hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

negative - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-12-10 Wed

#6071. ֤Τۤפ no ˴ؤ¿İƤޤ [inohota][inoueippei][notice][youtube][negative][negation][etymology][article][sobokunagimon]



127ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ#391. ʤ no Ǥ⸵Ȥ --- no money no No, I don't. noǤ3֤ۤ#387. ѸˤϤʤ줬Ρܸˤϴ줬ʤѸδȻƤΤܸΤפΤۤ͵Ȥʤä1.45İˤΤǡ (article) ³ԤȤĤäϤ᤿ΤǤ³ΥȥԥåȤ no ˸ڤȤ夵󤬤ष˥ݥåȥ饤ȤơΥȥȥͤˤʤäǤ̤Ȥơ¿˻İƤɤäǤ󡤤꤬Ȥޤ
δǤäΤǤ괧 a/an ϡȤȿ one ͳ褷ƤΤǡܼ¸ɸˤȤߤʤޤФơ no ܼϡޤԺɸǤa/an no ϡ̣жˤˤΤȤȤ館ޤ¸ߤΤʤΤ10Ȥǡ괧 no įƤߤǤ
δ鸫ȡʸˡǽ few a few ΰ̣ΰ㤤Ǥޤfew ϸ many еǤꡤ¿ʤפȤŪʰ̣礤Ǥ¸ɸ a ĤƤߤȤɤʤǤ礦֤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ϤʤפȤ few ˷̣ˡa ־ʤʤ¸ߤϤƤפȤŪʥ˥奢󥹤դä̤Ȥơ־ϤפؤỌ̇̄Ĵ롤ȲǤ櫓Ǥ
ơ a/an no Ω¤ơޤʤΤǤưǻİԤγ󤬺ǤääƼߤ᤿Τϡȥˤ⤢̤ꡤ2Ĥ no ̸츻äȤ¤ǤϤʤǤ礦ѸǤϡƻȤƻȤ no ȡȤƻȤ no ޤƱֻȯˤʤäƤޤ¤Ūʥ롼ĤϰۤʤΤʤΤǤ
ʲʤȤäƤñǤ⡤Υ롼Ĥ򤿤ɤȡä褦ˤƤΤǤ⤳Ի׵Ĥ no ˤ򡤤 YouTube ưdzǧƤߤƤŪŪ񿴤ɷ㤵뤳礤ǤޤȤơޤϡ¤ʬϤˤĤʤ礭ǤΤǡ¿Ū˷겼ƤȹͤƤޤ

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2025-07-25 Fri

#5933. ³ but Ρֵܡ [adversative][conjunction][semantics][pragmatics][presupposition][negative][negation][oximoron][but]

ܸΡ֤ꡤѸ butܤ³ ((adversative) conjunction) ȸƤФ뤬⤽ܤȤϲϱѸ but Ѥɽܤ뤬㤨 A but B ȤȤA B δطܤǤȤϡ̣Τ
Ǥñ˹ͤСA B ̣ŪȿդξˡδطϵܤȤ뤫⤷ʤ̣Ū˸̩ȿդξˤϡbut ΩȤȤ߹蘆줿ɽϡܤȤ̷⡤뤤Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ȤʤäƤޤShe is rich but poor. Τ褦
äơ¿ξ硤but ˤܤɽϡ̣Ū˸̩ȿդȤŪʥȤ٤ʤΤ⤷ʤA 򤹤뤿ɬפ (presupposition) B ǤѤʤȤ A Ԥ뤳Ȥ B ΩʤȤŪʴ顤ܴطȤߤʤΤǤϤʤ
դĤĤȹͤƤԿʤʤΤǡQuirk et al. §13.32ˤäƤߤ

The use of but 13.32
But expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by and followed by yet. The contrast may be in the unexpectedness of what is said in the second conjoin in view of the content of the first conjoin:

   John is poor, but he is happy. ['. . . and yet he is happy']

This sentence implies that his happiness is unexpected in view of his poverty. The unexpectedness depends on our presuppositions and our experience of the world. It would be reasonable to say:

   John is rich, but he is happy.

if we considered wealth a source of misery.
   The contrast expressed by but may also be a repudiation in positive terms of what has been said or implied by negation in the first conjoin (cf 13.42):

   Jane did not waste her time before the exam, but studied hard every evening. [1]

In such cases the force of but can be emphasized by the conjunct rather or on the contrary (cf 8.137):

   I am not objecting to his morals, but rather to his manners. [2]

With this meaning, but normally does not link two clauses, but two smaller constituents; for example, the conjoins are two predicates in [1] and two prepositional phrases in [2]. The conjoins cannot be regarded as formed simply by ellipsis from two full clauses, since the not in the first clause conjoin is repudiated in the second. Thus the expansion of [2] into two full clauses must be as follows:

   I am not objecting to his morals, but (rather) I am objecting to his manners.


ɤߡnot A but B ɽˤƤʤ but Ѥ뤫ʬäƤA ŪǡB ϹŪǤȤȿиǤ뤳Ȥܤ³ but ɽ路Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2025-07-24 Thu

#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga [but][polysemy][conjunction][preposition][adverb][negation][polarity][negative]

ε#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) Ǥߤ but ͡ˡ֤δطˤĤơKruisinga ϷȤʤ1ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (II. 2, p. 433)

1514. In dealing with the meanings of the conjunction as an attempt has been made to show most of its uses as a development of its comparative sense. No such attempt has been made in the case of but because its various meanings are not connected but isolated. The result of this isolation (indeed its cause as well) is that but is not so strong and live an element of present-day English, and several of its uses tend to be restricted to literary English, i.e. they are on the road that will ultimately lead to their disappearance. This may be said of the uses in 1509, 1 and 3; 1510, 2; the use of but what may be considered dialectal by some, although it is not corrected away by editors and writers.


but ¿ͤˡ as ΤӤƤ뤬ԤϤ٤ŪǤΤΡԤϤ줬̵ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ۤ but ¿Ǥ롥Ūʴʪ

Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-26-1]

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2025-07-23 Wed

#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga [but][polysemy][conjunction][preposition][adverb][negation][polarity][negative]

Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥

1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
   In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
      (1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
      (2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
      (3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.

1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
   As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
      (1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
         - Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
         - Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
         - There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
         - Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
      (2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
         - Justice was never done but someone complained.
         - Who knows but he may hear of it?

1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
      a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
      b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)

1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
   (1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
      - Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
   (2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
      - He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
      - I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.

1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
   - Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
   - Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
   - Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)


Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħ򸫽ФΤưפǤϤʤ

Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

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2025-07-22 Tue

#5930. 726ڡˡīֺ¤βƴ1but --- Ĥ¿³פ֤ޤ [asacul][notice][conjunction][preposition][adverb][polysemy][semantics][pragmatics][syntax][negative][negation][hee][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link]


asacul_20250726.png



ǯī㡼󥿡ɶˤơѸˤΥ꡼ֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤Υ꡼Υȥ˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸ򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭Ǥ󤲻Ϥȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ

but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ

but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤ󡥤ΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ󤫡
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥ꡼򿴤ꤪԤƤޤ

ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ󤫡ȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-26-1] [2025-07-24-1]

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2025-05-08 Thu

#5855. ꥷͳƬ a(n)- ȱѸ괧 a(n) ʿ [senbonknock][sobokunagimon][heldio][article][greek][prefix][consonant][ogawashun][khelf][negative][oe]



528ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤζΤȡheldio ˤϽؤʾءX @scunogawaˤȤȤˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ饤ǤϤޤͻҤ򥢡ȤƤǤ YouTube ǤǸƤ뤳Ȥϡε#5851. ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå --- GW with ϽؤפΥ YouTube ۿޤ ([2025-05-04-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ٤ heldio ΥȤƤۿޤǽʬȤʤİȤϡ#1439. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- GW with Ͻؤꤴİ褯Ԥ65ʬۤɤĹǤ
ܥΥåǼ夲Ѥʵ15濫ޤ5ܡԤ26ʬ18դ꤫ˤܤޤμݤȤƤϡ괧 an/a λȤʬan apple vs. a penˤθݤϡꥷͳƬ an-/a- θݤƱǤפȤΤǤԤΤι٤ʻŦˤषٶˤʤäݡϤȥ饤Ǥ⿨줿̤Ǥ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΤξԤˤơan- ŪˤηǤǤ첻ʤ뤤 hˤǻϤޤǤ³ˤϡؤˤǤ n æa- Ȥ۷֤ѤƤޤ줤ʿŪȤޤ
Webster μ3Ǥ˽ A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms ˤȡꥷͳƬ a-, an- ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥޤ

2a- or an- prefix [L & Gk; L a-, an-, fr. Gk --- more at UN-]: not: without <achromatic> <asexual> --- used chiefly with words of Gk or L origin; a- before consonants other than h and sometimes even before h, an- before vowels and usu. before h <ahistorical> <anesthesia> <anhydrous>


ΤʤǼƤ̤ꡤΥꥷͳƬϡѸƬ un- ȤƱǤ롥ĤǤƱŵ un- ιܤƤ

1un- prefix [ME, fr. OE; akin to OHG un- un-, ON ō, ū-, Goth un-, L in-, Gk a-, an-, Skt a-, an- un-, OE ne not]


űѸ꼭 ne ⤳ƱǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ not, never, no ʤɤȤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
󤻤ƤѤʵ䤫ŸǤؤٶˤʤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1]

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2024-10-26 Sat

#5661. Ȥϲ [negation][polarity][negative][terminology][syntax][double_negative][logic][assertion][semantics]

ε#5670. ʤѸˤñʣζ̤Ρ --- Mond ǤμȲ ([2024-10-24-1]) ǡ (negation) Ǹ˽ФޤˤȤϲϤ礭Ǥؤůؤ뤳ȤǤޤǤϸؤδ˹ʤޤ
ؤѸ켭ŵ뤳ȤϤޤ礦ޤ Crystal (323--24) Ѥޤ

negation (n.) A process or construction in GRAMMATICAL and SEMANTIC analysis which typically expresses the contradiction of some or all of a sentence's meaning. In English grammar, it is expressed by the presence of the negative particle (neg, NEG) not or n't (the CONTRACTED negative); in LEXIS, there are several possible means, e.g. PREFIXES such as un-, non-, or words such as deny. Some LANGUAGES use more than one PARTICLE in a single CLAUSE to express negation (as in French ne . . . pas). The use of more than one negative form in the same clause (as in double negatives) is a characteristic of some English DIALECTS, e.g. I'm not unhappy (which is a STYLISTICALLY MARKED mode of assertion) and I've not done nothing (which is not acceptable in STANDARD English). . . .
   A topic of particular interest has been the range of sentence STRUCTURE affected by the position of a negative particle, e.g. I think John isn't coming v. I don't think John is coming: such variations in the SCOPE of negation affect the logical structure as well as the semantic analysis of the sentence. The opposite 'pole' to negative is POSITIVE (or AFFIRMATIVE), and the system of contrasts made by a language in this area is often referred to as POLARITY. Negative polarity items are those words or phrases which can appear only in a negative environment in a sentence, e.g. any in I haven't got any books. (cf. *I've got any books).


Bussmann (323) ѤޤؤˤФƸؤ򡤼Τ褦˲⤷Ƥޤ

In contrast with logical negation, natural language negation functions not only as sentence negation, but also primarily as clausal or constituent negation: she did not pay (= negation of predication), No one paid anything (= negation of the subject NP), he paid nothing (= negation of the object NP). Here the scope (= semantic coverage) of negation is frequently polysemic or dependent on the placement of negation, on the sentence stress . . . as well as on the linguistic and/or extralinguistic context. Natural language negation may be realized in various ways: (a) lexically with adverbs and adverbial expressions (not, never, by no means), indefinite pronouns (nobody, nothing, none), coordinating conjunctions (neither . . . nor), sentence equivalents (no), or prepositions (without, besides); (b) morphologically with prefixes (in + exact, un + interested) or suffix (help + less); (c) intonationally with contrastive accent (in Jacob is not flying to New York tomorrow the negation can refer to Jacob, flying, New York, or tomorrow depending which elements are stressed); (d) idiomatically by expressions like For all I care, . . . . Formally, three types of negation are differentiated: (a) internal (= strong) negation, the basic type of natural language negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald); (b) external (= weak) negation, which corresponds to logical negation (e.g. It's not the case/it's not true that p); (c) contrastive (= local) negation, which can also be considered a pragmatic variant of strong negation to the degree that stress and the corresponding modifying clause are relevant to the scope of the negation (e.g. The King of France is not bald, but rather wears glasses. The linguistic description of negation has proven to be a difficult problem in all grammatical models owing to the complex interrelationship of syntactic, prosodic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects.


2Ĥβ˴Ťơؤˤ˴ؤվȼΤ褦ˤʤǤ礦

1. μϰ
ʸ (sentence negation)
(clausal negation)
(constituent negation)
2. μ¸ͼ
Ū (lexically): 졤̾졤³졤ֻʤ
Ū (morphologically): Ƭ
Ū (intonationally): оȥ
Ū (idiomatically): ɽ
3. ηŪʬ
Ūʶ (internal/strong negation)
Ūʼ夤 (external/weak negation)
оŪʶɽŪ (contrastive/local negation)
4. κѰ (scope)
꼭ΰ֤ˤƶ
ʸˤƶ
ŪŪʸ̮ˤƶ
5. 2 (double negative)
ɸѸǤλ
ʸŪͭɸʹɽȤƤλ
6. (polarity)
(positive/affirmative) vs. (negative)

7. ˴ؤŪΧỤ̄ŪŪ¦̤ʣߴط
8. Ūΰ㤤

ΰϡʣ¿򼨤ƤޤƤꡤȴʤʤǤ

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-08-27 Sun

#5235. Ҹ15αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][review][corpus][lme][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][caxton][malory][negative][impersonal_verb][preposition][periodisation]


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ



伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥߤޤ󤫡ǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ󤴰⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ



YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---

hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤä򤦤ޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])

heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡




¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-09-10-1] [2023-09-03-1]

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2023-02-26 Sun

#5053. None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤ [pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][clmet][coha][corpus]

ε#5052. none ñʣ ([2023-02-25-1]) ǡnone ˴ؤΰפŪɤκݤɸθ (proverb) None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפ󤲤θνнϡ17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) Ǥ롥 Alexander's Feast (1697) ˡɽƤꡤthe brave = ֥쥯粦סthe fair = ֥ƥͤΰͥפȤޤѤƤ롥

Happy, happy, happy pair!
   None but the brave
   None but the brave
None but the brave deserves the fair!


ĤޤꡤָŵפǤ3ñ -s 뤳Ȥ none ñȤưƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥the brave the fair γơˤĤƻؼоݤĿͤǤ뤳ȤطƤ褦˻פ롥
Dryden ɽѤˤƤϡSpeake θŵCLMET3.0COHA ʤɤǤäȳǧ¤ꡤʣ¿褦Ǥ롥193ۤɵ󤲤褦

1813 SOUTHEY Life of Horatio Lord Nelson It is your sex that makes us go forth, and seem to tell us, 'None but the brave deserve the fair';
1829 P. EGAN Boxiana 2nd Ser. II. 354 The tender sex . . . feeling the good old notion that 'none but the brave deserve the fair', were sadly out of temper.
1873 TROLLOPE Phineas Redux II. xiii. All the proverbs were on his side. 'None but the brave deserve the fair,' said his cousin.


Ȥư̡˲Ȥǡޤthe + ƻפδѤ⡤the brave the fair 줾콸̾Ȥª褦ˤʤäȤȤ⤷ʤˤ none ΰɤ򼨤ζ̣ꥨǤ롥

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

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2023-02-25 Sat

#5052. none ñʣ [sobokunagimon][pronoun][indefinite_pronoun][number][agreement][negative][proverb][shakespeare][oe][singular_they][link]

;̾ (indefinite_pronoun) none ϡï~ʤפ̣뤬ưȤñˤʣˤפ롥None but the brave deserve(s) the fair. ͦ԰ʳͤͤפθǤϡư3ñ -s 뤳ȤǤ뤷ǤĤǤ롥Ūˤñ٤ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤˤϤषʣȤư뤳Ȥ¿ (cf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]))
none ϸ츻Ūˤ no one ޤäǤ one 񤹤뤬ȤƤϥǤ롥ʬ񤭤줿 no one ƱǾñ顤none ΰפ˴ؤƱͤ˿񤦤Ȼפ䡤ǤʤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥
American Heritage ˤȡnone ʣפ9ߤ졤King James Bible, Shakespeare, Dryden, Burke ʤɤϢʤʸڤƤǤϡɤο˰פ뤫ʸˡŪȤʸŪȤäƤ褵
Visser (I, § 86; pp. 75--76) ˤϡűѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤǤʣפñפγơ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥ǸŤΤΤ Shakespeare դޤǤǤĤФƤߤ褦

86---None Plural.
   Ælfred, Boeth. xxvii §1, þæt þær nane oðre an ne sæton buton þa weorðestan. | c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 31, Ne doð hit none swa ofte se þe hodede. | a1300 Curs. M. 11396, bi-yond þam ar wonnand nan. | 1534 St. Th. More (Wks) 1279 F10, none of them go to hell. | 1557 North, Gueuaia's Diall. Pr. 4, None of these two were as yet feftene yeares olde (OED). | 1588 Shakesp., L.L.L. IV, iii, 126, none offend where all alike do dote. | Idem V, ii, 69, none are so surely caught . . ., as wit turn'd fool. . . .

Singular.
   Ælfric, Hom. i, 284, i, Ne nan heora an nis na læsse ðonne eall seo þrynnys. | Ælfred, Boeth. 33. 4, Nan mihtigra ðe nis ne nan ðin gelica. | Charter 41, in: O. E. Texts 448, ȝif þæt ȝesele . . . ðæt ðer ðeara nan ne sie ðe londes weorðe sie. | a1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud Ms) an. 1066, He dyde swa mycel to gode . . . swa nefre nan oðre ne dyde toforen him. | a1175 Cott. Hom. 217, ȝif non of him ne spece, non hine ne lufede (OED). | c1250 Gen. & Ex. 223, Ne was ðor non lik adam. | c1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4981, Nane of þair bodys . . . Was neuir after sene. | c1489 Caxton, Blanchardyn xxxix, 148, Noon was there, . . . that myghte recomforte her. | 1588 A. King, tr. Canisius' Catch., App., To defende the pure mans cause, quhen thair is nan to take it in hadn by him (OED). | 1592 Shakesp., Venus 970, That every present sorrow seemeth chief, But none is best.


none β֡츻̣ʤɤˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ

#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1])
#2723. ֻ on ˤ n æ ([2016-10-10-1])
#2697. few a few ΰ̣κ ([2016-09-14-1])
#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 ([2019-01-01-1])
#4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-22-1])

ޤ԰פˤĤƤ⡤ޤDz٤夲ƤѸŪˤ singular_they ͿƤ롥

#1144. Ѹˤ԰פ ([2012-06-14-1])
#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưο԰ס ([2012-12-21-1])
#1355. 20ꥹѸǽ̾ñפä ([2013-01-11-1])
#1356. 20ꥹѸǤ government οΰס ([2013-01-12-1])

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1] [2023-02-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-12-30 Fri

#4995. ư̾칽ʸ there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפѸ [gerund][construction][negative][proverb][be][syntax][existential_sentence]

ε#4994. There is no accounting for tastes ⹥ס ([2022-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ褯Τ줿 there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפư̾칽ʸȤʤäƤ롥One cannot account for tastes. It is impossible to account for tastes. ȸ̣
θ18˽ФŪΤȤ뤬there is no ---ing ư̾칽ʸΤΤϡɤΤ餤Ťޤˤ̤ΤOED no, adj. ˤȡ13νƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ˽Ф롥ʸȤƤ it is no ---ing ʤɤѰ۷ߤ (cf. #4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ ([2022-06-08-1])) ʲ OED ΰѤʸ嶽̣ʬ֤ǼƤߤ

4. Modifying a verbal noun or gerund used as the predicate, denoting the impossibility of the action specified. Chiefly with non-referential there (also it) as subject.

   [c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 149 Hwen þe delit iþe lust is igan se ouerforð þet ter nere nan wiðseggunge ȝef þer were eise to fulle þe dede.]
   a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23812 (MED) Quen we it proue þat es to late, Es þar na mending þan þe state.
   1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxvi. 657 It is no goynge thyder, without ye wyll lose all.
   1560 Bible (Geneva) Nahum iii. 19 There is no healing of thy wounde.
   a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. D4v Cosin it is no dealing with him now.
   a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. i. 146 Val. No, beleeue me. Speed. No beleeuing you indeed sir.
   a1643 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 108 So the people were so impetuously set upon their lusts, that there was no speaking to them.
   1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 39 There was no keeping Friday in the Boat.
   1753 Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 54 There is no going any where without meeting Pretenders in this Way.
   1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. vii. 117 Do what they might, there was no keeping down the butcher.
   1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xv. 138 There's no accounting for tastes, sir.
   1895 A. I. Shand Life E. B. Hamley I. ii. 21 There was no mistaking the meaning of the invitation, and there was no declining it.
   1954 A. Thirkell What did it Mean? 87 There would be no getting hold of the girls as the evenings got longer.
   1975 Times 6 Dec. 8/5 Try Village Prospects..R 3 again, I fear, but no avoiding it.
   2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. 8/4 There is no mistaking African anger at the external barriers they confront.


űѸ줫餹ǤȯãƤ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȡѸˤ褦䤯ȯãϤ᤿ư̾줬Τޤ줿ʸȤäƤ褤¸ʸˤĤƤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-20-1]

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2022-12-14 Wed

#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä [split_infinitive][infinitive][syntax][negative][prescriptive_grammar][word_order]

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ ([2022-12-11-1])#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1]) ³ʬΥ (split_infinitive) 夲ƤδϢ Jespersen ɳ򤤤Ƥơto ư츶δ֤ not never ä륿פʬΥλ㤬ŪˤäȤΤäʸˡǤ not to do θ礬§ȤƤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤäȤˤʤ롥Jespersen Ѥ롥

   §20.48. Not and never are often placed before to: Wilde P 38 one of the things I shall have to teach myself is not to be ashamed of it (but to not be would have been clearer) | she wished never to see him again (here never belongs to the inf., but in she never wished . . . it would belong to wished; the sentences are parallel to wished not to . . . : did not wish to . . .) | Maugham MS 140 I trained myself never to show it | Hardy L 77 they thought it best to accept, so as not to needlessly provoke him (note the place of the second adverb) | Macaulay H 1.84 he bound himself never again to raise money without the consent of the Houses | Bromfield ModHero 154 long since she had come never to speak of her at all.
   But the opposite word-order is also found: Lewis MS 140 having the sense to not go out | id B 137 I might uv expected you to not stand by me | Browning l.521 And make him swear to never kiss the girls (rhythm!).


ʬΥФ櫓Ϥ⤷ȡ˸¤餺ưʶ˽θޤǹϤƤߤȡäȤ⤷ʤΤǤϤʤˤС꼭֤ȤѸ˾礭ˤ⡤ɬŪ˴ؤäƤ˰㤤ʤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 5. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1954.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-30-1] [2022-12-16-1]

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2022-12-07 Wed

#4972. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. (2) [negative][syntax][word_order][negative_cycle][shakespeare][eebo]

#2233. ŪʶϤȤƤ I not say. ([2015-06-08-1]) ǰټ夲Ѹ˾Ωʤθ˴ؤ˺Ƥܤ
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ꼭Ȥ ne ѤˤϡS + ne + Vפθ礬§Ūä꼭Ȥ not Ѥ褦ˤʤȡS + V + notפθ礬§ȤʤꡤS + not + Vפˤޤʹ¤Ȥʤä"Jespersen's cycle" ȾΤ깽¤̻ŪѲΤʤǤS + not + VפϤޤ֤ŤƤ餺褯ƤŪʰˤȤɤޤ롥
Visser (III, §1440) ϡType 'He not spoke (those words)' ι¤ˤĤƤ⤦ǫ˥ȤƤꡤʸ50ʾ彸Ƥ롥ȤѤ褦

Before 1500 this type is only sporadically met with, but after 1500 its currency increases and it becomes pretty common in Shakespeare's time. After c1700 a decline sets in and in Present-day English, where the type 'he did not command' is the rule, the idiom is chiefly restricted to poetry. . . . According to Smith (Mod. Språ 27, 1933) it is still used in Modern literary English in order to contrast a verb with a preceding one, e.g. 'The wise mother suggests the duty, not commands it'. The frequency of the use of this type in the 16th and 17th centuries seems to have escaped the attention of grammarians. Thus 1951 Söderlind (p. 218) calls a quotation from Dryden's prose containing this construction "a unique instance of not preceding the finite verb", and 1953 (Ellegård (p. 198) states: "not hardly ever occurred before the finite verb." Poutsma's earliest example (1928 I, i p. 102) is a quotation from Shakespeare. The following statement is interesting, ignoring as it does the occurrence of the idiom between "O.E." (=?perhaps: Middle English) and modern poetry: 1876 Ernest Adams, The Elements of the English Language p. 217: "Frequently in O.E. and, rarely, in modern poetry, do and the infinitive are not employed in negative propositions: I not repent my courtesies---Ford; I not dislike the course.---Ibid.; I swear it would not ruffle me so much As you that not obey me---Tennyson."


ΥȤθ1400ǯ20˻ޤǤʸ¿󤵤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ EEBO ʤɤε祳ѥĴСʤʸΤǤϤʤ

Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.

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2022-10-03 Mon

#4907. no Ϸƻӵ褤äȤ the ֤ǤϤʤ [negative][comparison][adverb][adjective][article]

#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ no ε򤿤ɤȸ "never" ˶ᤤ no Ȥ yes/no no 󤲤̤꤬褵εʸǼȤꡤ̤λȤ⤢롥
Their way of life is no different from ours. I am no good at tennis. Τ褦ʡηƻ줬ŪѤˡꤹ no Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ϤƴŪǤꡤɤʽҷƻꤹݤˤ no Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŵŪȤƤ no ϡƻӵΤ¿no better, no longer, no more ʤɤ㤫顤Ǥϼ¼Ūʰ̣ȤƤ as good, as short, as little ƱȤʤפǤ롥
no Ȥ no one, no problem, no way Τ褦˷ƻȤѤ礬ꡤषƻӵȷӤĤȤƤ no ηǤˤĤƤϡƥϥäȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤǤʤääƵŤΤϡthe ȤƷƻʴŪʸ줬ϤƻӵȥåȤǡ֤ʬפΰ̣ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿԴطǤ롥ܤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1])#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ΤȤ˵ŤƤ줿ΤϡQuirk et al. (10.58) ΤûȤǤ롥

Except for a few fixed phrases (no good, no different), the adverb no modifies adjectives only when they are comparatives (by inflection or by periphrasis): no worse, no tastier, no better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent. (Compare the positive with the: He is the worse for it.)


no the ʿŪʤΤλϤꤽǤʤä

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2022-03-01 Tue

#4691. 2˥ɸѸϰճȾɤǤ [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][negative][double_negative][world_englishes][world_languages][typology]

2 (double_negative) ˤĤƤϡߤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥνȤʤäֱѸءפäƤʤˡ--ऺֱѸפֳءפ֤櫓ǤϤޤ󡪡Ǥ⾯˼夲
ŪˤСI don't have any money.I have no money. ΰ̣ǡI don't have no money. ȸäƤϤʤȤ§ͳϡƱ꼭2ġʰʾˤˤ⤫餺Τΰ̣ȤƤ1ȤΤŪ̷⤷Ƥ뤫ȤȤˤʤ롥
ܥ֥ double_negative ˴ؤ뵭ˤƤ⡤ޤƱ˻䤬 Voicy ΡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸äְʼ YouTube 򳫻ϡäǤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡ2ŪˤϢʤ³Ƥ칽¤Ǥ롥
ѸǤ⡤ɸѸ⳰˽ФС2¿ϤǤ㤬󤬤äƤ롥㤨 Siemund (619) ѤƤ2Ĥۤɵ󤲤褦

Yes, and no people didn't trouble about gas stoves then. (Southeast of England)
We didn't have no use for it noways. (Appalachian English)

ޤŪˤѸѸǤϤ̤츽ݤäѸ줫ȤơSiemund (620) Ƥ1ĵ󤲤롥

I thinke ye weare never yet in no grownd of mine, and I never say no man naye.

θϤƤ⡤2Ϥʤ̤ΤȤΤ褦Siemund (620) 206θĴԸ򻲾ȤΤ170θǤλ㤬ǧ줿Ȥ𤷤Ƥ롥ɸѸΤ褦2꤬Τϡ鷺11ΤߤäȤ෿ŪˤϡɸѸ쥿פʤΤ
ǤϡʤɸѸϤۤɤޤǤ˴ʤ2򤹤ΤºݡϽפʱѸ˾Ǥꡤ͡˵Ƥаޤ롥2꤬褦ˤʤäŪطʤȤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood ([2021-01-09-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Siemund, Peter. "Regional Varieties of English: Non-Standard Grammatical Features." Chapter 28 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 604--29.

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2021-04-15 Thu

#4371. ͤʤΡɥԡʥåġͥޥᡤ [negative][idiom][collocation][proverb][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

Ѹˤּ­ʤΡפʪԤ

ͤʤ
ɥԡʥåġ
ͥޥᡤ


ʪԤβ̼¡ڡƦʤɤɽ魯ʪ̾ñ֤not worth a ˸³ȡ?ۤɤβͤʤ­ʤפ̣봷Ѷ (idiom) Ȥʤ롥not worth a fig/pea/peanut/leek/bean/straw ǡ
ʤɤϡơ٤ƻݤʪǤϤʤȤ櫓ΤĤޤߤɤǤϤʤʥϤ褷ƤˤɾȤѸʸˤƤϤɤڻ뤵¸ߤΤ褦
ܸǤϡ㤨СƦפƬȤơƦŵסƦפʤɤѤ뤬ʪŪ˾Ȥ򼨤졤ڻΥΥơϴʤޤܸΡŮԤΤϤפȤϡϤ˴٤äƤͤϥΤ褦ˤʤʤΤˤߤΤȤǡ츫ȡ֥­ʤפΩθϼ¤ϱѸ A drowning man will catch at a straw. ľˤܸȯθǤϤʤդδФϡѸǤʤۤʤ餷
ѸΤΤ褦ʡֲͤʤΡפɽ魯δѶϡʸŪסfigurative negation˸ƤФȤֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺåפ줿ˤ륳ƥȿʪؤȤǤ롥ʸŪɽˤ͡ʡּ­ʤ׿ʪ̾ѤƤ褦ǡ礤˽ФƤʪȤƤ cress ʥ饷ʡˤ sloe ʥܥˤʤɤޤޤ졤褯ʬʤꥹȤȤʤäƤ롥
ƱƥˤȡΤ褦ɽѸ³ޤ줿ȤʪΤߤʤ餺ưʪʤɤ礤˽Ф줿Ȥ顤̾ΰƤߤСѸʸˤƲڻ뤵ƤѤǤǤ롥ؤƶ٤ॳƥġ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-16-1]

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2021-01-25 Mon

#4291. ¤ not so ... as not as ... as ¿ [comparison][presupposition][negative][antonymy]

as ... as ƱӤ꤬ not so ... as Ȥʤ뤳ȤϡعʸˡǤ褯ΤƤ롥ȤƤκǽ as ʸ̮Ǥ so ˤʤȤȤΤȼΤϡŪˤԻ׵ĤϤʤ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡas ϸ츻Ū so ζĴη֤Ȥ⤤so ... as Ūˤ˳ʤǤⲿǤʤ
̩ˤиѸˤƤ not as ... as ̤˸롥ĤޤꡤΤƤ not as ... as ϡnot so ... as ȸ뤳ȤǽȤˤʤñ٤ǤС¤ not as ... as ΤۤȤƤ¿ΤǤ롥Ӻʤ⡤ BNCweb "not as (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" "not so (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" ǸƤߤȡ줾1,355313ԤŪȤʤ81.24%)
Quirk et al (15.71) ˾ܤnot so ... ä˹ޤΤϡǸ as ʲάȤȤʤĤޤ not so ... as ȤʤʤȤˡʲ򻲾ȡ

He's not as naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty (now).


ޤƱˤСüԤˤäƲϰۤʤ褦not so ... as (presupposition) üʿ񤤤򼨤Ȥ

Some prefer to use so . . . as with negative clauses. But for some people so tends to carry the absurd implication of a possibility that is then negated, and they therefore find it odd to say:

   (?)Her baby is not so old as I thought.

The reason is that for them the sentence implies that a baby can be old. In other words, an unmarked term old . . . cannot be used in this context to cover the whole scale.


ȿոͭɸˤĤƤϡ#1804. gradable antonym ΰ̣ ([2014-04-05-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ƱӤιʸ˴ؤƤϡϢơ#3346. A is as . . . as B. ϡA Bס ([2018-06-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2021-01-09 Sat

#4275. 2ŪǺᤷǽεʸˡ Greenwood [prescriptivism][prescriptive_grammar][negative][double_negative]

2 (double_negative) 뤤ϤŪ¿ (multiple negative) ϡʸˡˤǺᤵƤǤܤǤcf. #301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1])ˡŪˤСȤƤϸűѸ줫ΤƤꡤ̣ǽȤƤ꼭ĤĤ̾Ρʤ뤤϶Ĵ줿ˡפä꼭ĤˡǤääơֹפȤŪȯۤʤɡȤȤʤäΤǤ롥λפǤ18˥֡Ȥʤäϼ (prescriptivism) Ȥθʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤꡤ2ǡȤƱѸΥˤΤ夬äȤ롥
κǽλųݤͤϡAn Essay Towards a Practical English Grammar (1711) 路 James Greenwood Ǥ롥 Benjamin Franklin ȽȤʸˡʸˡǤ (cf. #2904. Ѹˤˤ Benjamin Franklin ([2017-04-09-1]1753ǯ ǤȤ p. 182 ˤ "Two Negatives, or two Adverbs of Denying, do in English affirm." ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
θ塤 Greenwood Ρפ¾εʸˡȤˤ⥳ԡ졤γعʸˡˤޤǾäפĤȤˤʤäƶĴƤGreenwood λϤ󡤤λˤƤ⡤2Ͻ̣Τ˾ѤƤɽǤ롥񤵤ɽǤʤСդ˿侩ɽǤʤ˥塼ȥ롤˼夲뤳Ȥʤۤɤʿޤɽˤʤä줬Greenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡͥƥʲͤդ줿ȤΤ⡤λνȤϤԻ׵ĤǤ롥Horobin (64) ƱݤǡʤƤ롥

As is usual in such works, no support for the claim is offered; it is certainly not based on practice, since double negatives had been common since Old English. A famous instance appears in Geoffrey Chaucer's description of the knight in the Canterbury Tales, who 'nevere yet no vileynye [evi] ne sayde . . . unto no maner wight [person].' Since there are four negatives here (nevere, no, ne, no) a prescriptivist might be inclined to claim that Chaucer is signalling the knight's rudeness, but this is self-evidently not the implication; the incremental build-up of negatives is intended to underline the knight's purity of speech and good manners.
   This is not just a quirk of the English language; multiple negation as a form of reinforcement is found in other languages, like French, where 'je ne veux rien' uses both the negative ne and rien 'nothing'---'I don't want nothing'.


ǡGreenwood ʤȤɿԡˤˤʰǡǺᤵ줿ȽҤ٤ΤΡȤϰۤʤ븫 --- ޤǤ2λѤϲФˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ --- ФƤ뤳ȤոƤˤĤƤϡ#2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-01-1]

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2020-11-22 Sun

#4227. ʤɽ魯ˤ n- ǻϤޤΤ¿ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][indo-european][etymology][negative][prefix][clitic]

Ѹˤ no ɮƬ not, none, nothing, no one, nobody, never, neither, nor ʤɡn- ǻϤޤΤ¿¸ߤޤ˼դνϤСno бե󥹸 non ǤɥĸǤ nein Ǥ϶ǤϤޤ󡥤νεǤĸˤƤ꤬ *ne ɽ蘆졤줬¹θˤѤ줿ȤȤʤΤǤʤܸΡ֤ʤפ n ǻϤޤΤϡޤäζǤˡǤϡİ



űѸǺǤ̤ϡĸȱĤ ne ȤǤƬΤ褦ˤѤ줿ᡤ¿ n(e)- 줬¸ߤޤȤȤ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦

ne + ought = nought, naught, not
ne + one = none, no
ne + ever = never
ne + either = neither
ne + or = nor

ΤۤƬǤ un- ʥޥϡ, in- ʥƥϡ, non- ʥƥϡ, a- ʥꥷϡˤ⡤Ϥĸ *ne ̤ޤ (ex. unhappy, unable, unimportant; inaccurate, incomplete, infinite; non-smoker, non-stop, non-rhotic; agnostic, asymmetry, amoral)
ˤĤƤϡ#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) ⤴Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-31-1] [2023-02-25-1]

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2019-08-18 Sun

#3765.رѸ춵٤Ϣ6֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do Τ [rensai][notice][word_order][syntax][syntax][do-periphrasis][grammaticalisation][interrogative][negative][auxiliary_verb][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon]

814ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ9ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤפǤ do λѤϡѸ礤ʤȤäƤ褤ΤǤŪˤߤƤ⡤ʤΤ褦ɽdo ˡȸƤӤޤˤиΤˤĤƤ͡ʲ⤬ꡤʤǮоݤˤʤäƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ9



ѸޤǤϡʸʸ뵬§ñǤưμˤ餺ʸǤϼư֤ʸǤưΤȤ꼭źФ褫äΤǤѸ be ưưϡޤˤΤ褦쵬§ݤ³ƤޤΤǡѸޤǤϰưƱ§˽äƤ򤹤Ф褤Ǥ礦16ʹߡưεʸʸˤϡdo ˡѤȤʵ§ȯãΩƤäΤǤdo εǽܤСdo ֤롤Ԥʤפ̣ư줫顤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤФƽưؤȯãѲȤȤ館ޤ
ǤϤʤ do ˡΩ礷Τʤ16Ȥߥ󥰤äΤʤɤ˿ޤ褯ʬäƤʤȤ¿Τ¤ǤκǸǤϡ֤⤷ꥶ٥1뺧ѻ̤ĤƤʤС do ˡϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤȤˤΡ֤⤷פƤߤޤɤɤ
ܥ֥δϢ뵭ȤƤϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1]) ϤȤ do-periphrasis ε

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ6󡡤ʤưεʸʸˤ do ΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ9桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ81462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-14-1]

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