3ۤε#6177. ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡٴϢ heldio ۿƤޤ ([2026-03-26-1]) Ǥ⤷ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤθűѸֵ12äƴ뤷ޤ hellog ɼԤγءͤơ˻ĤäƤۿĤǤƤ褦ȤƤޤȤޤ
ֵܹϡǯ2δ褪ᤷ³ƤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤθűѸƥȥѡȤꡤŪʸŪˤƽפʵҤǤ Early Britain (pp. 86--89) ȴ褵줿1оݤȤäɡäƤΤǤ
ۿȤ¤˳褫̤ǤªʤűѸ츶ʸɤ߾夲ˤϤǤϤƤޤԵ§ʣ˸ʸˡηϤ丽Ȥϰ츫ۤʤäβϤŪطʤƧޤĤġ츻ʤɡǽʸ¤긽Ѹμ˰դʤʬ䤹ۤƤޤΤ褦ʲˤܳŪʸűѸֵ̤˹뵡ϤۤȤɤʤᡤŤʥȤƤҲ٤⤪İŤαѸΩỤ̄äƤФȻפޤ
12ʡܺǽƳˤۿȥȳƥϰʲ̤Ǥ
#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2026/03/16)
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1) (2026/03/20)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2) (2026/03/23)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3) (2026/03/26)
#1764. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (4) (2026/03/29)
#1767. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (5) (2026/04/01)
#1771. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (6) (2026/04/05)
#1774. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (7) (2026/04/08)
#1777. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (8) (2026/04/11)
#1787. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (9) (2026/04/21)
#1799. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (10) (2026/05/03)
#1813. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (11) (2026/05/17)
#1851. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (12) (2026/06/24)
ֵоݤȤʤäűѸθʸƥȡܺ٤ʸˡᡤƸѸˤĤƤϡܽظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤γս (pp. 86--89) ľܳƳǧʤ餪İФȻפޤ⤷ܽޤꤵƤʤȤϡ̤δ֤ܥ֥β#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) 碌ƻȤƤиʸΰüɤȤǤޤֵǤ⤿ӤӸڤƤܤò䥰åϡϤܽλ̤̤Ƥʬ˥뤳ȤǤʤᡤŪ˽äƳؤӤȻפ줿ϡҤεܽȤê˷ޤƤ
ޤΤӴޤ Early Britain Ωheldio ˤܽƬ˰֤פʴåѡȡ֤ȯפäȲ⤷4ԥˤĤƤ⡤DzƤҲ𤷡碌ƤޤűѸܳŪɤ߿ʤǤηϴʴμܤιֵȤʤäƤꡤоݤȤʤäȤҤܽ˴ؤHPλɤߥʡǤڤ˱뤳ȤǤޤܽ긵ˤʤʳǤ⽽ʬ褦˹פޤΤǡ⤼ҥåƤߤƤ
#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (4) --- űѸζ
Τ褦 hellog heldio Ǥϡ줿̾ƻɸȤʤ顤ŤαѸλѤȶͭƤγưŸƹԤФȹͤƤޤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤©Ťʸˤܤ
ʤ˰٥饤ŤƤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥ⡤ܽȤʤûθűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸǫɤߤ³Ƥꡤ7βƴǤ³Ƥޤܺ١ߤΥڡɤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

1ָ627ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻15ƤȤȤǡϡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷơˤʤñ ghost ꤷƤޤ
Ѹ ghost κǤ̤θϡͩפǤ͡ǤϤФжƤ롤ԻĤ¸ߤǤϹ (spirit) ɽ路Τ̿ѥɽ路Ƥޤˤβǰ̣ν̾äȤˤʤޤꥹȶΡפ the Holy Spirit ȸޤŤ the Holy Ghost ȸ줿Τ⡤ηаޤȴطƤޤ
ޤȯֻδⶽ̣¤ޤűѸѸǤ gast Τ褦ֻ̤Ǥ첻Ȥ ā ȤĹ첻äƤΤǤȤǤ /oʊ/ Ȥ2첻ˤʤäƤޤ͡ޤѸʹߡɤȤʤֻ <h> ʸʶߡǤ ghost ȤʤäƤޤֺ͡¤Ǥϡ<gh> Ȥֻ͡ˤƤȻפäƤޤ¾ưȤƤ ghostͩ (ghost_word) ꡤ ghost θ츻ΤˤƤޤ
ֺ¤θȾˤϡܥΡָŤѸθʸ̣臘ݤ˱äơԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯűѸΤʤ˼ºݤ˸ "ghost" Ƥߤޤǫ˲⤷ޤΤǡűѸ鿴Ԥ⿴̵ѤǤޤǽǤʤƤֺ»ȤդޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ʤβƴΥơޤƤޤƴ⥷³Ƥޤξܺ١ߤΥڡɤ
ƴ12026ǯ725ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "king" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ
ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2026/06/22(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1849. 627ڡˤīֺ¤ ghost İ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
523ڡˤˡī㡼ɶˤƺǯ٤2Ȥʤ륪饤ֺ¤ޤմΤΥȥϡ˾äȤԻĤʱñ졡츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءפǤϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơʿޤʤ˭ˤȴߤñ again ޤŪѸ츶ʸȴФʸ̮ʤɤ߲Ȥǡδܸ褦ȤݤǤͤȤƥȤ³ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯǤ
ιֺ¤ǤޤܤΤϡѸ again ֻ against δطǤƱǤꡤξȤ졦ֻȤѤƤޤѸ°ʸ -es Ϳ졤1300ǯ -t źä뤳Ȥ against ޤ -t źäˤϡǾ -st Ȥbetwixtamongstamidst ʤɡˤʬ⤬ŦƤޤѸȡagain 졤against ֻȤʬ˻äɥޤܤޤ
츻ȤƤϡűѸ ongēan Ƭ on- + -ȝeȝnˤ̤ꡤϡ֤ޤäˡ̤ˡפǤ g ֻȯϸťΥɸαƶͳ褹ΤǡѸǤ onyen Τ褦 y ͥǤĤƤ gainsay ꤹˤʤɤΤ褦ƬȤƤƤޤǤϤ¿षƤޤäƤⶽ̣ȤǤ
ֺ¤νפǤϡѸ1λǤ⤢إԡХǯ嵭 (pchron) 1137ǯεҤꡤɤι䥷θʸ̣ɤޤľʬ "agænes him hēolden" ֲŨФơʾݻפȤɽܤñֻˡƤޤűѸζηϤĤĤαѸʷϵĤȻפޤ
ιֺ¤ϡ627ڡˤˡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸءפꤷƳޤ³ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤űѸΥƥȤȤʤ顤̥ŪʸդˤҤȤƤޤؿΤϡīθڡꤪߤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

1ָ523ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ٤2ܤȤʤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷˾äȤԻĤʱñפ̻14ƤȤȤǡϡagain õäѸ츶ʸءפꤷơŪ again ȤлҤηǤֻ against ܤޤ
ֺ¤ǤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ȤĤġñθ츻̣־ȯãɤ again ֻ against Ȥʬʤ褦ˤʤäطʤޤƬˤʤäǤΩñȤʤäƤȤ̣ˤäƤΤǤϢơűѸֻΤˤĤƤѤͽǤ
ñȯ䥹ڥѲѰۤˤܤޤ۷¿űѸѸμǤϤɤηФ˾夬äƤΤͽۤΤʤۤɤǤ
ޤνմǤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯͥƥȤȤƳѤޤϤ˼ܤƤѸΥƥ Peterborough Chronicle ꡤagain ޤࡤιɤɤ̤սɤǤߤȻפޤ
ѸθʸƤȤ⿴ۤפޤ嵭ͥƥȤˤĤƤ⡤ֺ¤ɤʬˤĤƤջǰѤޤΤǡ֤ɬܤǤϤޤƥȤˤϸѸ伭°ƤޤΤǡгؤӤޤȻפޤ
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡSee you again!
ʰʲ嵭2026/05/18(Mon)
ιֺ¤ˤĤƤ Voicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1814. 523ڡˤīֺ¤ again ܡİ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
1䤷³ƤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦ѸʸҡˤȤʤäƤ顤1Фޤ1衤hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤܽ˴ϢĤϤƤޤܽȤľܻȤűѸֵȤʤ륷ϤޤΤǡϤҲ𤷤ޤ
ޤܽƬ֤ȯפäɤDz⤹륷heldio 4ˤ錄äۿƤޤ⤷ʬҤθHPλɤߥʡDZǤޤΤǡܽǤʤ⡤ҤĤĤİФȻפޤ
#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (4) --- űѸζ
ˤϡűѸƥȥѡȤ2ĤΥƥ "Early Britain" ɤɤ륷ⳫϤޤΤȤʲۿ heldio ǤİˤʤޤܽǤʤϡ̤ܥ֥Ρ#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) Ȥܤ䥰å̤ܽƤǤޤΤǡؿ줿ϡܽꤷƤС
#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)
ޤ4ǻϤޤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ --- 츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءǤ⡤ܽűѸѸθʸȤƤͽǤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ˤܤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ츻ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.
ʩ졿Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.
3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard եꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ܸǡإǯ嵭٤ƤűѸƥȤα The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ǥ롥ƱƥȤˤ͡ʥꡤʣ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles ȾΤ٤ǤϤʤȤ롥إǯ嵭٤ñʣǤ롥ϥƥȤη (stemma) ɤΤ褦˲᤹ΤȤǤ⤢롥
#4573. Peterborough Chronicle ΥƥȤθȾˤʸΤơ ([2021-11-03-1]) ǻȤ Watts (59--60) ϡ餫ʣԤ
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles are a unique set of manuscripts from scriptoria in different parts of the country, written in Anglo-Saxon, documenting events from the birth of Christ (or from Julius Caesar's abortive attempt to conquer Britain) to the time at which the scribe is entering his annal, which is generally not the immediate present of making the entry. Paleographical evidence indicates that scribes may not always have made the entries immediately after the year that they were recording, but may have chosen to write up entries for a set of years. . . .
There is some dispute over whether it is more appropriate to refer to the ASC in the singular or to use the plural form. Those in favour of just one chronicle base their argument on the fact that successive copies were made from one master copy, and . . . there is undoubtedly more than a grain of truth in this argument. However, some scholars have found it safer and, in view of the complexity of the existing manuscript situation, more expedient to consider the manuscripts that have survived as being, at least in part, independent versions. Many of the chronicles make use of sources other than the original Alfredian Chronicle . . . , and there are clear cases of changes having been made to chronicle entries at later dates in history, often for propaganda purposes.
ʣΥߤ "independent" Ȥߤʤ٤ɤȤ̯ȽǤǤ롥ҴŪʻ¤ƤȤƤ⡤٤ϼŪȽǤ˰¸ʤǤ⤢롥
εӡ˸ؤΰ˰ĤС"English" ʤΤ "Englishes" ʤΤ⡤ۤʿŪȹͤƤ褤
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
Ѹ˸ˤơűѸ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ƥȤǤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) Ȥ¸߰յ礭űѸκǤ٤ʼºݡȾʬѸˤäƤˤΥƥȤǤȤȡƸȾʬ˽ƤʸɬȥɸƤ餺ƱαѸɽ路ƤȤǡѲäθȿǤƤȤʥƥȤǤȤȤͳǤ롥ܤϡ#721. The Peterborough Chronicle αѸ˸β͡ ([2011-04-18-1])#722. The Peterborough Chronicle γݼ ([2011-04-19-1]) Ȥ줿
ºݤ Peterborough Chronicle ɤǤȡ "The First Continuation" "The Second Continuation" ȸƤФΤθȾʬˤĤƤϡȾʬǤ "The Copied Annals" ٤ơѸΥ⡼ɤäѤäȤݤ롥ܾɮסʸΡѸηϤܤ˸ѤΤǤϤʤҤƤƤ䡤ΥƥȤФؿ٤ȤʬޤǤ⤬礭ѲƤ롥
ΥåפȰ´θˤĤơWatt ǫ˵Ƥ롥Watt (80) ϡPeterborough Chronicle "The First Continuation" "The Second Continuation" Ȥ櫓ǰƬ֤ĤġѸؤβϴˤäơűѸ³ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ƤȤƥȤ˴ѻ뼡λ¤˴ŤƻŦƤ롥
- longer and less easily memorised annals
- a move towards more narrative structure with the increasing use of metapragmatic linguistic expressions to effect narrative evaluation: that is, an increase in inscribed orality ending, as we have seen, in the narrator-centred history of the Second Continuation
- an increase, particularly in the Peterborough Chronicle, in the focus on local rather than national topics
- an empathetic, critical narrative persona, particularly in the First and Second Continuations of the Peterborough Chronicle
- an overt sympathy for common people, especially in the Second Continuation
ʸɤȤΤԤˤȤäơؤǼǤŦǤϤʤǽҤ٤ƤΤϡ2Ĥ "The Continuations" ֤Ƥ "The Copied Annals" ȤϰۤʤꡤθʵϿǤ뤳ȤᡤϰθĿŪʵϿؤƤƤȤȤʹߤѸˤϡȤƤˤϸ§ȤΦƱͤ˥ƥǽ뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸǤϽʤʤΤȤƤαѸοबΥƥȸȾʬΩĻŪʤͽƤ褦˻פ롥"The Continuations" ϷŪˤ夫ȤƱѸǽƤꡤ츫ȷ³ǧ뤳ȤǤƤʸΤܼŪ˻ŪƤƤꡤष˸ΤǤ Watts ϼĥ롥
ǡֻŪפȤΤˤ Watts (58) ФƤΤϡ#230. äȤФȽȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Koch and Oesterreicher ǤȤΡֶᤤȤС (Sprache der Nähe; immediacy) Ǥ롥ֱȤСפǽƤűѸ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Peterborough Chronicle θȾʬˤäƤϡֶᤤȤСפƤƤ롤ȤΤ Watts μĥǤ롥
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
Koch, Peter and Wulf Oesterreicher. "Sprache der Nähe -- Sprache der Distanz: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 36 (1985): 15--43.
ѸޡȤ to Ǥ롥̤˸ȤΤ⤢뤬ϥΥޡȤȤ館롥to ϸ¤ǸűѸ줫ѤƤϤ쵤˳礷ΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ (Mustanoja 514)
ѸޤǤ to ϴʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 뤲֡ǽȤ˼岽Ȥ⤢ꡤ䶯뤫Τ褦ֻ for ֤2 forto/for to ޡȤѤ褦ˤʤäMED fortō adv. & particle (with infinitive) ˤȡ Peterborough Chronicle ǤꡤѸκǽѤƤȤ狼롥
a1131 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1127: Se kyng hit dide for to hauene sibbe of se earl of Angeow.
οޡ forto Ϥʤ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤäɤ to Ʊͤ˼岽α¿ȤʤäƤäλ1415Ȥߤ졤Elizabeth īޤǤˤϤۤѤȤʤäɸѼǤϸߤȤƤˡѸ̤ξԤɤϴѻ졤Caxton Morte Darthur ǤϡŪ forto Τۤͥʤ餤ä
դäСѸˤ to forto ٤ƤäȵǤϤäñΤ fortill, for till, at Ȥä̤ޡ⤢ä (Mustanoja 515) Ȱۤʤꡤη͡äΤǤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
褤ǯ⽪˶ŤƤƤΤǡդ December 12ˤθ츻褦
αñϡƥ decem 10ˤ1ǤȤƺ줿 *decemmembris (< *decem-mēnsris < decem + mēnsis) ̤ȹͤ롥Υƥñ줬եͳƱѸäƤΤѸκǽΤȤǡPeterborough Chronicle 1122ǯεҤ˽ФƤ롥űѸǤϡη se ǣrra ġeōla (the earlier Yule) ȾΤƤ
decem ΰ캬 *dekm̥ ǤꡤѸȤƤ ten, -teen, -ty, tithe (cf. #3105. tithe tenth ([2017-10-27-1])) طۤ¤ hundred ʤƥƥͳ cent ¾ˤ⡤ˤ thousand ط롥ˤĤƤϡ#100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satemס#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" ([2015-06-15-1])#2285. hundred "great ten" ([2015-07-30-1])#2286. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. ([2015-07-31-1])#2304. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. (2) ([2015-08-18-1]) Ȥ줿
ơΰ캬 *dekm̥ Ѥƥ줫μѸСdecemvir ʽ紱ΰ͡, decimal 10ˡΡ, decimate ¿οͤ, decuple 10ܤΡ, decussate ʽ˸, denarius ʥǥʥꥦ, denier ʥɥ˥ߡ, dicker 10Ĥΰȡ, dime ʥࡤ10ȹŲߡ, Dixie Ӥ, dozen ʥ12ġ, duodecimal 12ˡΡˡꥷ줫ϡdean ʳĹ, decade 10ǯ, decanal ʳĹΡ, dodecagon 12ѷ, doyen ʸŻԡ, Pentecost ʥڥƥơܺסˤѸäƤ롥
ܸDZ12ɽ魯ֻסʤ魯ˤθ츻̤ܤȤ롥褯ΤƤָ̱츻ˤСֻڤסĤޤվʤΡˤФ뤿ǤȤβʿΡؿջྶ٤ˤǤˡ¯˻ڤȱաͭפȤΤƤ¾ȤƤϡ͵β̤ƤֻͶˡסʤϤġˡ٤Ƥʤְٲ̤ġסʤϤġˤǯ̤ġסʤȤϤġˤ˴ŤȤΤʤɤ롥
̾¾ε⻲ȡ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])
Ælfric ⶵ3ƤȤ The Lives of the Saints ϡ998ǯޤǤ˽줿Ȥ롥Τʤ Life of King Oswald Ƭʬץ롦ƥȤȤƼ夲褦King Oswald 633--641ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢǡλ¹ȤȤ˽ͤƤҤԤȤΤƤ롥롼ʸιޤ줿Ρ֥ꥢͭ̾ Ruthwell Cross ⡤Τ褦ʽͿҤν껺
Ælfric ⶵ¿μܤǸ¸Ƥ뤬ʲ Smith ǥƥȤϡMS London, British Library Cotton Julius E.vii ΤΤǤ롥ѸդƼ (Smith 132--33)
Æfter ðan ðe Augustīnus tō Engla lande becōm, wæs sum æðele cyning, Oswold gehāten, on Norðhumbra lande, gelȳfed swyþe on God. Sē fērde on his iugoðe fram his frēondum and māgum tō Scotlande on sǣ, and þǣr sōna wearð gefullod, and his gefēran samod þe mid him sīðedon. Betwux þām wearð ofslagen Eadwine his ēam, Norðhumbra cynincg, on Crīst gelȳfed, fram Brytta cyninge, Ceadwalla gecīged, and twēgen his æftergengan binnan twām gēarum; and se Ceadwalla slōh and tō sceame tūcode þā Norðhumbran lēode æfter heora hlāfordes fylle, oð þæt Oswold se ēadiga his yfelnysse ādwǣscte. Oswold him cōm tō, and him cēnlīce wið feaht mid lȳtlum werode, ac his gelēafa hine getrymde, and Crīst gefylste tō his fēonda slege. Oswold þā ærǣrde āne rōde sōna Gode tō wurðmynte, ǣr þan þe hē tō ðām gewinne cōme, and clypode tō his gefērum:`Uton feallan tō ðǣre rōde, and þone Ælmihtigan biddan þæt hē ūs āhredde wið þone mōdigan fēond þe ūs āfyllan wile. God sylf wāt geare þæt wē winnað rihtlīce wið þysne rēðan cyning tō āhreddenne ūre lēode.' Hī fēollon þā ealle mid Oswolde cyninge on gebedum; and syþþan on ǣrne mergen ēodon tō þām gefeohte, and gewunnon þǣr sige, swā swā se Eallwealdend heom ūðe for Oswoldes gelēafan; and ālēdon heora fȳnd, þone mōdigan Cedwallan mid his micclan werode, þe wēnde þaet him ne mihte nān werod wiðstandan.
After Augustine came to England, there was a certain noble king, called Oswald, in the land of the Northumbrians, who believed very much in God. He travelled in his youth from his friends and kinsmen to Dalriada ("Scotland in sea"), and there at once was baptised, and his companions also who travelled with him. meanwhile his uncle Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, who believed in Christ, was slain by the king of the Britons, named Ceadwalla, as were two of his successors within two years; and that Ceadwalla slew and humiliated the Northumbrian people after the death of their lord, until Oswald the blessed put an end to his evil-doing. Oswald came to him, and fought with him boldly with a small troop, but his faith strengthened him, and Christ assisted in the slaying of his enemies. Oswald then immediately raised up a cross in honour of God, before he came to the battle, and called to his companions: "Let us kneel to the cross, and pray to the Almighty that he rid us from the proud enemy who wishes to destroy us. God himself knows well that we strive rightly against this cruel king in order to redeem our people." They then all knelt with King Oswald in prayers; and then early on the morrow they went to the fight, and gained victory there, just as the All-powerful granted them because of Oswald's faith; and they laid low their enemies, the proud Ceadwalla with his great troop, who believed that no troop could withstand him.
Smith, Jeremy J. Old English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
ܤˤʤ롤űѸΥƥȤȤθѸ륷oe_text) ϡThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Eܡ Peterborough Chronicle ΥƥȤǡ֥ƥ̱²졤ˤҤ٤Ƥʬȴ褹롥ؼѤֻɸಽ줿Բϡϲ (86--89) ꡤѸ碌Ƽ
Brytene īeġland is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund mīla brād. And hēr sind on þȳs īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisc, and Brytwilisc, and Scyttisc, and Pyhtisc, and Bōclæden. Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Bryttas; þā cōmon of Armenia, and ġesǣton sūðewearde Brytene ǣrest. Þā ġelamp hit þæt Pyhtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian, mid langum scipum, nā manigum. And þā cōmon ǣrest on Norþ-Ibernia ūp, and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe ðǣr mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for ðǣm hīe cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle ætgædere ġewunian þǣr. And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas, `Wē ēow magon þēah hwæðere rǣd ġelǣran, wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr bē ēastan, þǣr ġē magon eardian ġif ġē willað, and ġif hwā ēow wiðstent, wē ēow fultumiað þæt ġē hit mæġen ġegān.'
Ðā fērdon þā Pyhtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþanweard, and sūþanweard hit hæfdon Bryttas, swā wē ǣr cwǣdon. And þā Pyhtas him ābǣdon wīf æt Scottas, on þā ġerād þæt hīe ġecuren hiera cynecynn ā on þā wīfhealfe. Þæt hīe hēoldon swā lange siððan. And þā ġelamp hit ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl ġewāt of Ibernian on Brytene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl ġeēodon. And wæs hiera heretoga Reoda ġehāten, from þǣm hie sind ġenemnode Dǣl Reodi.
The island of Britain is eight hundred miles long, and two hundred miles broad. And here in this island are five languages: English, British, Pictish, and Latin. At first the inhabitants of this island were Britons; they came from Armenia, and first occupied Britain in the south (i.e. the southern part of Britain). Then it happened that the Picts came from the south from Scythia, with warships, not many. And they first landed in North Ireland, and there begged the Scots that they might dwell there. But they (= the Scots) would not allow them, because they said that they could not live there all together. And then the Scots said, `We can, however, give you advice: we know another island to the east from here, where you can dwell, if you wish; and if anyone resists you, we will help you that you may conquer it.'
Then the Picts went away, and conquered the northern part of this land, and the Britons had the southern part of it, as we have said before. And the Picts asked wives for them from the Scots, on the conditions that they should choose their royal line always on the female side. They kept it for a long time. And it happened then, in the course of years, that some portion of the Scots departed from Ireland to Britain, and conquered some part of the land, And their leader was called Reoda; from him they are named (the people) of Dal Rialda.
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ
Ѹ speak, speech ϡ줾ŪˤϸűѸ sprecan, sprǣc ʤɤ̤뤬ˤβ r üƤȤ˵Ťɥĸб sprechen, Sprache ˤ r ޤޤƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤr ޤॲޥĸ̤εǤ (PGmn *sprekan, *sprǣkjō)
OED 츻ŵĴ٤ȡѸθˤ r ξüϤǤ˸űѸ줫ѻ졤11ˤϰŪˤʤäǡŤ r ֤ͭ12ȾаʹߤѤƤä r ξüϡOHG, MHG, MDu. бˤƤ˸褦ѸǤȤƤ pang (< ME prange) ȤƤۤɤˤǤϤʤȤ餫Ǥ롥
εҤˤ11--12˿θȶ¸ߤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬MED ǵ sprēcen (v.) ȡƤΤۤȤɤ The Peterborough Chronicle Ǥ롥131ĵƤ뤬12ȾȾФˤƽ줿 The Peterborough Chronicle r ξѤ¾ǸΥƥȤȤߤʤƤ褤
礦ɺǶ The Peterborough Chronicle 1123ǯɤǤơr ̣˽вäEarle and Plummer Ǥ餽βսѤ롥
. . . se king rad in his der fald and se biscop Roger of Seres byrig on an half him. and se biscop Rotbert Bloet of Lincolne on oðer half him. 7 riden þær sp`r'ecende.
Henry I ֤ȼĤ˽Ф֤٤ʤϤ˾äƤ륷Ǥ롥ѤκǸ˸ʬȤ֤Ƥ sp`r'ecende θ̻Ϻǽ specende ֤ꡤθ r p פ롥r ΰ֤ˤĤƤϥ쥹ߥȹͤƤ褤̣Τϡr 虜虜ơƱƥ¾ sprecon ʤɤη֤ȹ碌Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
μ̻ιưưƤߤ褦餯̻äդˤơǤ r Τʤ specen Τ褦ʷ֤̤äΤǤϤʤǡפ鷺վǤ specende ֤äƤޤäʸϸˤƤϡޤǤˤǤ˸ŤᤫʼĥäӤӤ褦ˤʤäѰ۷ sprecen Τۤդ路Ȼפľr ΤǤϤʤ1121ǯΤ "Copied Annals" ̤ʤǡμ̻ϸűѸɸŪʽդǸ֤뤳Ȥ˴Ƥꡤ³ "First Continuation" ʬݤˤ⡤äƤפ餳˸롥̻ r ϡΤ褦ʸ̮ΤʤªɬפΤǤϤʤ
⤷ΥʥꥪȤСsprecen r üƤäΤߤʤ餺12ȾˤƿƷӤӤƤ register ָȤȤˤʤ롥
Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.
[2012-09-01-1]ε#1223. Ѹϥ쥪줫פǡBailey and Maroldt ˤ˱Ѹ쥪Ф Görlach η㤷ȿѤѸ쥪ϡBailey and Maroldt Τߤʤ餺Poussa ʤɤʣɿԤ߽ФƤγϡBrandy Ryan ˤȡˡ
Bailey and Maroldt ڤ Poussa ͤľäƤߤξԤȤˡޤǽεΩġϡ餫ͳǡѸɤƤ creolisation λʪ˻Ωƾ夲餷ʸ "creolisation" "(strong) influence from another language" ɤؤ̤뤳Ȥ顤ɤΤȤ¾줫αƶ٤ɤ뤫ɤνѸѤɽ뤫Ȥ˴ؤ˹Ԥ夯褦˻פ롥"influence" ȤŪѸˡ"creolisation" ȤŪʡ loaded ѸѤɬפɤˤΤޤݤ߹ʤ
μεƤ֤ΤϡڵԺߤλΡʼҲ˸ŪɤΤ褦˺ƷѸΤɤΤ褦¤ľȤѸ˵Ҥ˴ؤ꤬뤫Ǥ롥¸θФĩ濫뤤ĩȯǤȤǸʪȤƤϳڤΤȤƤϺǽ餫þƤȸ虜ʤ
㤨СPoussa ϡűѸȸťΥɸȤ creole Ƥ뤬ηϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
It is argued that the fundamental changes which took place between standard literary OE and Chancery Standard English: loss of grammatical gender, extreme simplification of inflexions and borrowing of form-words and common lexical words, may be ascribed to a creolization with Old Scandinavian during the OE period. The Midland creole dialect could have stabilized as a spoken lingua franca in the reign of Knut. Its non-appearance in literature was due initially to the prestige of the OE literary standard. (84)
Görlach ˵Ƥ褦ˡʸˡξüȶޤñ㲽ϡťΥɸδͿλ夫μȯãüȯƤꡤťΥɸȤܿˤ®줿ȤϳΤޤǼϩαĹǤ롥ܸäμѤˤĤƤϡ[2012-07-23-1]ε#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơפǿ줿꤬ؤ롥creolisation ˤϴܸäִդΤǤꡤܸäִС creolisation ʤΤȤĤȤƤ褦˻פ롥Knut եȤƤο creole 侩Ȥɾcreole ʸȿǤʤäͳˤǼͤ롥ʸ̤ϳΤ˾ʤThe Peterborough Chronicle Continuations Τ褦ˡűѸ줫ѸؤθѲϢ³ڵ뤫
⡤쥪ˤĤǤʤΤϡ̾"creol(isation)" ȤϤޤǰۤʤä2֤δطˤĤƸ뤳ȤʤΤǤϤʤȤǤ롥űѸȸťΥɸΤ褦ʷŪˤŪˤȤ⤤٤ƱΤ礦ˤϡcreolisation Ȥϲ̣Τcreole creolisation θˤơФħŤʤʤ¤ꡤѸѤϡθܿ»ͤƤޤΤǤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. "Middle English --- a Creole?" Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Szwedek. Berlin: Gruyter, 1986. 329--44.
Poussa, Patricia. "The Evolution of Early Standard English: The Creolization Hypothesis." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 14 (1982): 69--85.
Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.
[2010-12-08-1]ε#590. last name ϤĤ̳ŪˤʤäפǡΥޥʹߡɤ̾ last name դȯãȤ夲
last name ŵϡof ȼäƽпϤʤɤ̾ѤΤǤꡤκǤͭ̾ʽ1ĤThe Owl and the Nightingale l. 191 ˸ʤƺԤοͤǤϤʤȵ Mayster Nichol of Guldeuorde Ǥ롥Atkins (19) ǤϼΤ褦롥
191. Maister Nichole of Guldeforde. The full designation of Nicholas is not without its interest, pointing as it does to certain changes characteristic of the 11th and 12th centuries. Under Norman influence the single personal names of the O.E. period had become supplemented by surnames denoting, amongst other things, place of birth. Thus in the later sections of the A. S. Chron. such names as Rotbert de Bælesne 81104), Willelm of Curboil (1123), Hugo of Mundford (1123) are found.
ͭ̾˸¤櫓ǤϤʤͤɽ魯̾̾ȤӤĤ of ˤĤƤϡOED "of", prep. 47.a. 롥 of ΰ̣ϡ?пȤΡ?褿פǤꡤűѸ an monn of ðǣre byriȝ Ða men of Lunden byriȝ ʤɤ˸뤬11ˤɬм櫓ǤϤʤ?˽פȤ°ΰ̣ؤѲƤä
Ϣơ[2011-07-19-1]ε#813. Ѹο̾ˡפȡ
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥
never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.
ʲˡ䥳ѥʸƤߤ褦
She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?
ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;
OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥
Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.
Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥
[2009-12-28-1]ε2000ǯαѸήԸޡפǸȤꡤAmerican Dialect Society 2000ǯΥɤ she ä12ȾФ˽ƱѸ˸졤2000ǯθˤơ줽ΤΤФǤʤ referent ¸ߴŪƤ¤ƧޤƤμޤαѸǤνФ The Peterborough Chronicle 1140ǯεϿʬǡscæ ȤֻǸ롥 scæ λؼоݤHenry I ̼Dz̷Ѿä Stephen Ȥꤢä˾ Matilda ǤΤȤ⤪⤷ Matilda ϸ©Ҥ Henry II Ȥƥɲ̤ˤĤ뤳Ȥ¾ Plantagenet īϻϤΩԤȤ⤤롤Ūˤפ scæ äȤˤʤ롥ս Earle and Plummer Ǥѡ
Þer efter com þe kynges dohter Henries þe hefde ben Emperice in Alamanie. 7 nu wæs cuntesse in Angou. 7 com to Lundene 7 te Lundenissce folc hire wolde tæcen. 7 scæ fleh 7 for les þar micel.
Ȥ she ȤϡѸˤǤͭ̾ʤȤˡ츻ԾܤǤ롥[2010-03-02-1]εָѸδܸ100εȳפ she ťΥɸ줫μѸȤƿ줿ΤϰĤˤʤѸäΤʤǤϺǤ٤ι⤤츻ԾܤθȤäƤ褤
ƤƤȤˡʣǤ롥ξܺ٤ϤҲ𤷤ȻפǤϤͭƤ뤳ȤŦƤűѸ3;νñ̾ hēo 䤽ΰ۷ϡѸޤǤ첻경űѸ3;ñ̾ hē 3;ʣ̾ hīe νȯãƱ֤ˤʤäƤޤäƱ۵ ( homonymic clash ) ΰϤϡΤ褯ʬʤ she ޤΰ۷3;νñ̾ΥåȤή¥3;ʣ̾ they μƤ⡤Ʊ۵ͤˤäƻư;̾κη̤ȤǤ롥
she εõ븦ϡΰ۷ʬۡǯ塤ŪħѤʤɤδϢμưƤĶإѥǤ롥hēo, hīe, sēo, sīo, hjō, sho, yo, ha, ho, ȝho, scæ, etc. 椫ʤɤΤ褦ˤ she 졤夷ƤΤѸ츻ؤκ1ĤǤ롥
Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.
Ѹη硤Ѹ˾Τ礭Ǥ (synthesis) ʬ (analysis) ؤѲƤ뤳Ȥ¿ (see synthesis_to_analysis) ޤ˸СȤ϶ޤ˰¸ؤʬϤȤϸֻ졦ưλѤ˰¸ؤ synthetic 뤤 analytic ʸʤʳˤϤʤȤȡޥˤߤơɤθ synthesis analysis ξüȤΤɤ֤˰֤Ť뤳Ȥˤʤ롥űѸ줫ѸˤƤϡ analytic 礭ưΤȤƤȤ館롥ߥˤߤȡɽѻȤɽ synthetic ʼʤ analytic ʼʤߤƤ뤳Ȥ˵ŤѸ줫줿ζ̣1Ĥɸ˷Ǥ be nihtes Ǥ롥
Ϣ夲Ƥ롤East Midland ǽ줿פʽѸƥ The Peterborough Chronicle 1137ǯεҤ顤Τ褦ʸʰѤ Clark ǤꡨֻϰѼԡѸĤˡ
Þa namen hi þa men þe hi wenden ðat ani god hefdeˈnˈ, bathe be nihtes 7 be dæies, . . . (year 1137, lines 17--19)
PDE translation: "Then they took the men that they thought had any property, both by night and by day, . . ."
βս be nihtes 7 be dæies ξ̾ -es ϵȤƤʣǤϤʤñ°ʸǤ롥[2009-07-18-1]ˤѸ once, twice, always, sometimes, nowadays, besides, else, needs ʤɤ /s/ ⡤ñ°ʸǤ롥űѸˤϡŪ°ʡ ( adverbial genitive ) ȸƤФ°ʤˡꡤ˻֤ɽ魯̾ -es ղääñȤȤƵǽΤǡֻɬפʤäΤǤ롥űѸǤϡˡפ nihtesˡפ dæges äȤѸˤƱѸʬŪޤäƤȡѸ "by night" "by day" ֻѤɽƤ롥Τ褦˸οܤƤˡűѸŪȶѸŪʬѸŪʺ be nihtes 7 be dæies 줿ΤǤ롥
ʤߤˡűѸŪ°ʤͳ褹 nights ϸߤǤäˡάդȤѤƤ롥
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. 2nd ed. London: OUP, 1970.
ε[2011-04-18-1]ǡѸƥ The Peterborough Chronicle Ѹ˾ѲָƤ뵮ŤʻǤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤줾ɮ̻ۤʤ뤬The First Continuation The Final Continuation ΥƥȤ֤Ƥ20ǯۤɤû֤˸ʸΰ㤤뤳Ȥ顤Ѳ㤷ƤȤ虜ʤȤ˸ˤƳŦ뤳Ȥ¿Լ Clark ˤȡThe Final Continuation "modernity" ϵʤȤ
The modernity of this language [The Final Continuation] appears also in its syntax. In studying the morphology we have already noted the great simplification of the case-system, in particular the disuse of the dative, and the corresponding adjustments in syntax, including a great increase in the use of analytic constructions. And Rothstein demonstrated how frequently certain constructions typical of Old English, such as inversion of subject and verb after an introductory adverbial phrase, are here abandoned in favour of word-order nearer to that of Modern English. (lxvi)
ν˵ Mitchell θˤȡPChron θȾʬθ "modernity" ϲɾƤȤMitchell ή̩ʸ祿פξʬˤꡤǸ¤ꡤä˺ݤä modern ǤڵϾʤ롥
The word-order of the two Continuations therefore contains much which is common to Old and Modern English, much which cannot occur in Modern English, and nothing which cannot be paralleled in Old English. (138)
Mitchell Ϥ祿פڤ뤫ʤȤ binary ǤϤʤƸ祿פ٤Ǥ뤳ȤǧƤꡤΤȤƤϳΤ "modern" ˿ʤǤȤǧƤ롥ޤˤơŪ줬̾Ǥʤ̾Ǥ SOV ʸ The Continuations Ǥϳ̵ǤŦͣκݤä "modernity" ǤȤǧƤ롥ޤ Mitchell ϸűѸ줫ǤϤʤϢ³ΤۤŻ뤷Ƥ롥
ʹ礭ʸѲθƥȤȤƤ PChron ɾϡΤ褦˵ޤߤǤ롥űѸκǸΥƥȡѸκǽΥƥȤȤ褦ˡʬˤ褦ʻɾ͡ʤΤǤ롥ޤȤ˴ؤϡɤˤ뤫ȤڤΥʤ[2009-12-20-1]ε Sweet ˤѸ˻ʬҲ𤷤PChron ° "Transition Old English" ȸƤӤʤ뵤ʬ롥
űѸ줫ѸؤθȯãˤĤƤ[2009-09-06-1]εȡ
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
Mitchell, Bruce. "Syntax and Word-Order in The Peterborough Chronicle 1122--1154." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 65 (1964): 113--44.
ѸˤǤϡűѸ줫ѸˤƤȤ櫓礭ʸѲƤȤĴ롥 synthesis analysis ؤž ( see synthesis_to_analysis ) ݤȤƤλδ֤Ϣ³䤬뤫Ǥ롥䡤ݤǤʤҴŪˤΤǧ뤳ȤǤΤǤ ([2009-11-04-1]) ʸǤĤƤʤθʹθѲľܤ˴ѻ뤳ȤƥȤθŤʬϤиѲοʹԤ뤳ȤǤ⤢롥Τ褦ʥƥȤ1ĤThe Peterborough Chronicle ʰʹ PChron ˤȤǯ嵭
PChron ϡBodleian, Laud Misc. 636 ˽ƤƥȤǡ1154ǯޤǤΥɤˤǯ嵭Ȥ֤Ƥ롥King Alfred μ (871--99) ԻλϤޤä The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1ʰ̤EȤƸڤˤǤ롥1121ǯޤǤεϿ The Copied Annals 1122--1131ǯޤǤҤ The First Continuation 1132--1154ǯ The Final Continuation 3ʬʤ롥Ⱦ2ʬϡPeterborough пȤμ̻ƱθƱνƥȤǤꡤ츦 holograph ȤƤβͤ롥ΤᡤѸ˸ǤפʥƥȤȤƤФм夲롥PChron αѸ˸βͤϡԼ Clark (1958) Τ褦ŪΤɽƤ롥
These Peterborough annals are not merely one of the earliest Middle-English documents: they are also the earliest authentic example of that East-Midland language which was to be the chief ancestor of our modern Standard English. (lxvi)
The Continuations θοϡ˸뤳ȤǤ롥ʤηϤϸűѸΤ줫μ¤˿षƤꡤͿʤϾäĤĤ롥ηϤƱͤƤƤ롥ˤ (Hotta 109--15) ̾ʣΤǸ -s ȤϡThe Copied Annals 4䡤The First Continuation 6䡤The Final Continuation 8ȤʤäƤꡤѲܤ˸褦ŪˤʬŪ (analytic) ʷ졤űѸ˸줿Υפΰæѻ롥פʸǤСPChron 1140ǯεϿˡ;̾ scæ "she" Ѹ˾ƸƤ뤳ȤŦƤ she θ츻ԾܤǤꡤʶȤƤ롥[2010-03-02-1]εȡˡ
νפʥƥȤˤĤƤϴܡʸʤɤ뤬WebǥǤΤޤơפȻפΤ
1. Editions
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2005.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. 2nd ed. London: OUP, 1970.
Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.
Garmonsway, G. N., ed. and trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: J. M. Dent, 1972.
Irvine, Susan, ed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, Vol. 7, MS. E. Cambridge: Brewer, 2004.
Jebson, Tony, ed. "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: An edition with TEI P4 markup, expressed in XML and translated to XHTML1.1 using XSLT." Available online at http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/. Accessed on 18 April 2011.
Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1954.
2. Modern English translations
Killings, Douglas B., trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Online Medieval and Classical Library Release #17. Available online at http://www.omacl.org/Anglo/. Accessed on 18 April 2011.
Whitelock, Dorothy, trans. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation. London: Eyre, 1961.
3. Monographs and articles
Behm, O. P. The Language of the Later Part of the Peterborough Chronicle. Diss. Upsala, 1884.
Kubouchi, T. and K. Ikegami, eds. Language of Peterborough Chronicle 1066-1154. Tokyo: Gakushobo, 1984. [in Japanese]
Mitchell, Bruce. "Syntax and Word-Order in The Peterborough Chronicle 1122--1154." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 65 (1964): 113--44.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.
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