ε#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1]) ˰³̵˻ [ʧ] б <tch> Ȥ3Ż (trigraph) ˤĤơҤ٤褦ˡѸǤϤλҲɽ魯ֻˤ͡ʤΤꡤ<cc>, <cch>, <hch>, <tch> Τۤ <chch> ʤĤȤ߹碌⤢äΤ褦˻ҲĤŤ碌Τϡľ첻ûȤѸֻħŪʽʣ (doubling) δˤΤǤ롥 <chch> Τ褦ֻǤ¤ʽʣηäΤȻפ뤬緶˲ȤռƯΤ䤬¾ֻʤϤƤȤˤʤäκݤ˱ƶϤԻȤǽΤѸΰ William Caxton (1422?--91) Ǥ롥Carney (121) ϡ<tch> ֻ Caxton ˵ɾƤ롥
We owe the <tch> spelling to Caxton. The literally 'doubled' spelling <chch> was in use in Middle English, though it was often simplified to <cch> . . . . The <t> of Caxton's spelling has some phonetic appropriateness and the longer *<chch> would exceed the general limits on the size of consonant spellings. There is a clear graphotactic constraint on doubling a digraph: *<thth>, *<shsh>, *<ngng>.
Caxton ˤĤ <tch> ܤĴȤϤʤΤǡCaxton Υƥȴ֤Ǥʬۤ䡤θθؤαƶľŪäΤɤ礭äΤ˴ؤƤǤȽǤǤʤ<tch> ȤѸˡΤʤǤȰüŪ°Ȼפ3ŻڤˡΰȤǤȤʤäǤ롥εǼΩƤ matcha ˤαˡCaxton Ƥ⤷ʤΤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ѸˡˤϡʸȲǤδ֤б§ (correspondence rules) ˤĤƹͤ뤳Ȥ¿#3879. ե٥åʸηϤΡ11θס ([2019-12-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸʣȯбƤޤäꡤ뤤Ϥεդξ礬äꤹ㤬ΰæȤƹͻоݤȤʤ뤫
ѸˡˤϡʸȲǤбط˴ؤ뵬§Ȥ̤ˡʸζ֤˴ؤäʵ§͡¸ߤ롥ˡ§ (orthographic regularities) ȸƤФΤǤ (Cook 14) ȤС<q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> Ȥħߤ뤬ʸȲǤȤбط˴ؤ뵬§Ȥϡ2Ĥʸζ˴ؤ뵬§Ȥäۤ褤cf. #3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ ([2019-04-24-1])ˡ
ۤˤ⡤<th>, <rh> Τ褦2Ż (digraph) ˤĤơ¤ӽ˴ؤ뵬§ŦǤ<th>, <rh> ϱѸˡȤƤ뤬ʸ¤Ӥž <ht> <hr> ϵƤʤʤѸǤ̤ˤˡ
ʸˤñΤɤΰ֤˸뤫ʤȤ٥ε§⤢롥ȤСŪˤ <j>, <h>, <v> ϸˤϸʤȤˤʤäƤ㳰Ū Raj, Pooh, spiv ʤɤϤˡ<k> ϸƬˤΩĤˤϸˤ㳰Ū amok ʤɡˡդˡ<tch> ϸƬ˸뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤ
ȯ˲ (phonotactics) ε§ΤƱͤˡֻˤʪ뤳Ȥʬ롥ȡǽҤ٤Ƥˡ§ (orthographic regularities) ϡ"graphotactics" 뤤 "graphotactic rules" ȸƤ٤षΤۤѸȤʬ䤹Ѹֻ˴ؤ뵬§ˤϡ礭ʬष correspondence rules graphotactic rules 2ब롤ȤФäǤ롥
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
#3106. ʤ -ed դ -(e)s դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-28-1]) ³ơƤ褦ǴˤʿŪǤʤ2Ĥζܼդ˴ؤֻꡥtry ˤĤơ-s <y> <ie> Ѥղä tries Ȥ뤬-ing ղäϤΤޤޤ trying Ȥʤ롥ȻפСdie Ǥϡ-s Τޤդ dies Ȥ뤬-ing <ie> <y> ѤդΤ dying Ȥʤ롥츫ԻĤʡȿиε§ˤĤƤϡʬˤ -ed ȸʬ졦ư̾ -ing äȤʤ顤#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤ ([2017-09-21-1]) ǹͤ
Carney (73--74) ϡѸֻܳŪʸΤʤǡMcLead ˤֻΤֻ§Ƥ롥Τ -(e)s -ing ղäľܡܤ˴ͿΤȤưʲΤΤƤΤǡѤ褦
Rule VII --- Words ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel simply add 's'.
--- an adaptation rule, presumably to form the plural or 3rd pers. pres. sg.: boy -- boys, say -- says, employ -- employs.
. . . .
Rule IX --- If you want to add other letters to a word ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant change 'y' into 'i'.
--- an adaptation rule; it refers in effect to the corresponding <y>/aɪ/ (deny--denial); the restriction 'preceded by a consonant' is intended to rule out betray--betrayal, employ--employer. McLeod points out that it does not apply before <-ing> (denying)
Rule X -- 'i' before another 'i' becomes 'y'.
--- a graphotactic rule; presumably it refers in an oblique way to examples such as die--dying or carrying--carrier--carried; the recent loan-word skiing is an exception.
Rule XI --- Words ending in a hissing sound form their plural by adding 'es' instead of 's'.
--- this has the form of an adaptation rule. It is a recognition that <s>, unlike the <ed> of the past tense, does not represent all the allomorphs /s/, /z/ and /ɪz/ of the plural . . . .
嵭ϡ-(e)s, -ed, -ing դε§Ū˵ҤƤˤ̻ŪʴޤޤƤʤСʤʤΤƤ⤤ʤ̻ŪפɬפȻפΤޤ긫ȤʤΤǡͤƤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
McLeod, M. E. "Rules in the Teaching of Spelling." Studies in Spelling. Publications of the Scottish Council for Research In Education XL. Ed. H. J. L. Robbie. London: ULP,1961.
ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ŪװˤĤƤϡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ǤޤȤϱѸֻˤĤƸԵ§μȡ줬ŪװܤƴϢվƹϡϢ뵭Υˤ夨롥
Ե§ظˤ
(1) ե٥åȤɽʸηϤɸ֤Ƥʾ1ʸ1פ٤ (see #1024)
(2) ֻ§㳰٤餺 (see #503)
(3) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡ (orthographyˤȯ (see ##53,54,194)
Ե§μ ]
(1) 1ĤʸˤФʣβ: <o> ɽ蘆벻ϡ<gh> ɽ蘆벻ϡ (see ##210,1195)
(2) 1ĤβФʣʸ: /iː/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ/k/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ (see #2205)
(3) ۻ (silent_letter): climb, indict, doubt, imbroglio, high, hour, marijuana, know, half, autumn, receipt, island, listen, isthmus, liquor, answer, plateaux, randezvous
(4) ֲθ: city/cities, swim/swimming, die/dying (see #1284)
(5) ֻΥꥨ: color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, jail/gaol (see #94)
Ե§Ūװ ]
(1) ѸϡηϤΰۤʤƥɽΤ˺Ŭ줿ޥե٥åȤȤʸηϤڤꤿ (see ##423,1329,2092)
(2) Ѹϡ줫äȤȤֻηϤޤǼѤ (see #2162)
(3) ֻɸ礯Ѹֻ; (see ##562,1341,1812)
(4) ƻν̤νռʸˡ (graphotactics) (see ##91,223,446,1094,2227,2235)
(5) 츻Ūֻ (see etymological_respelling)
(6) ɽɽؤή (see ##1332,1386,1760,2043,2058,2059,2097,2312,2344)
(7) ϤҤѲ뤬ʸݼŪ (see ##15,2292)
(8) ֻɸಽδ֤ΰ (see ##1902,297,871,312)
(9) Ѽֻ֤֡ꥨ (see #ame_bre spelling)
(10) ֻפ (see spelling_reform)
ɬ
(1) ե٥åɽʸηϤñɽ뤿ˤȤ߹碌ñ̤ǤֻɽŪǤ
(2) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡȯۤϡ¿θˤƶʹߤħŪʹͤǤ (see #2392)
(3) ֻ§ˤ㳰¿ġ㳰¿Ū
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
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