#5931. but ͡ˡ --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-22-1]) ӡ#5932. but ͡ˡɤɾ뤫 --- Kruisinga ([2025-07-24-1]) ǿ줿but ˤ but what Ȥ̯ˡ롥but that ȤƤ⡤뤤 but ñΤȤƤǧˡɤ櫓 but what ȤƤ⸽롥Ūˤ that . . . not ΰդɽ路ްդ뽾°ƳˡPoutsma (793) ˲⤬롥
In good colloquial language, and even in ordinary Standard English, but what often takes the place of but that; thus in:
- I don't say but what he's as free as ever. Dick., Bleak House, Ch. XLIX, 410.
- Who knew but what he might yet be lingering in the neighbourhood? Mrs. Gask., Cranf., Ch. X, 187.
It is difficult to find a grammatical explanation of this construction. Possibly it is due to the influence of but what, often found at the head of attributive adnominal clauses, although also here there is a serious grammatical anomaly, viz. the use of what when the reference is to persons (Ch. XVI, 12), as in:
- He had no visible friends, but what had been acquired at Highbury. Jane Austen, Emma, Ch. III, 22.
- There's no Tulliver but what's honest. G. Eliot, Mill, III, Ch. IX, 243.
According to the O. E. D. (s.v. but, 30), "but what often occurs for but that in various senses and is still dial. and colloq."
what ʸˡŪ˲᤹ΤʤС°ƳεǽǵȤߤʤƤ褤Ϣơ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) ⻲ȡ
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, II. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1926.
ε#5456. Ȥϲ ([2024-04-04-1]) ˰³ (subject) ˤĤƤܼŪʵꤿ˺ݤޤѸ켭ŵʤɤäƤߤΤɤMcArthur ιܤѤ褦פƤ롥
SUBJECT [13c: from Latin subjectum grammatical subject, from subiectus placed close, ranged under]. A traditional term for a major constituent of the sentence. In a binary analysis derived from logic, the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, as in Alan (subject) has married Nita (predicate). In declarative sentences, the subject typically precedes the verb: Alan (subject) has married (verb) Nita (direct object). In interrogative sentences, it typically follows the first or only part of the verb: Did (verb) Alan (subject) marry (verb) Nita (direct object)? The subject can generally be elicited in response to a question that puts who or what before the verb: Who has married Nita?---Alan. Where concord is relevant, the subject determines the number and person of the verb: The student is complaining/The students are complaining; I am tired/He is tired. Many languages have special case forms for words in the subject, the subject requires a particular form (the subjective) in certain pronouns: I (subject) like her, and she (subject) likes me.
Kinds of subject. A distinction is sometimes made between the grammatical subject (as characterized above), the psychological subject, and the logical subject: (1) The psychological subject is the theme or topic of the sentence, what the sentence is about, and the predicate is what is said about the topic. The grammatical and psychological subjects typically coincide, though the identification of the sentence topic is not always clear: Labour and Conservative MPs clashed angrily yesterday over the poll tax. Is the topic of the sentence the MPs or the poll tax? (2) The logical subject refers to the agent of the action; our children is the logical subject in both these sentences, although it is the grammatical subject in only the first: Our children planted the oak sapling; The oak sapling was planted by our children. Many sentences, however, have no agent: Stanley has back trouble; Sheila is a conscientious student; Jenny likes jazz; There's no alternative; It's raining
Pseudo-subjects. The last sentence also illustrates the absence of a psychological subject, since it is obviously not the topic of the sentence. This so-called 'prop it' is a dummy subject, serving merely to fill a structural need in English for a subject in a sentence. In this respect, English contrasts with languages such as Latin, which can omit the subject, as in Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered: with no need for the Latin pronoun ego, I). Like prop it, 'existential there' in There's no alternative is the grammatical subject of the sentence, but introduces neither the topic nor (since there is no action) the agent.
Non-typical subjects. Subjects are typically noun phrases, but they may also be finite and non-finite clauses: 'That nobody understands me is obvious'; 'To accuse them of negligence was a serious mistake'; 'Looking after the garden takes me several hours a week in the summer.' In such instances, finite and infinitive clauses are commonly post and anticipatory it takes their place in subject position: 'It is obvious that nobody understands me'; 'It was a serious mistake to accuse them of negligence.' Occasionally, prepositional phrases and adverbs function as subjects: 'After lunch is best for me'; 'Gently does it.'
Subjectless sentences. Subjects are usually omitted in imperatives, as in Come here rather than You come here. They are often absent from non-finite clauses ('Identifying the rioters may take us some time') and from verbless clauses ('New filters will be sent to you when available'), and may be omitted in certain contexts, especially in informal notes (Hope to see you soon) and in coordination (The telescope is 43 ft long, weighs almost 11 tonnes, and is more than six years late).
ܤνФɸŪȤäƤ褯褽ʸˡŪʴγǰƳƤ롥ζ̤˻ϤޤꡤŪŪҲ𤵤롥
Ǥϡ줬ʸˡŪʴΤߤʤ餺ŪŪʴȤ館Ȥơ̤Υ뤬롥Ūʴϡ֥ơޡסŪʴϡưιټԡפбΤʤΤ⤫롥¤ʸƤϤƤߤȡ3Ĥδμ줬ɬߤ˰פʤȤ롥
³ơŪʼ졤ߡμȸƤФΤҲ𤵤롥Ǥ there is ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ڤ롥ιʸǤ there ϥơޤǤϤꤨʤưιټԤǤʤΤǡޤʸˡΤᤵƤȤߤʤۤʤ
̾̾ʳ쥫ƥȤΩȤ꤬Ƴ줿ȡǸ˼줬ʤʤ뤤ϾάƤ㤬롥
ۤˤ͡ϵ줽ϼϤˤޤǡ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
ε#5057. because θ츻Ūˡ ([2023-03-02-1]) ǡŪ³Ū˷겼ȤȤƳ that λ٤ɬפǤꡤbecause that ȤѤ줿14ޤǤˤ that ά졤 because ñΤ³ȤѤФƤθѸޤ because that ¹ԤƤȤդפ롥
ơbecause ϰ̣ǽȤƤϡͳפɽ魯ȲƤ뤬Ūפɽ魯ŪˤϤäεκǸˡbecause + to פι¤˿줿ΰ̣ǽϡŪפäͳŪϰ̣Ū˴Ϣ㤨ֻ for ξɽ魯ȤǤ櫓ʤΤǡbecause ξˡ뤳ȼΤϤۤɶä٤ȤǤϤʤbecause ξˤϡǽäŪˡˤβѤ줿Ȥ̣ʤˤϻĤäƤˡ
OED ˤȡbecause, adv., conj., n. ³ȤƤ2βˡѤȤʤäŪɽ魯15--17ʸ4ĵƤ롥
2. With the purpose that, to the end that, in order that, so that, that. Obsolete. (Common dialect.)
1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 31 Tolde to hys fader..by cause he shold..doo that, whyche he wold requyre hym.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xii. f. xvv They axed hym..because [other versions 'that'] they myght acuse him.
1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) iii. ii. iii. 482 Annointing the doores and hinges with oile, because they shall not creake.
1656 H. More Antidote Atheism (1712) ii. ix. 67 The reason why Birds are Oviparous is because there might be more plenty of them.
because ˤϤˡư줬ѤƤꡤŪɤߤ¥Ƥ뤳Ȥʬ롥
˻ because ͳΤߤɽ魯ȤˤʤꡤŪ¾ˡ㤨 (so) that ʤɤɽ蘆뤳ȤŪȤʤäƬǽҤ٤褦ˡȤȷȤƤ because that ϤޤäȤȡthat because ͳòbecause that ŪòȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤߤ18εʸˡ Lowth Ūˡ because λѤդ¥Ƥ롥#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ȡ
ͳɽ魯Ƴ because ϱѸؽᤤʳdzؤ֡Ūǹ٤θǤ롥ȶ̤᤹ʴͯƤʤɽˤ⤷ˤƤ뤳Ȥʤʤ
because ʬ by + cause Ȥʤ롥ԤϸűѸ줫³ŤֻǤꡤԤϥե줫μѸǤ롥ȤȤ2줫ʤֻä줬ŪˤⵡǽŪˤ줷ΤñǤ롥δ餹ȡ1κ (blend) ȤߤƤ褤
ʲ OED Ȥơbecause Ҳ𤷤褦θαѸǤνФ14ΤȤǤ롥Bi cause whi (= "because why") Τ褦ѤƤΤ⤷
c1305 Deo Gratias 37 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 125 Þou hast herd al my deuyse, Bi cause whi, hit is clerkes wise.
ۤ because that Τ褦 that ³ޡȤ;ŪѤ⡤Ѹ줫Ѹˤƿ¿ߤʡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1])ˡ⤽ cause ̾ˤʤΤǡƳˤƱʤ that λ٤ɬפʤΤǤ롥because that 3ĵ褦
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 253 By cause that he was hir neghebour.
1611 Bible (King James) John vii. 39 The Holy Ghost was not yet giuen; because that Iesus was not yet glorified.
1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in Liberal 1 190 I abhor death, because that thou must die.
³ȤƤ because ³ˤĤ because of ȤƶƳˡ14ȾФʸڤ롥 Wyclif Ǥ롥
1356 J. Wyclif Last Age Ch. (1840) 31 Þe synnes bi cause of whiche suche persecucioun schal be in Goddis Chirche.
⤦1Ķ̣Τϡbecause θ to 줬³¤Ǥ롥ǤϻĤäƤʤ¤162㤬Ƥ롥̣ͳפǤϤʤŪפäȤΤ⤪⤷
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxix. 346 Bycause to gyue ensample to his subgettes..he caused the..erle of Auser to be putte in prison.
1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. xv. 28 a Arithmetike was imagyned by the Phenicians, because to vtter theyr Merchaundyse.
because ϤŪ˿ꤷƤñǤ롥ޤǤʲεǤñ˿ƤΤǡȤ
#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1])
#1744. 2013ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2014-02-04-1])
#2314. °³Ū that ([2015-08-28-1])
#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])
#4569. because ɽ魯3ͳ ([2021-10-30-1])
ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա
In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).
Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ they 褦 it ˡ Mustanoja (132--33)
Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...
եɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲
ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤŪʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ
ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥
դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС
It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
It is not I that bleed---Binyon.
ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥
ٹ p. 246 ǡե "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ѹ̤ˤߤ wh- δطϡѸ which ȤƽФ롥ط which ϡŪä that ȶ礷ʤ⡤14դ꤫ʬۤȤ15ˤ̤Ȥʤä#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) Ǽ褦ˡexpletive that ȼ which that ⸽졤Chaucer ʤɤǤ̤ˤߤ줿expletive as ȼ which as ΤƤ (Mustanoja 197--98)
ܤ٤ϡƱѸ the which (that) Ǥ롥괧 the ȼطϡѸǽ줿 Cursor Mundi ǽФCursor Mundi Ǥϡ¤70ۤɸˡOED which, pron. and adj. ꡤ13
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 9434 þe first law was cald 'of kinde,' .. þe toþer has 'possitiue' to name, þe whilk lawe was for-bed Adam, Forto ete þat fruit.
θ塤14ˤǤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ٤ƤԤƥȤˤäƤ٤ϤޤޤǤꡤChaucer Ǥ which ٤1:9ȳʤ˾ʤGower Ǥˤ褯롥15λʸˤʤȰ̤ the which which ⤺ä٤⤯ʤ뤬Capgrave, Pecock, Fortescue 㳰ǡष the which ڸʤ (Mustanoja 199)
ʬۤޤޤǤȤ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ᤤƤΤϡεǤ롥ɴФǡϤʤˤȡʩ liquels ʸʩ lequelˤȴطȤʤϡ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ΥꥹȤǤˡʩ줫ƥȤˤƤб뤳Ȥ顤ξԤ̵طȤϸʤФ嵭Τ褦ƥȤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ե줬 the which ľܤΰȤʤäȤϹͤˤեϡѸŪȯãɽλѤ岡ۤɤä
ŪȯãȤȡűѸ seþe swa hwelc 1˵롥ʣطϡűѸƥ Lindisfarne Gospels ˸ƤꡤȤƤϤդ路褦˻פ롥ͤγؼԤٻƤΤűѸ줢뤤ϽѸ se þe Υפδط˵ߤǡѲ þe which ֤줿ΤȤ (Mustanoja 198)
켣 (253) ˤ18ȾǤܾۤǤߤϻ¾ѤȤʤäƤ뤬OED ǤκǤ٤ϡ"1884 Tennyson Becket Prol. 20 He holp the King to break down our castles, for the which I hate him." ȤʤäƤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
Ѹȯãˡ1Ĥˡɸεǽä "expletive that" (or "pleonastic that") 롥Ѥν°ޡȤƵǽ that ˡǤꡤñΤǽ°³ȤƵǽˤղäñΤǤϤΤ褦˵ǽǤʤäֻʤɤղäƤ°³첽ƯäƤŪˤϡafter that, as that, because that, by that, ere that, for that, forto that, if that, lest that, now that, only that, though that, till that, until that, when that, where that, whether that, while that Ǥ롥
űѸǤ⾮ þe б뵡ǽƤ嵭Τ褦¿θղäȯŪΤϡѸˤ뤽θѤȤ⤤٤ that Ǥ롥MED Ǥϡ¾ˡ that ȶ̤ that (particle) ȤƸФΩƤƤꡤ͡ʼθȷ礷㤬ӤƤ롥Ǥ뤳ȤϤThe Canterbury Tales The General Prologue Ƭ1 "Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote" ˿ƤˤȤɤ
ơ that ȸƤ¿ʬ˸λθƾΤǤ롥if when ʤŪʽ°³˴ؤƤϡղä줿 that ѸǤΤ˵ȤߤʤȤǤŪˤϽ°ޡȤƤ that ղäƤϤƽ°ȤƵǽ褦ˤʤä ere that while that ʤɤˤƤϡ that ϵʤɤǤϤʤŪʵǽ˲̤ƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤ere while ñȤǽ°³ȤѤ褦ˤʤ˵ڤǡthat ȤƺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ٤ߡֻȤη15 in that that βͤĤƤ롥
Ǽ夲ΤϤ (Mustanoja 423--24) 13--15ˤ that طȤ߹蘆äˤ˸롥"what man þat þe wedde schal . . . Loke þu him bowe and love" (Good Wife 23, cited from Mustanoja 193) "Euery wyght wheche þat to rome wente." (Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde ii. Prol. 36, cited from OED) तǤ롥
Ѹˤ뤳ε that ˤĤƤϡMustanoja (192--93, 423--24) ڤ OED that, conj. θ6--7Ȥ줿
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]εȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸƤ롥
In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:
Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.
Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ if ᡤwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ
He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.
ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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