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existential_sentence - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-06-28 Sat

#5906. (prop word) ΡֻפȤϡ [prop_word][pos][pronoun][personal_pronoun][syntax][terminology][existential_sentence][do-periphrasis][cleft_sentence]

My family is a large one. Τ褦ʸˤ one Τ褦ʸ (prop_word) ȸƤФ롥ֻפȤȯۤϡ줬ʤȹʸȤΩ椫ʤɬܹȤȤǡΤ褦 one ҤβĻ̾ؼ졤켫Τΰ̣Ƥ϶äݤȤΤǡǤϡֻפȤϤޤͭǤʤ褦˻פ롥
ѸȤƤ prop ȤϲCrystal Ѹ켭ŵ prop Ƥߤ

prop (adj.) A term used in some GRAMMATICAL descriptions to refer to a meaningless ELEMENT introduced into a structure to ensure its GRAMMATICALITY, e.g. the it in it's a lovely day. Such words are also referred to as EMPTY, because they lack any SEMANTICALLY independent MEANING. SUBSTITUTE WORDS, which refer back to a previously occurring element of structure, are also often called prop words, e.g. one or do in he's found one, he does, etc.


̣Ūʴϡ嵭Τ褦 substitute word ѸˤȸƤ֤Τʬ䤹
̣Τʤ it ʤɤؤ "prop" ȸƤ֤ȤʤС"empty", "expletive", "dummy" ʤɤηƻˤᤷº McArthur Ѹ켭ŵˤС"prop" ιܤ "dummy" ػȤ¥롥4ܤѤʤǤä one ȤƵ󤲤Ƥʤˡ

DUMMY [16c: from dumb and -y]. . . . (4) In grammar, an item that has little or no meaning but fills an obligatory position: prop it, which functions as subject with expressions of time (It's late), distance (It's a long way to Tipperary), and weather (It's raining); anticipatory it, which functions as subject (It's a pity that you're not here) or object (I find it hard to understand what's meant) when the subject or object of a clause is moved to a later position in the sentence, and is the subject in cleft sentences (It was Peter who had an accident); existential there, which functions as subject in an existential sentence (There's nobody at the door); the dummy auxiliary do, which is introduced, in the absence of any other auxiliary, to form questions (Do you know them?).


̣Ūˤ϶¤ɬܤȤǡ줬 prop κŪȤäƤ褤one ¾üˡˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ

#1815. ̾ one ˡϥե󥹸αƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-23-1])

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-29-1]

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2024-04-05 Fri

#5457. [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][construction][agreement][number][expletive]

ε#5456. Ȥϲ ([2024-04-04-1]) ˰³ (subject) ˤĤƤܼŪʵꤿ˺ݤޤѸ켭ŵʤɤäƤߤΤɤMcArthur ιܤѤ褦פƤ롥

SUBJECT [13c: from Latin subjectum grammatical subject, from subiectus placed close, ranged under]. A traditional term for a major constituent of the sentence. In a binary analysis derived from logic, the sentence is divided into subject and predicate, as in Alan (subject) has married Nita (predicate). In declarative sentences, the subject typically precedes the verb: Alan (subject) has married (verb) Nita (direct object). In interrogative sentences, it typically follows the first or only part of the verb: Did (verb) Alan (subject) marry (verb) Nita (direct object)? The subject can generally be elicited in response to a question that puts who or what before the verb: Who has married Nita?---Alan. Where concord is relevant, the subject determines the number and person of the verb: The student is complaining/The students are complaining; I am tired/He is tired. Many languages have special case forms for words in the subject, the subject requires a particular form (the subjective) in certain pronouns: I (subject) like her, and she (subject) likes me.

Kinds of subject. A distinction is sometimes made between the grammatical subject (as characterized above), the psychological subject, and the logical subject: (1) The psychological subject is the theme or topic of the sentence, what the sentence is about, and the predicate is what is said about the topic. The grammatical and psychological subjects typically coincide, though the identification of the sentence topic is not always clear: Labour and Conservative MPs clashed angrily yesterday over the poll tax. Is the topic of the sentence the MPs or the poll tax? (2) The logical subject refers to the agent of the action; our children is the logical subject in both these sentences, although it is the grammatical subject in only the first: Our children planted the oak sapling; The oak sapling was planted by our children. Many sentences, however, have no agent: Stanley has back trouble; Sheila is a conscientious student; Jenny likes jazz; There's no alternative; It's raining

Pseudo-subjects. The last sentence also illustrates the absence of a psychological subject, since it is obviously not the topic of the sentence. This so-called 'prop it' is a dummy subject, serving merely to fill a structural need in English for a subject in a sentence. In this respect, English contrasts with languages such as Latin, which can omit the subject, as in Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered: with no need for the Latin pronoun ego, I). Like prop it, 'existential there' in There's no alternative is the grammatical subject of the sentence, but introduces neither the topic nor (since there is no action) the agent.

Non-typical subjects. Subjects are typically noun phrases, but they may also be finite and non-finite clauses: 'That nobody understands me is obvious'; 'To accuse them of negligence was a serious mistake'; 'Looking after the garden takes me several hours a week in the summer.' In such instances, finite and infinitive clauses are commonly post and anticipatory it takes their place in subject position: 'It is obvious that nobody understands me'; 'It was a serious mistake to accuse them of negligence.' Occasionally, prepositional phrases and adverbs function as subjects: 'After lunch is best for me'; 'Gently does it.'

Subjectless sentences. Subjects are usually omitted in imperatives, as in Come here rather than You come here. They are often absent from non-finite clauses ('Identifying the rioters may take us some time') and from verbless clauses ('New filters will be sent to you when available'), and may be omitted in certain contexts, especially in informal notes (Hope to see you soon) and in coordination (The telescope is 43 ft long, weighs almost 11 tonnes, and is more than six years late).


ܤν񤭽ФɸŪȤäƤ褯褽ʸˡŪʴγǰƳƤ롥ζ̤˻ϤޤꡤŪ񤤤ŪҲ𤵤롥
Ǥϡ줬ʸˡŪʴΤߤʤ餺ŪŪʴȤ館Ȥơ̤Υ󥰥뤬󶡤롥Ūʴϡ֥ơޡסŪʴϡưι԰ټԡפбΤʤΤ⤫롥¤ʸƤϤƤߤȡ3Ĥδμ줬ɬߤ˰פʤȤ롥
³ơŪʼ졤ߡμȸƤФΤҲ𤵤롥Ǥ there is ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ڤ롥ιʸǤ there ϥơޤǤϤꤨʤưι԰ټԤǤʤΤǡޤʸˡΤ׵ᤵƤȤߤʤۤʤ
̾̾ʳ쥫ƥ꡼ȤΩȤ꤬Ƴ줿ȡǸ˼줬ʤʤ뤤ϾάƤ㤬롥
ۤˤ͡ϵ󤲤줽ϼϤˤޤǡ

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-06-1]

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2024-04-04 Thu

#5456. Ȥϲ [subject][terminology][semantics][syntax][logic][existential_sentence][inohota][youtube][voicy][heldio][construction][agreement][number][link]



331ۿ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥ219ϡָŤʸˡʸˡThere is ʸޤ狼ꤷƤäƤޤܥͥȤƤϡ4֤ǻİ3100ۤȤʤꡤŪ¿İƤ褦Ǥ꤬Ȥޤ
There is a book on the desk. Τ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there ϡ̣Ūˤ϶¤ǤʸˡŪˤϼǤ뤫Τ褦ʿ񤤤򼨤ޤa book ϲϤƤ뤫С줳Ǥ뤳ȤǤޤ be ưȿΰפ򼨤Ǥ⡤a book Τۤ餷ΤǤϤʤȵǤǤ
ޤΤ褦˼Ƥ (subject) ȤϡäʤΤǤ礦ͤϤƬ뤰뤷Ƥޤ¸ʸμꡤӡּפȤѸ˴ؤƤϡheldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ

#1003. There is an apple on the table. --- Ϥɤ졩
#1032. ʤ subject ּס --- ֤إ饸פΥ󥹥ԥ졼

󤳤 hellog Ǥ⡤¸ʸ˴ϢϰʲεǼ夲Ƥޤ

#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])
#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])
#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1])

Ȥϲñ˲褹ǤϤޤ󤬡ҳˤͤƤС

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-04-05-1]

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2023-01-20 Fri

#5016. Ѹư̾칽ʸ there was ---ing ---Ԥʤ줿 [gerund][construction][be][syntax][existential_sentence][bnc]

#4995. ư̾칽ʸ there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפѸ ([2022-12-30-1]) ϸѸˤ³ʸȤΤƤ뤬Ѹˤ there was ---ing Ȥ̣ʸ¸ߤ---Ԥʤ줿ס---ȤȤȤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥Mustanoja (576) ˤĤ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥

The construction there was . . -ing is frequently used in ME for the expression of indefinite agency: --- þer was sobbing (Havelok 234); --- þer was sembling (Havelok 1018); --- thar wes oft bikkyring (Barbour ix 343); --- so greet wepyng was there noon, certayn, Whan Ector was ybroght, al fressh yslayn, To Troye, Allas, the pitee that was ther, Cracchynge of chekes, rentynge eek of heer (Ch. CT A Kn. 2831--4). A similar case is and thus the woful nyhtes sorwe To joie is torned on the morwe; Al was thonkinge, al was blessinge, Which erst was wepinge and cursinge (Gower CA ii 3317--18).


ư̾ɽ蘆ưι԰ټԤǤꡤưΤΤ˾ƤѤ빽ʸʤΤOED -ing, suffix1 ˤäˤιʸ˴ؤ뵭ҤϤʤMED -ing(e (suf.(1)) ˤڤʤ
ιʸϡǤäΩäʸȤƸڤ뤳ȤϤʤΤΡ١ȤϼѤƤ褦there is/was ---ing BNCweb ꤤĤ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

'Well, like I told the foreign gentleman, there was dancing in the sitting room, and this Mrs Heatherington-Scott she was dancing with Mr Merrivale.'
There is shooting almost daily in the capital as roaming snipers attack military checkpoints;
There was rationing at home and war in Ireland.
First there was cheering then jeering.
There was knocking on the front door.

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2022-12-30 Fri

#4995. ư̾칽ʸ there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפѸ [gerund][construction][negative][proverb][be][syntax][existential_sentence]

ε#4994. There is no accounting for tastes ⹥ס ([2022-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ褯Τ줿 there is no ---ing ---뤳ȤϤǤʤפư̾칽ʸȤʤäƤ롥One cannot account for tastes. It is impossible to account for tastes. ȸ̣
θ18˽ФŪΤȤ뤬there is no ---ing ư̾칽ʸΤΤϡɤΤ餤Ťޤˤ̤ΤOED no, adj. ˤȡ13νƻޥ˥奢 Ancrene Riwle ˽Ф롥ʸȤƤ it is no ---ing ʤɤѰ۷ߤ (cf. #4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ ([2022-06-08-1])) ʲ OED ΰѤʸ嶽̣ʬ֤ǼƤߤ

4. Modifying a verbal noun or gerund used as the predicate, denoting the impossibility of the action specified. Chiefly with non-referential there (also it) as subject.

   [c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 149 Hwen þe delit iþe lust is igan se ouerforð þet ter nere nan wiðseggunge ȝef þer were eise to fulle þe dede.]
   a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 23812 (MED) Quen we it proue þat es to late, Es þar na mending þan þe state.
   1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxvi. 657 It is no goynge thyder, without ye wyll lose all.
   1560 Bible (Geneva) Nahum iii. 19 There is no healing of thy wounde.
   a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. D4v Cosin it is no dealing with him now.
   a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. i. 146 Val. No, beleeue me. Speed. No beleeuing you indeed sir.
   a1643 J. Shute Sarah & Hagar (1649) 108 So the people were so impetuously set upon their lusts, that there was no speaking to them.
   1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 39 There was no keeping Friday in the Boat.
   1753 Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 54 There is no going any where without meeting Pretenders in this Way.
   1820 W. Irving Sketch Bk. vii. 117 Do what they might, there was no keeping down the butcher.
   1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xv. 138 There's no accounting for tastes, sir.
   1895 A. I. Shand Life E. B. Hamley I. ii. 21 There was no mistaking the meaning of the invitation, and there was no declining it.
   1954 A. Thirkell What did it Mean? 87 There would be no getting hold of the girls as the evenings got longer.
   1975 Times 6 Dec. 8/5 Try Village Prospects..R 3 again, I fear, but no avoiding it.
   2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. 8/4 There is no mistaking African anger at the external barriers they confront.


űѸ줫餹ǤȯãƤ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȡѸˤ褦䤯ȯãϤ᤿ư̾줬Τޤ줿ʸȤäƤ褤¸ʸˤĤƤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-20-1]

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2022-06-08 Wed

#4790. there they Ѹ it ˡ [personal_pronoun][expletive][syntax][agreement][me][french][german][existential_sentence]

ѸɤǤȡit ˡѸ⹭ƸǤȤ롥㤨 there is ʸΤ褦¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ˤ there it Ѥ뤳Ȥcf. ե󥹸 il y a, ɥĸ es gibtˡMustanoja (132) ʸ򼨤ư줬 it ǤϤʤ̣μ˰פƤ뤳Ȥա

In many instances it occurs in a pleonastic function carried out by there in Pres. E: --- of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem (Havelok 591); --- of þe erth it groues tres and gress (Cursor 545, Cotton MS); --- it es na land þat man kan neven ... þat he ne sal do þam to be soght (Cursor 22169, Cotton MS); --- bot it were a fre wymmon þat muche of love had fonde (Harley Lyr. xxxii 3); --- hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdles chylder (Gaw. & GK 280); --- bot hit ar ladyes innoȝe (Gaw. & GK 1251).


Ϣơ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1])#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1])#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ ([2021-07-26-1]) 򻲾ȡ
⤦1Ĥϡ¾ theyit ˡ Mustanoja (132--33) 򼨤

Another aspect in the ME use of the formal it is seen in the following cases where it is virtually equivalent to 'they:' --- holi men hit were beiene (Lawman B 14811; cf. hali men heo weoren bæien, A); --- it ben aires of hevene alle þat ben crounede (PPl. C vi 59); --- thoo atte last aspyed y That pursevantes and heraudes ... Hyt weren alle (Ch. HF 1323). --- to þe gentyl Lomb hit arn anioynt (Pearl 895); --- hit arn fettled in on forme, þe forme and þe laste ... And als ... hit arn of on kynde (Patience 38--40); --- þei ... cownseld hyr to folwyn hyr mevynggys and hyr steringgys and trustly belevyn it weren of þe Holy Gost and of noon evyl spyryt (MKempe 3). This use goes back to OE. Cf. also German es sind ... and French ce sont ...


ե󥹸ɥĸʸʤɶ̣Ѹιʸϡե󥹸줫θܿȤǽϤ뤬षŪ˴ŤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥ɤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-30-1]

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2021-07-26 Mon

#4473. ¸ʸˤμỌ̇̄μ [syntax][word_order][be][generative_grammar][impersonal_verb][existential_sentence]

Ѹ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) ȤСThere is/are . . . . ιʸפ⤫̤֡ be ư There ϷΥߡμȤȤ館졤̣ομ be ưθ̾򤵤롥μ줬ưθȤΤϡѸ̾θ˾Ȥ餻㳰ŪȤۤʤư˷餷ΤʤФʤʤȤѸΰŪ쵬§ϡߡ there ˤäƽ餵Ƥ롥ˤ衤̤ǤʤפιʸǤ뤳Ȥ餫
Moro (149--50) ˤȡJespersen (155) ϱѸޤ᤿¿θĴ¸ʸפˤ¸߼ԡˤưθ뤳ȡŵŪʼ餷񤤤򤷤ʤȤŦ

Whether or not a word like there is used to introduce [existential sentences], the verb precedes the subject, and the latter is hardly treated grammatically like a real subject.


㤨СɥĸǤ Es gibt viele Kartoffeln "(lit.) it gives many potatoes; There are many potatoes" Τ褦ˡϷŪˤŪȤɽ蘆롥ե󥹸Ǥ Il y a beaucoup de livres. "(lit.) it there has lots of books; There are many books" Τ褦ɽϤ꿿ŪȤɽ롥롼ޥ˥Ǥ Sunt probleme "(lit.) are problems; There are problems" Ȥʤꡤthere ΤϤʤϤ꿿ưθ֤롥Ǥ You gui "(lit.) you have ghosts; There are ghosts" Ȥʤ롥
Moro ϱѸ there is/are ¸ʸˤߤ֤ϡष be ưΥǥեȤŪħݻ̤ǤȤ򾧤Ƥ롥̤ be ưʸμ졤㤨 John is in the garden ʤ John is a student John ϡʤư֤櫓Ūư˸֤ƤΤˤäƷ夲 (raising) 줿̤ǤȤΩȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ư (impersonal_verb) ȤƤ be ưȤ˴ŤؿΤϡܤ Moro 3Ϥ򻲾Ȥ줿
¸ʸΤϡ#1565. existential there ε (1) ([2013-08-09-1]) ȡ#1566. existential there ε (2) ([2013-08-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Moro, Andrea. A Brief History of the Verb To Be. Trans. by Bonnie McClellan-Broussard. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. P, 2017.
Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin, 1924.

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2014-06-25 Wed

#1885. AAVE ʸˡŪħȵ [aave][creole][pidgin][sociolinguistics][ame][caribbean][syntax][be][aspect][inflection][3sp][variety][existential_sentence]

#1841. AAVE ε founder principle ([2014-05-12-1]) ȡ#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) Ǽ夲AAVE (African American Vernacular English) ȤϥꥫѸ1ѼȤƤΤͱѸ (Black English) ؤ"Black" "African-American" θƾΤդ路ΤȩοŪʵ˾ƤۤŬڤǤ뤫顤"Vernacular English" θƾΤդ路ΤϡɸѸ (Standard English) ФɸѸ (Non-Standard English or Substandard English) ȸƤ֤ΤϤͥްդƤޤǤ롥Ūˤ AAVE Ȥ̾Τ夷Ƥ롥
AAVE ˤϡʸˡܤ˸¤äƤ⡤ɸѸ˸ʤħ¿ǧ롥ΤȤƤϡʼȤͤˤää˥ꥫ䡤ֳߤαѸȤ륯쥪ȶᤤħ򼨤Ȥ롥ꥹ˵ĤȹͤΤʸˡܤ⤢롥Ūˤϰʲ˼ͤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤AAVE ʸˡŪħȤεä2Ĥ⤬ΩƤ롥ߡꥫѸѼ˴ؤȤƤϡܤ򽸤Ƥ1ĤȤäƤ褤
1ܤβ Creolist Hypothesis ȸƤФ롥ѸեꥫνȤ򤷤̤Ȥޤ줿쥪졤뤤ϤѸѼ郎AAVE εǤȤ줬ɸѸȤܿݤĤʤǡɸѸؤȶŤƤĤޤæ쥪벽 (decreolization) ƤȹͤƤ롥ˤȡꥫ AAVE ƤΤϡԤԤ˱ƶͿ롥AAVE ħŪʸùܤΤʤˤϡvoodoo ʥ֡ɥ, pinto ʴ, goober ʥԡʥåġˤʤեꥫͳ褹Τ¿βؤɤȤʤäƤ롥
2ܤβ Anglicist Hypothesis ȸƤФ롥AAVE ħεϥꥹ礫⤿餵줿ѸѼˤȤǤ롥ꥫǹѼѼ郎ۤʤΤϡ300ǯˤ錄ˤΤʤǤ줾줬ȼθѲ뤲ǤꡤξѼߤܿŪʤäǤ롥ѻ߸ιͤذ̱ȡԻԤǤϹѼѼȤκۤݤäưռ졤줾̱²ѼȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤä
Τ褦2ĤβϱԤΩƤ뤬ܤӤƤ AAVE μ礿ʸˡŪħ7󤲤褦

(1) 3ñ -s ηǡAAVE üԤ¿ϡhe go, it come, she like ʤ -s Τʤ֤Ѥ롥ѸȤԥ䥯쥪ƱݤߤȤǤ Creolist Hypothesis ͭǥ󥰥ɤ East Anglia ǤƱħߤȤǤ Anglicist Hypothesis ˤ⸫ߤ롥Ϣơ#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ⻲ȡ

(2) ߷ˤϢ (copula) be ηǡShe real nice. They out there. He not American. If you good, you going to heaven. Τ褦ʹʸϢξάϡ¿θǤߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ֳΥ쥪ŵŪǤȤ Creolist Hypothesis μĥǤ롥ꥹˤϰڤߤʤħǤꡤǤ Anglicist Hypothesis ϻٻʤ

(3) Ѥ beɸѼΤ褦ˡis, am, are ʤɤȿ;Ѳ be Ȥ롥He usually be around. Sometime she be fighting. Sometime when they do it, most of the problems always be wrong. She be nice and happy. They sometimes be incomplete. ʤɡ(2) Ϣ be ηǡ̷⤹褦ˤߤ뤬be ѤΤϽ (habitual aspect) ɽ魯ȤǤꡤbe ǡ󽬴ȤΩ롥Ѥ be Τ¾αѸѼˤߤ뤬줬ôäƤȤΤ AAVE ͭǤ롥He busy right now. Sometime he be busy. ˴ؤʸˡŪΩƤꡤΩɸѸɽʤСHe's busy right now. Sometimes he's busy. Τ褦ʶˤѤ򤨤ʤ쥪Ǥϻ (tense) (aspect) ʸˡƥ꡼Ȥͥ褵뤳Ȥ¿ᡤѤ be Creolist Hypothesis ˤȤäͭʺȤ롥ˤĤƤСAAVE ǤϡۤˤɸѸŪ I have talked. I had talked. Ȥä˲äλ I done talked. I been talked. Τ褦ߤ롥

(4) 2ܤι¤ˤƽưΤߤά뷹ɸѸǤ We were eating --- and drinking too. Τ褦2ܤǤ we are ޤ뤴ȾάΤ̤AAVE Ǥ¿Υ쥪Ʊͤ are άWe was eatin' --- an' we drinkin', too. ȤΤ̤Ǥ롥

(5) ܵʸˤư֡I asked Mary where did she go. I want to know did he come last night. ʤɡ

(6) ¸ʸ (existential_sentence) there ǤϤʤ it Ѥ롥It's a boy in my class name Joey. It ain't no heaven for you to go to. ʤɡ

(7) ư֡ʿʸȤʿʸΥȥ͡ǡDoesn't nobody know that it's a God. Cant't nobody do nothing about it. Wasn't nothing wrong with that. ʤɡ

1980ǯޤǤγسˤƤ Creolist Hypothesis ͥäʻ¤Τ褦ˤʤˤĤ졤٤Ƥ Creolist Hypothesis DzǤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäƤ㤨С AAVE Ȥƥꥫ񳰤ذܽĤ㤬 Nova Scotia (Canada) Samaná (Dominican Republic) ǸߤäƤѼϡν AAVE ħ¿¸Ƥ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬Ѥ be ʤɤηŪħ礤Ƥ롥ϡ AAVE ŪħAAVE νäƤΤǤϤʤŪ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ߽Ф
ޤdo otherwise ȤѤˡ AAVE ˤ뤬󥰥ɤ East Anglia ˤƱˡꡤ줬Ǥȹͤ򤨤ʤAAVE Dat's a thing dat's got to be handled just so, do it'll kill you. East Anglia You lot must have moved it, do I wouldn't have fell in. Ӥ줿
ʳȻפͤϡCreolist Hypothesis Anglicist Hypothesis ŪΩ벾ǤϤʤȤ߹碌ƤȤ館٤ȤȤǤ롥줾βˤäƤŪʤħ⤢СξԤȤȤʤꤦ褦ħ⤢롥ޤºݤˤϴͿƤʤ褦ħ⤢뤫⤷ʤñ˵ƤޤȤϡष
ʾ塤Trudgill (51--60) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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2013-08-10 Sat

#1566. existential there ε (2) [adverb][syntax][oe][grammaticalisation][existential_sentence]

ε[2013-08-09-1]˰³¸ߤ there εˤĤơ֤ɽ魯ؼŪˡ there locative there ȸƤ֤Ȥˤȡlocative there λؼŪʰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ existential there ǤȤΤŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤǤ롥
Bolinger ϡʸˡȤѸ줳ѤƤʤexistential there εȯã嵭ήǤȤ館Ƥ롥ʲϡBreivik ʸΰѤǤBreivik ¸ߤˡ there2 Ȥơؼˡ there1 ȤƸڤƤˡ

Bolinger argues that there2 'is an extension of locative there' . . . and as such does refer to a location, but he characterizes this as a generalized location to which there2 refers 'in the same abstract way the the anaphoric it refers to a generalized "identity" in It was John who said that' . . . . According to Bolinger . . ., '[there2] "brings something into awareness", where "bring into" is the contribution of the position of there and other locational adverbs, and "awareness" is the contribution of there itself, specifically, awareness is the abstract location. . .' (337)


Bolinger ϡŪʰ֤ɽ魯 there1 Ūʵդɽ魯 there2 ذܹԤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Breivik Bolinger Τθ "impressionistic account" (337) ȤŪɾƤꡤεǽΰܹԤʸڤʤȼĥ롥षthere1 there2 ˡϡѸˤ̤ȤϰۤʤΤΡǤ˽űѸǤΤ˶̤ĤƤϤƤ롥

There is no evidence in the material utilized for the present investigation that there2 originated as there1, meaning 'at that particular place'. We have presented conclusive evidence that there2 sentences occurred already in early OE. The factors governing the use or non-use of there2 in older English were, however, different from those operative today. If there2 did indeed derive from there1, the separation must have occurred before the OE period. Whether or not there2 carried any semantic weight in OE and ME is a question we know nothing about. However, to judge from my material, it does not seem likely that OE and ME there2 was used to refer to what Bolinger, in his discussion of present-day English there2, calls an 'abstract location'. (346)


there1 there2 ϸߤ˵Ū̵طǤȤޤǤϸʤΤΡBreivik ϡ˻ޤǤξˡϤäʬƤȤĴƤ롥
ǽɤ߹˰¸񤷤ڵιۤȤäˤĤƹͤǤ⤢롥

Breivik, L. E. "A Note on the Genesis of Existential there." English Studies 58 (1977): 334--48.

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2013-08-09 Fri

#1565. existential there ε (1) [adverb][syntax][oe][existential_sentence]

¸ߤɽ魯 there is/are . . . . ʸѤŪ there ϡ¸ߤ there (existential there) 뤤ϵ there (expletive there) ȸƤФƤ롥OED Ǥ there, adv. θ4ˤˡƤ롥ϸűѸȤʤäƤꡤŤĤȤ狼롥ޤMED Ǥ thēr (adv.) 3a, 3b θΤȤˡ there ˡ¿ȤȤ˵ҤƤ롥
¸ߤ there ȯˤĤƤϡMustanoja (337) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ANTICIPATORY AND EXISTENTIAL 'THERE.' --- The use of anticipatory and 'existential' there goes back to OE . . . . In this function there occurs mainly in conjunction with intransitive verbs: --- an cniht þer com ride (Lawman A 26187); --- now knowe I that ther reson in the failleth (Ch. TC i 764); --- whilom ther was dwellynge in Lumbardie A worthy knyght (Ch. CT E 1245); --- him thenkth ther is no deth comende (Gower CA i 2714); --- and some þer were . . . That pleined sore (Lydgate TGlas 179). There is occasionally found also with transitive verbs, usually before an auxiliary of tense or mood: --- whan it was ones itend . . . þere couþe no man it aquenche wiþ no craft (Trev. Higd. I 223). . . . / It is unnecessary to explain this use of there as a reflection of Celtic influence on English, as has been done by W. Preusler . . . . The construction occurs in other Germanic languages too (e.g. Sw. där ligger en bok på bordet).


¸ߤ there űѸ줫鸫줿ȤϳΤʤ褦ʬۤˤĤƤϵ롥 (367) ˤȡԤˤäƤϡʸ Chron Bede ǤϾʤ Ælfric ˤ¿ȤԤ⤢Сʸ Beowulf ʤɤαʸǤ¿ȼĥԤ⤢롥OED 侮ꤤĤ󤲤褦

þa com þær gan in to me heofencund Wisdom. (Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. 1)
þa com þær ren and mycele flod and þær bleowun windas. (West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 25)
7 þær is mid Estum ðeaw, þonne þær bið man dead, þæt. . . (''Or 20, 19--20)
On ðæm dagum þær wæron twa cwena (Or 46, 36; in Latin "Duae tunc sorores regno praeerant")
þær wæs sang and sweg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildeswican (Beowulf 1063)


Traugott (218--19) ˤСűѸǤϤιʸǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦ޤʸ̮θȡȤ櫓äդħäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
С סرѸ I١Ѹ8罤۽Ź1980ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.

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