#2674. Ūʸ3Ĥħ ([2016-08-22-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡʸˤϡĥĽʸ (constative) ȡξ˹٤ȼʸ (performative) 2ब롥ͤ褦ˤäƤϡĽʸĽҡפȤȯù (speech_act) ԤʤΤǤΤ顤1οʸǤȤʸˤϡΡֿԡפưľɽ魯Ūʸ (ex. I command you to surrender immediately.) ȡǤʤżŪʸ (ex. Surrender immediately.) 뤳ȤͤС㤨 You're a stupid cow. Τ褦̾ĽʸϡʸƬ I hereby insult you that . . . ʤɤä٤ĽҡפȤԤɽ魯żŪʸʤΤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ˡĽʸϼ¤ϿʸǤꡤʸƬˡI hereby + ư (performative verb) פʤɤƤΤȲ᤹벾performative hypothesis ȸƤǤ롥
βϹϼƤʤȤƵ I hereby insult you that you're a stupid cow. ȤʸͤƤߤ褦ʸỤ̄Ūˤʤ̾ȯäȤƤϤʤԼǤ롥Ūˤʸε餢롥ˡŪ˱ƤȤʬοư줬ֱĤ (lie) ֶ (threaten) ʤɤʸƤߤȤɤޤޤʸΤԼΩäƤ롥ˡƤư줬ʹ꤬ΤꤹˡϤΤȤ⤢롥
β1970ǯ줿1980ǯʹߡ̣줾Ω줫꤬Ŧ졤ȽƤǤ˲βȸäƤ褤Ȼפ뤬Ƭ˵̿פʤɡοư˴ؤƤϡʷŪȤƻȤΤ⤷ʤʾ塤Huang (97--98) ȤƼɮ
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Austin ȯù (speech_act) ˤСʸˤϡĥĽʸ (constative) ȡξ˹٤ȼʸ (performative) Ȥ̤롥㤨СMy daughter is called Elizabeth. ĽʸI name this ship the Princess Elizabeth. Ͽʸ롥
ʸˤϡι٤ɽ魯ưŪ˴ޤŪʸ (explicit performative) ȡޤޤʤżŪʸ (implicit performative) 롥㤨СI command you to surrender immediately. ŪʸSurrender immediately. ϰżŪʸǤ롥Ūʸˤ٤ɽ魯ưʸξˤ commandˤư (performative verb) Ȥ
Austin ϡѸˤŪʸ̣ŪħȤơ3Ƥ롥(1) ưޤǤʤħȤȤ٤ˡ(2) hereby դä뤳Ȥǿʸ뤳ȤĴ뤳ȤǤ롤(3) 1;ñμ줬Ωǽư֤ľˡñ㸽߷ư줬Ѥ롥3Ĥħ碌ŵŪʿʸĤƤ
I hereby christen this ship the Princess Elizabeth
I now pronounce you husband and wife.
I sentence you to ten years in prison.
I promise to come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.
I apologize for being late.
Austin ȤǧƤ褦ˡ(3) ħͭʤŪʸ⤢롥Huang (97) äʲʸˤߤ褦ˡ1;ʣμ줬Ωľ⤢뤷ʳο;Τμ줬ΩĤȤǽǤ롥ư줬;ΤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦ뤷߿ʹԷư֤οʸ⤢ꤦ롥
We suggest that you go to the embassy
You are hereby warned that legal action will be taken.
Passengers are hereby requested to wear a seat belt.
Notice is hereby given that the Annual General Meeting of O2 plc will be held at The Hexagon, Queens Walk, Reading, Berkshire RG1 7UA on Wednesday, 27 July 2005 at 11.00 am for the following purposes: . . . .
The management hereby warns customers that mistakes in charge cannot be rectified once the customer has left the counter.
It is herewith disclosed that the value of the estate left by Marcus T. Bloomingdale was 4,785,758 dollars.
Are you denying that the government has interfered? --- I am denying that.
You are being discharged on the grounds of severe temperamental unsuitability for service in the Royal Navy.
˲οʸϤʤ褦⤷ I christened this ship the Princess Elizabeth last Sunday. ȸäȤƤ⡤ĽʸǤꡤʸȤϤʤꤨʤ
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1])#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1]) εǡethnography of speaking ʬСΰָϡȯäʸȤ顤⤦1Ĥ夲롥ȯù (speech act) ΰʸӤǤ롥
ȯù٤ϡAustin θŵŪʤΤ䤽ȯŸ Searle ΤΤΤƤHuang, pp. 106--08 ȡˡΤ褦ؤδؿϡȯù٤ȤüԤ˶ͭƤ뤳ȤƤ褦ˤʹ뤬ºݤˤ¿ȯù٤ʸ˰¸롥뺧ʤɤεŪŪʾ̤Ǥȯù٤ʸˤäưۤʤ뤳ȤưפۤɴƤʤ̤ˤȯù٤ˤʸ֤ϸ롥ʲHuang (119--25) ˽äơ4夲褦
(1) ʸ¸ߤȯù٤̤ʸ¸ߤʤ硥㤨С«Ȥȯù٤ϡܸˤѸˤ⤢뤷¾¿ˤ¸ߤ롥եԥΥ² (Ilongot) ˤϤ줬ʤ²μҲǤ¤俿¤ҲŪʴطΤۤŻ뤵졤̤Ȥ«Ȥȯù٤⤽¸ߤʤΤȹͤƤ롥⤦1СȥꥢΥܥꥸˡ² (Yolngu) ǤϡդȤȯù٤ʤȤ롥
ޤ¾ˤߤʤüȯù٤ʸ⤢롥ȥꥢΥܥꥸˡWalmajarri ˤơ̴ֿط˴Ť뤤ϵ̳Ȥ᤹פȤðۤȯù٤ꡤư (performative verb) japirlyung ˤäɽ蘆롥οưϡ"I ask/request you to do X for me, and I expect you to do it simply because of how you are related to me" ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ϡȤʸλȤΩƤ줿ȯù٤ͭ˰ۤΤȤʤ롥
(2) ƱФơʸˤäưۤʤȯù٤ʤ硥㤨СͤƧǤޤäȤΤǤ쥢Ǥ⡤̾ϼպȤȯù٤ʤ롥ȤեꥫΥ² (Akan) ǤϡպǤϤʤƱȯù٤ʤ롥ޤ˾ԤơǸˤȤޤȤѸǤϿؤδդȻҤ٤Τܸ̾Ǥϡ֤⤤ޤפȿ٤ǧȯ롥ƱͤˡܸǤϡ£ʪäȤʤɤˤϡդ֤ߤޤפμպΤۤࡥ
(3) Ʊȯù٤Фơʸˤäưۤʤȿ硥˫դҤ٤ȡѸǤϴդʤΤ̤졤ܸ졤ݡɸʤɤǤϼݤ㡧֤ޤƤʤǤ͡ס֤ޤäƤʤΤǡסˡʤߤˡФƥΡȤʤܸüԤʬ˸줿˫դˤϥΡȤȤȤΤ⤷
ޤФФ1٤ϵŪʵݤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤܸŪˤŵŪȿǤ롥ֿТŪʵݢТŪʵݢפȤή (adjacency pair) ΤΤʸŪޤƤȹͤcf. ܤˡ
(4) Ʊȯù٤ǤäƤ⡤ľŪˤʤ뤫Ūˤʤ뤫ٹ礤ʸˤäưۤʤ硥ꡤպᡤʿʤɤ face-threatening act (FTA) ˤĤưۤʤ֤Ӹ椬1980ǯʹߡȤ櫓 Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) ̾βǿ䤷ʤƤˤĤƤС8ĤθѼ (German, Hebrew, Danish, Canadian French, Argentinian Spanish, British English, American English, Australian English) ӤȤArgentinian Spanish ǤľŪǡAustralian English ǤŪä
ܸΡ褷ޤפϡʸ̤ˤϡ֤礦˽פȤ̣ɽ魯ȤѤдŪʵݤȯù٤Ȥʤ롥ϡΰФľܥΡȸˤܸˤȤäơŪŪάʤΤǤ롥ºݤˡ줬ƤγȯŸ㤬롥1974ǯ˥ΤƣФܤݻԾμͳƣŪʰ̣礤ǡ褷ޤפ I do my best. 줿θ塤ưʤܤФƥꥫ餻Ĥ˻äޤǤˡȯù٤ ethnography of speaking 褯椵졤̤ưʸΩηäȤξǾμãƤСΤ褦ʸʤä
Huang, Yan. Pragmatics. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
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