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negative - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2011-12-04 Sun

#951. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (4) [negative][syntax][subjunctive][me][chaucer]

##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤ⹽ʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ

But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.


ʣܸͤ򻲾Ȥʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja 򻲾Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä

Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.



ޥΤۤե󥹸䥢󥰥ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-12-03 Sat

#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) [negative][syntax][subjunctive][assertion][expletive]

[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫򤷤nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]ε򻲾ȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:

Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.


Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ ifwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ

He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.


ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻ׵ĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2011-12-02 Fri

#949. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (2) [negative][syntax][subjunctive]

ε[2011-12-01-1]³ԡbe it never so humble Ȥɽǡʤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷Ȥ (= "no matter how humble it may be") ΰ̣ΤˤĤơ褷
ͤäơؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ never so ƱˡˤĤ ever so ƱǤȤҤ뤳ȡOED б뵭Ҥ "(Cf. EVER 9b.)" Ȥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥OED ever ι򸫤ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

ever so: prefixed in hypothetical sentences to adjs. or advbs., with the sense 'in any conceivable degree'. Sometimes ellipt. = 'ever so much'; also dial. in phrases like were it ever so, = 'however great the need might be'. Similarly, ever such (a).
This expression has been substituted, from a notion of logical propriety, for never so, which in literary use appears to be much older, and still occurs arch., though app. not now known in dialects. See NEVER.


ĤޤꡤäȤ be it never so humble be it ever so humble ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ever Ѥɽν1690ǯǡnever ΤΤ5Ⱦʾ٤ƤνиѸˤϤ롥if I were ever so rich Home is home, be it ever so humble ʤɤꡤΤ never ever ϸزǽǤ롥ޤBNCWeb "be it never so" 򸡺ȡ6ΤߤǤϤ뤬줿椫ʸ̮Ū狼䤹ä3󤲤褦

In a field that is patchy in space and time, be it ever so small, we may expect that the populations of a species such as white clover will, at any time, reflect selective forces from its past.
If the cause is a self-replicating entity, the effect, be it ever so distant and indirect, can be subject to natural selection.
. . . each had his or her part to play, be it ever so humble.


never so ever so زǽǤȤȤޤǤ餫ˤʤäǤϡʤʤΤ OED ΰʸ2ܤˡ򤯸Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ūˤ ever so Τ褦˹ζǤʤ̯Ǥ롤ȺεǤ⿨줿ƱФ OED ԼԤˤⶦͭƤȤ "substituted, from a notion of logical propriety" 狼롥never so ŪˤŬڤŤʤȤȤˤʤСǤϡʤɽޤΤ¤ȤƤϡŤޤ졤äѸǤѤ줿ΤǤ뤫顤ϤΤޤޤǤ롥
ever so never so Τۤˤ⡤ŪˤȿϤιǤǤۤƱȤʤŪʸ̮ȤΤ¸ߤ롥εǡƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-12-03-1]

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2011-12-01 Thu

#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) [proverb][negative][syntax][subjunctive][pchron]

ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥

never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.


ʲˡ䥳ѥʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?


ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" 򸡺ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ


(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;


OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥

Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.


Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ΢֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥

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2011-07-29 Fri

#823. uninterested disinterested [semantic_change][negative][language_change][prescriptive_grammar]

̣ѲȵŪʸˡˤȿϤѤƤꡤоݤˤʤ䤹ǯ̾1Ĥˡɸ2λȤʬ˴ؤ롥
interested ˤϰۤʤ2Ĥθ롥ĤαѱѼŵĴ٤ʤǤϡMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary (MWALED; see [2010-08-24-1], [2010-08-23-1]) ˤζ̤Ǥʬ䤹ɽ路ƤʬŪ˰Ѥ롥

1a. wanting to learn more about something or to become involved in something
???The listeners were all greatly/very interested in the lecture.???
2. having a direct or personal involvement in something
???The plan will have to be approved by all interested parties.???


ܸˤСԤϡֶ̣äƤסԤϡطΤפζ̤Ȥʤ롥ԤŤɽ魯٤ȤƤԤΤۤŪ˹⤤1Ĥθ줬ۤʤʣθäƤ뤳ȼΤϡѸǤ¾θǤޤäȤǤϤʤܤ٤ϡѸǤξб̡꤬θɽ蘆뤳ȤǤ롥Ūʸˡ˽С1a θֶ̣äƤפ uninterested ǡ2 θطΤפ disinterested ɽ蘆Ȥ롥줾ʸ򼨤

- He is completely uninterested in politics.ʶ̣äƤʤ
- Her advice appeared to be disinterested.طΤʤʿ̵Ρ


Ȥ2 θŪޤ餫ǯǤ disinterested uninterested Ʊͤ 1a θֶ̣äƤʤפȤѤ뤳ȤƤƤȤݼŪɾԤϡĤƤΤ¸ߤ uninterested disinterested θζ̤줫Ƥ롤뤤 disinterested ξŪˤʤäƤޤäȤƷپĤ餷Ƥ뤬ȽϤɤΤ餤Ƥ
disinterested ξˤĤơȤ interested 2ĤΰۤʤäƤξŪäξ̤ʤԹȤȽʹȤʤǤˤξˤϴƤǤʤ顤ȤȤä̤ξƤ椯ȤˤϸʤȤΤϡޤڤ̤äƤȤϤʤ
2ˡֶ̣äƤʤפθ򿷤 disinterested uninterested ȴƱǤϤʤФжդ᤿֤ޤǶ̣äƤʤפΰ̣ interested ȤϻȤʬȤ롥ξ硤ξλȤʬˤäơĤƤԲǽạ̈Τʤٹ礤ɸǽˤʤäȤȤǤꡤ餿ʶ̤줿Ȥˤʤ롥
3ˡϡֶ̣äƤʤȡ̵ؿפ̣б1̾¸ߤʤä*uninterest Ȥ̾Ѥ줺lack of interest ʤɤȤŪɽDz뤷ʤäȤdisinterest ȤϡطΤʤȡʿ̵פ̣̾Ȥ¸ߤƤΤǡƻΰ̣ѲϢươƱ줬̵ؿפθô褦ˤʤä̵ؿפФ1ɽǤ褦ˤʤäΤϡηƻΰ̣Ѳ椨ȹͤ롥
ޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ롥uninterested disinterested ˤޤḤ̂Ѳη̤ȤơݼŪɾԤΤ褦ˤ̤줿ȤϳΤǤ롥ȿ̡¸ߤʤä̤ζ̤줿Τ¤Ǥ롥
ŪʼǤϡdisinterested ο򤤤ޤѤȤǧƤʤ褦줬̵Ǥ뤳ȤͤСָѡפѲΤϻ֤꤫⤷ʤ뤤ϡüԤεϽηСʤȤʼĥäʸ̮ǤϡѤȤΥåƥ޳Τ⤷ʤĿͤȤƤϤɤ餬˾ޤȽǤǤʤȽǤʤ̵ŪѲƤ椯ΤǤϤʤüԤˤäͭŪѲƤ椯ΤȤϿƤ롥
ʾε Trudgill (2--5) ˵ä

Trudgill, Peter. "The Meaning of Words Should Not be Allowed to Vary or Change." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 1--8.

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2011-03-08 Tue

#680. assertion and nonassertion (2) [syntax][negative][assertion]

ε[2011-03-07-1]˰³ʿʸ ( assertion ) ȡʸӵʸ ( nonassertion ) ΩˤĤơnonassertion ˤϡʿʸ ( "He isn't honest." ) 굿ʸ ( "Is he honest?" ) 굿ʸ ( "Isn't he honest?" ) 3Ūʸ뤬δطϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤСnonassertion ϤɤΤ褦ηϤʤƤΤ3Ԥδطˤ3̤꤬ͤ줽Ǥ롥

(1) nonassertion = negative-statement and positive-question and negative-question
(2) nonassertion = ( ( negative and positive ) -question ) and negative-statement
(3) nonassertion = ( negative- ( statement and question ) ) and positive-question

ɤ褬äȤ⥹ޡȤͤäơ󤷤 some / any sometimes / ever ʤɤ assertive form nonassertive form ΥڥפФ㤨 somebody anybody ͤʬ뤬ϢȤ nobody פ⤫֤ϤǤ롥Ʊͤ sometimes / ever never ۵롥θϡ2줫ʤΩǤϤʤ3줫ʤط򼨺ΤǤ롥ɽǼȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

assertive formssomesomebodysomethingsometimes
nonassertive formsanyanybodyanythingever
negative formsnonobodynothingnever


ǿо줷3ܤ nobody never Τ褦 negative form ϡʿʸ˸Ǥʤ굿ʸˤ⸽ ( ex. "Have you never been to London?" ) ʤ굿ʸˤϸʤʬۤθȡ3Τ (3) ѤΤäȤ⥹ޡȤȤȤˤʤ롥(3) ѤƤ Quirk et al. (1975, p. 84) ͿƤ޼ѤΤ򼨤ʻͤޤǤ Quirk et al. (1972, p. 54) Ǥ (2) Ƥ

Nonassertion

εκǽ˼ 2 x 2 ñɽ٤ƿʬʣˤʤäassertion Ȥڤˤäơsome, any, no ʬۤʤɡ¿θݤǤ褦ˤʤä

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

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2011-03-07 Mon

#679. assertion and nonassertion (1) [syntax][negative][assertion]

Ѹʸ ( sentence ) ˤϡʸ ( positive ) ʸ ( negative ) ʿʸ ( statement ) ȵʸ ( question ) Ȥ2ȤδŪΩ롥"He is honest." ȤʿʸˤȤȡ鼡Τ褦 2 x 2 ʸ롥

 statementquestion
positiveHe is honest.Is he honest?
negativeHe isn't honest.Isn't he honest?


ʬϡ2ȤΩˤ꤭줤ˤޤȤ졤򺹤;ϤϤʤ褦˸롥4Ĥʸʬहˡ¾ˤ⤢ꡤʬѤȿθ롥礲ˤбѸѤΰüָ뤳ȤǤ롥
ϡassertion nonassertion Ȥ̤ΩƳˤäƲǽˤʤ (Quirk et al. 53--54) Ωˤȡʸ "He is honest." assertive Ȥʤꡤ3ĤʸϤ nonassertive Ȥʤ롥ʿʸǤ 'He is honest' Ȥ꤬̿ꤵƤ뤬ʸ䵿ʸǤϤ꤬̿ꤵ뤫դ뤫ǡˤƤϤƤʤassertion ȤˤäơʿʸȤʳȤ礭ʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǡ嵭 2 x 2 ɽؤäƼΤ褦ʿ޼롥

              +----- assertion ( "He is honest." ) 
              |
sentence -----+                        +----- negative ( "He isn't honest." )
              |                        |
              +----- nonassertion -----+
                                       |
                                       +----- question ( "Isn't he honest?" )


nonassertion ʸ assertion ʸ̿δ֤ǤʤŪˤ operator ʤʸξˤ be ư is ˤο񤤤ѲȤǤ֤롥ˡassertion / nonassertion ΩϡʲΰϢбʬۤ롥some / any, somebody / anybody, something / anything, sometimes / ever, already / yet ƥڥθǡ ( assertive form ) ϤäѤʿʸ˸졤ʸ䵿ʸˤϤäѤ ( nonassertive form ) Ѥ롥
Τ褦ˡassertion ȤƳ뤳ȤǡѸιʸ˴ؤ뿷θ뤳Ȥʬ뤬1꤬ĤƤ롥굿ʸ "Isn't he honest?" οޤΤɤ˼ޤΤȤǤ롥굿ʸ nonassertion ˴ޤޤ뤳ȤϡŪˤ⡤Ūˤ⡤ޤ nonassertive form иǽǤǤ⡤ְ㤤ʤǤϡޤǼ negative question Ʊ֤Τ褤Τ뤤ϡnegative question Τ줫˶ӤĤƤꡤ˱ƳزפɬפΤˤĤƤεǡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

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2010-10-28 Thu

#549. ¿θ [negative][prescriptive_grammar][chaucer]

[2009-08-29-1], [2010-02-22-1]ǿ줿褦ˡѸǤϡŪˤ18εʸˡΩꤢ뤤¿ϡʸˡ̾β˺Ǥ⸷񤵤ָѡפ1ĤǤ롥񤵤ΤϡդˤмºݤˤϤ褯Ѥ뤫ǤꡤɸѼǤǤ̤ʹ롥
¿ФϤ켫ΤĹˤꡤȽǤʸǤ졤⤽ΤΤ⤷ŵŪȽȤƤϡޥʥ˥ޥʥݤץ饹ˤʤäƤޤζĴȤƤŪ˸ɵȤΤ롥Cheshire (114--15) ؤʤ뤳Τ褦Ƚռ˼ꡤ̲γǰޤؤϤä̤ǤꡤˤХޥʥߥޥʥץ饹ȤñʵˤϤʤʤȿ롥
Ǥϡ¿θѤ2ŦäơǶ Chaucer ɤߤʤвä "The Physician's Tale" (ll. 133--34) ¿ʸ򼨤ʰѤ The Riverside Chaucer ˡ¿ӻǤꡤߤΤ褦ˡָѡפȤ񤵤뤳ȤϤʤä

For certes, by no force ne by no meede,
Hym thoughte, he was nat able for to speede;


Ƚ Apius Ƥ̼ Virginia 򸫽ᡤȤ̼ʤȻװƤ̤Ǥ롥ǤϡApius ϤǤϨˤäƤʤȹͤƤ롥no, ne, no, nat 4Ĥ꼭Ω³˸ƤꡤŵŪ¿ιʸǤ롥
ơξ̤Ǥ¿2ĤθѤȤϲ1ܤϡ꼭ʣѤ뤳Ȥˤä꤬ĴƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ιʸɽ魯̣Ū꤫꤫ȤȤȤ̼ǡ֤꼭ȤƤΤ餽꤬ĴƤΤȤʸŪʸѤɾ뤳ȤǤ롥
2ĤθѤϡ꼭βսˤФ뤳ȤǡκѰ ( scope ) Τˤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʸǤСno force meede ξ֤ƤΤǡ礦ɸѸ neither ... nor ... ιʸƱǡϤפǤϨפǤȤȤϤäꤹ롥⤷꼭Ѥ by force or by meede ʤɤȤʤäƤ顤Ѹ either ... or ... ιʸƱǡϤפϨפΤɤ餫Ǥʤɤ餫ޤ򿵽ŤФʤФʤʤȤɤߤʸˡŪ˲ǽˤʤꡤۣ椵Ϳͤʤ̾ʸ̮ˤäۣ椵ϲ򤵤ʸȤξǤѤʤФ˱ۤȤϤʤʤŵŪ¿ؤ򸫤ʤȤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤǤषŪʴط뤳ȤȤǤ롥
ǤϤʤζĴȷ«̤ǤФƤΤѸ丽ɸѼ¿ħȸ褦Burnley Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

If we consider this duplication of negators from the point of view of the addressee of an utterance, this apparently redundant repetition can be seen as 'negative support', since each negating item is mutually supportive of the others in clarifying the total negative character of the clause. ( 60 )


嵭2ĤθѤˤ⤦1դäΤǤСl. 133 꼭ۤ뤳ȤˤäƼ嶯 ( iambic pentameter ) αΧƤȤŦǤ褦
¿꤬񤵤³ƿˤ⤫餺ɸѼǤޤ˰ŪǤȤȤϡϤ򲡤Ĥ뤳Ȥθ³Τߤʤ餺¿θѤҤʪäƤΤ⤷ʤ

Cheshire, Jenny. "Double Negatives are Illogical." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 113--22.
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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