
*
612罤۽ŹرѸ춵7Ԥޤǯ١ƱˤơƱνʼʷضˤȤȤϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפŸƤޤ4εϰ夵ˤ٤ѺäƤޤ֤֤֡ʤפϤʤ Watch out! ˤʤΤ ž륹ԡȤӡפǤ
ΰ夵ͤϡβʤɽ⤷겼ƤޤȤСïžӤˤʤäݡܸǤϤȤäˡ֤֤ʤפȤդФޤϷȤƤϴʾ̤ˤޤȤѸǤƱͤξ̤ Watch out! ɽΤŪǤܸ줬ȤưȤΤФѸˤƤۤŪʹ٤ؼ뤳ȤưȤ뷹ޤϡ֤뤵פФ Shut up! Be quiet!֤ޤפФ Move! ʤɤɽˤϻΥۡΡְֹ֡פȤɽФѸ Keep out ȤؼΤˤޤ줷Ƥޤ
ʤΤ褦ʸ (speech_act) ΰ㤤ޤΤˤĤơ夵2ĤڤƤޤκǤפʥݥȤˤĤƤϡһ˼äϢܵˤƤɤߤ
Ҳ (sociolinguistics) Ū˽פʤΤϡ㤤ܿͤϻʸǡѸľŪפȤä̱̱²ΰ㤤˻ñ㲽ʤȤǤǤ褯ˤܤ͡פȤؤαԤĥåߤϪƤޤˤϻפ鷺˥ȤƤޤޤ
Ǹˡ⾯ȤƤޤǯѸˤʬǤ˸θ椬ǤΥȥԥåϤγ٤鸫Ƥ⼨٤ǤޤѸˤ̤ľŪʹ٤ФǤ櫓ǤϤޤȤСWill you be quiet? Τ褦ΰջ֤γǧ̤ƴŪ˰ڤ̿ɽ魯٤η⡤ѸʹߤΤȤǤϤޤȯãƤƤޤĤޤꡤѸޤľ᤹̿ΤǤϤʤֿʴηפ鳫ƤˤäƤΤǤŪʼҲؤθ̻ŪʱѸˤλ speech act ϡƥǤ͡
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ4֤֤ʤפϤʤ Watch out! ˤʤΤ ž륹ԡȤӡסرѸ춵2026ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ61244--45ǡ
μͭץåȥե mond ˼μ䤬ϤޤGod save the king. ñǤ٤ȤѤˡȽޤʤСYou eat sushi. ʤСַʤٵءפȤ̣ˤ⡤ȾˤäƤϤʤޤ

μ˲Ȥsushi ʸפȤ SNS ǤܤޤäƤޤ
äơȾǤϡˡߤȤƤΡsushi ʸפˤĤơѸˤδʤ顤ŪʲǽȸŪʻѤμ֤Ƥޤ˾ɽ魯ˡߤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤ̤ѤƤޤѸʹߤˤϿष#3543. ظʸˡŵ٤ optative (mood) β ([2019-01-08-1]) ǸȤꡤGod save the king So be it ʤɤθɽѤΤߤȤʤꡤΡsushi ʸפΤ褦Ū˴˾ɽ뤳Ȥϻ¾Բǽˤʤޤ
ޤȾǤϡʿפȡ̿פȡִ˾פȯù (speech_act) ΰ㤤ˤޤYou eat sushi. ϤβǽǤºݾϴ˾ɤߤϤʤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ȯαΧǡ̿פɤߤϻĤޤˤĤƤ⡤ǶᵤˤʤäƤ˥塼ɤƻϩɸ "PEDESTRIANS GIVE WAY TO VEHICLES" ˵ƾƤߤޤ

Ҿ嵭ɤߤˤ⤳ˤĤƤͤФȻפޤޤؤܤơΤ heldio ۿ֡ڥۿX16סΡsushiʸײԤʤޤΤǡ⥢餪İС
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
³ (conjunction) ˤĴ٤Τ Fischer et al. ȤƤȤ̲ (insubordination) Ȥ̣Τä (187) ³Ƴ뽾ȼ鷺ΩѤ礬롥
Sometimes clauses with the formal markings of subordination are used without a proper main clause --- which is what Evans (2007) refers to as 'insubordination'.
(70) O that I were a Gloue vpon that hand (Shakespeare, Romeo & Juliet, II.2)
It is typical for such insubordinate clauses to come with specialized functions --- the insubordinate that-clause in (70) expresses a wish. It is still an unresolved issue, however, exactly how insubordinate clauses originate and develop, and how formal and functional change interact in this.
ϡMay the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ ˡȯãεˤؤפƶmay ιʸϡ³ȼ鷺֤Ȥʤˤ꽾äƤ뤫Τ褦ǡǤϾѤäפǤϤΤΡȤü첽ǽפƤ롥̲λ֤ӸϤޤʤƤʤ褦ȯãλˤ϶Τ⤷ʤϢơ#5937. ³ʳ˽Ǥ뤳Ȥɸʤϡ ([2025-07-29-1]) ⻲ȡ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Can you run fast? Τ褦ʵʸϡŵŪˤϡֵפȤȯù (speech_act) ΤѤ롥Can you pass the salt? ϵʸΤƤʤ顤ʸȯݤüԤԤʤäƤȯù٤ϡֵפǤϤʤְפǤ뤳Ȥ̤ Pass the salt. Ȥ̿ʸȯ줿硤ǹԤʤƤ뤳Ȥϥȥ졼Ȥˡ̿פȤȯù٤ǤˤʤΤ褦ˤ Pass the salt. ľȯù١Can you pass the salt? ϴȯù٤б롥
Ѹǡ֥ɥĤפȤ̿ϡʸ̤ˤ Close the door. Ȥ̿ʸˤäƤʤ롥¤ˤϤΤ֤äܤ̿ʸΤޤѤ뤳ȤϵǤ롥ݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ؤθ顥ɽ餫ˡ¤餲亩˶Ť뤳Ȥ¿
Steven Levinson Ȥ Senft (39--40) ˡ֥ɥĤפбȯù٤αʸ19Ƥ롥ǿԤ櫓ǤϤʤǤǤ䤷ƤȤǤ롥
I want you to close the door.
I'd be much obliged if you'd close the door.
Can you close the door?
Are you able by any chance to close the door?
Would you close the door?
Won't you close the door?
Would you mind closing the door?
Would you be willing closing the door?
You ought to close the door.
It might help to close the door.
Hadn't you better close the door?
May I ask you to close the door?
Would you mind awfully if I were to ask you to close the door?
I am sorry to have to tell you to please close the door.
Did you forget the door?
Do us a favour with the door, love.
How about a bit less breeze?
Now Johnny, what do big people do when they come in?
Okay, Johnny, what am I going to say next?
ǸΤĤɽ close the door ȤɽȤ鷺ˡClose the door. ȯ (illocutionary force) ȯ褦ȤƤǶ̣ǤϡʹϾʸ̮Ȥǹ٤ʸŪԤʤȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ȯù٤ˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ
#3632. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν ([2019-04-07-1])
#4707. ꡦͶ Will you . . . ? ϤĤ餢롩 ([2022-03-17-1])
#4714. ȯù٤Ȥϲ ([2022-03-24-1])
Senft, Gunter ˡк ͡Ϥ ҡˡظδä롡ǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
ʼȤ YouTube 8ƤޤѸͤʼդ---Ǥ⡤ܿͤ鸫ȤʤʡڰʼδѸظإͥ #8 Ǥ³ΤȤʤޤ
պ֤ʤעջ֡٤Ȥޤעջ֤䤦 Will you . . . ? ˤĤƢWill you . . . ? ǫΤ褦˥äǤޤޤ˻̤ȤǤΤǡϤȴƵڤˤİ
ưǡȯù (speech_act) 濴ȤʤäƤޤȯù٤ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
Ūʸ (pragmatics) Ω줫餤СäʹΥߥ˥οȤδϢߤȯäפۤɤǤǤϤ褯ʬޤ͡
̤ˤϡȯù٤ˤ3ढȤƤޤ1ĤϡäˤȯäΤ (locutionary acṭǤΡȯù١) 2Ĥϡäΰտޡ뤤ä꤬ȯäˤäƹԤʤäƤ뤳 (illocutionary actȯ١) 3Ĥϡä꤬ȯä̤ʹ˵ڤܤ (perlocutionary actȯ١) Ǥ
ĤѸ켭ŵ "speech act (theory)" Ĵ٤ƤߤޤŪ狼䤹ûä2Ѥޤ礦
speech act theory A theory associated with the work of the British philosopher J. L. Austen, in his 1962 book How to do things with words, which distinguishes between three facets of a speech act: the locutionary act, which has to do with the simple act of a speaker saying something; the illocutionary act, which has to do with the intention behind a speaker's saying something; and the perlocutionary act, which has to do with the actual effect produced by a speaker saying something. The illocutionary force of a speech act is the effect which a speech act is intended to have by the speaker. (Trudgill 125)
speech act A term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1911--60), and now used widely in linguistics, to refer to a theory which analyses the role of utterances in relation to the behaviour of speaker and hearer in interpersonal communication. It is not an 'act of speech' (in the sense of parole), but a communicative activity (a locutionary act), defined with reference to the intentions of speakers while speaking (the illocutionary force of their utterances) and the effects they achieve on listeners (the perlocutionary effect of their utterances). Several categories of speech act have been proposed, viz. directives (speakers try to get their listeners to do something, e.g. begging, commanding, requesting), commissives (speakers commit themselves to a future course of action, e.g. promising, guaranteeing), expressives (speakers express their feelings, e.g. apologizing, welcoming, sympathizing), declarations (the speaker's utterance brings about a new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning) and representatives (speakers convey their belief about the truth of a proposition, e.g. asserting, hypothesizing). The verbs which are used to indicate the speech act intended by the speaker are sometimes known as performative verbs. The criteria which have to be satisfied in order for a speech act to be a successful are known as felicity conditions. (Crystal 446)
Ϣܥ֥ʲε⤴Ȥ
#2665. ȯù٤Ŭ ([2016-08-13-1])
#2674. Ūʸ3Ĥħ ([2016-08-22-1])
#2831. performative hypothesis ([2017-01-26-1])
#1646. ȯù٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1])
Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ʼȤ YouTube 7ƤޤΤαѸˤϼպɽʤä--áդʤääƤȡڰʼδѸظإͥ #7 Ǥ
ɤűѸǤϡּպפȤȯù (speech_act) ʤä뤤Ϥ餷ΤäȤƤΩäҲǤϤʤäȤǤ#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ ([2018-02-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡαѸҲˤȤƤʸδҲˤϤʤäȤȤϡޤǤ𤵤ƤޤΤ⤦1ĤȤơպ (apology) ȤȤǤ
ŵϡѸ˸ʬŪ˸ʤƤ Kohnen κǿʸǤKohnen (169) ¾ԸˤСպȯù٤ϸűѸˤϤߤ줺ѸˤʤäƽȤƤޤպϡؤκιȤꥹȶŪʸ̮˵¯ƵҲءˤήؤȳȤꡤŪʼҲŪǽ˻äȤήǤѸޤǤˤϡպ mea culpa, I am ryght sory, me repenteth Τ褦ʸɽȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäƤޤ
YouTube ˤȤʤޤѸܤμպΤϡʤۤʤޤ͡ϡ嵭̤ѸˤպŪʸ̮üȯƤȤؤäƤ褦˻פޤۤȤǤ碌ʤ˰夵Ȥ̤ڤǤ櫓ǤäƤˤɤɤǥͯƤޤȯޤؤΤʤȼ´Ƥޤ
YouTube Ǥϻ֤Թ塤˥åȤƤʬ⤢ޤΤǡ䤦ĤǺī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ʊͤ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
Kohnen, Thomas. "Speech Acts in the History of English: Gaps and Paths of Evolution." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: Historical English in Contact. Ed. Bettelou Los, Chris Cummins, Lisa Gotthard, Alpo Honkapohja, and Benjamin Molineaux. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2022. 165--79.
18:00 YouTube 6ƤޤWould you...?ʤɤδŪʰλϱѸͭ--ȺǶαѸħڰʼδѸظإͥ #6 Ǥ꤬ѸΥݥ饤ȥͥѸˤؤȥʥߥåڤؤäƤޤΤǡŪʳФ⤤äΤǤϤʤȡ
ʼˡرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١˼Ҥӡ2021ǯǤϡѸλˡκˤϡΩס֤Ĥʤספ3줬ȼĥƤޤʡ#4526. ʼˡرѸλˡäʸˡʸå١ ([2021-09-17-1]) ȡˡ
1ĤθȤơѸǤϡ˲ꡦͶݤˡΥץ饤Хˤʤ٤Ƨ߹ޤʤ褦ˡưѤʸηǥݥ饤ȤɽȤޤưǤ夲줿 Would you . . . ? ŵǤ¾ˤ Will you . . . ?, Could you . . . ?, Can you . . . ? ʤɤޤWon't you . . . ? ʤɤС⤢ޤ줾ǫ٤ϰۤʤޤȥ͡ʸ̮ˤäƤϡषȤʤ⤢Τǡ¤ϤʤʤȤˤȤ⤢ޤطʤˤŪʹͤϡľ᤹̿ΤǤϤʤΰոǽϤ䤦ʸκۤȤäƤȤȤǤ˥Ρ뼫ͳѤͤƤ롤ΩºŤƤƤ롤Ȥ˱ѸήΥݥ饤ȥͥΤȤȤǤ
ѸŪˤߤȡΤ褦ʱѸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥɽɤŤ餢äΤˤ뤳ȤϡɬñǤϤޤʹߤΰճȿɽǤǽ⤢ΤǤ
Will you . . . ? оݤʤäƤߤޤ餷ʸϸűѸ줫äƤޤѸǤۥȤߤޤOED will, v.1 θ8bȴ褷ޤ礦
b. Expressing a request in the second person, in the interrogative or in a subordinate clause after a verb such as beg.
Such a request is usually courteous, but when given emphasis, it is impatient.
This construction implies a first person response: 'I beg that you will excuse this' implies 'I will excuse it'.
. . . .
lOE St. Margaret (Corpus Cambr.) (1994) 166 Wilt þu me get geheran and to minum gode þe gebiddan?
?a1300 Fox & Wolf l. 186 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 33 Þou hauest ben ofte min I-fere, Woltou nou mi srift I-here?
c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) l. 135 Wolt þou, ladi, for loue, on vre lay lerne?
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vi. sig. aiiiiv Sir said Ector vnto Arthur woll ye be my good & gracious lord when ye are kyng.
. . . .
MED willen v.(1)θ18aΤȤˤ⡤Ĥ㤬Ƥޤ
Τ褦˸ƤȡꡦͶ Will you . . . ? ϸűѸѸΤ褦ʸŤ餢äȹͤ줽Ǥ㤬ƱΰꡦͶȯù٤ɽ路ƤɤϡĤҤȤʸ̮äƿŤ˳Τɬפޤΰջ֤䤦ʸǤϤʤüԤˤꡦͶȯù٤ɽ魯ʸǤ뤳Ȥʸ̮ǧꤹɬפΤǤơ䤫ꡦͶϸŪ˥ǡʤƤΤǡǤϤʤ¾Ǹ뤳Ȥϡȥ͡ʤɤǤʤʸ١θˤäƤϡʤʤʤȤʤΤǤ
Τ褦˿ŤʻʤСŪʰꡦͶ Will you . . . ? ϡμ盧Ѹʤ뤤Ϥ̤äƸűѸˤ˵줽ǤܳŪѤФΤϤäȸΤȤǤȤǽĤޤˤĤƤϡǤˡ#3632. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν ([2019-04-07-1])#3637. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν (2) ([2019-04-12-1]) ǤƤޤΤǡ⻲Ȥ
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) ȡ#4575. and ɽ魯3ΰ̣ ([2021-11-05-1]) ˰³³ (conjunction) ΰճ¿ (polysemy) ˴ؤ3ơor ȤŪ³ˤָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפ3ˡǧ (Sweetser (93--95))
(1) Every Sunday, John eats pancakes or fried eggs.
(2) John will be home for Christmas, or I'm much mistaken in his character.
(3) Have an apple turnover, or would you like a strawberry tart?
嵭 (1) ϡָɤߡפǤ롥or δܵȤäƤ褤ŪȤʤ롥˥ѥ뤤ܶ̾Ƥ٤Ȥ̿¤ˤϤޤޤ˥ѥܶ̾ƤȤ˿٤ȤƤ⡤ä̷⤷ƤȤϴʤɬξԤ٤Ȥˤϡor λѤŬڤǤ롥
(2) ϡǧɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥꥹޥ˵äƤ뤳Ȥμ¤ǤȡǧפƤ롥⤷Ǥʤä顤üԤϥʤ礭Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤʸμݤϡε𤽤켫ΤȤ⡤˴ؤüԤγοɽˤ롥
(3) ϡȯùɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥåץѥȤȤȯù٤ԤʤäƤ롥줫֤褦äƤǡ츫ŪΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤ⤽ or ǷФ줿2Ĥϲ餫̿Ҥ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤƤ̿ʸʸɽƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤͶȤȯù١ʡᴫͶˤԤʤƤΤǤ롥
or ¿ˤĤƾ嵭Τ褦ʴͤȤϤʤäΤǡȤƤⶽ̣
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡbecause Ȥ1Ĥ³ˡָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפ3郎ꡤѸüԤϤȾ̵ռ˻ȤʬƤ뤳Ȥߤ3Ĥδ֤ͳߤ˹Ԥ褷ʤ顤Ʊ³ȤʤƤΤǤ롥
ޤäƱȤ˴Ū³Ǥ and ˤĤƤ⤤ȤSweetser (87--89) ꡤ3Ĥɤߤɽ魯ʸѤ褦
(1a) John eats apples and pears.
(1b) John took off his shoes and jumped in the pool.
(2) Why don't you want me to take basketweaving again this quarter?
Answer: Well, Mary got an MA in basketweaving, and she joined a religious cult. (...so you might go the same way if you take basketweaving).
(3) Thank you, Mr Lloyd, and please just close the door as you go out.
(1a) (1b) ϡand κǤ̤βǤָɤߡפȤʤʸǤ롥(1a) (1b) ΰ㤤ϡԤϥñ³Ƥꡤ̾ɤߤǤϽȿžƤ⸽¤̿˱ƶͿʤΤФơԤ and ǷФƤ2ĤνפȤʤ(1b) ˤƤϡϷæ˥סӹΤǤꡤסӹ˷æΤǤϤʤ and ϡ֡δ鸽¤ȸδ֤ο (iconicity) θƤȤ롥ˤ벿餫³ and ˤäƼƤϡξʸ˶̤Ƥ롥
(2) Ǥϡʸˤƥޤ³ and Ƥ롥ᥢϳڤʬνιꡤʻ䤬ͤȤǤϡ줬Ȥʤäơ˥ȽΤĤȤɤߤȤʤ롥ᥢϳڤʬνιꡤθǥȽΤĤȤŪϡΤ (1b) Ʊͤ˴ްդ뤬ǤϻŪ˾ƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤषüԤ2Ĥδ֤˰̴طߤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥üԤϡʥդ and ˤǧΥåɽƤΤ
(3) ǤϡդȰȤ2Ĥȯù (speech_act) and ʤϤꥳդˤǷӤĤƤ롥Ǥϸǧˤ벿餫³첽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤޤȯù٤³ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
because Υ٤ȡand Ρ3Ĥɤߡפζ̤ϾʬˤȤ褦˻פ뤬줾 and Ρְ̣פۤʤäƤ뤳ȤϴΤǤϤʤSweetser ϡ1Ĥ³ǡ3Ĥɤߡפޤʤ뤳Ȥ because ǤϤʤ and Ǥڤ뤳ȤˤäơʬϤͭȤȤˤΤ
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
because ͳɽ魯äȤ̤³ŪѻƤߤȡɽ蘆Ƥͳμˤ͡ʤΤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ǰ̴طůؤĤϤʤǧθؤδ˹ʤäƹͻƤߤǤ⡤3϶̤ǤSweetser (77) ʸ褦
(1) John came back because he loved her.
(2) John loved her, because he came back.
(3) What are you doing tonight, because there's a good movie on.
3ʸˤ because ɽ魯ͳμ餫˰ۤʤ롥(1) ϤäȤ̤ǡΰ̴طɽ蘆Ƥ롥ΤȤƤ饸äƤΤˡָɤߡפȸƤǤ
(2) because ϡΰ̴طɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäƤΤȤͳǥ褦ˤʤäȤɤߤΩʤʸθȤȤϡäƤΤȤȤƥƤΤüԤäȤȤbecause ϡüԤΰŤ뺬ȤʤäƤ롥μݤǤȤʸĥС"I conclude that John loved her, because he came back." ۤɤȤʤˡǧɤߡפȸƤǤ
(3) ϡ̿ɽ魯ʿʸǤʤʸʤΤǡbecause 餫̿ФͳǤȲ᤹뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤֺղƤ롩פȻ䤬ҤͤƤͳϡDz褬ǤƤ뤫ǤꡤDzͶȻפäƤ뤫ȤʸĥС"I am asking you what you are doing tonight, because there's a good movie on." ۤɤȤʤ롥ɽ魯ȯù (speech_act) ԤʤäƤͳ because ʲǼƤ櫓ˡȯùɤߡפȸƤǤ
3ʸˤ because 餫ͳɽ路ƤȤϤäƤ⡤ͳ°˱ơָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯùɤߡפȳơۤʤΤǤ롥3ĤΥѥɤȹͤƤ褤because 3ĤԤˤƳƤ³Ǥꡤθ𤻤˻ȤʤƤüԤޤ3ĤԤˤƸĤǤΤǤ롥
Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
ε#4309. shall we ȤƤ shall's (= shall us) ([2021-02-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡshall we ѤȤƤ shall's Shakespeare ʤɤˤߤ롥ؿäơѸε祳ѥ EEBO corpus ˤ "shall 's" "shal 's" ǸƤߤȡ135ҥåȤ٤Ƥ饤櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΥߤϺäƤΤΡʬܲˤƤ shall we ѤȤƤȤߤƤ褵Ĥ褦ʺǽ4 Shakespeare ˡ
if he couetously reserue it, how shall 's get it?
where shall 's lay him?
shall 's haue a play of this?
shal 's to the Capitoll?
shall 's daunce?
shall 's to th' Taverne?
come, shal 's shake hands, sirs?
what shall 's do this evening?
shall 's to dinner now?
come, come, shall 's go drink?
⤽⤳ɽŪˤϵʸǤꡤȯù٤ȤƤϴͶǤꡤŪʿ̤餯Τ褦ʶäե졼ȤƸ경ƤΤȻפ롥ǽŪˤ let's ˶ᤤȸ뤬 let's Ȥ let us ĤŤΤǤ롥ԤǤ us ŪʷȤѤƤꡤshall us ˳ŪŪʷ us λѤȤϰ褷Ƥ뤳Ȥϵ褦ʤ⤷ξԤδ֤˵ǽŪ˴Ť (analogy) ѤƤΤ⤷ʤ (cf. #1981. ּѲ ([2014-09-29-1]))
ʤάƤʤ "shall us" Ǥ⸡ƤߤǤ88㤬ҥåȤus ŪʤȤѤƤ¿äƤꡤά shall's ٤ shall we ɽȤƤϵΤ褦
ǯδ֡May the force be with you! Τ褦ʵ may ȯãˤĤơŪΩ줫ؿƤܥ֥Ǥ may 뤤 optative γƵǰäƤ̤1ǯۤ2018ǯ1215ˤϡض쥭ѥdzŤ줿˸زΥݥǧΤ˸ --- ʸˡʸǧΤδط ---פˤơֱѸˤ뵧 may ȯãפȤܤǾäƤ
ֵס뤤ʿäơֵפȤϲȤǽפˤϡޤǼĤˤȯù (speech_act) 1ǤȤǤäƤϤäɤΤ褦ʹ٤ʤΤܼȤΤʤ⡤˸椷Ƥ餤롥
Ƥȯù٤θϡ⤷褦ʾʤΤ⤷ʤϤ뤫ĶȤˤ䡤ޤˤˤȯŸβǽƤȤΤ⤷ʤ
ȤޤֵפȤϲɴʻŵ2ǤꡤǤᤤȻפֵ禱פιȤƤߤ
?禱
Ȥ
禱Ϲ˲С٤ƤνŪꡤǰ̣롥ΰ̣ε禱Ūˤߤ뽡ݤǤ롥ξ硤禱ȤϡʩȤäĶŪ¸ߤȿԤȤθήΰ֤Ǥȹͤ롥禱Ϥޤ̤ơ÷禱2ʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ褦÷ȤѤƵդʤɤ֤뵧禱Ǥꡤ禱ȤϿΤʤǰƵ뷿Ǥ롥ξԤȤտŪˡĴ㡤羸ʤɤޤޤư¹Ūˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤪˵禱ĿŪפȽŪפ̤뤳ȤǽǤ롥Ԥ佡Ūܥǡ뤤Ͽˤפ⤫٤ƸĿŪ˹ԤΤԤǤ롥Ȥ줬귿콸ŪˤʤΤԤǤ롥ξ硤禱鲽ƤȤ褦
禱ϤޤǤⵧоݤäΩ롥ΤĶŪ¸ߤΩƤʤˤϵ禱䵧¸ߤʤȤͤ⤢롥ʩʩȤ롥衼ȤäԤΤʤˤϡͳʤοᤶȤạ̈ǤεǤƤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤäƤϡΤ褦ʵ禱Ū禱ȤФƿȤθή濴禱¸ԽŪʤŪ禱̾ŤƤ롥
禱Ƥˤꡤաʤɤ롥ξ硤ʩФƶŪʸ̤ʤ餫ľŪƯԤΤϡʰ̣Ǥε禱䵧ǤϤʤȤΩ⤢롥ؼԤ佡Ȥθˤ褯ߤ뤷ޤĤƤ̤θԤˤƱͤθͭϤäǤϡṲ̄ԤΤϡѤʤʸǤȤ롥Ƽʸ鵧禱ӵؤȤʲ줿θθη̡ʸƤȤ줿̤ˤ⡤ˤߤ褦ʵ꤬¸ߤ뤳ȤȽޤε禱ʸŪʤ뤳ȤŦ褦ˤʤäꥹȶμεˤʩǰʩˤ衤줬쵡Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤäƼʸŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ⸽¤¸ߤ롥椨ǶǤϡʸ鵧禱ؤȤϤޤʤ
ܸε禱θϡȤˤ줬Ҹ浧禱ӤȤȡΰ̣ʤꤵƤ롥϶ŪŪãäƿʩ˵ꤹ뽡ư̰µʿ˭ʤɤ븽(䤯)ΤǤ롥̩ϻ濴Ϥϡϻ뤤ϿҤʤɤǹԤ롥̩ˤ൷ʤɤɽǤ롥Ͳû禱 ѵ
ࡤʸ may ˴ؤʤɤݵ˹ƤɤȴʤʤäˤʤäƤȯù٤ϡؤΰˤȤɤޤäƤϤʤ̤ƤʤιơޤΤ褦ǤϤʤǽ뷹Τθϡưפ cross-disciplinary Ȥʤ롥ƥľˤäưˤȥԥåǤϤ롥
ε ([2019-08-24-1]) Wittgenstein 쥲 (Sprachspiel, language-game) ˿줿Bussmann (262) Ѹ켭ŵˤȼ̤ꡥ
language game
L. Wittgenstein's term referring to complex units of communication that consist of linguistic and non-linguistic activities (e.g. the giving of and complying with commands in the course of collaborating on the building of a house). Signs, words, and sentences as 'tools of language' have in and of themselves no meaning; rather meaning is derived only from the use of these items in particular contexts of language behavior.
¾ڼ (logical positivism) ž Wittgenstein ΡΤ褦 ƥȽŻθѤ̣Ѥϡů (ordinary language philosophy) 礭ʱƶͿȯù (speech_act) ޤ (pragmatics) ȯŸˤ"the meaning of a word is its use in the language" Ȥ̣ΤȤ館ϡʤ꤬ΤΡ1ĤθȤߤʤƤ롥
̣ΰ̣˴Ϣơ#1782. ̣ΰ̣ ([2014-03-14-1])#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ ([2014-10-08-1])#2199. Bloomfield ˤȤäƤΰ̣ΰ̣ ([2015-05-05-1])#2794. ְ̣ ([2016-12-20-1])#2795. ְ̣ؼоݡ ([2016-12-21-1]) ʤɤƤȤӤ줿
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1]) Ǵñ˿줿٤ȥꥢޤůؼ Wittgenstein (1889--1951) ϡ1953ǯ˽Ǥ줿ˤơ Sprachspiel "language-game" ȤȤ館쥲͡ʳưʤͷӤǡΤ褦ʳưޤޤʰƣ߷ġp. 18 ˡ
᤹̿롤̿˽
ʪγҤ롤뤤Ϥ¬
𤹤
ˤĤƿ¬
Ωơڤ
ʪ롤ɤ
ؾζʤΤ
̤
ºŪʿؤ
¾θ
䤹롤դ롤ΤΤ롤Ĥ롤ʤ
ϡ̣Ǹνǽ¤٤ꥹȤȤ롥εǽˤĤƤ¿ε뤬#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ϤȤ function_of_language γƵȤ줿
ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ
ؿܸ (107) ˡܸδưʤ뤤ϴˤʬ㤬ƤǽܤʬǤ롥
ҤġӨ֤ˤס֤ʤ
I ̹ͨ
ҼʸޤʤӨ֥ס֤פפ
II̹źáͨҤϤ䤷Ө֤ɤäס֥ϥ㥳
IIIȯϵͨҸƤӤӨ֤䤢ס֤ס֤
ҵưӨ֤ס֤ۤ
軰һӨ֤ͤס֤ʤ
ͼұӨ֤Ϥס֤ס֤ס֤
ȿӨ֤áס֤ۤס֤äȡ
IVͷӤȤС֤ͨȡס֤ס֤Ρ
[2019-04-07-1]ε˰³Will you . . . ? ʸȯˤĤơOED ˤȡιʸνФ1300ǯ Vox & Wolf ȤưʪäˤȤ롥Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Fox and the Wolf ꡤβս (l. 186) ʸ̮ (ll. 171--97) ФƤߤ褦
'A!' quod þe wolf, 'gode ifere, Moni goed mel þou hauest me binome! Let me adoun to þe kome, And al Ich wole þe forȝeue.' 175 'Ȝe!' quod þe vox, 'were þou isriue, And sunnen heuedest al forsake, And to klene lif itake, Ich wolde so bidde for þe Þat þou sholdest comen to me.' 180 'To wom shuld Ich', þe wolf seide, 'Ben iknowe of mine misdede?--- Her nis noþing aliue Þat me kouþe her nou sriue. Þou hauest ben ofte min ifere--- 185 Woltou nou mi srift ihere, And al mi liif I shal þe telle?' 'Nay!' quod þe vox, 'I nelle.' 'Neltou?' quod þe wolf, 'þin ore! Ich am afingret swiþe sore--- 190 Ich wot, toniȝt Ich worþe ded, Bote þou do me somne reed. For Cristes loue, be mi prest!' Þe wolf bey adoun his brest And gon to siken harde and stronge. 195 'Woltou', quod þe vox, 'srift ounderfonge? Tel þine sunnen, on and on, Þat þer bileue neuer on.'
ʪήϤǤ롥ĤٰͤƤޤäѤͤΤФ̤꤫äΤ礤ϵƤӻߤչߤϵΤϵͤȤʬæФ褦Ȼʤ롥ϵˤޤǤΰԤˤĤ褦ȡϵϤεˤʤꡤѤʹߤȴꤦ褦ˤʤ롥ǡWoltou nou mi srift ihere, / And al mi liif I shal þe telle? (ll. 168--69) Ȥϵȯˤʤ櫓
նʸ̮ǤΤȤˡư줬¿ѤƤꡤѤϵݤ礤Τʤΰջ֤տޤΤäƤȤݤ롥βսϡwill ΰջ֤ΰ̣Ǽȡ֤ʤˤϻʹȤջ֤ޤǤлϿΤ٤Ƥʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤʤ롥Ǥʸ̮餫ϵϸѤʹƤ餤ȻפäƤ롥äơɤߤäơ֤ʹƤʡϿΤ٤Ƥʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤǽȤʤ롥Ȥΰջ֤䤦ȤȰȤϡ̣Ūˤ϶ϺǤꡤǡʤƤȹͤ櫓顤Ǥξΰ̣¸ƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ľθѤϡȤϼ뤫Τ褦 Nay! . . . I nelle. Ǥ롥ѸǤ Will you hear my shrift now? Ф No, I won't. Ƥ褦ʤΤʤȤѤϡϵȯʹȤջ֤뤫פȤȲʤդˤεФ No ƤΤǤ롥ϵȤƤϰΤĤǸäΤ⤷ʤˤϵȲᤵƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ºݡϵϤ뤫Τ褦ˡNeltou? ʤΰջ֤ʤȤˤ֤Ƥ롥
⤷ϵ¦˰ΰ̣ƤȤƤ⡤ΰȤްդϡʸ̮˻٤ƽƸतü첽줿Ūް (particularized conversational implicature) Ǥäơ̲줿Ūް (generalized conversational implicature) ǤϤʤޤƤ䴷Ūް (conventional implicature) Ǥʤ褦˻פ롥λ Will you . . . ? ʸνȤߤʤȤѤ餺ǽ⤷ʤ줿ʸ뤤ȤΩɽȤߤʤˤ᤹
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Ѹˤˡư will Ѥɽ魯ȤơWill you do me a favor? ʤɤɽ롥ŪƤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤäƤ Will you shut up? Τ褦ˤ䤭Ĥ̿Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ŪʻؼȤ Will you sign here, please? Τ褦ˤѤ졤ݥ饤ȥͥμ٤˱ѤΤǡȤʤΤϰճŪˤ̤ΰդȤʤΤǡΰտޤΤˤˤ please դȤ¿
ɽεϡ2;Τΰջ֤䤦ջ̤ȤƤ Will you . . . ? ˤȹͤ롥ŪĤΤǤϤʤޤΰջ֤ºŤ䤦ȤκۤȤΤǡʬ餫ǫʸˤʤ뤫ʸγƤʤ顤ºݤ˹ԤʤäƤΰꡦ̿ᡦؼȤȤǡݥ饤ȥͥθŵŪȯù (indirect speech act) λȤ롥
OED will, v1. ˤȡI. The present tense will. ΤȤ6bˡˡƤ롥
b. In 2nd person, interrog., or in a subord. clause after beg or the like, expressing a request (usually courteous; with emphasis, impatient).
a1300 Vox & Wolf in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 64 Thou hauest ben ofte min i-fere, Woltou nou mi srift i-here?
a1400 Pistill of Susan 135 Wolt þou, ladi, for loue, on vre lay lerne?
1470--85 Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vi. 42 Sir said Ector vnto Arthur woll ye be my good and gracious lord when ye are kyng?
1592 R. Greene Philomela To Rdr. sig. A4 I..craue that you will beare with this fault.
1600 Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 43 Will you shog off?
1608 Shakespeare King Lear vii. 313 On my knees I beg, That you'l vouchsafe me rayment, bed and food.
1720 A. Ramsay Young Laird & Edinb. Katy 1 O Katy wiltu gang wi' me, And leave the dinsome Town a while.
1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well III. iv. 96 I desire you will found nothing on an expression hastily used.
1878 T. Hardy Return of Native III. v. iii. 144 Oh, Oh, Oh,..Oh, will you have done!
ɽȤƤ Will you . . . ? ưν°˸ will ȯãǽΤŪˤϤꤽOED ǤС°4Ĥ1592ǯΤΤǤꡤ֤طդΤ褦ˤߤ롥ޤ1300ǯȤʤᤤ餯ɽȤ夷Τ϶ѸäƤǤϤʤȤŪʵǽް (implicature) İ̲ȤΤϡ˸˾ˤĤƲ뤿ؤ̯ǤꡤΤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤϢơ#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ ([2014-10-02-1]) ⻲ȡ
ܲ may ʸȴϢ optative (mood) ̤ˤĤĴ˺Τ˹ڡ°ԡˡظʸˡŵ (963--64) ꡤƱѸβѤƤ
optative (mood) ʴ˾ˡˡˡɥ衼åѸˤǧˡ (MOOD) 1ġꥷˤȼζĴ˾ˡ뤬ƥ䥲ޥϤǤϴ˾ˡϲˡ (SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD) ȹή1ĤȤʤäޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡOEŪΩ˾ˡϤʤ
˾ˡɽꡦ˾ΰ̣ϱѸǤ㤤벾ˡޤˡư (MODAL AUXILIARY) ˤ뱪ˤäɽ롧 God bless you! ʤʤ˿Τ߷äߤޤ褦ˡ/ May she rest in peace! ̽ʡ/ O were he only here. बˤƤ줵褤Τˡˡ¿ʬΤᡤTrnka (1930, pp. 64, 67--74) 'subjunctive' ȤѸ 'optative' Ѥ롥Kruisinga (Handbook, II. 1531) ưθ촴 (STEM) ˡ1Ĥ˴˾ˡ뤳Ȥǧᡤˡθ촴˾촴 (optative stem) ȸƤ֡ Suffice it to say .... ...ȸнʬǤˡˡQuirk et al. (1985, 11.39) ϲˡΰȤƴ˾ˡ (optative subjunctive) ǧᡤ˾ˡϴ˾ɽ魯Τʤꤷɽ˻ȤȽҤ٤Ƥ롧 Far be it from me to spoil the fun. ʳڤߤ̵ˤ褦ʤɤȤϻˤϤޤäʤ/ God save the Queen! ʽŲС
첽줿˾Ŭڤ˰֤Ť褦ȤȡɬȵǽʣʴطȤʤˡ̻֤ȶ֤δΰ㤤ؤäơȤʤ롥ҤȤĤδϡŪΩ줫˾ȯù (speech_act) Ȥߤʤơθ츽ݤФƲ餫ΰ֤ŤԤʤȤŪʴ٤ȤƤδ˾뤤ϵȤϲʤΤ䤤Ϥȡưפ˿ŪҲŪůŪŪؤȯŸƤޤ궯ơޤ
Ϣơ#3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])#3541. Ѹˡμ --- Jespersen ˤŪʶʬ ([2019-01-06-1])#3540. ˾ʸȴʸ̯ʴط ([2019-01-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ؤǡֵפȤСѸǤ optative ȤѸ줬ƤƤꡤ͡롥ȤϤޤä1Ĥȯù٤Ǥ롥ޤthe optative mood ȸ褦ˡˡ (mood) 1ĤǤ⤢롥ˡꥷʤɤθǤϵˡɽ魯̤ưζꡤηؤ optative ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˶ᤤȤСI hope/wish/would like . . . . ʤɴ˾˾ɽ魯ɽϤ٤ƵǤȤ⤤롥ˤֵפˤϡǽΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤΤȤʤΤʸΤ褦ʤ礭ñ̤ΤȤʤΤʤɡƤɬפ褦˻פ롥
̣ŪˤСȤָ̤ΥݥƥʤΤŵͥƥʵ⤢롥ּפΤǤ롥顤 (swearing) 䥿֡ (taboo) ˤĤʤäƤLet's . . . ɽ봫ˡ (hortative mood) ɽ魯ǽȤФжܤƤǤ롥
ïФƵȯä뤫ȤǤϡܤˤʹФƤȤȤ⤢뤬ȤȤȯ뤳Ȥ⤢ˤϲ뤳ȤʤƬΤʤǾ¿ΤǤϤʤû˵Ȥ⾯ʤʤͤϾ˲˾˾ʤƤȤ̣Ǥϡʸdz߲뤫ɤ̤ȤơȤΤϼ¤Ϥʤ٤ι⤤ǽǤʤΤǤϤʤŪʵǤ⡤٤η㤷ΰ㤤Ϥˤ衤ºݤˤϤϤ٤ʤΤǤϤʤ
#2478. may ȴ let ȯã ([2016-02-08-1]) ǡξʸΰճȤפˤĤŪʴҲ𤷤ѸζŪ⡤Huddleston and Pullum (944) ξԤΰ̣Ū˸ڤƤ롥
[Optative may C]onstruction . . . , which belongs to somewhat formal style, has may in pre-subject position, meaning approximately "I hope/pray". There is some semantic resemblance between this specialised use of may and that of let in open let-imperatives, but syntactically the NP following may is clearly subject . . . . The construction has the same internal form as a closed interrogative, but has no uninverted counterpart.
may let ְ̣Ū˻ƤȤϼΤǤʤǤְ̣פϸޤְ̣פˡȯù٤ȤƤΡֵפԤʤСˡִפʤΤ;ִפʳȤơֵפդΤΤϤ
Ūˤϡ³̾礬ʤ֤뤫Ūʤ֤뤫Ȥ餫˶̤ȻŦƤ롥ΤˡξԤϤ˰ۤʤ롥may let бȯù٤ɽ魯ɸȤȤ館θ̾γʤζ̵̤뤹줳ȤˤСָɸ̾ʡưθˡפȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤꡤŪˤƤȵ뤳ȤϤǤ롥ʤȤɽŪˤƤϡߤʤ롥
may let ⡤ʸƬư츶̿ɸꡤʸƬ Oh ǴòɸꤹΤƱͤθŪʵǽǻäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ#2923. ȱμ ([2017-04-28-1]) Ȥ줽ʡʤΤ褦˻פ롥
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
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