Ѹ -ing ˤ͡䤬ꡤۤʤ뵯ΤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#4398. -ing αѸˡ ([2021-05-12-1]) ǤƤ̤
ϡΤʤǤư̾ (gerund) θȤƤ -ing ܤϡűѸ̾ -ing뤤ϴŪ -ung ̤뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ȥ-ing -ung ξθűѸǤʬۤѻꡤ̤äȯãθȡֲŪˤϤʤʤʣʤ褦Ȥ櫓űѸ줫Ѹˤ -ung ष-ing ݤˤʤäƤäˤĤơ椬ĤäƤ롥
Lass (201--02) ꡤξ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤߤ褦
(v) -ing/-ung. These originate in an IE /n/-formative + */-ko-/ . . . . Thus -ing < */-en-ko-/, -ung < */-n̥-ko-/. There is also evidence for an o-grade */-on-ko-/, as in L hom-un-cu-lus 'little man, homunculus'. The original sense is not certain, but the general model is X-ing = '(something) associated with, deriving from X'. The oldest Germanic uses seem to be in names, especially tribal: Marouíngi 'Merovingians' appears in second-century Greek sources. In the textual tradition both -ing and -ung occur as a kind of patronymic: OE Scyld-ing-as/-ung-as 'Scyldings, children of Scyld', L Lotharingi, OHG Lutar-inga, OE Hloðer-ingan 'Lotharingians, people of Lothar'.
OE seems to have two semantically differentiated suffixes from this one source, one always -ing (m), the other -ing/-ung (f). The first appears mainly in deadjectival formations like ierm-ing 'pauper' (earm 'poor'), æþel-ing 'nobleman' (æþel 'noble'), and in denominals like hōr-ing 'adulterer, fornicator' (hōre) 'whore'). The second appears as a formative in deverbal nouns, e.g. wun-ung 'dwelling' (wunian), gaderung 'gathering' (gæderian). The -ung form, curiously, seems restricted almost exclusively to class II weak verbs as bases, as in the examples above.
-ung νѸޤǤοϡ餫ͳդΤ깥ߤƤꡤŬϰϤäʤΤ
³ơCampbell (158) ˤϡűѸ֤ˤξʬۤˤĤƳ⤬ΤǡɤǤߤ褦
§383. The suffixes -ung, -ing, in abstract fem. nouns interchange fairly systematically. In all dialects -ing prevails in derivatives of weak verbs of Class I (e.g. grēting, ȝemēting, ȝewemming, ielding, fylȝing, forċirring), and -ung in derivatives of weak verbs of Class II (e.g. costnung, leornung).
Derivatives of strong verbs have -ing in lNorth. practically always (e.g. Li., Ru.2 flōwing, lesing, onwrīging), lW-S sources vary, elsewhere the instances are too few for any conclusions to be drawn . . . . In W-S there is a tendency to prefer -ing to -ung in compounds, e.g. leorningcniht, bletsingbōc. VP changes -ung- to -ing- before back vowels (d.p. -ingum, g.p. not recorded, but cf. advs. fēringa, nīowinga, wōēninga).
űѸȤ˷äȤϤǤξ֤ξ줬äȤ⼨Ƥ롥ѸˤǤϡư̾θʬθη֤ˤƶͿȤФлŦƤδ⡤-ing -ung ˤޤĤϱѸ˾太⤤Τۤ礭Ȼפ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Ⱥī heldio ˤơ#1377. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ餪ޤȾˡ#1378. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ餪ޤʸȾˡۿޤϡ224˥ꥹʡ÷ȤƸ#1366. ʤλפФαʸˡѸƤΥեåײǤheldio ꥹʡγˤϡ¿ΥȤƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʸˡѸȤäƤԥ饭ޤǤޤŪѸ줫ؤνѸȤ٤Τޤ¿ޤ٥ˤˡȤˤפФΡˤʤ롿䤷ΡѸƤȤݤǡȤޤη̤ɤ߾夲ΤǤ2ĤۿǤ
ΤʤưȤѸ줬٤ڤƤޤѸǤ verbal verbid ȸƤФޤϤäΤȤǤ礦ؿѸؼŵ٤ verbal Ƥߤȡ(1) Ȥơֽưפβ⤬ޤ
(1) ʽưˡ (infinitive)ʬ (participle)ư̾ (gerund) Ρverbid Ȥ⤤ޤ (non-finite form) (infinite form)ư (non-finite verb) Ȥ⤤ʤư줬̾ŪѤ줿Τ̾Ūư (noun verbal) ޤưŪ̾ (verbal noun) ȤƻŪˡΤΤƻŪư (adjective verbal) ޤưŪƻ (verbal adjective) ȤȤ롥I'm thinking of going./I wish to go. ̾Ūư//melting snow ̷ƻŪư͡
ɽ䡤˺٤ʬѸ⤢ꡤ䤳Ǥ͡ˡOED verbid (NOUN) Ƥߤޤ礦
Grammar. Somewhat rare.
A word, such as an infinitive, gerund, or participle, which has some characteristics of a verb but cannot form the head of a predicate on its own. Also: (with reference to certain West African languages) a bound verb with in a serial verb construction.
1914We shall..restrict the name of verb to those forms that have the eminently verbal power of forming sentences, and..apply the name of verbid to participles and infinitives. (O. Jespersen, Modern English Grammar vol. II. 7)
. . . .
OED Ǥν㤫顤줬 Jespersen ¤Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤ#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Jespersen ʻȤδϢ⡤̣¤Ǥ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5565. ѸŪư̾ι¤6 ([2024-07-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡư̾ˤĤƤϡȯãˤ͡ʸѥ
Visser Ȥ-ing ˰̣μ줬ȡ̣Ū줬ˤĤơŪѥƥѥˤĤơVisser ΩƤƤΤǡܼ (Vol. 2, xiii--xiv) ǤΤᤤVisser 夲ƤΤ -ing ˴ؤǤꡤư̾Τߤʤ餺ʬޤޤƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
THE SUBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
Type 'They doubted the truth of the boy's being dead'
Type 'It's a curious thing your saying that'
Type 'From the arysing of the sonne'
Type 'At the sun rising'
Type 'I hope it's all right me coming in'
Type 'Everybody was talking about you going over there'
Type 'They knew about it being so serious'
Type 'Don't talk of there being no one to help'
THE OBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
A. Object before the form in -ing
Type 'Thou desirest the kynges mordryng'
Type 'Excuse his throwing into the water'
Type 'Restrayne yow of vengeance taking'
Type 'To þi broþur burieng fare''
Type 'Hope-giving phrases'; 'his heart-percing dart'
Type 'The maner of þis arke-making'
Type 'His love-making struck us as unconvincing'
Type 'To be present at the iudgement geuing'
Type 'In dyteys-making she bare the pryse'
B. Object after the form in -ing
Type 'A daye was limited for justifying of the bill'
Type 'Wenches sitt in the shade syngyng of ballads'
Type 'He went prechynge cristes lay'
Type 'I slow Sampsoun in shakynge the piler'
'The reading the book' versus 'the reading of the book'
ư̾ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ۿ2Ĥ⻲ȡ
#1150. ư̾Ȥ --- His/Him speaking Japanese surprised us all.
#1151. ư̾Ϥޤޤä
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ɸˤĤơ켣 (274) ˤꡤTajima (1985) Ȥ6ι¤Ѹ첽ֻȤȤ˰Ƥ롥
I°Ūư̾졤: at the king's crowning ʲ˲ĺȤ
IIŪư̾졤: other penance doing ʤۤι뤳ȡ
IIIư̾of̾졤: choosing of war (襤뤳)
IVư̾of̾졤: the burying of his bold knights ͦʵΤ뤳ȡ
Vư̾Ū졤: saving their lives ̿뤳ȡ
VIư̾Ū졤: the withholding you from it ʤ뤳ȡ
Ū줬ư̾Ф֤뤳Ȥ⤢и֤뤳Ȥ⤢äԤξˤֻ of ȼ¤⤢ạ̈ޤư̾μ줬°ʡʸνͭʡˤȤ̳ʡʸŪʡˤȤξߤƤΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˡư̾Τ괧 the ɤȤ⡤˾νפʥݥȤǤ롥

Tajima, Matsuji. The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan'un-Do, 1985.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
轵1014ڡˤθ塤˿dzŤ줿շͧιֱˤơֱѸؽΩıѸ --- ѸϤʤˤ⤷פäޤνΥϥ֥åɳŤαġƹֱκƲΥޤǡåդγˤϤؤäˤʤꡤդƤޤ꤬ȤޤȤ櫓ƲǤշͧ⳰λüԤγľܤä뤳ȤǤ¤˳ڤ֤Ǥ
90ʬۤɤιֱθ塤ξ³ Voicy heldio ꤷޤäƱĥåդǤ碌ƤʤΤǤ˻ͽԤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפƤꤲ碌ơ䤬ѸˤδƤΤ heldio ǥ饤ۿ褦ȤΤǤ
ͻҤϡ heldio Υˤ#868. շͧǤΡѤʵץʡ --- 2023ǯ1014ȤۿƤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤİ1ּĹܤȤʤäƤޤˡ
6ۤɤѤʵˤޤʲʬäƤޤΤǡİݤˤѤ
(1) 02:25 --- 줫饫ʤ˲Ȥ˲롼Ϥޤμͳϡ㤨ܤˤäơ֥ե١פä֥ե١פäꤹ뤳Ȥ뤫ǤޤʤѸ餷ȯ륳ĤϤޤ
(2) 14:43 --- ѸΡ֥ѥե졼פŪܤˤĤơʤˤͻ¸ΤǤ鶵ƤдǤAcademic Writing ٶƤǶ̣ޤ
(3) 21:34 --- ñˤ island ʤɤޤʤʸΤϤʤǤ
(4) 30:43 --- ˤ¿ꡤӽϺɤΤ褦Ÿʬ«ˤƤΤȤ
(5) 39:05 --- ưˤäŪ -ing Ȥ뤫 to Ȥ뤫ޤäƤΤϤʤǤ
(6) 44:05 --- ʤѸˤ̵ʪ칽ʸΤǤ
˼夲줿Τ6ΤߤǤ¾ˤ¿εƤޤΤǡ hellog/heldio Ǽ夲Ȼפޤ
¤ϷͧιֱƤ Voicy heldio 饤֤ܥΥåϽƤǤϤޤƱͤʷϵ̣襤ϡ3ȾۤΡ#5179. ꥫʸطͧǤܥΥåϿޤ ([2023-07-02-1]) ⤴ˬ䤯
#5213. ưʻž ODPV ([2023-08-05-1])#5214. ưʻž ODPV (2) ([2023-08-06-1]) ơOxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) δ (514--17) ˵ƤɽθΰƸ롥Ƥߤ372濫äɹΰѤʤΤȻפ
Ϣƺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡȴŪ˴ؤ#798. outbreak breakout --- ưѲΰ֤ᤰۿΤǡİС
ʲΰ˵äƤۤܤ٤Ƥθ줬ưѲפθȤʤäƤ뤬uplift upturn ΤߤѲưפȤʤäƤ롥2ϳơ a1845, 1868 ФȤʤäƤꡤŪˤСѲưפθȤ٤¤ȤȤˤʤ롥
back-up
balls-up
bawling-out
beating-up
blackout/black-out
blast-off
blowout
blowout (main entry)
blowing-up
blow-up
botch-up
(a) breakaway (group)
(a) break-away (state)
break-back
breakdown
break-in
break-out
breakthrough
break-up
brew-up
brush(-)down
brush-off
build-up
bust-up
bust-up (main entry)
call(ing)-up
carry-on
carryings-on
carve-up
castaway
cast-off
cave-in
change-down
change-over
change-up
check-in
check-out
check-over
check-through
check-up
clamp-down
clawback
clean-out
clean-up
clear-up
climb-down
clip-on (ear-rings)
clock-in (time)
clock-off (time)
clock-on (time)
clock-out (time)
close-down
cock-up
come-back
come-back (main entry)
come-down (main entry)
come-hither (look) (main entry)
come-on
cop-out
count-down
cover-up
crack-down
crack-up
crossing(s)-out
cut-away
cut-back
cut-off
cut-out
die-back
dig-in
doss-down
downpour
drawback (main entry)
dressing-down
drive-in (main entry)
drop-out
drying-up
fade-out
falling-off
fall-out (main entry)
feedback
fight-back
fill-up
fit-up
flare-up
flashback (main entry)
flick(-)through
flip(-)through
flyover (main entry)
flypast
follow-on
follow-through
follow-up
foul-up
frame-up
freak-out
freeze-off
freeze-up
freshen-up
fuck-up
gadabout
getaway (main entry)
get-together
get-up
give-away
glance-over/through
(the) go-ahead (to do sth)
(a) go-ahead (organization)
go-between (main entry)
go-by (main entry)
goings-on (main entry)
going-over (main entry)
hand-me-down(s)
hand-off
hand-out
hand-over
hang-out
hangover/hung over (main entry)
hang-up/hung up (main entry)
hideaway
hold-up, holdup
hook-up/hooked up (main entry)
hose down
hush-up
jump-off
kick-back
kick-off
kip-down
knockabout (main entry)
knock-down, knockdown (price)
knock-down, knockdown (furniture)
knock-on
knock-on effect (main entry)
knock-out
knock-up
lace-up(s)
layabout (main entry)
laybay (main entry)
lay-off
lay-out
lead-in
lead-off
leaf-through
leaseback
left-over(s)
let-down
let-out
let-up
lie-down
lie-in
lift-off
lift-up
limber-up
line-out (main entry)
line-up
listen-in
(a) live-in (maid)
(a) living-out (allowance)
lock-out
lock-up (main entry)
(a) look about/around/round
look-in (main entry)
looker(s)-on
look-out
(be sb's) look-out (main entry)
look-over
(a) look round
look-through
make-up
makeshift(s)
march-past
mark-down
mark-up
marry-up
meltdown (main entry)
mess-up
mix-up
mock-up (main entry)
(a) mop-up (operation)
muck-up
(a) nose(-)about/around/round
offprint
onlooker(s)
outbreak
outcast
outlay
output
overspill
passer(s)-by
paste-up
pay-off, payoff
peel-off
phone-in
pick-me-up
pick-up
pick-up (truck) (main entry)
pile-up
pile-up (main entry)
pin-up (main entry)
play-back
play-off
(a) poke(-)about/around
(a) pop-up (book)
(a) potter(-)about/around
print-off
print-out
pull-in
(a) pull-out (section)
pull-up
punch-up
push-off
pushover (main entry)
put-down
(a) put-down (point)
(a) put-up (bed)
quickening-up
(a) rake(-)about/around/round
rake-off
rake(-)round
rave-up
read-through
read-through (main entry)
riffle(-)through
rig-out
rinse-out
rip-off
roll-on/roll-off (main entry)
roll-up (main entry)
round-up
rub-down
rub-up
runabout (main entry)
run-around (main entry)
runaway (children)
runaway (main entry)
(a) runaway (marriage)
(a) runaway (victory)
run-down
run-down (main entry)
run-in (with) (main entry)
run-off
run-through
run-up
(a) scout-about/around
(a) see-through (blouse etc)
seize-up
sell-off
sell-out
sell-out/sold-out (main entry)
send-off (main entry)
send-up
setback
set-to
set-up
setback
set-to
set-up
set-up (main entry)
shake-down
shake-out
shake-up
share-out
shoot-out
(a) shop around
show-down (main entry)
show-off
shut-down
sit-down
sit-down (demonstration/strike) (main entry)
sit-in
skim-through
sleep-in
(a) sleep-in (nanny)
slip-up
smash-up
snarl-up
snoop(-)about/around/round
speed-up
spin-off (main entry)
splash-down
(a) spring-back (binder)
stack-up
stake-out
standby
stand-in
stand-off (main entry)
stand-to
stand-up comedian/comic (main entry)
start-up (capital)
step-up
(a) stick-on (label)
stick-up
stitch-up
stop-over
stowaway
strip-down
summing-up
sun-up
swab(-)out
sweep-out
sweep-up
swill-out
swing-round
switch-over
tailback
take-away
take-home (pay)
take-off
take-out
take-up
talk-in (main entry)
talk-through
teach-in (main entry)
tearaway (main entry)
tee off (main entry)
telling(s)-off
(a) through-away (can)
(a) throw-away (remark)
throw-back
throw-back (main entry)
throw-in
throw-out
(a) thumb(-)through
ticking(s)-off
tick-over
tidy-up
tie-up/tied up (main entry)
tip-off
(a) tip-up (seat)
top-up
toss-up
touch-down
trade-in
trade-off
try-on
try-out
turnabout
turn-around
turndown
turn-off
turn-on
turn-out
turn-over
turn-over (main entry)
turn-round
turn-up(s) (main entry)
turn-up for the books (main entry)
upturn
uplift
(a) wake-up (call)
walkabout (main entry)
walk on (main entry)
(a) walk-on (part)
walk-out
walk-over
walk-through
warm-up
wash-down
wash-out
wash-out (main entry)
watch-out
weigh-in
whip-round (main entry)
wind-up
wipe-down
wipe-over
work-in (main entry)
work-out (main entry)
write-in (main entry)
write-off
write-up
(a) zip-up (jacket)
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
ε ([2023-08-05-1]) ˰³ư켭ŵ Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs (= ODPV) ȤĤĶư (phrasal_verb) ʻž (conversion) ˤĤơ
ODPV δ (514) ˡ̾첽ưˤĤƳ㤬ǺܤƤ롥ʬɤǡưʻžᤰ͡¦̤ߤƤ롥㤨С2Ǥδ֤˥ϥեޤΤɤޤˡꡤưΥǤϤʤư -ing դư̾첽ˡ¸ߡ츫ưʻžΤ褦ǤƼ¤ϤȤбư줬礱Ƥ륱ƻؤʻžλʤɡ
This index covers all the nominalized forms (ie nouns derived from verbs + particles/prepositions) recorded in the main part of the dictionary (usually but not always the base form of the verb + particle/preposition, with or without a hyphen). For a full treatment of these forms, see The Student's Guide to the Dictionary.
Nominalized forms sometimes consist of the -ing form of the verb + particle/preposition (eg (a) dressing-down, (a) summing-up, (a) telling-off). The more common examples are recorded here.
Each nominal form is listed alphabetically and is followed by the headphrase(s) of the entry (or entries) in which it appears in the main text:
change-over change over (from)(to); change round/over
output put out 7
When the nominalized form is the headphrase itself, the fact is noted as follows:
fall-out (main entry)
(There is no finite verb + particle expression in regular use from which fall-out derives: a sentence such as *The nuclear tests fell out over a large area is unacceptable.)
When a nominalized form is generally used attributively, a noun with which it commonly occurs is given in parentheses after it:
(a) see-through (blouse) see through 1
start-up (capital) start up 2
Whether a nominalized form appears as one word, as one word with a hyphen, or as two words, is often a matter of printing convention or individual usage. The entries in the dictionary and in this index generally show the most accepted form in British usage, but variations are recorded where appropriate, eg. a) poke(-)about/around.
ʤߤ1ǻȤƤ The Student's Guide to the Dictionary γս (xiii) ˤϡΤ褦ˤ롥
1 what is a nominalized form?
A nominalized form ('nom form' for short) is a noun formed from a phrasal verb: make-up, for instance, is formed from make up (ie 'apply cosmetics to one's face') and take-off is formed from take off (ie 'leave the ground in an aircraft'). Sometimes nom forms have a spelling which includes the letters -ing: tell off (ie 'reproach, reprimand') has the nom form telling-off.
ǤȤʤΤưȯŸȤ٤ʻž̾졦ƻˤĤƤʣʻ𤬤褦
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
Ѹˤˤϡ#4635. "Great Complement Shift" ([2022-01-04-1]) ȤĬή롤Ȥ롥ʸι¤ (complementation) ȤȤ that ᤫؤȿܤư̾ؤȿܤƤѲǤ롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǤäȿʹԤ³ƤƤꡤ©Ĺ
ȯ䤵줿#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡԤν (242--44) ʸ (gcs) ΰȿΤ褦ˤߤ붽̣Ƥ롥
Ѹ̤ơ~뤿ˡפ̣ in order ... ɽŤư̾ȤäƤȤ줬ʽФ that ޤǿʽФƤȤΤǤ롥ʳδϢɽϤޤܤѤȡΤ褦ˤʤȤ
to the end that/to the end to V
in order to NP/ing
in order to V
in order that ~ may
ˤС ARCHER Corpus Ǹ̤˴ŤʥꥪȤȤܤν˽äɽŪʸ5ĵƤΤǡ˺ƷǤ롥
... they were all Committed to Newgate, in order to their being Tried next Sessions. (1682 2PROI.N1)
I know not whether it might not be worth a Poet's while, to travel in order to store is mind with ... (1714 BERK.X2)
... every moral agent must exist forever, in order to the proper and full exercise of moral government. (1789 HOPK.H4)
... consequently I cut away all the cerebrum until the corpus callosum appeared, in order that I might the more readily examine the lateral ventricles. (1820 A.M5)
Not because I want to undervalue the importance of these signs, but in order that I may impress upon you how important it is to Subject ...
ΤʸܤᤷΤ褦ʽοܤȤʤäƤ롥̤θˤΤʤΤ뤤϶ȯŪ㳰Ȥߤʤ٤ʤΤ̣
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
#4995. ư̾칽ʸ there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפѸ ([2022-12-30-1]) ϸѸˤ³ʸȤΤƤ뤬Ѹˤ there was ---ing Ȥ̣ʸ¸ߤ---Ԥʤ줿ס---ȤȤȤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥Mustanoja (576) ˤĤ㤬Ƥ롥
The construction there was . . -ing is frequently used in ME for the expression of indefinite agency: --- þer was sobbing (Havelok 234); --- þer was sembling (Havelok 1018); --- thar wes oft bikkyring (Barbour ix 343); --- so greet wepyng was there noon, certayn, Whan Ector was ybroght, al fressh yslayn, To Troye, Allas, the pitee that was ther, Cracchynge of chekes, rentynge eek of heer (Ch. CT A Kn. 2831--4). A similar case is and thus the woful nyhtes sorwe To joie is torned on the morwe; Al was thonkinge, al was blessinge, Which erst was wepinge and cursinge (Gower CA ii 3317--18).
ư̾ɽ蘆ưιټԤǤꡤưΤΤ˾ƤѤ빽ʸʤΤOED -ing, suffix1 ˤäˤιʸ˴ؤ뵭ҤϤʤMED -ing(e (suf.(1)) ˤڤʤ
ιʸϡǤäΩäʸȤƸڤ뤳ȤϤʤΤΡ١ȤϼѤƤ褦there is/was ---ing BNCweb ꤤĤƤߤ褦
'Well, like I told the foreign gentleman, there was dancing in the sitting room, and this Mrs Heatherington-Scott she was dancing with Mr Merrivale.'
There is shooting almost daily in the capital as roaming snipers attack military checkpoints;
There was rationing at home and war in Ireland.
First there was cheering then jeering.
There was knocking on the front door.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
δñѸ in English٤2椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ23ϡ֤ʤʬư̾Ʊ -ing ɽΡפǤ

Ѹ -ing ¿Ǥ͡ʬ (present participle) ϡbe Ȥ߹蘆äƿʹԷ (progressive) ꡤƻȤ̾Ҥꡤʬ칽ʸ뤳ȤǤޤư̾ (gerund) ȤƤϡư̾žŪˡƤޤĤޤꡤ-ing ưƻˤꡤˤꡤ̾ˤȬϻ群γƤΤǤ
ʬ -ing ư̾ -ing ϵޤäۤʤޤŤϷ֤ۤʤäƤΤǤˤβ -ing ȤƱ˹蘆äƤޤäǤϢܵǤϡդλפǫ˲⤷ƤޤޤʹԷ϶Ѹ˳ΩŪʸˡʤΤǤʤɤΤ褦ΩΤŪ⤿ɤäƤޤĤΤ褦εȤʤäƤޤҤɤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)δϢȤ#375. -ing ˤ3ढäΤäƤޤҲ𤷤ƤޤϢܵȹ碌 -ing ؤޤȻפޤ
ε#4994. There is no accounting for tastes ס ([2022-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ褯Τ줿 there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפư̾칽ʸȤʤäƤ롥One cannot account for tastes. It is impossible to account for tastes. ȸ̣
θ18˽ФŪΤȤ뤬there is no ---ing ư̾칽ʸΤΤϡɤΤ餤Ťޤˤ̤ΤOED no, adj. ˤȡ13νƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ˽Ф롥ʸȤƤ it is no ---ing ʤɤѰ۷ߤ (cf. #4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ ([2022-06-08-1])) ʲ OED ΰѤʸ嶽̣ʬ֤ǼƤߤ
4. Modifying a verbal noun or gerund used as the predicate, denoting the impossibility of the action specified. Chiefly with non-referential there (also it) as subject.
[c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 149 Hwen þe delit iþe lust is igan se ouerforð þet ter nere nan wiðseggunge ȝef þer were eise to fulle þe dede.]
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23812 (MED) Quen we it proue þat es to late, Es þar na mending þan þe state.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxvi. 657 It is no goynge thyder, without ye wyll lose all.
1560 Bible (Geneva) Nahum iii. 19 There is no healing of thy wounde.
a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. D4v Cosin it is no dealing with him now.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. i. 146 Val. No, beleeue me. Speed. No beleeuing you indeed sir.
a1643 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 108 So the people were so impetuously set upon their lusts, that there was no speaking to them.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 39 There was no keeping Friday in the Boat.
1753 Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 54 There is no going any where without meeting Pretenders in this Way.
1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. vii. 117 Do what they might, there was no keeping down the butcher.
1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xv. 138 There's no accounting for tastes, sir.
1895 A. I. Shand Life E. B. Hamley I. ii. 21 There was no mistaking the meaning of the invitation, and there was no declining it.
1954 A. Thirkell What did it Mean? 87 There would be no getting hold of the girls as the evenings got longer.
1975 Times 6 Dec. 8/5 Try Village Prospects..R 3 again, I fear, but no avoiding it.
2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. 8/4 There is no mistaking African anger at the external barriers they confront.
űѸ줫餹ǤȯãƤ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȡѸˤ褦䤯ȯãϤư̾줬Τޤ줿ʸȤäƤ褤¸ʸˤĤƤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
#4992. absence Ժߡפ˴ؤѸθ2ġ ([2022-12-27-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥꡤ֤˱Ѹθŵ A ɤ߿ʤƤ롥ɤϤƴ֤ʤ accounting ɤȤɸͭ̾ʸ˽вäס¾ͤιߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤ櫓ʬˤȤḁ̈ϤʤϹäƤͤιͤƤ뤳ȤϤ餫ʤȤƥ de gustibus non est disputandum "There is no disputing about tastes" ˤ줤б롥
ODP6 ˤȱѸǤν1794ǯȤʤäƤ롥
1794 A. Radcliffe Mysteries of Udolpho I. xi. I have often thought the people he disapproved were much more agreeable than those he admired; --- but there is no accounting for tastes. 1889 Gissing Nether World II. viii. There is no accounting for tastes. Sidney . . . not once . . . congratulated himself on his good fortune. 1985 R. Reeves Doubting Thomas iv. 'You're usually in here with a little guy, wears a rug. Looks like he gets his suits from Sears. Paisley ties. . . . There's no accounting for taste.' 2014 Spectator 13 Dec. 75 I read of an ornament which is 'a plywood cutout of a giant boiled egg', but there's no accounting for taste, even bad taste.
ǯǤñԲĻ̾ taste Ѥ¿褦촶ȤƤϡʣ tastes ξˤϡ͡ϹХХ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤΤޤǧ봶мˤǡñ taste ξˤϡʬϹޤƿʹ֤ϹȤΤǤʤΤȤãѤмˤ褦˻פ뤬ɤʸ but θѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦ǡ¿쾯ʤֻʤ͡פȤްդ褦
θΰ۷ȤƤñ Tastes differ ⤢ꡤۤƱ19Ƭ˽ФƤ롥
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
to εˤĤơ#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ ([2016-03-03-1]) ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³
ϡѸˤζʽʤɤǤ褯ŪʵҤΤǤ롥ȤɬΤǤϤʤ褦Los (144) ˰ۤʤƤꡤΤۤӸŪϤ롥
The etymology of the to-infinitive is often given as a bare infinitive in the complement of a preposition to, but this leaves the gemination ('doubling') of the -n- in the to-infinitive unexplained. The gemination points to the presence of an earlier -j-, probably part of a nominalising suffix. This parallells (sic) the origin of the gerund . . . , and indicates that the to-infinitive is not built on the bare infinitive, which was a much earlier formation, but on a verbal stem, like any other nominalisation:
(57) to (preposition) + ber- (verbal stem) + -anja (derivational suffix) + -i (dative sg) Common Germanic *to beranjōi, Old English: to berenne, Middle English: to beren/bere, PDE: to bear.
Τ˸űѸθ beran ̤̾ȸΩƤͿʤ˶ޤƤ *berane ˤʤ berenne ˤϤʤʤ첻ۤʤ뤷ҲνŤ (gemination) θˤʤФʤʤȤˡƵŤ
Los, Bettelou. A Historical Syntax of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.
Ѹˤκǽץɤ1ĤǤ "Great Vowel Shift" ʡ첻ܡ; gvsˤˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥˤʤ̾դ줿 "Great Complement Shift" ʡʸܡ; gcsˤˤĤƤϡ#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]) Ǥ̾˸ڤ٤ǤۤȤɼ夲ƤƤʤäϡѸ˾塤ưʬ¤ (complementation) 礭ѲƤݤؤʬͼԤǤ Rohdenburg (143) פʸƬǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Over the past few centuries, English has experienced a massive restructuring of its system of sentential complementation, which may be referred to as the Great Complement Shift.
ʸ¤ѲȤäƤ⡤ºݤˤ͡ʼѲޤޤƤ롥餬ߤˤɤΤ褦ʴطĤΤ餫ˤƤʤRohdenburg ϤޤȤ GCS ȸƤǤ롥Rohdenburg (143--45) ϡΤ褦̻ŪѲʤ뤤Ϥ붦ŪѰۡˤƤ롥
(1) She delighted to do it. She delighted in doing it.
(2) She was used/accustomed to do it. He was used/accustomed to doing it.
(3) She avoided/dreaded to go there. She avoided/dreaded going there.
(4) He helped (to) establish this system.
(5) They gave us some advice (on/as to) how it should be done.
(6) a. He hesitated (about) whether he should do it.
b. He hesitated (about) whether to do it.
(7) a. She was at a loss (about) what she should do.
b. She was at a loss (about) what to do.
(8) a. She advised to do it in advance.
b. She advised doing it in advance.
c. She advised that it (should) be done in advance.
(9) a. He promised his friends to return immediately.
b. He promised his friends (that) he would return immediately.
夳1ĤΥפȤळȤưʸȤư̾졤졤that ᡤֻʤɤΤΤ˴ؤ̻ŪѲƤȡƸߤǤ⤷ФжŪѰۤߤȤȤGCS μݤǤ롥
Rohdenburg, Günter. "The Role of Functional Constraints in the Evolution of the English Complement System." Syntax, Style and Grammatical Norms: English from 1500--2000. Ed. Christiane Dalton-Puffer, Dieter Kastovsky, Nikolaus Ritt, and Herbert Schendl. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. 143--66.
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯãäȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťեбʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])ˡ
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˳ꥢåפ줿ƥĤMorning evening ˤϲ ing ĤΡǤŪñǡƹͤƤߤʤȰռ餷ʤ䤫⤷ޤͤФԻĤǤ͡¤ϺΥƥĤǤԤȤϤ͡⤬äƸ츻ŪˤϽ⤢Ǥܥ֥Ǥϡ#2708. morn, morning, morrow, tomorrow ([2016-09-25-1]) Ǥ˾ƤޤΤǡɤ
ܲؤΥȤǥ롼ŸǤ륰롼פϡХ -ing äƤޤ-ing ȤäƤ⡤ʬ졤ư̾졤̾ȤäưǤϤʤΤǤΤΤɤǤɤΤ褦뤫ȤΤӤθǤƱ롼פϿʹԷˤ븽ʬȤƤ -ing ˾ʤä褦Ǥ
ǤⵡǽϰۤʤɡŪˤߤз־Ʊ -ing Ǥ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ޤŪˤߤƤ⡤ϳơۤʤ롼ġۤʤ뵡ǽäƤޤ֤ʤΤǺƱƤȤΤ֤ʤΤǤ-ing ˤȤäƤߤСʤꤿƤʤä櫓ǤϤʤǤ礦¿ǽˤʤäƤޤä櫓Ǥ͡ȤȤǡɤΤߤ -ing Ǥ뤳ȤˤѤꤢޤ
-ing ϱѸ˾礭ʥơޤǤܥ֥ǰäƤϰ -ing ߤεҲ𤷤Ƥޤפɤߤεåɤ
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1])
#3109. ʤ -(e)s դ -ing դֻˤưۤʤΤ ([2017-10-31-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1])
#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴ ([2013-01-26-1])
#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1])
#4349. ʤʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿Τ˸ʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ ([2021-03-24-1])
#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1])
#1610. Viking θ츻 ([2013-09-23-1])
#1673. ̾¿ȿ̾ء ([2013-11-25-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])
#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#2512. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (2) ([2016-03-13-1])
#2511. ưŪȤ뤫ư̾뤫 (1) ([2016-03-12-1])
#757. decline + ư̾ ([2011-05-24-1])
#4058. what with ʸ ([2020-06-06-1])
#3923. ѸΡ?ʤפʤɤΰư֤ɽ魯칽ʸ ([2020-01-23-1])
1ǯۤˡѸ˴ؤѤʵƤäȤ롥Τʤ1Ĥˡɸμݤε䤬äʤʤθʸϡ֤ʤʬ -ing ˤϲʬΤ褦Ե§ư줬¸ߤʤΤסˡĤǶᤳεˤĤƹͤϤƤߤΤޤääѤǤϤʤǤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť⤷ȻפܲưʡˤƵƤǤ롥
εβ⤷ȤС1ˡʵϻפĤ⤷ʤä顥ѸؽԤϳưγѤǺޤƤϤγˤϡʬư̾ƱͤˤϤʤ -ing ǰӤƤ롥ϴ¤ǤϤ뤬äȴɤƤʤΤȤϢλͲϩʤΤȻפ-ing ˤֻˤĤƤϼ㴳Ե§ϤΤ̵뤷Ƥ褤٤Ǥcf. #3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1])ˡ
Τ褦餷ȯȴäĩ路ϤΤϤ褤¤䡥ɤˤФʤǡʤε䤬ΤŪ˹ͤƤߤ2ۤɥȤ
(1) Ф줿Ѥʵ䡥֤ʤ A Ե§ʤΤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤפȤȤʤäƤ뤬褯ͤƤߤȡϡѤʡ䤫ȴФषʤ٤䤤ǤϤʤѸؼԤȯ褦ʵϡƤ֤ʤ B ϵ§ŪʤΤ A Ե§ʤΤפȤʤΤǤ롥ΥǤС֤ʤʬ -ing ǵ§ŪʤΤ˲ʬˤԵ§ʤΤ¿ΤפȤȯΤ̤ۤǤϤʤԤεǤСʬ -ing §ŪǤ뤳ȤäפʬԵ§ʤΤ¿ͳФ褤餯ΤۤˤϤפȤʤʤȤƷ褷ưפϤʤˡ
(2) ȤȸʬȲʬ2Ԥ椷Ȥȯ뵿Ǥ롥ΤξԤȤ̾ˡʬ (participle) ޤߡоݤˤʤ䤹櫓оݤ2˸ꤻ깭 non-finite verb forms Ȥȡ⤦볦ƤΤǤϤʤŪˤСʬȲʬ˲äơư̾θƤߤΤϤɤʬư̾ϷϾ˰פƤΤǡºݾϿ˹θ˲ä٤ȤȤˤʤ롥ȤΤϸѸȤƤϸˤۤʤ餺줬Ȥ٤¸ߤʤΤǡԵ§ⲿʤʤ be ư̤ˤۤ褵ǤˡȤȡ4ढ non-finite verb forms Τʤǡ3ޤǤ§Ūǡ1ΤߡĤޤʬΤߤԵ§ȤȤˤʤ롥Ūˤߤ¤ꡤ嵭 (1) ǼȤȹ碌ơ֤ʤʬΤߤԵ§ʤΤפ䤤ľۤʤȤΤˤͭפΤ褦˹ͤ롥
ȤȤǡȯڤ̣˴äơܤޤƤȤ뤬ʤȤͻˤäƤϸۤȯȤΤ褤ȻפäƤ롥ˤƤǡ伫Ȥ⤢륢ǥϻäƤ뤬ޤäʤΤǡäȵĴƤȻפäƤ롥ܥ֥ɼԤγˤ1ĤȤȤǤ
ͤޤǤˡʬ˴ؤεȤơʲƤ
#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])
#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])
#4345. űѸޤǤθʬȯã ([2021-03-20-1])
#4344. -in' -ing ξάǤϤʤ ([2021-03-19-1]
γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽вݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡ
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
what with ʸ˴ؤʸɤȥ "the what with construction" 顤Ƥä#806. what with A and what with B ([2011-07-12-1]) ιʸΤȤȻפǤΤɤǤߤ餽ǤϤʤä䡤ιʸȤ̵طǤϤʤΤäʸŪްդäȯãƤʸȤȤǤ롥ʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸαĹˤ롤ŪޥʡʹʸʸϡˤĤƹʸʸˡ (construction_grammar) 乽ʸ (constructionalization) δͻƤ롥
ޤʸƤߤ褦Trousdale (579--80) Ƹ롥
(8)
a. What with the gown, the limos, and all the rest, you're probably looking at about a hundred grand.
(2009 Diane Mott Davidson, Fatally Flaky; COCA)
b. In retrospect I realize I should have known that was a bad sign, what with the Raven Mockers being set loose and all.
(2009 Kristin Cast, Hunted; COCA)
c. But of course, to be fair to the girl, she wasn't herself at the Deanery, what with thinking of how Lord Hawtry's good eye had darkened when she refused his hand in marriage.
(2009 Dorothy Cannell, She Shoots to Conquer; COCA)
d. The bed was big and lonesome what with Dimmert gone.
(2009 Jan Watson, Sweetwater Run; COCA)
e. The Deloche woman was going to have one heck of a time getting rid of the place, what with the economy the way it was in Florida.
(2009 Eimilie Richards, Happiness Key; COCA)
(b)--(d) ʸˤĤƤϡ what with θˡ̣μ줬äʤäꤹ뤬 ing en ³Ȥǡʬ칽ʸӾ with ιʸ롥ɽŪˤСʬ칽ʸƬ with ǤϤʤ what with ȤŪɸĤ褦ʹʸ
Trousdale (580) ˤСwhat with ʸˤϼΤ褦ʰ̣ŪŪԸǻŦƤ (Trousdale 580)
- the 'causality' function of what with is not restricted to absolutes; what with also occurs in prepositional phrases (e.g. (8a) above) and gerundive clauses (e.g. (8c) above).
- what with patterns occur in a particular pragmatic context, namely "if the matrix proposition denotes some non-event or negative state, or, more generally, some proposition which has certain negative implications (at least from the view of the speaker)".
- what with patterns typically appear with coordinated lists of 'reasons', or with general extenders such as and all in (8b) above.
ιʸϥޥʡʤ⡤ʤˤȤäϸѸ˸ȤTrousdale (587) ˤ Gower Confessio Amantis 㤬Ƥ롥˿帻ܻؤС what ˡֻ for with ǤϤʤΤΡˤȤ12 Lambeth Homilies ˸Ȥfor with Ǥʤ because of, between, by, from, in case (of), of, though ʤɤȤڥȤǤ褦ǡʤȤԻĤ what ˡǤ롥
Τ褦ˤϸŤwhat with θ̾ʳ͡ʥѥ褦ˤʤäƤΤϡѸˤʤäƤǤŪʸȸȤǤ롥
Trousdale, G. "Theory and Data in Diachronic Construction Grammar: The Case of the what with Construction." Studies in Language 36 (2012): 576--602.
ε#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǡwant ַ礤ƤעɬפǤעߤפȤ̣ѲФƤȤ̣ѲȤäƤ͡ʥפ롥Ṭ̌ A ̣ B ˴˼ä뤳Ȥ⤢С̣ B Ṭ̌ A Ѥ餺Ĥꡤ̤Ȥξΰ̣¤ΩäƤȤ⤢롥Ԥξ硤̻ŪˤߤʣθѤƤɽǤ뤷ŪˤߤФθ¿ (polysemy) ɽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥want ϤޤˤθԤǤꡤΡߤפȤŪͥˤϰ㤤ʤǤŤַ礤Ƥפθ⡤˸ŤɬפǤפθĤäƤ롥
ʲŤᤫʸ⤢뤬(1)--(3) Ǥϡַ礤Ƥפθ(4)--(6) ǤϡɬפǤפθǧ롥
(1) She wants courage. ˤͦʤ
(2) The time wants ten minutes to four. 410ʬ
(3) The sum wanted two dollars of the desired amount. ʤζۤϴ˾ۤ2ɥʤä
(4) This dirty floor wants a scrub. ʤα줿Ϥɬפ롥
(5) This CD player wants repairing. ʤCDץ졼䡼Ͻɬפ롥
(6) Your hair wants to be cut. ʷȱӤϴɬפ롥
(5) Τ褦ư̾줬³ʸϡ̣ŪˤϼȤȤʤ need ˡƱǤcf. #3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])ˡ
̾ want ƱͤǡŤɬספθŪʤĤäƤ롥The homeless are in want of shelter. ʥۡ쥹ϱϪΤƤ롥ˤǤϡwant need ֤ƤѤ롥ޤַ˳פθ for want of . . . ?ΤˡˤȤ˻ĤäƤ롥 for lack of . . . ȸ뤳ȤǤ롥Mother Goose Ƹ (nursery rhyme) ˡζ֤Ȥͭ̾ʤΤ롥
For want of a nail the shoe was lost. ţʤΤŴǤƤʤ For want of a shoe the horse was lost. ŴǤƤʤΤϤʤ For want of a horse the rider was lost. ϤʤΤǵΤʤ For want of a rider the battle was lost. ΤʤΤ襤ʤ For want of a battle the kingdom was lost. 襤ʤΤǹǤӤ And all for the want of a horseshoe nail. ٤ƤŴţʤä
¿γؽϤФʤθ줬¿ʤΤͤƤߤȤ⤷˰̣ѲФƤǡŤξ˿ѤƤǽ⤤Ȥ櫓̣Ѳ˶μŵФ֤ƤǤ롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
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