cch> . . . . The <t> of Caxton's spelling has some phonetic appropriateness and the longer *<chch> would exceed the general limits on the size of consonant spellings. There is a clear graphotactic constraint on doubling a digraph: *<thth>, *<shsh>, *<ngng>.


Caxton ˤĤ <tch> ܤĴȤϤʤΤǡCaxton Υƥȴ֤Ǥʬۤ䡤θθؤαƶľŪäΤɤ礭äΤ˴ؤƤǤȽǤǤʤ<tch> ȤѸˡΤʤǤȰüŪ°Ȼפ3ŻڤˡΰȤǤȤʤäǤ롥εǼΩƤ matcha ˤαˡCaxton Ƥ⤷ʤΤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-01-1]

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2019-09-02 Mon

#3780. Foley ˤɸѸȯŸפε [standardisation][hel_education][demography][me_dialect][black_death][printing][caxton]

䤿ʳؤӡѤƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˾夤ȯŸƤȤϡѸˤκǽץơޤ1ĤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ standardisation ε濴͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#3231. ɸ˼­򤪤 Blake αѸ˻ʬ ([2018-03-02-1])#3234. ָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-05-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ѸɸಽˤϡɤαѸˤγǤɬ夲ؤγ路 Foley ν񤤤Ƥ "The Development of Standard English" Ȥ1᤬֤褤ʸϤǤ롥򲡤ʤ顤ʽŪɸѸȯŸ˾ˤޤȤƤ롥3ڡˤ錄ΤǡѤΤˤ褷ûϤʤȤιɤȤƤȤʤΤǡPDFѰդƤ
εҤƤ1ĤϡɸѸΥ١ȤʤɥѸ줬κʪǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪаޤʬ䤹ƤƤ뤳ȤȤŪǤ¿ʬ˴ޤǤɥαѸ줬14--15ΤˡкŪ˱ɤƤο͸ήŪǤˤϡ14Ⱦι¤˵͸ήưιޤؤäƤˡ15ˤϡʤǷкŪ˽äüԤ⡤¿ɥξήؤήߡ̤ȤơκȤƤΥɥѸ줬Ωơ줬ɸѸΤȤʤäƤäΤǤ롥
⤦1ܤ٤ϡѸˤ˸ꤵʤŪΩ줫顤ɸಽ3Ĥξ󼨤Ƶ᤯äƤǤ롥1ĤϡкŪŪͭϤϰθ졦ɸȤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡθ졦꡼ȽĤΤΤǤ뤳ȡǸˡʸä졦ɸȤʤ䤹ȤβǤ⡤ʲľܰѤƤ

To summarize, the rise of Standard English . . . exhibits a number of important general points about the how and whys of language standardization: first, if economic and political power is centralized in a particular area, the language of that area has a strong likelihood of being the basis of the standard, as the center imposes its hold upon the periphery (Standard French based on the Parisian dialect is another example of this); second, the standard is likely to be based on the speech of economically and politically powerful social groups, the elite, as their speech becomes imposed upon or diffused to lower status groups; ability to speak this dialect now becomes emblematic of higher social standing and thus a desirable skill, a kind of symbolic resource further empowering the elite, who may control access to the dialect through the education system, as is clearly the case in most modern nation-states; and third, a language or dialect which is the basis of literate forms and other cultural activities is a strong candidate for an imposed standard (Standard Italian based on the Tuscany dialect of Dante exemplifies this). (Foley 403)


Foley, William A. Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-16-1]

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2019-07-25 Thu

#3741. Ѹޡ forto [infinitive][preposition][grammaticalisation][pchron][caxton]

ѸޡȤ to Ǥ롥̤˸ȤΤ⤢뤬ϥΥޡȤȤ館롥to ϸ¤ǸűѸ줫ѤƤϤ쵤˳礷ΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ (Mustanoja 514)
ѸޤǤ to ϴʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 뤲֡ǽȤ˼岽Ȥ⤢ꡤ䶯뤫Τ褦ֻ for ֤2 forto/for to ޡȤѤ褦ˤʤäMED fortō adv. & particle (with infinitive) ˤȡ Peterborough Chronicle ǤꡤѸκǽѤƤȤ狼롥

a1131 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1127: Se kyng hit dide for to hauene sibbe of se earl of Angeow.


οޡ forto Ϥʤ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤäɤ to Ʊͤ˼岽α¿ȤʤäƤäλ1415Ȥߤ졤Elizabeth īޤǤˤϤۤѤȤʤäɸѼǤϸߤȤƤˡѸ̤ξԤɤϴѻ졤Caxton Morte Darthur ǤϡŪ forto Τۤͥʤ餤ä
դäСѸˤ to forto ٤ƤäȵǤϤäñΤ fortill, for till, at Ȥä̤ޡ⤢ä (Mustanoja 515) Ȱۤʤꡤη͡äΤǤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-01-1]

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2018-03-14 Wed

#3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ [caxton][orthography][spelling][standardisation][chancery_standard][printing]

ɸȴϢϡ#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1]) ǼꤢϡFisher "Caxton and Chancery English" ꤹ뾮η (129) Ѥơ

Caxton's place in the history of the development of standard written English must be regarded as that of a transmitter rather than an innovator. He should be thanked for supporting the foundation of a written standard by employing 86 percent of the time the favorite forms of Chancery Standard, but he is also responsible for perpetuating the variations and archaisms of Chancery Standard to which much of the irregularity and irrationality of Modern English spelling must be attributed. Some of these variations have been ironed out by printers, lexicographers, and grammarians in succeeding centuries, but modern written Standard English continues to bear the imprint of Caxton's heterogeneous practice.


Chancery Standard Caxton ֻʤ١86%⡪˻ƤŦƤ롥ξǡֻɸಽФ Caxton Ūϡޤdz׿ԤǤϤʤڼԤΤǤȷŤƤ롥դΤϡCaxton Chancery Standard ֻޤƤʤɤݻȤǤ롥ơɤ줬ޤǤٰѤƤΤǤ롥Caxton Chancery Standard Ūʽ񤭸ɸؤȤĤʤͤȤơѸ˾̤Ȥ
Caxton뤤ϰѤֻɸಽؤι׸ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])

Fisher, John H. "Caxton and Chancery English." Chapter 8 of The Emergence of Standard English. John H. Fisher. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1996. 121--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-29-1] [2022-07-19-1]

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2018-01-27 Sat

#3197. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][history][emode][chronology][monarch][caxton][reformation][book_of_common_prayer][bible][renaissance][shakespeare][johnson]

Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ꡼3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

1476William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen.
1485Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England.
1497John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas.
1534The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England.
1549The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style.
1558At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce.
1577--80Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas.
1590--1611William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest.
1600The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India.
1604Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall.
1607Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America.
1611The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style.
1619The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia.
1642--48The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660.
1660The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research.
1670The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.
ca. 1680The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government.
1688The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy.
1702The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion.
1719Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title.
1755Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English
1775--83The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there.
1788The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney.


Ѹϡ̻ŪˤϱѸŸμ郎줿ǤꡤҲŪˤϼεǽŪɸಽʤäȤޤȤ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2018-01-26 Fri

#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ [timeline][me][history][chronology][norman_conquest][reestablishment_of_english][monarch][hundred_years_war][black_death][wycliffe][chaucer][caxton]

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ˰³ѸμפʽǯɽAlgeo and Pyles (123--24) ˵äƼ

1066The Normans conquered England, replacing the native English nobility with Anglo-Normans and introducing Norman French as the language of government in England.
1204King John lost Normandy to the French, beginning the loosening of ties between England and the Continent.
1258King Henry III was forced by his barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which established a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government, beginning the growth of the English constitution and parliament.
1337The Hundred Years' War with France began and lasted until 1453, promoting English nationalism
1348--50The Black Death killed an estimated one-third of England's population, and continued to plague the country for much of the rest of the century
1362The Statute of Pleadings was enacted, requiring all court proceedings to be conducted in English.
1381The Peasants' Revolt led by Wat Tyler was the first rebellion of working-class people against their exploitation; although it failed in most of its immediate aims, it marks the beginning of popular protest.
1384John Wycliffe died, having promoted the first complete translation of scripture into the English language (the Wycliffite Bible).
1400Geoffrey Chaucer died, having produced a highly influential body of English poetry.
1476William Caxton, the first English printer, established his press at Westminster, thus beginning the widespread dissemination of English literature and the stabilization of the written standard.
1485Henry Tudor became king of England, ending thirty years of civil strife and initiating the Tudor dynasty.


Ѹγ̻ˤϡޤ˱ѸμҲŪϰ̤ȤθħŤƤ뤳Ȥ褯狼롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

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2017-11-12 Sun

#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][printing][history][link][hel_education][emode][reformation][caxton][latin][standardisation][spelling][orthography][asacul]

ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι׸
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-17-1]

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2017-11-11 Sat

#3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton [caxton][printing][standardisation]

Ѹ˾塤William Caxton (1422?--91) ϱѸưդʪȤƹΤƤ롥Caxton ϡ1476ǯ˥ȥߥ󥹥˰򹽤ܳŪ˰Ȥ򳫻ϤεȲȤȤƺǤʤȤϡïФơǽ񤫤줿ɤΤ褦ʽʪ뤫Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Caxton ϲ²͵ʾͤŪʤꡤ餬ɤߤäƤޥ󥹤ʪѸǡ˰뤳Ȥ˷᤿
Ūιʤξ˾Ȥ餻Х֥Τ褦ʤΤäKnowles (60--61) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

William Caxton was a businessman who operated for a long time from Bruges, in modern Belgium. At that time the Low countries were ruled by Burgundy, and Caxton's Burgundian contacts put him in a good position to exploit the aristocratic book market. When he transferred his printing press to England, he set it up in Westminster, which was not only close to the Chancery, but also the ideal place for him to contact his aristocratic customers. With the benefit of hindsight we know he was successful. But in the 1470s it must have been far from obvious that publishing in the vernacular was going to succeed at all. Publishing in Latin for an international readership might have looked more promising, but Caxton's competitors in this area failed . . . . Nor was the aristocratic market promising, for England was at the time embroiled in the internal dynastic struggles known as the Wars of the Roses. The fall of an aristocratic patron could have serious consequences for a businessman who was dependent on him to determine what was fashionable, and thus for the credibility of his literary publications.
   Aristocratic taste determined what Caxton decided to publish. He published the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate rather than Langland and the northern poets . . . . In 1485 he published Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Some 28 of his 106 publications were translations from other languages . . . . However, taste determined not only what to publish, but the kind of English used. Caxton praises English influenced by French and denigrates native English. In his preface to the second edition (1484) of The Canterbury tales . . . he praises Chaucer, the 'laureate poete' who had 'enbelysshyd, ornated and made faire our Englisshe' which before was 'rude speche and incongrue'.


ºݡCaxton ܤĤ󥰥ɤǤαѸȤȤϡѸɼؤεϤäȤ顤θ⥤ꥢɥĤե󥹤ۤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ衼åѻԾƤˤƥΰΤۤͭ˾ä⤷ʤCaxton ϤФʤäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ16ˤƥ󥰥ɤǽǤ줿ʪΤѸʳθΤΤϤ鷺1ۤɤäȤʥڥƥ꡼p. 206--08ˡ¯ΰŰǡ󥰥ɤ¾٤ðۤäȤõƤ
Caxton θΥ󥰥ɤΰȤιѸɸಽΤʤˤ᤿ʪäȤϴְ㤤ʤΰ̣DZѸ˾פʿʪǤϤ뤬طʤˤ Caxton εȲȤȤƤҤȺͳФؤäƤΤǤ롥
Caxton αѸ˾ɾˤĤƤϡ#241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-01-1]

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2016-05-13 Fri

#2573. Caxton ˤ Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye νʸ [caxton][lme][literature][printing][popular_passage][manuscript][link][me_text]

Ѹ˾ǽ˱Ѹǰ줿ܤϡWilliam Caxton ˤǡRecuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1475) Ǥ롥줿ϥ󥰥ɤǤϤʤCaxton νԤƤ Bruges äܤϡ̥衼åѤʸήԤ濴ä֥르˥εˤƤ褯ΤƤե󥹸ܤǤꡤ衼ȤΥ󥰥ɲ Edward IV ǥ֥르˥ Charles ˲ǤǤ Margaret äƤܤǤ⤢äᡤCaxton ϤƽǤ뤳Ȥ򾦵ȸƤ
̾ Historyes ϡϡˡʪˡפ˸ꤵ줺ʪˡפ̣Recuyell Ȥñϡִ󤻽פ̣ʤäơԻʸءפۤɤؤ˥եñѤΤǤꡤޤˤܤ̾ˤѤǤ롥
ʲˡѸ˾廸ȵܤνʸCrystal (32) ǤˤƸ褦

hEre begynneth the volume intituled and named the recuyell of the historyes of Troye / composed and drawen out of dyuerce bookes of latyn in to frensshe by the ryght venerable persone and wor-shipfull man . Raoul le ffeure . preest and chapelayn vnto the ryght noble gloryous and myghty prince in his tyme Phelip duc of Bourgoyne of Braband etc In the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord god a thou-sand foure honderd sixty and foure / And translated and drawen out of frenshe in to englisshe by Willyam Caxton mercer of ye cyte of London / at the comaūdemēt of the right hye myghty and vertuouse Pryncesse hys redoubtyd lady. Margarete by the grace of god . Du-chesse of Bourgoyne of Lotryk of Braband etc / Whiche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in the Countee of Flaundres the fyrst day of marche the yere of the Incarnacion of our said lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and eyghte / And ended and fynysshid in the holy cyte of Colen the . xix . day of Septembre the yere of our sayd lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and enleuen etc.

And on that other side of this leef foloweth the prologe.


ʤRylands Medieval Collection The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye μܲ Ǥ롥

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2013-11-03 Sun

#1651. j g [alphabet][grapheme][grammatology][spelling][pronunciation][g][j][caxton][flemish]

ε#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) Τ <j> ˤĴ٤ƤȤˡScragg (66--67fn) ˵Ƥ <j> <g> ŪطˤĤƤƶܤȤޤä

In Old French orthography, the sound /dʒ/ (Mod. Fr. /ʒ/) was represented <i> (<j>) before <a o u> and <g> before <e i>. The convention was carried into Middle English in French loanwords, and survives, for example, in jacket, join, July, germ, giant. The resulting confusion with <g> for /g/ has sometimes been avoided by extending <j> to positions before <e> and <i>, e.g. jet (cf. get), jig (cf. gig), or alternatively the French convention of using <gu> for /g/ was adopted (guess, guide). In the sixteenth century, <gu> for /g/ was more widespread than it is today (e.g. guift, guirl 'gift, girl'), and some printers followed Caxton, whose long association with the Netherlands led him to use <gh> for /g/ very frequently (e.g. gherle, ghoos, ghes, ghoot 'girl, goose, geese, goat'). Sixteenth-century books often have <gh> where modern spelling has <gu> (e.g., ghess, ghest), and the Oxford English Dictionary even records ghuest. Sixteenth-century familiarity with Italian literature may have contributed here, as Italian has <gh> for /g/. In English it survives only in ghost, ghastly and gherkin.


ʤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥ե󥹼Ѹ̤줿ѸǤϡե󥹸ֻޤͤơ/ʤ/ Фֻ򡤸³첻ˤä <g> <j> ˳Ƥ<g> Ͻ /g/ ɽ路ƤΤǡ<g> <j> βбϸ§ȤưʲΤ褦ˤʤäƤ


<i><e><a><o><u>
<g>/ʤi/, /gi//ʤe/, /ge//ga//go//gu/
<j>

/ʤa//ʤo//ʤu/


첻 <g> ǽ¿ˤʤäƤȤ狼äΤ2Ĥˡä1Ĥϡ<j> = /ʤ/ б³첻μˤ餺̤˲뤳Ȥˤäơ<g> = /ʤ/ ϢۤƤȤˡǤ롥⤦1Ĥϡ<g> 첻֤dzμ¤ /g/ ɽ褦ˡƤӥե󥹸ֻ򻲾Ȥơ<gu> Ѥ褦ȤˡǤ롥η̡Ūֻȥե󥹸ŪֻäơʲΤ褦ʬۤ򼨤褦ˤʤä


<i><e><a><o><u>
<g>(/ʤi/, /gi/)(/ʤe/, /ge/)/ga//go//gu/
<gu>/gi//ge/


<j>/ʤi//ʤe//ʤa//ʤo//ʤu/


16ˤʤȡ/g/ βΤˡե󥹸줫Ѥ <gu> Τߤʤ餺Flemish ֻαƶ Caxton Ȥθ³Ȥˤ <gh> Ѥ褦ˤʤä <gh> ֻϸ˰ŪˤϤʤʤäghost, ghastly ʤɾθ˺פȤɤƤ롥Caxton Flemish ȤδؤˤĤƤϡ#128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1]) ӡ#435. <oa> ֤ε ([2010-07-06-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ʤ<j> ǻϤޤñϸ§ȤƱѸǤϤʤȤȤդäƤ

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2013-05-13 Mon

#1477. The Salamanca Corpus --- Ѹѥ [corpus][emode][dialect][dialectology][caxton][popular_passage]

ѸˤǤϡѸѸϤۤȤɿʤǤʤ#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿̤ꡤѸϱѸ줬ɸಽϲƤäǤꡤ˿ʱƶڤܤƤɸѸȤΩäƱѸˤ򸦵椷褦ȤȡɤƤɸѼˤɤȤ쿴Ƥޤ餫⤷ʤη̤뤤ϸѸƥȤμۤȤɿʤǤʤǤ롥ѸΤξ󸻤ϡޤ#869. Wright's English Dialect Dictionary ([2011-09-13-1]) Ǥꡤ#868. EDD Online ([2011-09-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤΥ饤ǤѤǤ褦ˤʤäȤϤޤޤǤ롥
2011ǯꡤUniversity of Salamanca ʬοŸ¥ȡѸ (c.1500--c.1950) ƥȤμȥǥ벽ʤƤ롥The Salamanca Corpus: Digital Archive of English Dialect Texts ϡϿƥȤƤƤꡤ塤Ťʾ󸻤ȤʤäƤ椯⤷ʤ
ѥȤŻҥƥȽȤκۤιϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ޤ̤ DIALECT LITERATURE LITERARY DIALECTS ̤롥Ԥǽ񤫤줿ƥȡԤˤĤƸڤΤƥȤǤ롥ˡƥȤǯˤ1500--1700ǯ, 1700--1800ǯ, 1800--1950ǯؤ礭3ʬ졤˽̤̤λʬʤƤ롥
ѥ˼ϿƤǤᤤϡLITERARY DIALECTS -> 1500--1700ǯ -> The Northern Counties -> Prose ɤäƤäȤ˸Ĥ William Caxton ˤ Eneydos "Prologue"1490ǯˤƥȤ221ˤʤΥڡͳǼ롥[2010-03-30-1]ε#337. egges or eyrenפǰѤᤰᤰäޤʬǤ롥侮ܲǤ롥Caxton θѤΤ뤿ˤϡ[2010-03-30-1]εǰѤʸ̮פʤΤǡҰɤ

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2013-02-10 Sun

#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 [caxton][spelling][standardisation][printing][orthography]

ε#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1]) ޤ ##297,871,1312,1384 γƵǡȼԤֻɸಽ˹׸Ȥ뽾ؤȿ򸫤Ʊͤˡ󥰥ɤˤǽΰȼ William Caxton (c1422--91) ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ٤Brengelman (337--39) ˵Ĥġ󤲤

(1) Caxton ϡȤư˱ơľε²ΤߤоݤȤư˲᤮ʤ100ĶȯԤȤϤʤ
(2) Caxton ϼ餬¿Խ꤬ȤͤƤ⡤ȤΤΤô뵡Ϥۤ¿ʤäϤǤ롥
(3) Caxton ʤֻϰӤƤ餺ե󥹸ֻζƶƤ롥Malory Morte d'Arthur ǤСCaxton ϤषֻֻǰƤ롥
(4) Caxton ˤƽФñǤ顤ɸֻȤϰۤʤֻǰƤ롥ŪˤϡCaxton ˽ФΥޥ󥹷ϼѸ1384Τ170줬ߤˤޤǻĤäƤ뤬Caxton ֻȸߤɸֻȤפΤϡ170줦57ΤߤǤ롥פʤȾֻˤĤƤ⡤17˵ʲ줿ֻ§ӤơϢ³ʤ
(5) Caxton Ʊ塤ƱμܤֻӤƤߤȡξԤΤ variation ʬۤ礭ʰ㤤ʤ

κ󤲤ʤ顤Brengelman (339) ϡ"[I]t can hardly be true that Caxton had a major direct role in standardizing (not to mention regularizing) English spelling" ȷƤ롥
ʲդäBrengelman (336, fn 9) ǤϡϥɥĸˤƤȼԤ񤭸դȯŸä˹׸櫓ǤϤʤȤ븦椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ȼԤϡ̤αƶˤäȯã񤭸ս§äʽή̤Ȥǽʳˤƹ׸ˤŪϤޤǴŪʤΤǤȤƤ롥

Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

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2012-11-29 Thu

#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) [spelling][standardisation][printing][orthography][caxton]

ε#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ȴϢơֻɸಽȰѤδطˤĤƺƹͤ#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) ȡ#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) εǡξԤؤ餫ˤˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (160--61) ϰѤι׸ٻոФƿҤ٤Ƥ롥

[A]lthough the new technology offered the opportunity for rapid standardization of orthography, in practice there is little evidence during the first hundred years of its use that printers were much concerned with such matters. As his own translations and the prefaces to his works show, Caxton himself was wildly inconsistent in his spellings. Within a few sentences in his prologue to Caton (c. 1484), for instance, we find boke, booke, and book, and lytel, lytell, and lytyl (and from another contemporary work of his we may add lityl and lityll). . . . The formative period of English spelling in fact lasted some 200 years; not until 1700 was the standard that we recognize today, with all its familiar conventions, just about in place.


Salmon (24) ƱͤˡCaxton ˻ϤޤꡤWynkyn de Worde, Robert Pynson, Robert Copland ʤɤΰؤȰѤ줿ѤνλˤϡӤֻؤδؿäȤƤ롥

In general . . . printers of the early sixteenth century demonstrate little obvious interest in working towards a standardised orthography. Their lack of concern has been well illustrated in a comparison . . . of five editions of Reynard the fox (1481, 1489, 1500, 1515 and 1550) in which it is difficult to discern any consistent progress towards a standard orthography . . . .


16ϡؤβϴǤ롥λͭ1ĤȤֻɸಽؤΤ⤬꤬ǧƤ⤬ǡƤȤäΤ⤷ʤǽŪβ1755ǯԤʤФʤʤä1ˤƤ⤽⤦100ǯۤɡ17ȾФޤԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Salmon, Vivian. "Orthography and Punctuation." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 3 1476--1776. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 13--55.

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2012-06-23 Sat

#1153. ̾ adviceư advise [spelling][etymological_respelling][etymology][metanalysis][caxton][loan_word][pronunciation_spelling][sobokunagimon]

̾ <advice> /ədˈvaɪs/ ǡư <advise> /ədˈvaɪz/ ȰۤʤΤϤʤȯֻξˤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿OED 츻ŵεҤ򻲹ͤˡ򤤤Ƥ椯
ޤθΩ򿶤֤äƤߤ롥ƥƬ ad- "to" ˡvidēre "to see" βʬ vīsum äΤǡ "according to one's view" ۤɤǤ롥顤¯ƥ *advīsu(m) "opinion" ȤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʩˤ⤳ʿŪäꤵƤꡤce m'est à vis "this is according to my view" ce m'est avis "this is my view" ȰʬϤ줿Τ뤳Ȥ¿ޤ¯ƥʩǤϡ̾ *advīsāre > aviser Ȥư줬
Ѹؤϡ14˸ʩ줫顤̾ưξѤ줿ϡֻˤ⡤1ҲȤ <d> Ƥ餺ǽҲ <c> ǤϤʤ <s> äե󥹸¦Ǥϡ14--16ˡ̻ƥ򻲾Ȥ <d> 褵ֻ advis [2011-02-09-1]ε#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡פ򻲾ȡˡ15 Caxton ѸƳ夵Ʊ15ˤϡ2첻ĹǤ뤳Ȥ뤿˸ <e> źä줿ơ16ˤϡ̾ˤĤơҲ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ뤿 <s> <c> ؽ񤭴줿ޤȤС14--16ˤƤ avis > advis > advise > advice ȤȯֻѲɤȤǤ롥
ưˤĤƤϡե󥹸 aviser ͳ褹ΤȤ <s> ͭҲɽ路Τǡηϩκǽʳ˸ <c> ؤν񤭴뤳ȤϤʤääȤ⡤ºݤˤϡѸǡư <c> ֻ⤢ä褦ǡ̾Ȥ¿κƱϤä褦Ǥ롥
̾ advice ư advise ֻϡetymological_respelling "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-05-1], [2011-07-31-1]) Ȥäʣʲη̤Ǥꡤζ̤ϸ츻ŪʤΤǤϤʤƱͤȤơ̾ prophecy ư prophesy ⤢롥⡤18˳Ω츻ŪֻΩǤ롥

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2011-09-15 Thu

#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ [caxton][printing][spelling][standardisation][cawdrey][johnson]

[2010-02-18-1]εְѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤפǵΰü򸫤Caxton 1475ǯ˱Ѹˤ⤿餷ǰΥƥΥϡɬ⤹ˤϱѸֻθ경ˤĤʤʤäषǽˤϡѤ줿ֻ¿ѤˤäƳȻȤ¦̤ʤǤϤʤäѸֻΤ褽ɸಽ17ȾФΤȤȤƤ뤬ʤۤɤĹ֡Caxton 150ǯʾǯפΤ
ĤˤϡѤϳΤʸ˾γ̿äμʸִ줿櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤ롥Ѹμʸֻ¿ȤƤꡤޤ᤿ʸΰ֤ŤѲȤƤ⡤16ʹߤ³Ƥꡤʸʻ¸ƤȤƨƤϤʤʤ

The two processes of production [prints and manuscripts] were in fact to co-exist for some centuries. Manuscript circulation became more generally confined to certain categories of text, and to particular milieux, while printing established itself as the swiftest and most economically viable method of disseminating texts in large numbers: school books, law books, books associated with the processes of sixteenth-century religious reform, for example. (Boffey 114--15)


ޤƳǤ⿢Ѥ̤ȯãλˤϡü· (justification) ãΤˡǤȤƤĴȤˡǤϤʤΤʤʸξάɲäȤޤޤˡʤƤthe that ѤȤƤ ye yt ϸ鷺⤬ʤǡ[2009-05-11-2]εֱѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷פ򻲾ȡˡonly ѤȤƤο̼ߤ onely, onlie, onlye, onelie, onelye, onelich, onelych, oneliche, onelyche, ondeliche, ondelyche ϡؤγ׿Ȥη³Ǥ (Potter 40) 16ϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) Τ褦ֻ׼ԤФΤ ([2010-07-12-1]εRichard Mulcasterפ򻲾ȡˡμºŪʱƶϺǾ¤ˤȤɤޤäƤ
17뺢顤ܤ˸ѤäƤ롥ֻɸಽ褤ܳʲΤǤ롥ޤˤеϤƤȤȤطʤˤ϶ŪɸಽοϤѤƤ1ܤϡCawdrey μ (1604) ڤ˱Ѹ켭³ȽǤ줿ȤǤ[2010-12-21-1], [2010-12-27-1]εϤȤ cawdrey γƵ򻲾ȡˡ2ܤˡThe King James Bible (1611) ʤɼԤΤڤȤ⡤ֻθ경ˤä礭3ܤˡ17ȾФ (the Civil War) 礭ͿƤ롥ˤѥեåȤ줿Ϥޤ˻֤ɤƤˡü·ŪǤäȤƤ⡤ʣȤ֤ȤʤäΤǤ (Potter 40)
ơλפ18ˤϡֻͣ졤Johnson μ (1755) äƱѸֻθ경Ȥ˾Ĥ˲̤줿Τä

Boffey, Julia. "From Manuscript to Modern Text." A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 107--22.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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