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structuralism - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-02-13 Thu

#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ [pos][terminology][linguistics][history_of_linguistics][category][structuralism]

#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ȡ#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1]) ʻҲ𤷤ƤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ parts of speech ι򻲾Ȥʤ顤ѸŪ8ʻʬˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ѸŪ8ʻϡ̣ǽ֤3Ĥʬब㺮ˤʤäʬǤꡤŪˤ꤬Ȥ롥ޤ̾졤ƻ졤ư졤ˤĤƤϡ˰̣ŪʴʬƤȤäƤ褤̣ŪʴȤäƤ̯ʥϤǤ⤢롥Ѹ white ϡܸǤϡפȤ̾ˤ⡤򤤡פȤƻˤ̣Ūˤϸߤ˸¤ʤᤤƱͤˡʬϷƻưι礤λҤȤäƤ褤礤λҤߤФˤ̣Ū˶ᤤˡʾ4ʻʬˤĤƤϷŪʴ⾯ʤ餺ؤäƤꡤ̣ŪʴǸ櫓ǤϤʤ¾٤ựŪʼΧȤޤƤ;Ϥ뤫⤷ʤ
̾졤졤³ϵǽŪʴˤʬˤơֵǽŪפȤΥ٥ϥСϰϤ˹ˡŪפȶƤСʤǤ뤫⤷ʤ졼ϻĤ롥³Ū˷Ǥ̾ŪǽƱ˸ŪǽӤӤƤꡤֵǽŪפΥСϰϤäȹꤷƤɬפ褦ˤפ롥
ǸֻϤɤŪˤŪʵǽδʬȤäƤ褵̣ŪʹθäƤʤȤϤʤlike worth ϸˡŪפ餷ΤȤŪˤֻŪʿ񤤤򼨤ŪȤΤỤ̄äƤǤϷƻݤ
ʻ֤ζܤΤǤʤȤ꼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤġŦƤ3Ĥʬबʣ˥СåפƤȤܼŪʲƤΤǤ롥

⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ

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2025-02-07 Fri

#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ [pos][terminology][linguistics][history_of_linguistics][category][structuralism]

ε#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1]) ǡ"parts of speech" ʻˡ"word-class" ʸˡ"form-class" ʷˤȤäѸ췲ˤĤƹͤꥫ¤δ Bloomfield ϡɽŪ Language (§12.11) ˤơ3Ĥ̤ƹͤƤ롥

The syntactic form-classes of phrases . . . can be derived from the syntactic form-classes of words: the form-classes of syntax are most easily described in terms of word-classes. Thus, in English, a substantive expression is either a word (such as John) which belongs to this form-class (a substantive), or else a phrase (such as poor John) whose center is a substantive; and an English finite verb expression is either a word (such as ran) which belongs to this form-class (a finite verb), or else a phrase (such as ran away) whose center is a finite verb. An English actor-action phrase (such as John ran or poor John ran away) does not share the form-class of any word, since its construction is exocentric, but the form-class of actor-action phrases is defined by their construction: they consist of a nominative expression and a finite verb expression (arranged in a certain way), and this, in the end, again reduces the matter to terms of word-classes.
   The term parts of speech is traditionally applied to the most inclusive and fundamental word-classes of a language, and then, in accordance with the principle just stated, the syntactic form-classes are described in terms of the parts of speech that appear in them. However, it is impossible to set up a fully consistent scheme of parts of speech, because the word-classes overlap and cross each other.


form-class ϸŪбñ̡word-class Ϥ form-class ŵŪʼ򼨤°Ūʶʬparts of speech Ϥ word-class ŪǴŪʷȤȤˤʤ
ƤäޤȤΤǤС줾Ūñ̡Ūñ̡á졦Ūñ̤ȤäƤ褤ʻ (parts of speech) ϼŪ椨˹ѤƤ뤬ºݤˤʣŪʤǰճʣˤñ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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2025-02-05 Wed

#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ [pos][terminology][linguistics][history_of_linguistics][category][structuralism]

ε ([2025-02-04-1]) ³ʻ (parts of speech, or pos) ȤǰѸᤰꡥ Crystal θѸ켭ŵ򷫤äƤߤ

part of speech The TRADITIONAL term for a GRAMMATICAL CLASS of WORDS. The main 'parts of speech' recognized by most school grammars derive from the work of the ancient Greek and Roman grammarians, primarily the NOUN, PRONOUN, VERB, ADVERB, ADJECTIVE, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION and INTERJECTION, with ARTICLE, PARTICIPLE and others often added. Because of the inexplicitness with which these terms were traditionally defined (e.g. the use of unclear NOTIONAL criteria), and the restricted nature of their definitions (reflecting the characteristics of Latin or Greek), LINGUISTS tend to prefer such terms as WORD-class or FORM-class, where the grouping is based on FORMAL criteria of a more UNIVERSALLY applicable kind.


ꥷƥʸˡΰ仺ѤŪŪʸˡ (category) Ǥ뤳ȤĴƤꡤ줬ɬΤʸäζʬǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤ⿨Ƥ롥衤ʻϳǰŪʸöʬȤ򤵤뤳Ȥ¿äºݤˤϤ "unclear" ΡˤǤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
äơCrystal ϸؤǤϤष "word-class" ʸˤ "form-class" ʷˤȸƤָ¿ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ΤˡʻפȤѸ򴺤򤱤륱ϤꤽʻפǤ줤˳ڤʤˡŪʳǰѸȤƤΡָפФȤϤȻפ
Ǥ⡤ؤˤƤϡäΩǤϤ뤬ʻפϤޤƼʤΤۤ¿ΤǤϤʤؤȤƤޤƧ߸Ǥ줿ʻפΤˤ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.

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2023-06-04 Sun

#5151. ܸȿи켭ŵΡ֤ޤפ [lexicology][semantics][antonymy][synonym][structuralism][thesaurus][dictionary]

ȿиסеסоȸסбפʤɤȾΤ antonym ϡð̣ˤƤؿ򽸤Ƥȿи켭ŵतϹǤ褯ΤܸǾѤƤΤȤơȿиоȸ켭ŵǡ٤롥
ȿиȤäƤȿСפΤ͡ǡð̣ǤޤˤȤʤ롥嵭μŵΡ֤ޤ (i--ii) ɤС񤷤Ȥ⤷Ǥ

ñϰİĤФФ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤޤȤޤХͥåȥʤƤ롥ȤСפȤñϡ֤㤵ס֤䤸ס֥ѥѡפʤɤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥͸ϡƱΤؤƤ롥͸δ֤ˤϷɰդ̵ͭ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤ʤɤꡤƱǤȤϤʤƱ˶ᤤطδطˤȤȤǤ롥פФȤơפȤ줬롥ơפˤ֤줵ס֤դס֥ޥޡפȤä褦θ줬¸ߤ롥ޤפȡפξԤޤȤơֿơפꡤֿơפФȤơֻҡפȤ줬롥Τ褦ˡñߤ˴Ϣʣȿ֤Ƥ롥
ȿиϤ񤷤Ʊ졦ˤƱΤؤȤäब뤬ȿиξñǤϤʤȿиȤ硤ޤξԤδ֤˶̤̣ʤФʤʤפפȿиˤʤΤϡξԤơȤ̤ΰ̣äƤ뤫Ǥ롥̤̣äƤǤϡȿиˤϤʤʤפפȿиˤʤΤϡǤϤʤǤȤȤˤ롥ĤޤꡤȤफ鸫ȿФΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ롥ȿиξϡ
(1) ̤̣äƤ뤳
(2) ξǡफ鸫ơȿФΰ̣äƤ뤳
ǤȤȤˤʤ
⤦Ĥ򤢤褦羡פȿиˤϡԡפȡֿɾפȤ뤬Ԥϡ(1) 纹Ǿ餬ĤȤ(2) 餱Ȥफ鸫ȿФΰ̣äƤꡤԡĤޤֿɾפϡ(1) ĤȤ̤ΰ̣(2) 纹Ȥफ鸫ȿФΰ̣äƤ롥ȿиϡĤȤϸ¤ʤबѤȡĤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʾΤ褦ȡȿиȽŪưפʤ褦˸뤬ˤĤƶŪ˹ͤƤʤˤʤȡȿФΰ̣ȤϲȤȤˤʤäƤơȽǤ˶줷ळȤ¿


嵭˵󤲤Ƥ羡פ˴ؤ뼭ŵοޤ򻲾Ȥ褦¤Ūʡ줤ʥޥȥåȤʤ롥

  
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̡ԡԡ


¿ξ硤ޤǤ줤ʥޥȥåˤϤʤʤȿдطϤäʣˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сֿפ濴Ȥäδطޤ򼨤








娢

򨢢娢ɹ






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ȿиΰ̣ˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ʲ򻲾ȡ

hellog #1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1])
hellog #1804. gradable antonym ΰ̣ ([2014-04-05-1])
hellog #1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])
hellog #4102. ȿդȶ ([2020-07-20-1])
heldio #353. ȿиäƤäƤ⤷
heldio #354. long short ȿиǤϤʤ

̸ ͺ춿 ˡԡˡȿиоȸ켭ŵǡ١Ʋǡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-02-09 Thu

#5036. 3Ĥ --- ظδä򤹤롡ǡ٤ [pragmatics][review][youtube][history_of_linguistics][generative_grammar][structuralism]

ǯҤ Gunter Senft ˡк ͡Ϥ ׻ҡظδä򤹤롡ǡǤޤ

Senft, Gunter ˡк ͡Ϥ ׻ҡˡظδä򤹤롡ǡ١ҡ2022ǯ



(pragmatics) ιǤܽ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ2ۤɰ᤬ȤƼ夲Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ85Gunter Senftк͡Ϥ׻ظδä򤹤롦ǡ١ʳҡ2022ǯˤΤҲ93ֻؼ̾ϰճ˱˭ŸǤ⤴





YouTube ǰ᤬夲֤ɤǤߤפȤݤȯ򤷤Ȥ⤢äơʤһƤޤˡԤкܽ򤴸ܤƤޤޤʤߤޤ󡤤ؤ󴶼դƤޤˡܽɤ߻ϤƤޤϤ p. 5 ˡܽˤ3Ĥε줬Ȥơ׻ब󤵤Ƥޤ̤Ǥ

1. ϼҲŪ߹԰٤ˤƤäˤѤ롥ϲҲŪʤĤʤǤδطϽФƻǤ롥ΤĤʤطϽФʤϸʸˤä͡Ǥ롥
2. ȯäϤ줬ʤʸ̮ΰǤꡤܼŪ˸ϸŪʤְ̣ȯäθŪǽ˰͵򤹤 (Bauman 1992: 147)
üԤϼҲŪ߹԰٤ˤƸѤ뤵ϡ§˽
ñ졤硤ʸΰ̣ϡμξŪʸ̮롥
äθѤϡüԤΥߥ˥ưߤΥߥ˥ư˻񤹤εǽ¸롥
3. ϸ줪ʸͭθѤη֤򸦵椹ʬŪǤ롥


Τ褦ʸħƤʬ1970ǯʹߤˤʤäƤطʤˤϡꥫ¤ؤʸˡФȿưäȤҤ٤Ƥޤ (3--4) ̾βˡؤ褤ȤθѤܳŪ˰ʳäƤΤȻ򤷤Ƥޤ

Senft, Gunter ˡк ͡Ϥ ׻ҡˡظδä򤹤롡ǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Senft, Gunter. Understanding Pragmatics. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-02-11-1]

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2022-03-31 Thu

#4721. ¤ؤȤϡ [structuralism][history_of_linguistics][terminology][saussure][heldio]

1ۤ˻Ϥ᤿ְʼδѸظإͥ⡤2ΥڡĤġ10ޤ뤳ȤǤޤİԤγ󡤤꤬Ȥޤ
κ10ϡޤǤ٤ƤʤɤȤйɤǤ֥󥴥פˤĤƤǤػ (history_of_linguistics) ϡդ˴ؿΤ뤹٤ƤοͤˤȤäƼ¤Ϥʤꤪ⤷ʬʤΤǤʬ䤹ΤϴñǤϤޤ
Ͽ̤ơؤΤΰʾ˸ػˤ˿ؿȸߤΤä2ͤ20ȾγسĬήŤ¤ (structural linguistics) ˤĤä򤷤Ƥߤޤ¤˸ؤŨ˲󤷤Τ⤷ڰʼδѸظإͥ # 10 򤴻İ



¤ؤȤϲˤϤȤƤüŪǤ뼫ʤΤǡåθػˤγ (81--82) ꤿȻפޤ

¤ؤλϡ衼åѤȥꥫǶ1930ǯξ˻Ϥޤä
¾γʬˤƤ⤽Ǥ뤬ؤˤ빽¤Ϥޤ˴Τλ¤Ф뿷̣Ƥ롥¨Τλ¤ηϤǵǽƤܤƸƤä븫Ǥ롥Ʊˤι¤ŪʸϡμҲŪʡʤĤޤꥳߥ˥Ρ˵ǽζĴŪݤȰˤηϤνħȤΤʶ̤ȼΤǤ롥
λԤϤˡԤ᤯19ˡ˸ƤθΩߤϤλο͡դҤȤϤʤä˿͡μ򤽤ФʤĤƤǽȯΤϥեǥʥ󡦥ɥ塼 Ferdinand de Saussure Ǥäɥ塼뤬Ƹؤˤ뿷ۤˤäƤλο͡˶ƶͿȤȡľܤαƶˤʤä͡λۤκˤΤƱŪפȯȤˤäơɥ塼ϺǤϹ¤ؤϻϼԤȸʤƤ롥
¤ؤΥϤȤ⤤ɥ塼δŪϡʲΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
ηϤǤꡤηϤȤƸ椹٤Ǥ롧ġλ¤ñȤ˼夲ΤǤϤʤΤȤƸ٤Ǥ롥ĺ٤ΰİηϤǤΰ֤ˤäƵꤵȤȤθ٤Ǥ롥
ϤޤṲ̄ҲŪݤǤꡤΤ褦ʤΤȤƸ椹٤Ǥ롧Ọ̇̄Ȥߴطϡߥ˥ˤƷŪʽĤΤǡˤǰƬ֤٤Ǥ롥
ȯŸȸμ¸ƤΰΡϾ֤ȤϡŪ˰̤ۤθݤǤ롥äơˡ鸫ơθߤξ֤᤹ŪʵळȤϵʤ
¾γʬƱͤˡؤˤƤ⹽¤ѤΤ invariants õ桤; redundant ݤȴͿŪ relevant ݤʬΥ褦ȤϡޤǤ롥
¤ؤοԤϤ٤ơҴŪʬϴʥ󥿥ꥹƥåʵ;Ϥʤ褦ʤΡˤ򸫽ФȴᤷƤ롥


åϤ˱䡹³ΤǤդǻߤƤޤ礦
YouTube ưǤҤ٤̤ꡤˤȤäƹ¤ؤȤϡ֥ޥȥå׹͡פǤī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) Ǥֹ¤ؤȤϥޥȥå׹ͤǤפꤷƤ٤äƤޤΤǡФɤ



ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ

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