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performative_hypothesis - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-11-14 Sun

#4584. or ɽ魯3ΰ̣ [pragmatics][semantics][speech_act][cognitive_linguistics][performative_hypothesis][conjunction][conceptual_metaphor][punctuation]

#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) ȡ#4575. and ɽ魯3ΰ̣ ([2021-11-05-1]) ˰³³ (conjunction) ΰճ¿ (polysemy) ˴ؤ3ơor ȤŪ³ˤָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯù԰ɤߡפ3ˡǧ (Sweetser (93--95))

(1) Every Sunday, John eats pancakes or fried eggs.
(2) John will be home for Christmas, or I'm much mistaken in his character.
(3) Have an apple turnover, or would you like a strawberry tart?

嵭 (1) ϡָɤߡפǤ롥or δܵȤäƤ褤ŪȤʤ롥˥󤬥ѥ󥱡뤤ܶ̾Ƥ򿩤٤Ȥ̿¤ˤϤޤޤ˥ѥ󥱡ܶ̾ƤȤ˿٤ȤƤ⡤ä̷⤷ƤȤϴʤɬξԤ򿩤٤Ȥˤϡor λѤŬڤǤ롥
(2) ϡǧɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥ󤬥ꥹޥ˵äƤ뤳Ȥμ¤ǤȡǧפƤ롥⤷Ǥʤä顤üԤϥʤ礭򤷤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤʸμݤϡε𤽤켫ΤȤ⡤˴ؤüԤγοɽˤ롥
(3) ϡȯù԰ɤߡפȤʤ롥üԤϥåץѥȤ򴫤Ȥȯù԰٤ԤʤäƤ롥줫֤褦äƤǡ츫ŪΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤ⤽ or ǷФ줿2Ĥϲ餫̿Ҥ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤƤ̿ʸʸɽƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤͶȤȯù԰١ʡᴫͶˤԤʤƤΤǤ롥
or ¿ˤĤƾ嵭Τ褦ʴͤȤϤʤäΤǡȤƤⶽ̣

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

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2021-11-05 Fri

#4575. and ɽ魯3ΰ̣ [pragmatics][semantics][speech_act][cognitive_linguistics][performative_hypothesis][conjunction][conceptual_metaphor][iconicity][punctuation]

#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡbecause Ȥ1Ĥ³ˡָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯù԰ɤߡפ3郎ꡤѸüԤϤȾ̵ռ˻ȤʬƤ뤳Ȥߤ3Ĥδ֤ͳߤ˹Ԥ褷ʤ顤Ʊ³ȤʤƤΤǤ롥
ޤäƱȤ˴Ū³Ǥ and ˤĤƤ⤤ȤSweetser (87--89) ꡤ3Ĥɤߤɽ魯ʸѤ褦

(1a) John eats apples and pears.
(1b) John took off his shoes and jumped in the pool.
(2) Why don't you want me to take basketweaving again this quarter?
Answer: Well, Mary got an MA in basketweaving, and she joined a religious cult. (...so you might go the same way if you take basketweaving).
(3) Thank you, Mr Lloyd, and please just close the door as you go out.

(1a) (1b) ϡand κǤ̤βǤָɤߡפȤʤʸǤ롥(1a) (1b) ΰ㤤ϡԤϥ󥴤ñ³Ƥꡤ̾ɤߤǤϽȿžƤ⸽¤̿˱ƶͿʤΤФơԤ and ǷФƤ2ĤνפȤʤ(1b) ˤƤϡϷæ˥סӹΤǤꡤסӹ˷æΤǤϤʤ and ϡ֡δ鸽¤ȸδ֤ο (iconicity) θƤȤ롥ˤ벿餫³ and ˤäƼƤϡξʸ˶̤Ƥ롥
(2) Ǥϡʸˤƥޤ³ and Ƥ롥ᥢ꡼ϳڤʬνιꡤʻ䤬ͤȤǤϡ줬Ȥʤäơ˥ȽΤĤȤɤߤȤʤ롥ᥢ꡼ϳڤʬνιꡤθǥȽΤĤȤŪϡΤ (1b) Ʊͤ˴ްդ뤬ǤϻŪ˾ƤƤ櫓ǤϤʤषüԤ2Ĥδ֤˰̴طߤƤ뤳ȤƤ롥üԤϡʥդ and ˤǧΥåɽƤΤ
(3) ǤϡդȰȤ2Ĥȯù԰ (speech_act) and ʤϤꥳդˤǷӤĤƤ롥Ǥϸǧˤ벿餫³첽Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤޤȯù԰٤³ɽ蘆Ƥ롥

because Υ٤ȡand Ρ3Ĥɤߡפζ̤ϾʬˤȤ褦˻פ뤬줾 and Ρְ̣פۤʤäƤ뤳ȤϴΤǤϤʤSweetser ϡ1Ĥ³ǡ3Ĥɤߡפޤʤ뤳Ȥ because ǤϤʤ and Ǥڤ뤳ȤˤäơʬϤͭ᤿ȤȤˤΤ

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-14-1]

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2021-10-30 Sat

#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ [pragmatics][semantics][speech_act][cognitive_linguistics][performative_hypothesis][conjunction][conceptual_metaphor]

because ͳɽ魯äȤ̤³ŪѻƤߤȡɽ蘆Ƥͳμˤ͡ʤΤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ǰ̴طůؤĤϤʤǧθؤδ˹ʤäƹͻƤߤǤ⡤3϶̤ǤSweetser (77) ʸ󤲤褦

(1) John came back because he loved her.
(2) John loved her, because he came back.
(3) What are you doing tonight, because there's a good movie on.

3ʸˤ because ɽ魯ͳμ餫˰ۤʤ롥(1) ϤäȤ̤ǡΰ̴طɽ蘆Ƥ롥ΤȤ򰦤Ƥ饸äƤΤ򲾤ˡָɤߡפȸƤǤ
(2) because ϡΰ̴طɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäƤΤȤͳǥ򰦤褦ˤʤäȤɤߤΩʤʸθȤȤϡäƤΤȤ򺬵Ȥƥ򰦤ƤΤüԤäȤȤbecause ϡüԤΰŤ뺬ȤʤäƤ롥μݤǤȤʸĥС"I conclude that John loved her, because he came back." ۤɤȤʤ򲾤ˡǧɤߡפȸƤǤ
(3) ϡ᤬̿ɽ魯ʿʸǤʤʸʤΤǡbecause 餫̿ФͳǤȲ᤹뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤֺղƤ롩פȻ䤬ҤͤƤͳϡDz褬ǤƤ뤫ǤꡤDzͶȻפäƤ뤫ȤʸĥС"I am asking you what you are doing tonight, because there's a good movie on." ۤɤȤʤ롥᤬ɽ魯ȯù԰ (speech_act) ԤʤäƤͳ because ʲǼƤ櫓򲾤ˡȯù԰ɤߡפȸƤǤ
3ʸˤ because ᤬餫ͳɽ路ƤȤϤäƤ⡤ͳ°˱ơָɤߡסǧɤߡסȯù԰ɤߡפȳơۤʤΤǤ롥3ĤΥѥɤȹͤƤ褤because 3ĤԤˤƳƤ³Ǥꡤθ𤻤˻ȤʤƤüԤޤ3ĤԤˤƸĤǤΤǤ롥

Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

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2017-01-26 Thu

#2831. performative hypothesis [pragmatics][speech_act][syntax][verb][performative_hypothesis][performative]

#2674. Ūʸ3Ĥħ ([2016-08-22-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡʸˤϡĥĽʸ (constative) ȡξ˹԰٤ȼʸ (performative) 2ब롥ͤ褦ˤäƤϡĽʸĽҡפȤȯù԰ (speech_act) ԤʤΤǤΤ顤1οʸǤȤʸˤϡΡֿԡפưľɽ魯Ūʸ (ex. I command you to surrender immediately.) ȡǤʤżŪʸ (ex. Surrender immediately.) 뤳ȤͤС㤨 You're a stupid cow. Τ褦̾ĽʸϡʸƬ I hereby insult you that . . . ʤɤä򤹤٤ĽҡפȤԤɽ魯żŪʸʤΤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ˡĽʸϼ¤ϿʸǤꡤʸƬˡI hereby + ư (performative verb) פʤɤƤΤȲ᤹벾performative hypothesis ȸƤǤ롥
βϹϼƤʤȤƵ󤲤 I hereby insult you that you're a stupid cow. ȤʸͤƤߤ褦ʸỤ̄Ūˤʤ̾ȯäȤƤϤʤԼǤ롥Ūˤʸε餢롥ˡŪ˱ƤȤʬοư줬ֱĤ (lie) ֶ (threaten) ʤɤʸƤߤȤɤޤޤʸΤԼΩäƤ롥ˡƤư줬ʹ꤬ΤꤹˡϤΤȤ⤢롥
β1970ǯ󵯤줿1980ǯʹߡ̣줾Ω줫꤬Ŧ졤ȽƤǤ˲βȸäƤ褤Ȼפ뤬Ƭ˵󤲤̿פʤɡοư˴ؤƤϡʷŪȤƻȤΤ⤷ʤʾ塤Huang (97--98) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-24-1]

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