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exclamation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-08-05 Mon

#5579. Ȥϲ [interjection][pos][category][exclamation][syntax][onomatopoeia][terminology][exclamation][pragmatics][syntax]

(interjection) Ȥޥʡʻϡ褽쵬§ʤͣθȤȤǡɤͳ̥Ϥ롥Ū˼椫졤夲Ƥ롥εȤƤϡ#3689. Ѹδ ([2019-06-03-1])#3712. Ѹδ (2) ([2019-06-26-1])#3688. ܸδưʬ ([2019-06-02-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
Crystal, McArthur, Bussmann γơѸ켭ŵ interjection Ƥߤ

interjection (n.) A term used in the TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION of PARTS OF SPEECH, referring to a CLASS of WORDs which are UNPRODUCTIVE, do not enter into SYNTACTIC relationships with other classes, and whose FUNCTION is purely EMOTIVE, e.g., Yuk!, Strewth!, Blast!, Tut tut! There is an unclear boundary between these ITEMS and other types of EXCLAMATION, where some REFERENTIAL MEANING may be involved, and where there may be more than one word, e.g. Excellent!, Lucky devil!, Cheers!, Well well! Several alternative ways of analysing these items have been suggested, using such notions as MINOR SENTENCE, FORMULAIC LANGUAGE, etc. (Crystal)


INTERJECTION [15c: through French from Latin interiectio/interiectionis something thrown in]. A part of speech and a term often used in dictionaries for marginal items functioning alone and not as conventional elements of sentence structure. They are sometimes emotive and situational: oops, expressing surprise, often at something mildly embarrassing, yuk/yuck, usually with a grimace and expressing disgust, ow, ouch, expressing pain, wow, expressing admiration and wonder, sometimes mixed with surprise. They sometimes use sounds outside the normal range of a language: for example, the sounds represented as ugh, whew, tut-tut/tsk-tsk. The spelling of ugh has produced a variant of the original, pronounced ugg. Such greetings as Hello, Hi, Goodbye and such exclamations as Cheers, Hurra, Well are also interjections. (McArthur)


interjection [Lat. intericere 'to throw between']
Group of words which express feelings, curse, and wishes or are used to initiate conversation (Ouch!, Darn!, Hi!). Their status as a grammatical category is debatable, as they behave strangely in respect to morphology, syntax, and semantics: they are formally indeclinable, stand outside the syntactic frame, and have no lexical meaning, strictly speaking. Interjections often have onomatopoeic characteristics: Brrrrr!, Whoops!, Pow! (Bussmann)


¾Ѹ켭ŵ٤ƤȤǤ롥ޤܤ뤳ȤΤʤ̥ϤäƤ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-08-05 Mon

#5579. Ȥϲ [interjection][pos][category][exclamation][syntax][onomatopoeia][terminology][exclamation][pragmatics][syntax]

(interjection) Ȥޥʡʻϡ褽쵬§ʤͣθȤȤǡɤͳ̥Ϥ롥Ū˼椫졤夲Ƥ롥εȤƤϡ#3689. Ѹδ ([2019-06-03-1])#3712. Ѹδ (2) ([2019-06-26-1])#3688. ܸδưʬ ([2019-06-02-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
Crystal, McArthur, Bussmann γơѸ켭ŵ interjection Ƥߤ

interjection (n.) A term used in the TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION of PARTS OF SPEECH, referring to a CLASS of WORDs which are UNPRODUCTIVE, do not enter into SYNTACTIC relationships with other classes, and whose FUNCTION is purely EMOTIVE, e.g., Yuk!, Strewth!, Blast!, Tut tut! There is an unclear boundary between these ITEMS and other types of EXCLAMATION, where some REFERENTIAL MEANING may be involved, and where there may be more than one word, e.g. Excellent!, Lucky devil!, Cheers!, Well well! Several alternative ways of analysing these items have been suggested, using such notions as MINOR SENTENCE, FORMULAIC LANGUAGE, etc. (Crystal)


INTERJECTION [15c: through French from Latin interiectio/interiectionis something thrown in]. A part of speech and a term often used in dictionaries for marginal items functioning alone and not as conventional elements of sentence structure. They are sometimes emotive and situational: oops, expressing surprise, often at something mildly embarrassing, yuk/yuck, usually with a grimace and expressing disgust, ow, ouch, expressing pain, wow, expressing admiration and wonder, sometimes mixed with surprise. They sometimes use sounds outside the normal range of a language: for example, the sounds represented as ugh, whew, tut-tut/tsk-tsk. The spelling of ugh has produced a variant of the original, pronounced ugg. Such greetings as Hello, Hi, Goodbye and such exclamations as Cheers, Hurra, Well are also interjections. (McArthur)


interjection [Lat. intericere 'to throw between']
Group of words which express feelings, curse, and wishes or are used to initiate conversation (Ouch!, Darn!, Hi!). Their status as a grammatical category is debatable, as they behave strangely in respect to morphology, syntax, and semantics: they are formally indeclinable, stand outside the syntactic frame, and have no lexical meaning, strictly speaking. Interjections often have onomatopoeic characteristics: Brrrrr!, Whoops!, Pow! (Bussmann)


¾Ѹ켭ŵ٤ƤȤǤ롥ޤܤ뤳ȤΤʤ̥ϤäƤ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2021-02-16 Tue

#4313. ƳʡʡгʤδطˤĤư [greetings][interjection][formula][syntax][exclamation][pragmatics][syncretism][latin][case]

ε#4312. ָƳʡפǧ뤫ݤ ([2021-02-15-1]) ˤ褦ˡƳ (vocative) ϡŪʰӸؤǤ1ĤΩʤȤǧƤƥʤɤθŵǤ顤2Ѥ -us ǽñˤΤΩƳʷǧˤʳǤϷŪ˼ʤͻ (syncretism) Ƥ롥ָƳʡפȤּʤθƤӤˡפȹͤۤåꤹȤΤ¤Ǥ롥
Τ褦˸ƳʤŪ˼ʤͻ礷ƤȤǧǡŪǽδָƤӤפȶᤤطˤȤܤִò (exclamation) ˤƤϡषгʤͳ褹֤Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥħ˴ؿƤ롥Poor me! Lucky you! Τ褦ɽǤ롥
ٹ (157--58) ꡤŪ˲餫ξάؤ7Ĥδòʸ󤲤ʸ̾ϷŪˤ̳ʤȤ٤ǽŪˤƤʤСʤгʤ³ơٹβѤ롥

How unlike their Belgic sires of old!---Goldsmith.
Wonderful civility this!---Charlotte Brontë.
A lively lad that!---Lord Lytton.
A theatrical people, the French?---Galsworthy.
Strange institution, the English club.---Albington.
This wish I have, then ten times happy me!---Shakespeare.

κǸ me ϸʸμǤ٤Τɽ魯ΤǤ뤬;ñ̾ϴưʸǤϼʤгʤѤ뤳ȤΤǡˤϼͳ餷ʡ130ȡˤƥθˡޤͤȤ츶Ǥäȸ롥ȤС

Me miserable!---Milton, Paradise Lost, IV. 73.

ƥ Me miserum! (Ovid, Heroides, V. 149) Ȱפ롥


ѺǸΥƥ me miserum ȴϢơBlake γʤ˴ؤ "ungoverned case" ꤹ1ѤƤ (9)

In case languages one sometimes encounters phrases in an oblique case used as interjections, i.e. apart from sentence constructions. Mel'cuk (1986: 46) gives a Russian example Aristokratov na fonar! 'Aristocrats on the street-lamps!' where Aristokratov is accusative. One would guess that some expressions of this type have developed from governed expressions, but that the governor has been lost. A standard Latin example is mē miserum (1SG.ACC miserable.ACC) 'Oh, unhappy me!' As the translation illustrates, English uses the oblique form of pronouns in exclamations, and outside constructions generally.


˵򰧻Τ褦ʷʸˤäƤ#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ ([2021-01-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ¿ϡŪˤϼư줬ά졤гʤ̾礫ʤäƤΤ
ŪǽδǴϢȤܤƤӤòȤ롼פǤꡤ˷Ū˶̤ƳʡʡгʤȤФ륰롼פ¾Ǥ롥դδطʣˤơ⤷

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Blake, Barry J. Case. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-21-1]

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2021-01-18 Mon

#4284. ʸϤۤȤ̵ [greetings][interjection][formula][syntax][article][exclamation][pragmatics][christmas]

I wish you a merry Christmas! Ȥά Merry Christmas! ȤʤꡤI wish you a good morning. ά Good morning! Ȥʤ롥ȶ᤹Ƶα뤳Ȥʤ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷʸ (formula) ̾ؾάˤϡڤȤȤ¿ֻʤɤȼ A merry Christmas to you! Τ褦˴줬Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϳ餵̥롼ǤϤʤΤΡʸ⤱й⤤ۤɴޤǴޤƾά褦òŪ Charming couple!, Dirty place!, Excellent meal!, Poor thing!, Good idea!, Lovely evening! Ȥ̤礦¾ Cigarette?, Good flight?, Next slide? ʤɤεˤ̤봧ξάȤ롥ɽŪʷʸQuirk et al (11.54) 褦

GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening <all formal>; Hello; Hi <familiar>
FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal>, Cheers, Cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you <familiar>, Bye(-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar>
INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <familiar>
REACTION SIGNALS:
   (a) assent, agreement: Yes, Yeah /je/; All right, OK <informal>, Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure <esp AmE>
   (b) denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely
THANKS: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much), Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot, Cheers <familiar BrE>
TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Your good health <formal>, Cheers <familiar>, Here's to you, Here's to the future, Here's to your new job
SEASONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy Anniversary
ALARM CALLS: Help! Fire!
WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful!, Watch out!, Watch it! <familiar>
APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg your) pardon <formal>, My mistake
RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, Not matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings <informal>
CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang>
EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses): Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE>, Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE>, Fuck off, Fuck you
EXPLETIVES (familiar; likewise graded in order of increasing strength): My Gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good Lord, (Good) God, Christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it)
MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal, Checkmate


ʸ¿ϲ餫ŪάФΤǤꡤǤԵ§ȸ뤬ä͡Ū󤬲ݤȤħ⤢롥㤨Сˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤ο;ΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤܵळȤǤʤĤΤ¿ʸȤΤǡ(A) happy new year! Τ褦ˡ괧̵ͭʤɤ˴ؤ variation ĤΤ⤢ȹͤƤ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-24-1] [2021-02-16-1]

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2019-06-26 Wed

#3712. Ѹδ (2) [interjection][exclamation]

#3689. Ѹδ ([2019-06-03-1]) ˰³ƤꡥThe Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories p. 554 ˡ"Natural exclamations" ꤹܥӥ󤬤롥פʱѸδ (interjection) л䵯εҤȤȤ󤵤ƤΤޤƻ˼ȿ줬ޤƤΤʤΤʤȯǤʤʤ⤷

InterjectionFirst AttestationUsage
awmid 19th century in American Englishexpressing mild protest
faughmid 16th centuryexpressing disgust
heyMiddle Englishsaid in attracting attention
hilate Middle Englishsaid in greeting
hoMiddle Englishexpressing surprise or derision
hootsearly 19th century, but mid 16th century as hootexpressing impatience
hoylate Middle Englishsaid to attract attention
loOld English as said to indicate an amazing event.
ohMiddle Englishexpressing entreaty or mild surprise
oofmid 19th centuryexpressing alarm or annoyance
oohearly 20th centuryexpressing delight or pain
oops1930ssaid on making an error
ouchmid 17th centuryexpressing pain
owmid 19th centuryexpressing pain
poohlate 16th centuryexpressing disgust
pshawlate 17th centuryexpressing impatience or contempt
shoolate Middle Englishsaid to frighten off the hearer
whee1920sexpressing delight
whishtmid 16th centurysaid to hush the hearer
whooearly 17th centuryexpressing surprise or delight
wowearly 16th centuryexpressing admiration
yahearly 17th centuryexpressing derision
yahoo1970sexpressing excitement
yeehaw1970s in American Englishexpressing exuberance
yeow1920s in American Englishexpressing shock
yippee1920s in American Englishexpressing wild excitement
yolate Middle Englishsaid in greeting
yoo-hoo1920ssaid to attract attention
zowieearly 20th century in American Englishexpressing astonishment


oops, ouch, pooh, wow ʤɡ褯ΤƤΤǤ⡤ѸʹߤνФȡճ٤Ȥ˵Ť줬줿Ǥ뤳ȤǧǤ

Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories. Oxford: OUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-05-1]

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2018-12-15 Sat

#3519. ???????????????????????????? [optative][interrogative][exclamation][tag_question][syntax][word_order][construction_grammar][inversion]

2֤ε#3517. if Ȥ鷺 V + S Ȥ ([2018-12-13-1])#3518. ȵʸζᤵ ([2018-12-14-1]) ǡỤ̄Ūʴֵס³ˡסִ˾ס־פõäƤ֤ˡ⤦1ġִòפȤɤ⻲ä
òʸǤϡʸŵŪ˵ V + S θ礬ФкѤ롥Jespersen (499) ʸ󤲤褦

Sh Merch II. 2. 106 Lord, how art thou chang'd
Sh Merch II. 3.16 Alacke, what heinous sinne is it in me To be ashamed to be my Fathers childe
BJo 3.133 what a vile wretch was I
Farquhar B 321 What a rogue is my father!
Defoe G 44 what fool must he be now that they have given him a place!
Goldsm 658 What a fool was I, to think a young man could learn modesty by travelling
Macaulay H 2.209 What a generation of vipers do we live among!
Thack N 180 What a festival is that day to her | What (how great) was my surprise when they were engaged!
Bennett C 2.12 What a night, isn't it?


ǸʸǤղõ䤬ĤƤ뤬ʤɤϤޤ˴òʸȵʸͻȤ⤤٤òȵ䤬蘆ä#2258. òʸ ([2015-07-03-1]) 㤬˭٤Ǥ롥
ޤòȴ˾ߤ˶ᤷȤפʤmay ʸ V + S 򼨤Τ⡤ò V + S Ȳ餫δط뤫餫⤷ʤ
may ʸȴϢơJespersen (502) ˡDickinson, European Anarchy 74 ζ̣ʸäΤǵ󤲤Ƥ

"The war may come", says one party. "Yes", says the other; and secretly mutters, "May the war come!"


may ϡʸŵŪ V + S 򡤴˾䴶òΤ˥ꥯ롼ȤȹͤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

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2018-08-31 Fri

#3413. ּܽưפֽưܼפȤʤ (1) [syntax][auxiliary_verb][inversion][word_order][exclamation][optative][may]

ѸκǤ̤θϡּܡʽưפǤ롥ĤΥǤϡỤ̄ŪŪưŤˤꡤθ礬 (inversion) 뤳Ȥ֡ʽưܼפȤʤ롥Ǥưư˸ꤷǡɤΤ褦ʥ뤫Huddleston and Pullum (94--96) ʬफ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

(1) Ĥʸ (Closed interrogatives)
- Can she speak French?
- Does she speak French?

(2) 줿ʸ (Open interrogatives)
- What did she tell you?
- Where did you go after that?
- What is she doing?

(3) òʸ (Exclamatives) ʤܽưθǽ
- What a fool have I been?
- How hard did she try?

(4) Ǥ֤ (Initial negative)
- Not one of them did he find useful.
- Nowhere does he mention my book.

(5) only ֤ (Initial only)
- Only two of them did he find useful.
- Only once had she complained.

(6) so/such ֤ (Initial so/such)
- So little time did we have that we had to cut corners.
- Such a fuss would he make that we'd all agree.
- You got it wrong and so did I.

(7) ¾Ǥ֤ (Other fronted elements)
- Thus had they parted the previous evening.
- Many another poem could I speak of which sang itself into my heart.
- The more wives he had, the more children could he beget.
- Well did I remember the crisis of emotion into which he was plunged that night.

(8) (Conditional inversion)
- Had he seen the incident he'd have reported it to the police.

(9) may (Optative may)
- May you both enjoy the long and happy retirement that you so richly deserve.
- May the best man win!
- May you be forgiven!

ƤߤȡѸǤǥեȤΡּܽưפ֤ơֽưܼפȤʤ뵡ϡ碌СȤƤ٤Ȥɬ⾯ʤʤ褦˻פƤ롥¿ȤΤϸ᤮ष̾ȰäƤȤۼѤơŪͭѤʲԤʤäƤΤȹͤƤ

Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-02-1] [2018-09-01-1]

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2017-06-20 Tue

#2976. űѸ졦Ѹδò which a . . . [ancrene_wisse][syntax][exclamation][article]

Bennett and Smithers Ǥ Ancrene Wisse ΰɤǤȤˡɽ˽вäA. 147--48 ˡΤ褦ˤ롥

Lokið nu ȝeorne, for his deorewurðe luue, hwuch a mearke he leide upon his icorene þa he steah to heouene


hwuch a mearke ʲʬϤܵƳ which ľ괧줬ȤȤϡòδްդ⤤餫ޤǤȤȤ⤷ȤȡѸǤϴò what a ? ȤʤΤ̤ʤΤǡĤƤ which a ? ʤ⤢äȤȤˤʤ롥
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡűѸѸˤ "exclamatory which" ʤˡäȤΤȤMustanoja (186) β

EXCLAMATORY 'WHICH.' --- The original meaning of the pronoun, 'of what kind,' is also reflected in its dependent exclamatory use found in OE and ME (it is often separated from the governing noun by a)] --- ah loke wulche wæstres . . . Whulche wurþliche wude, Whulche wilde deores (Lawman A 11770--73); --- whiche lordes beth þis shrewes! (PPl. B x 27); --- lo which a wyf was Alceste (Ch. CT F Fkl. 1442); --- and whiche eyen my lady hadde! (Ch. BD 859); --- he seide, 'O whiche sorwes glade, O which wofull prosperite Belongeth to the proprete Of love!' (Gower CA iv 1212--13). In late ME which is superseded in this function by what.


MED which (adj.) θ7ˤ⡤ˡˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

7. In exclamations, with emphatic force, indicating the striking or extraordinary character of the noun modified: what a remarkable, an excellent, or an impressive; what remarkable or fine:


OED which, pron. and adj. Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡˡ5ˡǤѤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥ʸϡűѸ Ælfred Boethius De Consol. Philos. ˻ϤޤꡤѸ˽äƤ롥

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xvi. 2 Gif ge nu gesawan hwelce mus þæt wære hlaford ofer oðre mys,..mid hwelce hleahtre ge woldon bion astered.
. . . .
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 102 Lo, whiche a worschip sche hadde, & whiche a ioye.


ò which a ? ϡŤѸ̤˸줿Ȥʬ롥

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2016-02-10 Wed

#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

[2016-02-05-1]ε˰³̿ưθѤˤĤơεΰˤäMustanoja (473--74) ̿ȴ (interjection) ζ˸ڤƤ롥βսѤ褦

There is a striking functional resemblance between the imperative and the interjections. Both are functionally self-contained exclamatory expressions, both are little articulate (the singular imperative has no ending or has only -e, and the subject-pronoun is seldom expressed), and both are greatly dependent on intonation. In fact many interjections, primary and secondary, are used to express exhortations and commands (a-ha, hay, hi, harrow, out, etc. . . .), and many imperatives are used as interjections (abide, come, go bet, help, look . . . cf. present-day interjections like come on, go away, hear hear, say, say there, etc.)


ˡMustanoja (630--31) Ǥϡư̿¾δȤʤäƤ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥

Brief commands, exhortations, and entreaties are comparable to interjections. Thus in certain circumstances the imperative mood of verbs may serve as a kind of interjection: --- abyd, Robyn, my leeve brother (Ch. CT A Mil. 3129); --- come, þou art mysbilevyd (Cursor App. ii 823); --- go bet, peny, go bet, go! (Sec. Lyr. lvii refrain); --- quad Moyses, 'loc, her nu [is] bread' (Gen. & Ex. 3331); --- help, hooly croys of Bromeholm! (Ch. CT A Rv. 4286; in this and many other cases help might equally well be interpreted as a noun). Somewhat similar stereotyped uses of the imperative are herken and listen, which occur as conventional opening exclamations in numerous ME poems (herkneþ, boþe yonge and olde; --- lystenyþ, lordynges . . . .


ưˤ̿򤢤δȯϪȤƤȤ館СưȤʻ°Ȥü𤬤ǡϳΤ˴ȵǽŪ˻Ƥ롥ѲǤ뤫Τ褦ưθѤȤΤϡԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2016-02-05 Fri

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡѸ̿ʸ˴ؤơ#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1]) ¤ǡĹ餯˴Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤϡ̸̿ĤΤΤǤ롥㤨СűѸΡֹԤפɽ魯ưˤĤơ2;ñؤ̿ 2;ʣؤ̿ gāþ gān Ǥꡤ줾֤ϰۤʤäƤѸʹߡζ޸ʿŪ˸¤ go ؤȼ̤
Τ褦ŪطʤϤˤ衤Ѹ򶦻ŪʴįСŵŪ̿Ѥưη֤ϡ븶ˤη֤ȴ˰פƤ롥äơ̻Ūʴȴ˵ҤΤǤСʤƤüԤʸˡȿǤƤȻפ뤬ˡ̿ȸȤѸ̤ɬפϤʤ̿ˤưθѤפȸäƺ٤ʤ⤷줬üԤζŪФȤСɽ魯̿εǽƱη֤Τʤ˶¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơǧξɤΤ褦ˤȤ館ƤΤ
ˤĤơ (83) ǻȤƤ Fischer (249) ΥȤäƤߤ

The imperative has a tendency to become invariant in form (this happened also in other Germanic languages), because it functions like a self-contained, exclamatory expression. Mustanoja (1960: 473) compares its function to that of (invariable) interjections. In an example like,

   (109) Help! Water! Water! Help, for Goddes herte! (CT I.3815 [1:3807])

help is as much an interjection as an imperative.


̿ȴòϤδȯϪȤƵǽŪ˻̤äƤꡤ椨θ캬ΤΡʱѸξˤϡʤˤѤȲǤٹ (157) òʸȤδϢǽҤ٤ƤդڤСΤ褦ʸ캬ϡָ줬ʸˡŪˤȤ줺ξεޤʤޤޤ˸ŪθԸ줿פΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2015-07-03 Fri

#2258. ??? [interrogative][exclamation][tag_question][syntax][word_order][negative]

Hasn't she grown! Τ褦ʡʸκۤ򤷤Ƥ뤬ȯ (illocutionary force) ȤƤϴò򼨤ʸˤĤƹͤ뵡񤬤ꡤѸˤ봶òʸ (exclamatory question) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤʲ Quirk et al. (825) εҤޤȤ롥
ŵŪˤϡHasn't she GRÒWN! Wasn't it a marvellous CÒNcert! Τ褦 yes-no ʸηꡤĴΥȥ͡ȯäʥꥫѸǤϾ徺Ĵġˡ̣Ūˤ˶δò򼨤ĴղõƱͤˡʹФƲȤƱդԤƤ롥
yes-no ʸۤˤǤϤʤ yes-no ʸǤ⡤Ϥ겼ĴȯäơƱͤδò򼨤ȤǤʥꥫѸǤϾ徺ĴġˡˈAm ˈI HÙNGry!, ˈ Did ˈhe look anNÒYED!, ˈHas ˈshe GRÒWN! ǡǤ롥
ŪˤǤäƤǤäƤ⡤̣ȤƤϹδòˤʤȤΤ⤷Ūʶ̣Ūˤ¤뤫Τ褦1ĤǤ (cf. #950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) ([2011-12-03-1])) Has she grown! Hasn't she grown! δ֤ˤϼ㴳ΰ㤤롥Ǥ餫ʹƱդǧΤǤ̿ΤΤȤߤʤƤʹƱդǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤȤǤ롥äơΤȤҤ٤ Am I hungry! ʤɤˤƤϡƱդǧɬפʤˡŪ˹ǤФ롥ǤȹǤ̯ʺۤϡΤ褦ʥѥե졼̤ƤĤळȤǤ

Wasn't it a marvelous CÒNcert! = 'What a marvelous CÒNcert it was!'
Has she GRÒWN! = 'She HÀS grown!'


ǤȹǤȤǡȯä˺ݤüԤ (presupposition) ؤäƤȤȤǤ롥Ūˤⶽ̣츽ݤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-15-1]

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