ȡܸ³ (subjunctive) ˤĤơܸʸˡ缭ŵ٤ȤƤϡƱʸܸ³θˤĤƳѤ (387--88)
³칽Ū˸ȡ¾ʻ줫žΡưڤӡޤʤɤˡư̾ؼ˽줬ܤƴŪ˸ꤷΡʤȡˡơ椨ˡȤǡˤʤɤǤ롥Ǥ⡤Ū³ȤϤۤȤɤʤĤޤꡤȤܸǤ³줬ȯãʤäɤ⡤夬ˤĤơߤŪ³ɽơʬŪоݲǺŪ˴ϢŤ褦Ȥޤ졤βǡθžϢ첽ˤä³ĤФȹͤ롥
ܸ³ˤϡȤȤν³Ϥʤޤ¾ʻ줫Τ¿ȤȤλϡѸ³ˤƤƱǤ롥ǤŪ³ȤäƤ褤 and Ǥ顤ĸ "in" ̣ *en ͳ褹ȤΤ顤٤ࡥ
Τˤơ³ϸŵꥷʸˡˤΩʻȤǧƤꡤˤ̤ƺǤФʻ1ĤȤäƤ褤εȤʤȡճ¾ʻθʤɤŪƤΤˤʤȤʬäƤ롥³ԻĤǤ⤷
ܸʸˡ뤬³ǧ᤺ˡΰȤƤȤ館ʸˡ⤢äȤõƤ㤨СĹͺ侾绰Ϻϡ³ȤʻǧƤʤعʸˡǤϡ³ϡ֤켫Τΰ̣ƤǡԤɽΰ̣ƸԤɽ˴طŤȤ̵ǽǧͳ顤ΩʻȤǧƤƱp. 387ˡ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ε ([2025-08-06-1]) Ǥϡܸˤ³ (conjunction) ˤĤŪŪʴ鸫Ʊܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) ˰͵ợŪʴͤƤߤ褦
̣夫鸫³εǽĤޤɽƤɤΤ褦ʤΤȤƼơԤɽˤɤΤ褦˴طŤʤ³뤫ˤĤƤϡ⤬ФƤ뤬Τ褦̤ΤǤ
ޤȤεȤƸ郎ΩȴطŤ־³פȡȵδطʤñ˲äƸ³³פȤ̤롥־³פϡŪɬȤƤε롤Ĥޤλμ̮ά˱褦褦Ǥ뤳Ȥֽ³סʽܡˤȡŪɬȤƤε̷⤷ơĤޤ꼫̮άΤ褦˵դäƸ郎Ω뤳Ȥɽֵ³סʵܡˤȡΩȤȤʤäƸΩ뤳Ȥɽ³פȤʬ롥ơΤ줾ϡλ֤ΩȤƼ뤳Ȥɽֳפȡλ֤ΩȤƸ³ֲפȤʬ롥³פˤϡİʾλŪ¤٤ƽҤ٤Ū³פȻŪˤʤ٤Ҥ٤߲áסİʾλ椫Ĥ뤳ȤסԤ̤ΤȤФǽҤ٤ƱסԤͳʤɤҤ٤ֲסԤȤϻѤƽҤ٤뤳Ȥžפ롥ޤȤƼʸȤȡΤ褦Ǥ롥
A;³
(1)³ʽܡ
ʥ˳顤ǡäơ椨
ʥ˲ʤ顤СȤ
(2)³ʵܡ
ʥ˳ɤ⡤ˡɡɤ⡤Ȥ
ʥ˲ȤƤ
(3)³
ʥ˳ǡ
ʥ˲Ȥ
B³
(1)³ʽܡˡäơ椨
(2)³ʵܡˡȤǤ⡤Τˤ⤫餺
(3)³ȡ
(4)ڤӡ¤Ӥˡޤ
(5)߲áơĤǡ줫顤
(6)Ȥ⡤뤤ϡ⤷ϡ
(7)ƱĤޤꡤʤ㤨Сפˡפ
(8)⡡ʤʤ顤ȤΤϡâäȤ
(9)žơȤǡǤ
ʾܸ³ΰ̣Ūʬˤʤ뤬ΤޤޱѸ³˱ѤȤɤΤ褦ˤʤŪʬˤĤʤΤ뤤ϻ𤬰ۤʤΤۤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ͤˤϤʤ
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
ΤȤ³ (conjunction) ˴ؿƤ롥̸Ū³뤳ȤɤޤDzǽʤΤʬʤΤʤȤ̸ˤơ³פʻ褦ȤߤϤʤƤ
ȤϤ㤨ܸˤ³ɤΤ褦˰ˤĤƤ顤ŪʲޤߡޤߤǤ롥ۤɰˤǤ⤢ΤϤҤȤޤܸʸˡ缭ŵ (387) 국ҤΰѤνȯȤ
³ ʤĤˡʻΰġΩdzѤʤñȤ³Ȥʤ롥ԤɽˤƤƸԤɽʸˤ˴طŤʤ³롥³줬³Τϡʸ˰֤硤ññ졤ʸϢʸˤʸϢʸˡʸƬ˰֤硤ʸʸܤǤ롥①ññֻޤۤ②ʸʸɮ뤤ڥǽ③ʸʸϤɤϤޤߤäƤ④Ȥ³硤³ϸƬѤ롥ŪˡȤơʸΤƸʸΤ³ꡤʸƸ³ꤹʤɡΥꥨ롥ʤΤ³ˤä³ʸϡ³ǤǤ⡤ʸʤȹͤ٤⤷ʤ
³줬³뤫ȤˤĤơʤ뤤ϡ˵ƤϤʤܼʤɤθ̤ηǤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤȤʷŪñ̤顤Ȥ礭Ūñ̤ˤޤǵڤ֤ȤȤϡճä³ϡɤñ̤Ǥ³ǤȤħ餷Τ
ܸˤ衤Ѹޤθˤ衤ŪʻʬȤΤ뤬ΤʤǤ³Ϥʤü褦˻פƤ2İʾθǤĤʤǽǤˡֶ֤ʤʻȺǧĤĤ롥
桦 ѡԡˡܸʸˡ缭ŵ١2001ǯ
Fischer et al. (184) ˤСƳ³ (conjunction) μϡѸˤ̤ŪƤȤΥԡȤСѸǤϤʤϽѸȤ
The most striking development is probably the expansion of the inventory of subordinators over time, described by Kortmann (1997). There is in PDE a core of high-frequency monomorphemic subordinators --- as, when, if, where, because, while, before, since, after, until and so on (cf. Kortmann, 1997: 131) --- which, from a historical point of view, is both old and relatively stable. The subordinators that make up this core already functioned as subordinators in OE (as, if, while, since) or else came to do so no later than ME (when, where, because, before, after, until). Remarkably, they also tend to be the subordinators that are first acquired by children. Outside this core, however, fluctuations in the subordinator inventory are more pronounced. Throughout the history o English, the trend has been for the inventory of subordinators to grow. PDE has almost twice as many subordinators as OE, though eModE had even more (Kortmann, 1997: 294). At the same time, many new additions --- especially, it appears, the ones that entered the grammar in eModE --- again disappeared, witness the subordinators in (63), all of which are now obsolete.
(63) a The Lyons . . . brake all their bones in pieces or euer [= 'well before'] they came at the bottome of the den. (1611, OED)
b Such of them as . . . had a desire to stay in Spain . . . were suffered to do so . . . conditions, that [= 'provided that'] they would be Christened. (1622--62, OED)
c The Parts of Musick are in all but four, howsoever [= 'even though'] some skilful Musicians have composed songs of twenty [. . .] parts. (1674, OED)
Ĥפ°³μबŪƤȤ¤ϡդƤޤȤ˹ͤƤߤȤϤʤạ̈Τϡ#1201. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤֻȯ ([2012-08-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡϤĤ°ֻ (preposition) ŪƤƤꡤѸˤȤ櫓äȤΰפ϶ʤΤɬʤΤ⤷оݤˤʤꤽ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Kortmann, B. Adverbial Subordination: A Typology and History of Adverbial Subordinators Based on European Languages. Berlin: mouton de Gruyter, 1997.
My family is a large one. Τ褦ʸˤ one Τ褦ʸ (prop_word) ȸƤФ롥ֻפȤȯۤϡ줬ʤȹʸȤΩ椫ʤɬܹȤȤǡΤ褦 one ҤβĻ̾ؼ졤켫Τΰ̣Ƥ϶äݤȤΤǡǤϡֻפȤϤޤͭǤʤ褦˻פ롥
ѸȤƤ prop ȤϲCrystal Ѹ켭ŵ prop Ƥߤ
prop (adj.) A term used in some GRAMMATICAL descriptions to refer to a meaningless ELEMENT introduced into a structure to ensure its GRAMMATICALITY, e.g. the it in it's a lovely day. Such words are also referred to as EMPTY, because they lack any SEMANTICALLY independent MEANING. SUBSTITUTE WORDS, which refer back to a previously occurring element of structure, are also often called prop words, e.g. one or do in he's found one, he does, etc.
̣Ūʴϡ嵭Τ褦 substitute word ѸˤȸƤ֤Τʬ䤹
̣Τʤ it ʤɤؤ "prop" ȸƤ֤ȤʤС"empty", "expletive", "dummy" ʤɤηƻˤᤷº McArthur Ѹ켭ŵˤС"prop" ιܤ "dummy" ػȤ¥롥4ܤѤʤǤä one ȤƵƤʤˡ
DUMMY [16c: from dumb and -y]. . . . (4) In grammar, an item that has little or no meaning but fills an obligatory position: prop it, which functions as subject with expressions of time (It's late), distance (It's a long way to Tipperary), and weather (It's raining); anticipatory it, which functions as subject (It's a pity that you're not here) or object (I find it hard to understand what's meant) when the subject or object of a clause is moved to a later position in the sentence, and is the subject in cleft sentences (It was Peter who had an accident); existential there, which functions as subject in an existential sentence (There's nobody at the door); the dummy auxiliary do, which is introduced, in the absence of any other auxiliary, to form questions (Do you know them?).
̣Ūˤ϶¤ɬܤȤǡ줬 prop κŪȤäƤ褤one ¾üˡˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ
#1815. ̾ one ˡϥեαƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-23-1])
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ۿ줿֤إ饸κǿϡפ֤Ρ֥å1900ɤפǤȥright ϤʤֱפָפɽΤǤ郎ޤơβδƽ̳ᤵƤޤʿ⤪꤬Ȥޤˡ
Ĥαñ줬줿ΤǤܤΤ matter count Ȥñ줬ֽפǤפ̣ưȤѤƤǤưǿŦƤޤäʤޤֽפǤפǤСbe important Τ褦˷ƻѤΤդ路褦˴뤫ǤʤưʤΤȤ䤬ޤ
2Ĥư̡˹ͤޤ礦ޤ matter ʤֽפǤפȤ̣ưˤʤΤǤ礦Ҳ𤵤Ƥ褦 matter ̾ȤƤδŪʰ̣ϡʪפǤϡȤͤޤäƤΡǤϤʤΡդȻפޤä꽼ŶƤ륤ȤΤסּ¼ŪʡסͭյʡסֽפǤפʤɤθȹͤޤ
⤦1ĤΡֽפǤפ̣ư count ϤɤǤ礦ưǾҲ𤵤Ƥޤcount 1ϡֿפǤܸ͡Ǥ֤ΤοʤפȤѶ礬ޤդˡֿ롨פΤϡֽפǤפȤͤޤѸǶ̤ȯۤΤ⤷Ǥ͡
ʤߤ count ϥƥ computāre եˤޤäͳ褷ޤ computāre ϡƬ com- ʶˡˡˤ putāre ʹͤˤꡤŰŪ˹ͤסֹθפȤạ̈礤ФơֿסַפȤ̣ȯŸƤäȹͤޤơΥƥ computāre ľܤ˱Ѹ compute ȤƤѤƤޤĤޤꡤcount compute Ʊ츻2Ÿ (doublet) δطȤʤޤ
ơmatter count ֽפǤפ̣褦ˡǤзƻɽƤ٤ȤǡưȤɽƤ¾ˤ⤢ޤ㤨 cost Ѥˤ resemble ʻƤˤʤɤ⡤ưȤϾ֡˶ᤤ̣礤ӤӤƤꡤľŪˤ be worth be like Τ褦˷ƻѤɽ魯Τդ路ȵ뤫⤷ޤ
դ⤢ޤʻȤƤϷƻǤʤ⡤Ūʰ̣礤ĶơưŪʥ˥奢ӤӤΤޤactive ʳưŪʡˤȤƻϡ֡ɽ路Ƥ褦ˤפޤưäƤưŪʥΤ¤Ǥꡤʤ̣ŪˤϽʬưŪȤȤǤΤǤޤưθʬʬ줫ƻ졤㤨 interesting, surprised ʤɤϡȤưʤ櫓Ǥ顤ʬưŪʴޤߤݻƤΤ̵̤ȤʤΤǤ
Τ褦˸ƤȡưȷƻȤʻʬϳΤ¸ߤΤΡΰ̣ŪʶܤΤ˻Ŧ뤳ȤȤ狼ޤξʻϡ̣ŪˤϤषϢ³ΤǤĤʤäƤȸʤΤդ路褦˻פޤˤĤƤϡ#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ ([2018-12-29-1]) ε⻲ͤˤʤǤ礦
Τإ饸֥å1900ɤǤϡƽ˴ؤ餻Ƥʤ顤matter count ȤäŵŪưˤĤƹͤľ뤳ȤǤٶˤʤޤˤʤäƤʤϡҥåƤߤƤ
פС䤬ơ֤إ饸פ˴ؤ餻Ƥä1Ĥ֥å1900ɤפǤ#5196. ֤إ饸б4 --- رñ쥿åȡ٤ñ츻 ([2023-07-19-1]) Ǥϡvid ʸˤȤƥ캬Τߤͥ1ֶä³ȤѤʲϿΤǤ⤼ҤС
夲 matter count ᤰϡ heldio ۿ#1418. ֤إ饸פΥå1900ɤ --- right ϤʤֱפָפɽΤǤܤޤܵˤʤȻפޤΤǡҤ⤪İ
pos Υ夤ĤεǡʻȤϲƤؼŵ˵äơʻˤĤƤInternational Encyclopedia of Linguistics pp. 250--51 ꡤ8ʤ PARTS OF SPEECH ιȤ˰Ѥ褦
PARTS OF SPEECH. Languages may vary significantly in the number and type of distinct classes, or parts of speech, into which their lexicons are divisible. However, all languages make a distinction between open and closed lexical classes, although there may be relatively few of the latter in languages favoring morphologically complex words. Open classes are those whose membership is in principle unlimited, and may differ from speaker to speaker. Closed classes are those which contain a fixed, usually small number of words, and which are essentially the same for all speakers.
ʻϤˡޤäֳ줿饹 (open class) ȡĤ饹 (closed class) 礭2ʬƤ롥2ʬˡŪǤ뤳Ȥ⤫롥
The open lexical classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Not all these classes are found in all languages; and it is not always clear whether two sets of words, having some shared and some unshared properties, should be identified as belonging to distinct open classes, or to subclasses of a single class. Criteria for determining which open classes are distinguished in a given language are syntactic and/or morphological, but the names used to identify the classes are generally based on semantic criteria.
ֳ줿饹פˤĤƤϤޤ롥ˤ뤬̾졤ư졤ƻ졤줬˰̣Ūʴˤ̤Ȥ
The noun/verb distinction is apparently universal. Although the existence of this distinction in certain languages has been questioned, close scrutiny of the facts has invariably shown clear, if sometimes subtle, grammatical differences between two major classes of words, one of which has typically noun-like semantics (e.g. denoting persons, places, or things), the other typically verb-like semantics (e.g. denoting actions, processes, or states).
Ȥ櫓̾ư2ĤʻˤĤƤϡۤŪ˶̤ȤäƤ褤
Nouns most commonly function as arguments or heads of arguments, but they may also function as predicates, either with or without a copula such as English be. Categories for which nouns are often morphologically or syntactically specified include case, number, gender, and definiteness.
̾ŵŪʵǽͭƤҲ𤵤롥
Verbs most commonly function as predicates, but in some languages may also occur as arguments. Categories for which they are often specified include tense, aspect, mood, voice, and positive/negative polarity.
ˡưŵŪʵǽͭƤˤĤơ
Adjectives are usually identified grammatically as modifiers of nouns, but also commonly occur as predicates. Semantically, they often denote attributes. A characteristic specification is for positive, comparative, or superlative degree. Some languages do not have a distinct class of adjectives, but instead express all typically adjectival meanings with nouns and/or verbs. Other languages have a small, closed class that may be identified as adjectives --- commonly including a few words denoting size, color, age, and value --- while nouns and/or verbs are used to express the remainder of adjectival meanings.
³ƷƻŵŪʵǽ롥ˤäƤϷƻȤΤˤ⤿ʤΤ⤢롥
Adverbs, often a less than homogeneous class, may be identified grammatically as modifiers of constituents other than nouns, e.g. verbs, adjectives, or sentences. Their semantics typically varies with what they modify. As modifiers of verbs they may denote manner (e.g. slowly); of adjectives, degree (extremely); and of sentences, attitude (unfortunately). Many languages have no open class of adverbs, and express adverbial meanings with nouns, verbs, adjectivesr, in some heavily affixing languages, affixes.
줬ŪޤȤޤΤʤʻȤƾҲ𤵤롥̾ʳȤợ¿ͤǤ롥
Some commonly attested closed classes are articles, auxiliaries, clitics, copulas, interjections, negators, particles, politeness markers, prepositions and postpositions, pro-forms, and quantifiers. A survey of these and other closed classes, as well as a detailed account of open classes, is given by Schachter 1985.
ǸˡĤ饹פñ˿롥
Ū˱Ѹ١ʻȤʤäƤ봶Ϥ뤬䤹Ǥ롥ιμɮԤǤꡤǸ˸ڤ⤢ Schachter ˤܳŪʻͤ褦
Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.
Schachter, Paul. "Parts-of-Speech Systems." Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 1. Clause Structure. Ed. Timothy Shopen. p. 3?61. Cambridge and New York: CUP, 1985. 3--61.
Ⱥī heldio ˤơ#1377. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ餪ޤȾˡ#1378. פФαʸˡѸ --- ꥹʡγ餪ޤʸȾˡۿޤϡ224˥ꥹʡ÷ȤƸ#1366. ʤλפФαʸˡѸƤΥեåײǤheldio ꥹʡγˤϡ¿ΥȤƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ʸˡѸȤäƤԥ饭ޤǤޤŪѸ줫ؤνѸȤ٤Τޤ¿ޤ٥ˤˡȤˤפФΡˤʤ롿䤷ΡѸƤȤݤǡȤޤη̤ɤ߾夲ΤǤ2ĤۿǤ
ΤʤưȤѸ줬٤ڤƤޤѸǤ verbal verbid ȸƤФޤϤäΤȤǤ礦ؿѸؼŵ٤ verbal Ƥߤȡ(1) Ȥơֽưפβ⤬ޤ
(1) ʽưˡ (infinitive)ʬ (participle)ư̾ (gerund) Ρverbid Ȥ⤤ޤ (non-finite form) (infinite form)ư (non-finite verb) Ȥ⤤ʤư줬̾ŪѤ줿Τ̾Ūư (noun verbal) ޤưŪ̾ (verbal noun) ȤƻŪˡΤΤƻŪư (adjective verbal) ޤưŪƻ (verbal adjective) ȤȤ롥I'm thinking of going./I wish to go. ̾Ūư//melting snow ̷ƻŪư͡
ɽ䡤˺٤ʬѸ⤢ꡤ䤳Ǥ͡ˡOED verbid (NOUN) Ƥߤޤ礦
Grammar. Somewhat rare.
A word, such as an infinitive, gerund, or participle, which has some characteristics of a verb but cannot form the head of a predicate on its own. Also: (with reference to certain West African languages) a bound verb with in a serial verb construction.
1914We shall..restrict the name of verb to those forms that have the eminently verbal power of forming sentences, and..apply the name of verbid to participles and infinitives. (O. Jespersen, Modern English Grammar vol. II. 7)
. . . .
OED Ǥν㤫顤줬 Jespersen ¤Ǥ뤳ȤΤޤ#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Jespersen ʻȤδϢ⡤̣¤Ǥ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#5790. ʻȤϲ --- OED "part of speech" ɤ ([2025-03-04-1]) ʤɤǿƤʻ (pos) ȽŤʤĤĤ⡤äȴˤǤ (word_class) ˤĤ OED Ƥߤ
A category of words of similar form or syntactic characteristics; esp. a part of speech.
1882A root is an abstraction of all word-classes and their differences. (E. Channing, translation of A. F. Pott in translation of B. Delbrück, Introd. Study Language v. 74.
1914Other word classes which are not expressed by formational similarity. (L. Bloomfield, Introduction to Study of Language iv. 109)
1924We have a great many words which can belong to one word-class only: admiration, society, life can only be substantives [etc.]. (O. Jespersen, Philosophy of Grammar iv. 61)
1953The so-called parts of speech (still more inappropriately word-classes) are classes of stem-morpheme. (C. E. Bazell, Linguistic Form vi. 76)
1998All of the general properties shared by whole word classes..are assumed to be within the competence of the grammar rather than of the lexicon. (Euralex '98 Proceedings vol. I. ii. 261)
Ф1882ǯǡŪˤϿ츻ˤϥɥĸ Wortklasse (1817) ΤʤȤμ⤢롥
̣ǤʻƱͤѤ뤳ȤǤΤΡñϤ褦ˤǤʬǤդʬˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤿ˡŪˤϤͭѤѸǤ롥
Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦
I.1.c. part of speech noun
Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
[c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
. . . .
Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤűѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ
OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)
part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲεȡ
#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])
ϡʻᤰʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
ʻϡʬ˲뤫꤬礭ۤʤäƤ롥ϡ̩˷֤˴ŤʬहȤɤʤ뤫ͤƤߤȤΤϡ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤ롥
֤˴ŤʬȤƺǤʬ䤹Τϡñ줬ŪѲ뤫ʤǤ롥٥ŽȤСѲפȡѲפդ路
º Sweet ϡδˤʻʬƤˤȡŪˤȤΡ̾סַƻסưפϡʸˡǽ˱Ʋ餫ηѲΤǡѲפȤʤ롥ֻס³סִפϸ§ȤƷѲʤΤǡѲפȤʤSweet ǤϤˡפäƤ뤬ˤѲ뤳ȤդɬפǤˡ
³ơJespersen ŪʴˤѲפȡѲפʬѲפˤϽΡ̾סַƻס̾סưפޤޤ졤ѲפˤϽΡסֻס³סִפޤޤ롥
Sweet ˤ Jespersen ˤ衤ѲפѲפγơβ̶ʬδˤĤƤϿƤ餺ɤΤȤεǽ̣ŪŤ˺ѤƤǤϤʤȤȽʤ
̾פˤ̾ȼΡưפˤưȼηѲΤǡηŪˤƲ̶ʬƤȤϲǽǤ롥ξ硤㤨̾ưǤ love Ȥξ硤ƱªΤʸˡŪƱ۵פȤưۤʤ2ªΤȤ꤬롥ŪʻʬˤƤƤꡤ̤ǤϤʤȤФʤΤ⤽ʻʬȤϲΤˤϤäΤȤΩ֤ͿƤϤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1]) ǡ1Ĥδ̩ŬѤʻˤĤƹͤϤ³ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ι˰͵ʤ顤ϵǽΤߤ˴Ťʻʬͼ¸Ƥߤ褦
(3) ǽˤʻʬ. Fries (1952, ch. 6) ʻ̩˵ǽˤʬह٤ǤȼĥȼʻʬƤΰ֡εǽϤˤơƱΰ֤ˤĤθˤޤȤThe concert was good (always). / The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly). / The team went there. 3ɽŪʸ (test frame) ȯȤơʸˡ¤ѤˡʸΤɤθΰ֤ˤ뤫ˤäơ4 (CLASS WORD) --- ۤƸ (CONTENT WORD) Ʊ --- ꤷʻȤ
(class 1 word): concert, clerk, tax, team ΰ֤ˤ
(class 2 word): was, remembered, went ΰ֤ˤ
軰 (class 3 word): good ΰ֤ˤ
(class 4 word): always, suddenly, there ΰ֤ˤ
ʳϵǽ (FUNCTION WORD) Ȥ A O ޤ15η (group) ʬդ٤ϡThe poorest are always with us. poorest ϡη֤ɤǤȤΰ֤Ȥ뤷ޤI know the poorest man. poorest ϡ軰ȤΤǤ롥ˡa boy friend a good friend boy good Ʊ軰Τ餫Ǥ롥ä a cannon ball cannon ̾Ǥ뤫ƻǤ뤫εƤʤ̤ξ cannon 軰Ȥʤ롥͡ʬˤСĤθ줬ĤʻʤʤΤʤĤΤȤˤʤꡤĶˤɤʸ줬뤫ȡ̾Ȥ̾ȤǤʤ1줺ĸ줦뤹٤ƤθʤФʤʤΤ褦ʬˡθ̩˲ͤϤ뤬ʸˡηΤȤƤ;̣Τʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ޤɤʬȻפֵǽפȤϡŪǽפΤȤǤ롥ΤˤϤŪ˰ӤƤ롥Ѥˤ϶Ť餤ؿѸؼŵ٤εҤˤϡʻʬϼˤꡤȤ뤳ȤǧǤ롥ϽפȻפ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ɸˤĤơ#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1]) ǵƤ
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤΤߤȷʾ塤˴ŤʬहΤ٥ȤʤΤȤ꤬ʻߤɬפʤȤΤ1ĤΩǤϸʬΤ褤ΤȤ̤䤤ˡεǤϡŪʻʬब̣ǽ֤3Ĥδʣ˵äƤ뤳ȤǧΥСåפȤʤΤǤС줫1Ĥ˴Ť̩ܻؤ٤Ȥʤ롥
Ǥϡ̣ (semantics) ˴Ť̩ʬȤɤʤ뤫ؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιǤϡλߤϤޤԤʤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ褦 (p. 837)
̣ǽ֤3δΤɤѤƤ褤櫓Ǥ뤬ĤȤ硤ޤΤʬǤ뤫ɤޤˡʬǤˤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤͭɤͤʤФʤʤ㤨С̣ʬषƤߤȡʻ֤ζΤ˶̤뤳ȤǤꡤˤ⤷ʬषȤƤ⡤ʬबʸˡҤˤ;ͭפˤϤʤʤǤ㤨Сarrive arrival Ʊʻ줿ȤȡˡˤĤƵҤ褦ȤСʬϡȤᤫؤžȤƤ̵̣ˤʤΤ褦˰̣ʻʬ̵פ顤˵ǽ֤ˤʬबͤ롥
̣ˤʬϡޤǤʤ̣ȤƤϤ˰յΤʻڤȤƤͭפǤϤʤ褦ȤȡʻȤΤϡ⤽̣ؤ;ϤʤȤȤˤʤΤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ȡ#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1]) ʻҲ𤷤ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ιȤʤ顤ѸŪ8ʻʬˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ѸŪ8ʻϡ̣ǽ֤3Ĥʬब㺮ˤʤäʬǤꡤŪˤ꤬Ȥ롥ޤ̾졤ƻ졤ư졤ˤĤƤϡ˰̣ŪʴʬƤȤäƤ褤̣ŪʴȤäƤ̯ʥϤǤ⤢롥Ѹ white ϡܸǤϡפȤ̾ˤ⡤פȤƻˤ̣Ūˤϸߤ˸¤ʤᤤƱͤˡʬϷƻưι礤λҤȤäƤ褤礤λҤߤФˤ̣Ū˶ᤤˡʾ4ʻʬˤĤƤϷŪʴ⾯ʤ餺ؤäƤꡤ̣ŪʴǸ櫓ǤϤʤ¾٤ựŪʼΧȤޤƤ;Ϥ뤫⤷ʤ
̾졤졤³ϵǽŪʴˤʬˤơֵǽŪפȤΥ٥ϥСϰϤ˹ˡŪפȶƤСʤǤ뤫⤷ʤ졼ϻĤ롥³Ū˷Ǥ̾ŪǽƱ˸ŪǽӤӤƤꡤֵǽŪפΥСϰϤäȹꤷƤɬפ褦ˤפ롥
ǸֻϤɤŪˤŪʵǽδʬȤäƤ褵̣ŪʹθäƤʤȤϤʤlike worth ϸˡŪפ餷ΤȤŪˤֻŪʿŪȤΤỤ̄äƤǤϷƻݤ
ʻ֤ζܤΤǤʤȤ꼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤġŦƤ3Ĥʬबʣ˥СåפƤȤܼŪʲƤΤǤ롥
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ε#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ǡ"parts of speech" ʻˡ"word-class" ʸˡ"form-class" ʷˤȤäѸ췲ˤĤƹͤꥫ¤δ Bloomfield ϡɽŪ Language (§12.11) ˤơ3Ĥ̤ƹͤƤ롥
The syntactic form-classes of phrases . . . can be derived from the syntactic form-classes of words: the form-classes of syntax are most easily described in terms of word-classes. Thus, in English, a substantive expression is either a word (such as John) which belongs to this form-class (a substantive), or else a phrase (such as poor John) whose center is a substantive; and an English finite verb expression is either a word (such as ran) which belongs to this form-class (a finite verb), or else a phrase (such as ran away) whose center is a finite verb. An English actor-action phrase (such as John ran or poor John ran away) does not share the form-class of any word, since its construction is exocentric, but the form-class of actor-action phrases is defined by their construction: they consist of a nominative expression and a finite verb expression (arranged in a certain way), and this, in the end, again reduces the matter to terms of word-classes.
The term parts of speech is traditionally applied to the most inclusive and fundamental word-classes of a language, and then, in accordance with the principle just stated, the syntactic form-classes are described in terms of the parts of speech that appear in them. However, it is impossible to set up a fully consistent scheme of parts of speech, because the word-classes overlap and cross each other.
form-class ϸŪбñ̡word-class Ϥ form-class ŵŪʼ°Ūʶʬparts of speech Ϥ word-class ŪǴŪʷȤȤˤʤ
ƤäޤȤΤǤС줾Ūñ̡Ūñ̡á졦Ūñ̤ȤäƤ褤ʻ (parts of speech) ϼŪ椨˹ѤƤ뤬ºݤˤʣŪʤǰճʣˤñ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ε ([2025-02-04-1]) ³ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤǰѸᤰꡥ Crystal θѸ켭ŵäƤߤ
part of speech The TRADITIONAL term for a GRAMMATICAL CLASS of WORDS. The main 'parts of speech' recognized by most school grammars derive from the work of the ancient Greek and Roman grammarians, primarily the NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION and INTERJECTION, with ARTICLE, PARTICIPLE and others often added. Because of the inexplicitness with which these terms were traditionally defined (e.g. the use of unclear NOTIONAL criteria), and the restricted nature of their definitions (reflecting the characteristics of Latin or Greek), LINGUISTS tend to prefer such terms as WORD-class or FORM-class, where the grouping is based on FORMAL criteria of a more UNIVERSALLY applicable kind.
ꥷƥʸˡΰ仺ѤŪŪʸˡ (category) Ǥ뤳ȤĴƤꡤ줬ɬΤʸäζʬǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤƤ롥衤ʻϳǰŪʸöʬȤ뤳Ȥ¿äºݤˤϤ "unclear" ΡˤǤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
äơCrystal ϸؤǤϤष "word-class" ʸˤ "form-class" ʷˤȸƤָ¿ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΤˡʻפȤѸ륱ϤꤽʻפǤ줤˳ڤʤˡŪʳǰѸȤƤΡָפФȤϤȻפ
Ǥ⡤ؤˤƤϡäΩǤϤ뤬ʻפϤޤƼʤΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤؤȤƤޤƧ߸Ǥ줿ʻפΤˤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ϺǸŤʸˡƤ1ĤȤäƤ褤夫鸽ˤ빭̣Ǥθ (linguistics) ˤΤʤǡͭѤǤ³Ǥ롥
ܸΡʻפȤѸˤĤơ켭ŵɴʻŵεҤΤƤߤޤܹ缭ŵ٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡ̾͡ұ parts of speech ӡʡбѡparts of speech ʸˡΰյǽ֤ʤɤʬषñζʬƸγعʸˡǤϡ̤߰Ȭʻ̾졦̾졦ƻ졦ư졦졦³졦ֻ졦ˤȤ롣ʸˡǤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ư줬뤬ʻ硢ʬ⤢ꡢޤˤäưƱ롣ʻפθϡʸˡȤƤϡǯʰȬ͡ˤ־ʸŵפǼʻ⤤ΤǤᤤʸẉ̂͡Ȭּʻ̾ܡס¯ϻỌְ̃̄ʻǡ˴ؤñɸϤȽоȤΡסʸˡ涵ʽ̣͡ʸɧӰñΰʾȬʤʻ̾Ťסʸẉ̂͡˧Ӱ졦컰ֽϼʻβˤĤ¾ʻȤδط¶Ѥʤ
ˡإǥ缭٤ꡥ
Ҥ-ʻۡparts of speechʸˡοǽˤä̤ñζʬʸˡǤϤդĤ̾졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦ư졦11ʻʬह롣ʬˤĤƤϡΤưǧʤΤ䡢Τۤ˿ΩƤΤʤɡˤƱ롣
ɴʻŵ٤ǤĹܤȤʤäƤ롥Ƭ1ΤߤѤ롥
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡѸΰġ줾θˤȯäεȤʤñ̡ʤʸϡʸˡΥ٥ǤϺǽŪñʬϤʵդˤСñʸˡΤ褦ñˤϡޤ¿ʤơʤϤ椦ˡʥƥˤ¸ߤơ٤ƤñϤΤ줫°Ƥ롣ĤƤ°ñϤεǽѤʤʸΤɤΤ褦ʰ֤˸뤫ˤͭƤ롣Ƥʻ parts of speech ȸƤǤ̾ȤưȤȸƤФƤΤǤ롣
ɴ٤ǤĹܤʤΤǡǽ3Τ
ʻ Ҥ
ʸˡεҡηϲŪȤơʸˡ˴Ťʬष̡ǽʸˤʤɤδȤʤ롣ġθϤ줫ʻ˽°뤳ȤȤʤ롣
ʻ̾Τ parts of speech ʱѸˡparties du discours ʥեˤʤɤʸŵνѸȤΩΡͻˤϡʸˡȤơֻʡסʡסֶʤλפΤ褦ʤΤäʬռȤƤϡܤˤŤ餢ꡢֻסּס֤Ƥˤϡסֽסֵ٤ס̾ʤʡˡפʤɤ̾ΤΤȤ˸ʬबԤƤʻפȤϡ̤ˡʸŵ͢ˤäƿͤ줿̤ʻμࡢ̾Τˤϡˤä¿ΰƱ⤢뤬̤˹ԤƤΤϡ̾졦졦̾졦ư졦ƻ졦ư졦Ϣλ졦졦³졦ư졦졦ưʤɤǤ롣ΤοξʬǤθסѸפʤɤ̾ΡӲʬǤֳʽסַפʤɤʻȤư뤳Ȥ⤢롣ʤƬספʤɤʻ̾ΤȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롣
줾ʻ˽°Ūʸ⡢ˤäưƱ롣ȤСȡǽȯºɡɽ֤롦롦ʤ롦롦롦ˡפϡĹͺ ʤ褷 γǤϡʣסܿʵȤγǤϡֽưס ʤȤ γǤϡפȤ롣ߤι켭ǤϡФβʻ̾Ȥ̤Ǥ롣Ū˿¿̾פˤĤƤϡάƤΤ¿
פȻפ4ФȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ʻϸյǽ֤ˤäƶʬΤǤ
⡦Ԥˤäʻζʬۤʤ
̤˶ʬ줿ʻοϾǡĤҤȤĤñϤ줫ʻ°
ܸΡʻפϡθ줫͢줿ζʬؤΤ˼ȤѤ
μͭӥ Mond ˤơ䤤ޤ
be + ʬ()βʬϡưʤǤ, ȤƻʤǤThe door was opened by John. ֤ΥɥϥˤäƳ줿פϰ̣ŪˤưȻפޤJohn is interested in English. ֥ϱѸ˶̣פ, ưȤ꤫ϷƻȻפޤθݤϡŪˤɤǤ礦
䤤Фơβ Mond ƤޤܤϤɤǤФȻפޤȤƤץȥ (prototype) ǹͤΤ褤ȤǤ
ʬưͳǤϤޤǽȤƤϷƻ˴äƤޤ⤽ʬ˸¤餺ʬ⡤ˤư̾ʤɤ¾νư⡤ư̤ʻȤƳѤʸˡܤǤΤǡưȡξäƤΤԻĤʤȤǤϤʤषơ˶ᤤȤΤΤǤ
嵭 Mond βǤϡư줫ƻؤϢ³Τꤷ4ĤФȤݤʸޤκݤ˻Ȥ Quirk et al. §3.74--78) εҤǤϡ¤ϤäȾܤ8ĤۤɤꤵƤޤʲ8ĤʸѤMond ؤβȤȻפޤ(1)--(4) ưݤȾʬ(5)--(8) ƻݤȾʬǤ
(1) This violin was made by my father
(2) This conclusion is hardly justified by the results.
(3) Coal has been replaced by oil.
(4) This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.
(5) We are encouraged to go on with the project.
(6) Leonard was interested in linguistics.
(7) The building is already demolished.
(8) The modern world is getting ['becoming'] more highly industrialized and mechanized.
ȴϢơʲ hellog ⤴Ȥ
#1964. ץȥס ([2014-09-12-1])
#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ ([2018-12-29-1])
#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])
#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
(interjection) Ȥޥʡʻϡ褽쵬§ʤͣθȤȤǡɤͳ̥Ϥ롥Ū˼椫졤夲Ƥ롥εȤƤϡ#3689. Ѹδ ([2019-06-03-1])#3712. Ѹδ (2) ([2019-06-26-1])#3688. ܸδưʬ ([2019-06-02-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
Crystal, McArthur, Bussmann γơѸ켭ŵ interjection Ƥߤ
interjection (n.) A term used in the TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION of PARTS OF SPEECH, referring to a CLASS of WORDs which are UNPRODUCTIVE, do not enter into SYNTACTIC relationships with other classes, and whose FUNCTION is purely EMOTIVE, e.g., Yuk!, Strewth!, Blast!, Tut tut! There is an unclear boundary between these ITEMS and other types of EXCLAMATION, where some REFERENTIAL MEANING may be involved, and where there may be more than one word, e.g. Excellent!, Lucky devil!, Cheers!, Well well! Several alternative ways of analysing these items have been suggested, using such notions as MINOR SENTENCE, FORMULAIC LANGUAGE, etc. (Crystal)
INTERJECTION [15c: through French from Latin interiectio/interiectionis something thrown in]. A part of speech and a term often used in dictionaries for marginal items functioning alone and not as conventional elements of sentence structure. They are sometimes emotive and situational: oops, expressing surprise, often at something mildly embarrassing, yuk/yuck, usually with a grimace and expressing disgust, ow, ouch, expressing pain, wow, expressing admiration and wonder, sometimes mixed with surprise. They sometimes use sounds outside the normal range of a language: for example, the sounds represented as ugh, whew, tut-tut/tsk-tsk. The spelling of ugh has produced a variant of the original, pronounced ugg. Such greetings as Hello, Hi, Goodbye and such exclamations as Cheers, Hurra, Well are also interjections. (McArthur)
interjection [Lat. intericere 'to throw between']
Group of words which express feelings, curse, and wishes or are used to initiate conversation (Ouch!, Darn!, Hi!). Their status as a grammatical category is debatable, as they behave strangely in respect to morphology, syntax, and semantics: they are formally indeclinable, stand outside the syntactic frame, and have no lexical meaning, strictly speaking. Interjections often have onomatopoeic characteristics: Brrrrr!, Whoops!, Pow! (Bussmann)
¾Ѹ켭ŵ٤ƤȤǤ롥ޤܤ뤳ȤΤʤ̥ϤäƤ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
ε#5062. ֻŪפˤСֻ (preposition) ̾줢뤤̾ۤΤȤ롥Τˤϡ̾ (noun phrase) ۤȤäƤΤ褤ºݤˤŵŪֻȤߤθˡ츫Ȥ̾ǤϤʤ̤ΤΤ³⾯ʤʤ㤨СHuddleston and Pullum (599) 4Ĥ褦
i The magician emerged [from behind the curtain]. [PP]
ii I didn't know about it [until recently]. [AdvP]
iii We can't agree [on whether we should call in the police]. [interrogative clause]
iv They took me [for dead]. [AdjP]
줾ֻθˡֻ̤硤, ᡤƻ礬³ƤȤʤäƤ뤬Τ褦ʤֻ줬̤ˤΰۤʤʸȤ櫓ǤϤʤֻ줴ȤˡɤΤ褦ʸ뤫ޤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥㤨 until ۤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ϻۤǤʤդ on ۤǤʤϼ롥礦ɸġưˤäƻۤǤʸΥפޤäƤΤƱȤǤ롥
ޤŪˤСֻʸ֤ΤǤʤ餳֡ȸƤФˡֻˤĤƤʸθ֤뤳Ȥꡤθ¤ˤƤϡָ֡ȤƤ٤ΤǤ롥Huddleston and Pullum (631) ꡤnotwithstanding apart/aside (from) ۤʤѤƤʸ褦
i a. [Notwithstanding these objections,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
i b. [These objections notwithstanding,] they passed ahead with their proposal.
ii a. [Apart/Aside from this,] he performed very creditably.
ii b. [This apart/aside,] he performed very creditably.
ֻˤϡ褦ʡ餷ʤֻʤˡˤˤդɬפ롥Ϣ heldio #133. ֻʤ̸ֻ¸ߡ⻲ȡ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
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